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Lag, or similar, may refer to:
Lag
Łąg, Poland
Lag (company), a French guitar maker
Lag (cue sports), a brief pre-game competition to determine which player will go first
Latency (engineering), a slower response time in computing, communications, and engineering
Lag (video games), a slower response time in video gaming
Lag screw or lag bolt
Jet lag
Turbo lag
A very long putt in golf
British slang for inmate in a prison (usually "old lag")
The time between tasks in project plans; see
The time before a medical diagnosis
A measure for spatial dependence in a sampling variogram
A delay of payment to take advantage of an expected change in exchange rates; see Leads and lags
LAG
LAG Motorcoach, a Belgian bus and trailer manufacturer
La Grange Road station (Amtrak station code: LAG)
Lancaster Gate tube station (London Underground station code: LAG)
Latin America Solidarity Organisation in Norway (Latin-Amerika gruppene i Norge)
Ligue d'Athlétisme de la Guyane, the governing body for the sport of athletics in French Guiana
Lines of arrested growth, also known as Harris lines
Link aggregation group, multiple computer network cables/ports used in parallel
Local action group, a community-based organization used by groups like LEADER programme and OneVirginia2021
Lokalbahn AG, a former German private railway company
LAGS
Lindisfarne Anglican Grammar School
Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States
LA Game Space
See also
Lagg (disambiguation)
Lagging (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag |
Six Mile Run may refer to the following in the U.S. state of New Jersey:
Six Mile Run (New Jersey), a tributary of the Millstone River
Six Mile Run, New Jersey, several different but related features in Franklin Township
Six Mile Run Reformed Church, a Dutch Reformed church listed on the NRHP in Somerset County
Six Mile Run Reservoir Site, part of the Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park
Franklin Park, New Jersey, a community once known as Six Mile Run
See also
Six Mile Creek (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six%20Mile%20Run |
Route 1 is a long provincial highway that serves as the Prince Edward Island section of the Trans-Canada Highway. Route 1 traverses the southern shores of Prince Edward Island, from the Confederation Bridge in Borden-Carleton to the Wood Islands ferry dock, and bypasses the provincial capital, Charlottetown. It is an uncontrolled access 2-lane highway with a maximum speed limit of , except within towns and urban areas.
Route description
Route 1 serves several towns and communities along the southern shore of Prince Edward Island, as well as bypassing the provincial capital, Charlottetown. The route begins at an intersection in Borden-Carleton at the northern end of the Confederation Bridge (the bridge itself and its approach roads are unnumbered federal roads). The bridge crosses the Northumberland Strait to New Brunswick, where the highway becomes New Brunswick Route 16. Travelling eastward, a spur route, Route 1A, branches north towards Summerside. The highway continues meandering east through the communities of Crapaud and Bonshaw, and bypasses Clyde River and Cornwall before crossing the waterway dividing the North River and Graham Rogers Lake into Charlottetown.
Within Charlottetown, Route 1 jogs north along Upton Road then east onto the Charlottetown Perimeter Highway, a four-lane controlled access road bypassing the city. The highway is partially concurrent with Route 2 and includes a displaced left turn intersection with the St. Peter's Highway. The road continues towards the city centre before turning and crossing the Hillsborough River on the Hillsborough River Bridge into Stratford. From there the route travels south near the shore of the Northumberland Strait to Wood Islands. Vehicles can continue via the Northumberland Ferries Limited ferry to Nova Scotia Highway 106 at Caribou, Nova Scotia.
Route 1 features the only grade-separated interchanges in the province: a trumpet interchange with the spur Route 1A in Albany, and double roundabout diamond interchanges at Route 27 in New Haven and Route 19 in Cornwall.
History
On May 17, 2010, construction began on upgrades to the Charlottetown Perimeter Highway.
This work was completed later that year on October 15.
Route 1 was then transferred from its old routing along University Avenue and Grafton Street onto the new highway.
A proposal to realign Route 1 through Strathgartney Provincial Park west of Charlottetown was met with significant public opposition in 2011. Construction started on a revised route avoiding the park, dubbed Plan B by opponents, in October 2012. Environmentalists protesting at the work site caused construction to be halted for several days. Darcie Lanthier, then interim leader of the P.E.I. Green Party, was arrested and several protesters charged with trespassing before construction resumed. The realignment opened to traffic on September 23, 2013. The protest group, which became known as Stop Plan B, monitored construction throughout the project and returned in October 2015 to plant trees along the new alignment.
On September 6, 2016, construction began on the Cornwall Perimeter Highway, a new alignment bypassing the town of Cornwall to the north. Construction was mostly complete and the new bypass opened to traffic on October 1, 2019. Upon its opening, the former alignment was renumbered Route 27. The town plans to develop the former arterial highway into a commercial thoroughfare and community hub.
Major intersections
References
001
Prince Edward Island 001
Transport in Charlottetown
001
001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Edward%20Island%20Route%201 |
Sugar Creek is an tributary of the Driftwood River in east-central Indiana in the United States. Via the Driftwood, White, Wabash and Ohio rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.
Sugar Creek was likely so named from the sugar trees growing along its banks.
Course
Sugar Creek rises in western Henry County and flows generally southwestwardly through Madison, Hancock, Shelby and Johnson counties, past the towns of Spring Lake and New Palestine. It joins the Big Blue River to form the Driftwood River in southeastern Johnson County, west of Edinburgh.
Sugar Creek has a mean annual discharge of 532 cubic feet per second near Edinburgh, Indiana.
See also
List of Indiana rivers
References
Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry
DeLorme (1998). Indiana Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. .
Rivers of Indiana
Rivers of Hancock County, Indiana
Rivers of Henry County, Indiana
Rivers of Johnson County, Indiana
Rivers of Madison County, Indiana
Rivers of Shelby County, Indiana
Tributaries of the Wabash River | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar%20Creek%20%28Driftwood%20River%20tributary%29 |
(5 July 1951 – 22 August 2013), known primarily by the stage name was a Japanese singer and actress. She had success in Japan in the 1960s and 1970s with her ballad-type songs. She was married on-and-off with Utada Teruzane, and was the mother of Japanese pop singer Hikaru Utada.
Life and career
Fuji (sometimes credited as Keiko Fujita) was born in Iwate Prefecture, where her father was a singer. Her mother was a player . As a child, Fuji sometimes accompanied her parents and sang with them when they were on tour. Her song "Keiko no Yume wa Yoru Hiraku" (Keiko's version of "Yume wa Yoru Hiraku") won the Mass Popularity Award at the Japan Record Awards in 1970. She also performed this song in the 21st Kōhaku Uta Gassen New Year's Eve TV special.
Her debut album, , released 5 March 1970, topped the Oricon album chart for 20 consecutive weeks, and her next album , released 5 July 1970, continued topping that chart for 17 consecutive weeks. She topped the Oricon album chart for a 37 consecutive weeks, an incredible record in Japan's music history. Her debut album's number-one record of 20 consecutive weeks remains the longest consecutive number-one record in Oricon history.
She married the singer Kiyoshi Maekawa and retired from singing in 1979, announcing her retirement during a TV show on 30 December of that year. The marriage ended in divorce, after which she emigrated to the United States, where she became active in music again by 1981. There, she married Teruzane Utada, a record producer. Their only child, Hikaru Utada, was born in 1983 in New York City (and later themselves became a record-setting pop star in Japan by their late teens). The couple married and divorced seven times.
2006 confiscation of money by the DEA
On 3 March 2006, U.S. DEA officials confiscated more than $420,000 in American, Canadian, and Australian currencies from Keiko Fuji's carry-on luggage at JFK Airport, New York, as she waited to board a flight to Las Vegas. Keiko denied any wrongdoing, and was not charged with any crime. However, the government initiated forfeiture proceedings, seeking to seize the money, which it alleged represented proceeds of drug sales or was intended to be used to buy drugs.
Keiko disputed the government's claim. In August 2008, the matter remained pending in Federal District Court in New York. On 27 January 2009, the Federal District Court in New York ordered the confiscated money returned to her, citing lack of evidence.
Death
Keiko Fuji died on 22 August 2013 after jumping from the thirteenth floor of a condominium building in Shinjuku, Tokyo. No foul play was suspected. Her body was found in the grounds of her apartment building. Police said that her slippers were found at the end of her balcony, with no suicide note found. However, her child Hikaru Utada claims there was a suicide note.
Discography
Like U3
For U3 discography see Hikaru Utada discography
Solo
LPs
Shinjuku no Onna / "Enka no Hoshi" Fuji Keiko no Subete – 5 March 1970
Onna no Blues – 5 July 1970
Utaitsugarete 25-nen Fuji Keiko Enka o Utau – 5 December 1970
Saihate no Onna – 5 March 1971
Keiko no Jinsei Gekijō – 5 July 1971
Fuji Keiko Recital – 5 October 1971
Keiko no Warabeuta – 25 December 1971
Shiranai Machi de – 25 December 1971
Fuji Keiko On Stage – 25 May 1972
Wakare no Tabi – 25 June 1972
Original Golden Hits Collection – 5 August 1972
Tōkuheikitai / "Enka no Tabi" – 5 December 1972
CDs
Fuji Keiko Densetsu no Meikyoku – 21 October 1999
Kiite Kudasai Watashi no Jinsei: Fuji Keiko Collection – 20 December 2000
Fuji Keiko Complete Single Collection: 15-nen no Kiseki – 21 September 2005
Golden Best Fuji Keiko – 26 October 2005
Super Best – 11 December 2005
Golden Best Fuji Keiko Hit & Cover Collection Enka(艶歌) to Enka(縁歌) – 8 December 2010
Singles
"Shinjuku no Onna" (25 September 1969)
"Onna no Blues" (5 February 1970, Oricon number 1)
"Keiko no Yume wa Yoru Hiraku" (25 April 1970, cover of "Yume wa Yoru Hiraku" by En Mari, Oricon number 1)
"Inochi Azukemasu" (25 July 1970)
"Onna wa Koi ni Ikiteiku" (25 October 1970)
"Sai Hate no Onna" (5 February 1971)
"Koi Jingi" (5 May 1971)
"Michinoku Kouta" (5 June 1971)
"Ai no Junrei " (5 July 1971)
"Shiranai Machi de " (25 October 1971)
"Kyōto kara Hakata made" (25 January 1972)
"Wakare no Tabi" (25 May 1972)
"Hana wa Nagarete" (25 September 1972)
"Kanashimi no Machi" (5 December 1972)
"Ashita kara Watashi wa" (25 March 1973)
"Hana Kouta" (July 1973)
"Henreki " (25 August 1973)
"Koi no Yuki wa Risō " (5 November 1973)
"Kyoto Blues" (5 April 1974)
"Hi no kuni Kouta" (June 1974)
"Watashi wa Kyōto e Kaerimasu" (5 July 1974)
"Inochi Bi" (25 August 1974)
"Anata no Uwasa " (January 1975)
"Ikiteru dake no Onna" (25 April 1975)
"Sasurai" (September 1975)
"Hashigo zake" (5 November 1975)
"Onna dakara" (25 April 1976)
"Kiite Kudasai Watashi no Jinsei" (25 August 1976)
"Aishū Sakaba " (5 February 1977)
"Anata Hitosuji" (25 June 1977)
"Omokage Heiya" (5 November 1977)
"Ginza Nagare-uta" (May 1978)
"Yoi-yoi Sakaba" (October 1978)
"Kita no Minatomati" (March 1979)
"Kawaii Onna " (October 1979)
"Hotaru Bi" (October 1981)
"Aitsu ga Warui " (1984)
"Chōyo Hanayo to" (October 1984)
"Tokyo Meiro" (June 1986)
"Shinjuku Banka" (25 February 1987)
"Tabiji" (1988)
"Shinchi no Ame" feat. Katsurasanshi (February 1989)
"Sake ni You hodo" (April 1994)
"Tengoku" (August 1996)
"Tsumetai Tsuki – Nakanaide" with Cubic U (September 1996)
"Sennen no Kagaribi" (October 1996)
"Otoko to Onna" (October 1997)
"Oya Ko Bune" (13 February 2014)
Select filmography
Movies
Eiga Sakariba Nagashi-uta Shinjuku no Onna (1970, Nikkatsu)
Zubekō Banchō Yume wa Yoru Hiraku (1970, Toei Company)
Namida no Nagashi-uta Inochi Azukemasu (1970, Shochiku)
Joshi Gakuen Yabai Sotsugyō (1970, Nikkatsu)
Fuji Keiko waga Uta no aru Kagiri (1971, Shochiku)
Television
Gozonji Kinsan Torimonochō "Shibai no Inochi Hi" (Episode 16, 1974, Nihon Educational Television/NET)
Furimuku na Tsurukichi "Kantsubaki" (Episode 16, second part, 1975, NHK)
Ikiteru dake no Kyōaku (Chapter 41-story license the second series of ruthless, NET, 1975)
Hyōteki (Ryōko Ogura, 1979, KTV)
Shin-kaikyō Monogatari (1981, TV Asahi)
Nichiyō Emi Gekijō "Sabushiro no The Hatarake Kōgyō" (1986/1987, ABC)
Kōhaku Uta Gassen Appearances
References
External links
1951 births
2013 deaths
2013 suicides
20th-century Japanese actresses
Enka singers
Hikaru Utada
Japanese women pop singers
Japanese film actresses
Japanese television actresses
RCA Records artists
Sony Music Entertainment Japan artists
Suicides by jumping in Japan
Victor Entertainment artists
Singers from Iwate Prefecture
Actors from Iwate Prefecture
People from Ichinoseki, Iwate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiko%20Fuji |
The Miami Vise were an arena football team formed by Arena Football League (AFL) founder Jim Foster for the purposes of playing a "showcase game" on February 27, 1987, at the Rosemont Horizon against the Chicago Bruisers. Chicago's Eddie Phillips scored three touchdowns, including one in the last minute, but the Bruisers fell to the Vise by a score of 33–30. Today, this contest is known as the "showcase" game, as it had far more prestige and fanfare than the original 1986 test game between the Rockford Metros and Chicago Politicians.
This was the only game the Vise (whose name was a take on the popular TV series Miami Vice) ever played, and Miami did not get a team in the AFL until 1993. The Vise were not even a Florida-based team to begin with, as they were created out of Foster's imagination and consisted mostly of former college players located in the Midwest. At the time, the players were sworn to secrecy so fans would believe the team was located in Miami. Current Arena League Commissioner Jerry B. Kurz coached the Metros and Ray Jauch coached the Vise.
External links
AFL Official Website
Defunct Arena Football League teams
Vise
American football teams in Florida
American football teams in Miami
1987 establishments in Illinois
1987 disestablishments in Illinois
American football teams established in 1987
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1987
Arena Football League in Chicago
American football teams in Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami%20Vise |
Delicate Sound of Thunder is a concert film by Pink Floyd, filmed during their A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour from 19 August 1988 to 23 August 1988 at the Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale, New York, with some additional footage from 21–22 June 1988 at the Place d'Armes of the Château de Versailles, Versailles, France. It was initially released on VHS, Video CD and Laserdisc formats. The film was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video at the 32nd Annual Grammy Awards.
The film was reissued on DVD and Blu-ray in 2019 as part of The Later Years 1987–2019 box set. This version was fully re-edited, remastered and restored from the original 35 mm film, and featured the fully remixed audio from the 2019 CD album. On 20 November 2020, a standalone version of the 2019 edit of the film was released, along with a deluxe box set containing both the DVD and Blu-Ray discs, as well as the album on CD and a 40-page booklet.
Track listing (1989 release)
"Shine On You Crazy Diamond (Part I intro)"
"Signs of Life"
"Learning to Fly"
"Sorrow"
"The Dogs of War"
"On the Turning Away"
"One of These Days"
"Time"
"On the Run"
"The Great Gig in the Sky"
"Wish You Were Here"
"Us and Them"
"Money" NTSC USA version only
"Comfortably Numb"
"One Slip"
"Run Like Hell"
"Shine On You Crazy Diamond (Parts II-V)" (audio only; end credits)
Songs omitted from the film
The following songs which were part of the 1988 set were not included in the film:
"Yet Another Movie" *
"Round and Around" *
"A New Machine"
"Terminal Frost"
"Welcome to the Machine"
"Money" (PAL & Japanese version) *
"Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" *
Songs with asterisk (*) are included in the album version.
"Yet Another Movie", "Round and Around", "A New Machine (Parts 1 & 2)" and "Terminal Frost" were released as part of the box set The Later Years 1987–2019, see below.
2019 reissue
The Delicate Sound of Thunder film was reissued on DVD and BD on 13 December 2019 as part of the box set The Later Years 1987–2019, which also includes an expanded version of the album. The reissue makes the song "Money" available in PAL regions for the first time. The box set (but not the same disc) also contains five bonus songs from the film which were not used in the original. A standalone version was released on 20 November 2020.
Track listing
"Shine On You Crazy Diamond (Parts 1–5)"
"Signs of Life"
"Learning to Fly"
"Sorrow"
"The Dogs of War"
"On the Turning Away"
"One of These Days"
"Time"
"On the Run"
"The Great Gig in the Sky"
"Wish You Were Here"
"Us and Them"
"Money"
"Comfortably Numb"
"One Slip"
"Run Like Hell
"Terminal Frost" (audio only; end credits)
The 2019 edit of the film now includes a full performance of "Shine On You Crazy Diamond", the original VHS only had the introduction to "Part 1" which was played over a montage of footage. "The Great Gig in the Sky" was originally presented in black and white, with some colour shots taken from the filmed performance at the Palace of Versailles. The new edit has no Versailles footage and is in full colour throughout. The closing credits originally showed a time-lapse of the stage being disassembled with "Shine On You Crazy Diamond (Parts 2-5)" playing – the 2019 version, however, has removed the time-lapse video and replaced it with a black screen accompanied by "Terminal Frost" as the credits music.
Although the film now includes "Money" in all regions, it is not the full performance. "Money" has been condensed in the same manner as the album version – eliminating Guy Pratt's bass solo and the female 'a cappella' section.
Bonus tracks
A separate DVD and BD in the box set also contains the following bonus tracks which are omitted from the original film and the 2019 re-edit:
"Yet Another Movie"
"Round and Around"
"A New Machine (Part 1)"
"Terminal Frost"
"A New Machine (Part 2)"
Personnel
David Gilmour - guitars, console steel guitar, vocals
Nick Mason - drums
Richard Wright – keyboards, piano, Hammond organ, vocals
with:
Tim Renwick – guitars, vocals
Jon Carin – keyboards, piano, programming, vocals
Scott Page – saxophones, oboe, guitar
Guy Pratt – bass, vocals
Gary Wallis – percussion, additional keyboards on "Comfortably Numb"
Machan Taylor – backing vocals, lead vocals on "The Great Gig in the Sky (third verse)
Rachel Fury – backing vocals, lead vocals on "The Great Gig in the Sky (first verse)
Durga McBroom – backing vocals, lead vocals on "The Great Gig in the Sky (second verse)
Certifications
References
Pink Floyd films
1980s English-language films
Pink Floyd video albums
1989 video albums
Live video albums
1989 live albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicate%20Sound%20of%20Thunder%20%28film%29 |
Pulse (stylised as P•U•L•S•E) is a concert video by Pink Floyd of their 20 October 1994 concert at Earls Court, London, England during The Division Bell Tour. It was originally released on VHS and Laserdisc in June 1995, with a DVD release coming in July 2006, with the latter release containing numerous bonus features.
In 2019, a newly restored and re-edited version was released on Blu-ray and DVD as part of The Later Years box-set; this version was given a standalone release on 18 February 2022. The Blu-ray version is the first release of Pulse in HD, although it is upconverted from the original SD video recording and remains in its 4:3 aspect ratio. A separate 90-minute edit of the film, intended for TV and streaming, was also released in 2019.
Track listing
VHS, DVD and Blu-Ray
The VHS and 2019 Blu-Ray release contains the same track listing as the 2006 DVD release, but spread across just one disc/tape. Each version contains slightly different edits of the film but all are displayed in its original 4:3 aspect ratio.
Disc One
"Shine On You Crazy Diamond" (Parts I-V, VII)
"Learning to Fly"
"High Hopes"
"Take It Back"
"Coming Back to Life"
"Sorrow"
"Keep Talking"
"Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)"
"One of These Days"
Disc Two: The Dark Side of the Moon and Encores
"Speak to Me"
"Breathe"
"On the Run"
"Time"
"The Great Gig in the Sky"
"Money"
"Us and Them"
"Any Colour You Like"
"Brain Damage"
"Eclipse"
"Wish You Were Here"
"Comfortably Numb"
"Run Like Hell"
2006 DVD Special features
Bootlegging the Bootleggers:
"What Do You Want from Me"
"On the Turning Away"
"Poles Apart"
"Marooned"
Screen films:
"Shine On You Crazy Diamond"
"Learning to Fly"
"High Hopes"
"Speak to Me" (graphic)
"On the Run"
"Time" (1994)
"The Great Gig in the Sky" (wave)
"Money" (1987)
"Us and Them" (1987)
"Brain Damage"
"Eclipse"
Alternate versions:
"Speak to Me" (1987)
"Time" (Ian Eames)
"Money" (Alien)
"The Great Gig in the Sky" (animation)
"Us and Them" (1994)
Music videos:
"Learning to Fly"
"Take It Back"
Behind the Scenes Footage:
"Say Goodbye to Life as We Know It"
Other:
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony, including "Wish You Were Here" with Billy Corgan
Photo gallery
Cover art
Pulse TV advertisement (1995)
Tour maps
Itinerary
Stage plans
Laserdisc
The 1995 Sony Laserdisc release featured the concert spread out over three sides of a two-disc set.
Due to space limitations, continuity, and to retain the complete performance of The Dark Side of the Moon without interruption, "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" and "One of These Days" were moved to the beginning of side three.
Side One
"Shine On You Crazy Diamond"
"Learning to Fly"
"High Hopes"
"Take It Back"
"Coming Back to Life"
"Sorrow"
"Keep Talking"
Side Two
"Speak to Me"
"Breathe"
"On the Run"
"Time"
"The Great Gig in the Sky"
"Money"
"Us and Them"
"Any Colour You Like"
"Brain Damage"
"Eclipse"
Side Three
"Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)"
"One of These Days"
"Wish You Were Here"
"Comfortably Numb"
"Run Like Hell"
2019 90-minute version
Coinciding with the 2019 remaster, a new shorter version of the concert for streaming and broadcasting was made, based on the 2019 Blu-ray/DVD version. The release omitted and reordered many songs compared to previous releases, but still contained the full performance of The Dark Side of the Moon.
"Speak to Me"
"Breathe"
"On the Run"
"Time"
"The Great Gig in the Sky"
"Money"
"Us and Them"
"Any Colour You Like"
"Brain Damage"
"Eclipse"
"Sorrow"
"Keep Talking"
"High Hopes"
"Wish You Were Here"
"Comfortably Numb"
Personnel
Pink Floyd
David Gilmour – lead vocals, guitars, lap steel guitar, talk box
Richard Wright – keyboards, backing vocals, co-lead vocals on "Time" and "Comfortably Numb" (verses)
Nick Mason – drums, gong, roto-toms
Additional personnel
Guy Pratt – bass guitar, backing vocals, co-lead vocals on "Comfortably Numb" (verses) and "Run Like Hell"
Jon Carin – keyboards, programming, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Comfortably Numb" (verses)
Sam Brown – backing vocals, first lead vocalist on "The Great Gig in the Sky"
Durga McBroom – backing vocals, second lead vocalist on "The Great Gig in the Sky"
Claudia Fontaine – backing vocals, third lead vocalist on "The Great Gig in the Sky"
Tim Renwick – guitars, backing vocals
Dick Parry – saxophones
Gary Wallis – percussion, additional drums (played and programmed)
Editing out the Publius Enigma
The 2006 DVD release saw some re-edited footage of the original 1995 release. During The Division Bell Tour the word(s) "Enigma" or "Publius Enigma" would be visible on part of the stage (sometimes it would be written in lights, or on the back screen). These were connected to the Enigma competition surrounding the album and tour. On 20 October 1994, during "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" the screen displayed the word "Enigma" instead of "E=MC2" which is what was shown at all other shows, as seen on the original 1995 release. The DVD, however, has an altered back-drop displaying "E=MC2", although if the DVD is paused at the correct moment the word "Enigma" is still visible. This portion has been replaced with band members shots on the 2019 Blu-ray version.
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Notes and references
External links
Pink Floyd films
Pink Floyd video albums
1995 video albums
Live video albums
1995 live albums
Films directed by David Mallet (director) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse%20%281995%20film%29 |
Sergio López Miró (born August 15, 1968) is a former international top swimmer from Spain, who won the bronze medal in the 200 meters breaststroke at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.
He competed in college for Indiana University and American University. López served as the head coach for the men's and women's swim teams at West Virginia University in Morgantown, West Virginia from 2005 to 2007. In 2007 he became the head swimming coach at The Bolles School in Jacksonville, Florida and has coached several swimmers onto the U.S. national team: Ariana Kukors, Charlie Houchin, Ryan Murphy and also Singapore’s Joseph Schooling.
He was appointed head coach of Singapore Swimming as well as an adviser coach of the coaching academy of the Singapore Sports Institute, with his term starting on January 1, 2015.
On April 30, 2018, Virginia Tech athletic director Whit Babcock announced Lopez's hiring as head coach for the university's swimming and diving programs.
References
External links
West Virginia University athletics profile
1968 births
Living people
Swimmers from Catalonia
Spanish male breaststroke swimmers
Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers for Spain
Olympic bronze medalists for Spain
Spanish swimming coaches
Swimmers from Barcelona
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Indiana Hoosiers men's swimmers
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Spain
Swimmers at the 1987 Mediterranean Games
American Eagles men's swimmers
West Virginia Mountaineers swimming coaches
Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Virginia Tech Hokies swimming coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio%20L%C3%B3pez%20Mir%C3%B3 |
Blacklion (; also An Leargaidh) is a border village in west County Cavan, Ireland. It is situated on the N16 national primary road, just across the border from the County Fermanagh village of Belcoo.
History
The village is within the townland of Tuam (). A stone cairn, a burial cist and two stone are all within the townland, giving evidence of early habitation.
The ruins of the mediaeval Killesher Church lie about south-east of Blacklion. The ruins sit on a hillside in the south-west of County Fermanagh, between Blacklion and Cladagh Bridge, very close to the Hanging Rock and overlooking both the Gortatole Outdoor Education Centre and Lower Lough Macnean. The current ruins sit on an Early Christian ecclesiastical site associated with St. Lasser or St. Lasair. The modern Parish of Killesher in both the Diocese of Kilmore and the Diocese of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh is named after this ancient site.
The original name of the village was Largay (also Largy, Largain, Largin and Largan, from the Gaelic Leargaidh meaning a hillside), which was a belonging to the Coffey McGoverns, a sub-sept of the McGovern clan, from the 9th century until the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century.
The Annals of the Four Masters under the year 1594 state:
M1594.7: O'Donnell, as we have stated, was encamped, laying siege to Enniskillen, from the middle of June to the month of August, until the warders of the castle had consumed almost all their provisions. Messengers came to O'Donnell from the Scots, whom he had before invited over, to inform him that they had arrived at Derry. And those who had come thither were Donnell Gorm Mac Donnell, and Mac Leod of Ara. O'Donnell then set out with a small number of his forces to hire them; and he left another large party of them with Maguire to assist him, and he ordered them to remain blockading the castle. When the Lord Justice, Sir William Fitzwilliam, had received intelligence that the warders of Enniskillen were in want of stores and provisions, he ordered a great number of the men of Meath [Kingdom of Mide], and of the gentlemen of the Reillys and the Binghams of Connaught, under the conduct of George Oge Bingham, to convey provisions to Enniskillen. These chieftains, having afterwards met together, went to Cavan, O'Reilly's town, for provisions; and they proceeded through Fermanagh, keeping Lough Erne on the right, until they arrived within about four miles of the town. When Maguire (Hugh) received intelligence that these forces were marching towards the town with the aforesaid provisions, he set out with his own forces and the forces left him by O'Donnell, together with Cormac, the son of the Baron, i.e. the brother of the Earl O'Neill; and they halted at a certain narrow pass, to which they thought they the enemy would come to them. The ambuscade was successful, for they came on, without noticing any thing, until they fell in with Maguire's people at the mouth of a certain ford. A fierce and vehement conflict, and a spirited and hard-contested battle, was fought between both parties, till at length Maguire and his forces routed the others by dint of fighting, and a strages of heads was left to him; and the rout was followed up a great way from that place. A countless number of nobles and plebeians [plebs] fell in this conflict. Many steeds, weapons, and other spoils, were left behind in that place by the defeated, besides the steeds and horses that were loaded with provisions, on their way to Enniskillen. A few fugitives of Meath and of the Reillys escaped from this conflict, and never stopped until they arrived in Breifny O'Reilly. The route taken by George Oge Bingham and the few who escaped with him from the field was through the Largan, the territory of the Clann-Coffey Magauran, through Breifny O'Rourke, and from thence to Sligo. The name of the ford at which this great victory was gained was changed to Bel-atha-na-mBriosgadh Battle of the Ford of the Biscuits, from the number of biscuits and small cakes left there to the victors on that day. When the warders of the castle heard of the defeat of the army, they surrendered the castle to Maguire; and he gave them pardon and protection.
King James I then granted it to Nicholas Pynner in the following grant:
Patent 13 James I. XL-8. 14th December. Grant from the king to Nich Pynner, Gent. Cavan Co. In Largy, or Largin Ter. The Precinct of Toom, containing 4 polls, called Gortnesillagh, Mullaghgarrowe, Rossan and Ture or Toore. Total rent £1-12-0 English. To hold for ever, as of the Castle of Dublin, in common socage.
In the Commonwealth Survey of 1652, the lands were owned by Thomas Worship (alias Worsopp) and the tenant was Lan Lawther.
By a deed dated 9 April 1711, the lands of Pinner alias Leirgg alias Largy were granted, inter alia, to Morley Saunders.
1625 Rising in Blacklion
In 1625, the McGoverns planned an uprising against the English Crown. On 21 August 1625, the Fermanagh Assize Judges wrote from Enniskillen to The 1st Viscount Falkland, Lord Deputy of Ireland, as follows-
"We received news of it on arriving at Enniskillen from the Archbishop of Cashel and Sir William Cole. The Maguires of Fermanagh and Magawrans (McGoverns) of Cavan were the leaders. They proposed to raise arms in anticipation of a Spanish landing, to surprise the castles, and to take back their confiscated lands now in the hands of undertakers. We examined one Phelim bane McCabe and gained from him the names of the ringleaders, both Maguires. We drew bills of indictment against four leaders. We arraigned and tried them by a jury of good freeholders of the English who found them all guilty. We shall sentence them to death; but if your Lordship wishes to mitigate the sentence, they can be sent to Dublin; provided they have a good guard, for the natives are all embarked in the plot. We await Deputy's advice before proceeding further. We do not like to set the witnesses free lest they should receive violence from the friends of the accused. Nor can we imprison them as there is no separate room in the jail, and they would have to be with the accused. We have therefore remitted them to the sheriff's house, only to be restrained from conference with any of the Irish, for which we have undertaken to try and get the sheriff some payment."
On 20 August 1625 Phelim bane McCabe swore:
"that he found Bryan McTerlagh McCoigh McGawran and Cahell McGawran of the Largan, amongst others, in a wood, where they were taking some snuffing tobacco. Afterwards Terlagh Wolly Maguire came and asked him to join a rebellion, saying that the Spaniard was coming and on the sea, and that the King was dead. He met the conspirators again subsequently and they urged him to join them and rob the country. If the Spaniards came the natives would rise and take Portora, Castleton, the Castle of Tully, and Sir John Dunbar's house. The leader was to be Shane a' Warra Maguire, and others of the Largan and Clanawly. And that the names of the conspirators in the land of Cavan were Terlagh Oge Magawran and Gerrod Magawran (alias Ferdinando)."
The Black Lion Inn
The name was changed to Blacklion in honour of a famous coaching inn in the village. Wilson's Post-Chaise Companion of 1786 states:
Within 2 miles and a half of the Black Lion, on the L. are the ruins of a church; and within a mile of the Black Lion, on the L. is Marle Bank, the seat of Mr. Irwine. On the R. is a large and beautiful lake, called Lough Machnean , with three finely cultivated islands in it. About a quarter of a mile to the R. of Largay, or the Black Lion inn, is Belcoo Bridge, which leads to Garison [Garrison] road.
The aforementioned inn may have been the establishment which gave shelter and hospitality to the founder of Methodism, John Wesley. In the 1770s, during one of his many tours through the Kingdom of Ireland, he recorded how bad weather forced him to stay the night at a local inn, Carrick a Beg, whose proprietor was sympathetic to his message- After riding round, and round, we came in the evening to a lone house called Carrick-a-Beg. It lay in the midst of horrid mountains; and had no very promising appearance. However, it afforded corn for our horses, and potatoes for ourselves. So we made a hearty supper, called in as many as pleased of the family to prayers, and, though we had no fastening either for our door or our windows, slept in peace. The site of The Black Lion Inn was occupied by Dolan's Hotel in the 1920s. Ambrose Leet's 1814 Directory spells the name as Black-lion.
Blacklion's urban growth was hampered until the mid nineteenth century by the nearby village of Red Lion, some miles to the west on the coach-road to Sligo. The weather event known as The Night of the Big Wind in January 1839 caused structural damage to the Protestant church at Thornhill, to the west of Blacklion. This was never fully repaired. According to local tradition Blacklion was the first place in County Cavan to be affected by the potato blight in the autumn of 1845. Deaths as a result of malnutrition and disease in the subsequent Great Famine were high.
In the 1950s the village name plate read . This was the name by which local older generation people would have called the place – colloquially called Leargy. is the plural of an Irish word meaning rising ground, slopes, or mountain side. This description would connect with the topographical location of the village, which sits below steeply rising ground and hills. Today, no longer appears on the village signs, which now show . The village is generally referred to by local residents as "The Black".
During The Troubles, Blacklion, as a main border crossing, was home to a joint Irish Army/Garda Síochána checkpoint. It was the scene of a bomb attack in 1974 by the UVF.
Geography
Blacklion is situated between the lakes of Upper and Lower Lough MacNean. The river which connects the two lakes forms the border between County Cavan and County Fermanagh in Northern Ireland. A bridge over this river connects Blacklion to the village of Belcoo in County Fermanagh. Blacklion sits at the foot of the hills below Cuilcagh Mountain, across which the border extends.
Blacklion is on the N16 road that goes from Sligo to Enniskillen and on to Belfast (becomes the A4 road in Northern Ireland). In addition to being on the border of County Fermanagh, Blacklion is also just from the border of County Leitrim. The point where the three counties of Cavan, Leitrim and Fermanagh join is in the centre of Upper Lough McNean.
Transport
Rail transport
In 1879 the Sligo, Leitrim and Northern Counties Railway line opened with Belcoo station serving both Belcoo and Blacklion. The last trains ran through the station on 20 September 1957. The railway bridge crossing the river between Blacklion and Belcoo was blown up by the British Army in the late 1970s, ostensibly to prevent its potential use by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) for moving arms across the Irish border.
Today the nearest railway station is in Sligo with trains to Dublin Connolly.
Coach/bus transport
Blacklion is a stop on the Bus Éireann Sligo-Manorhamilton-Enniskillen Expressway route 66. The coach stops at Sligo bus station which is beside Sligo railway station.
Local attractions
Attractions near Blacklion include the lakes of Upper and Lower Lough MacNean, the Marble Arch Caves, the Cladagh Glen Nature Reserve, Florence Court house and grounds, Glenfarne forest with its lakeside walks, Shannon Pot (the source of the River Shannon, Ireland's longest river) and Cuilcagh Mountain Park. south of Blacklion lies the Cavan Burren, a limestone landscape containing a number of Neolithic remains, which was planted with forestry in the 1950s and has since been partially reclaimed and signposted to provide access to its structures and geological features. The Cavan Way, a marked walking trail runs from the village of Dowra, County Cavan to Blacklion. It links up with the Ulster Way at Blacklion and the Leitrim Way and Beara-Breifne Way in Dowra.
Blacklion also has a nine-hole golf course and a restaurant, the MacNean Bistro, run by chef Neven Maguire. Upper Lough Macnean is known as a coarse fishing lake and contains bream, roach, hybrids, pike, perch, eel and brown trout. The Lough MacNean Sculpture Trail circles the lakes.
Notable people
Séamus Dolan (1914–2010), Fianna Fáil politician, Cathaoirleach (chairman) of Seanad Éireann from 1977 to 1981.
Neven Maguire (born 1974), chef and television personality, was born in Blacklion and is head chef and proprietor of his family's restaurant in the village.
Antony Booth (born 1931) lived in Blacklion from 2003 to 2009. Tony, an actor who appeared in films and TV shows such as Coronation Street and Till Death Us Do Part, is sometimes better known as the father-in-law of former British Prime Minister Tony Blair.
Cathal Buí Mac Giolla Ghunna, ('Yellow Cathal' McElgunn) was a Gaelic poet from Barran townland (three miles from Blacklion) whose life and work is celebrated annually in a festival/summer school started in 1998. Cathal Buí's name is visible on local tourist signposts bearing the legend "Cathal Bui Country" with an image of a dead bird alongside. This symbol derives from the poet's work, ("The Yellow Bittern"), a poem in which he laments the fate of a bird who died from thirst. There is a monument to his memory on the shore of Upper Lough MacNean, from Blacklion on the Sligo road.
Sport
Blacklion is home to the most westerly and northerly Gaelic Athletic Association club in County Cavan, the Shannon Gaels. The team currently plays in the Division 3 of the all county football league and the Cavan Junior Football Championship. The club covers the geographical area of Blacklion, Glangevlin and the divided village of Dowra. The club's name derives from Shannon Pot, the source of the River Shannon, which is located southwest of the village below Cuilcagh mountain.
See also
List of towns and villages in Ireland
Market Houses in Ireland
Tomas Óg Mág Samhradháin
Notes
References
External links
Blacklion website
Cavan Burren website
Belcoo and Blacklion Station
Old photos of Blacklion
Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border crossings
Towns and villages in County Cavan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklion |
B Resort & Spa is a 394-room non-Disney resort on the property of Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. It is located near the Disney Springs area on Hotel Plaza Blvd.
Information
The resort originally opened as The Royal Inn on October 1, 1972. In the mid or late 1970s, the hotel's name was changed to the Hotel Royal Plaza and after a 2012-2014 rebranding, is now known as B Resort & Spa. The hotel has one restaurant, American Kitchen, a poolside bar and lounge, in-room dining, and The Pickup for lighter fare. It also features the B Indulged Spa, which offers a wide array of various spa treatments, and has six different meeting or wedding venues.
The resort was forced to close in August 2004 after sustaining major damage from Hurricane Charley. It reopened in 2006 after receiving a major multimillion-dollar renovation.
On June 4, 2012, B Hotels & Resorts bought the property with plans to renovate and rebrand. The B Resort & Spa opened June 16, 2014.
References
External links
Hotel's website
Hotel page on disneyworld.com
Hotels in Walt Disney World Resort
Hotels established in 1972
Hotel buildings completed in 1972
1972 establishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%20Resort%20%26%20Spa |
Ad Astra is an annual science fiction, fantasy, and horror convention in Ontario. Major events of the convention include the Masquerade, Guest of Honour presentations, panel discussions, Art Show, and Dealer's Room, as well as a wide variety of privately run room parties. Other events on the convention program include a games room, book launches, and the Saturday evening dance.
Programming
Ad Astra's programming features a wide variety of discussion panels on various topics of interest to science fiction and fantasy fans. Writing, art, and costuming workshops are also often seen each year at the convention.
History
Ad Astra first ran in 1980, and has run every year since, excepting 1981, 1999 and 2020. The convention occasionally serves as host for other conventions; for example, Canvention 7 was held as part of Ad Astra 7, in 1987, and the convention hosted the Toronto games convention Orion for the years 2003 and 2004.
In previous years, guests have included prominent Canadian writers including Robert J. Sawyer, Nalo Hopkinson, Tanya Huff, Guy Gavriel Kay, Robert Charles Wilson, Phyllis Gotlieb, etc., as well as internationally renowned authors including C. J. Cherryh, David Brin, Connie Willis, Stephen Hunt, Larry Niven, Lois McMaster Bujold, Frederik Pohl, Katherine Kurtz, Orson Scott Card, James P. Hogan and others. Ad Astra has continued to evolve past its focus on literature to include programming dedicated to costuming, art, filking, and media. In some years, Jason Taniguchi has performed popular one-man parody shows at the convention.
Event history
See also
Toronto
Canadian science fiction
References
External links
Official Site
Science fiction conventions in Canada
Events in Toronto
Fantasy conventions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%20Astra%20%28convention%29 |
Ad astra (phrase) is a Latin phrase meaning "to the stars", and the motto of several organizations
Ad astra may also refer to:
General
Ad Astra (magazine), official publication of the National Space Society
Ad Astra (journal), undergraduate journal of Roosevelt Academy
Ad Astra (convention), Toronto literary science fiction convention
"Ad Astra", a videogame released by Gargoyle Games in 1984.
"Adastra", a furry visual novel released by The Echo Project in 2019.
Ad Astra, science fiction play-by-mail game.
Ad Astra Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada
Ad Astra Ice Cap (Greenland), Queen Louise Land, NE Greenland
Companies
Ad Astra Rocket Company, a U.S. corporation founded by former NASA astronaut Franklin Chang-Diaz
Ad Astra Aero, precursor of the now-defunct airline Swissair
Ad Astra Games, a game publisher
Literature and art
"Ad Astra", a short story by William Faulkner
"Ad Astra", a short story by Harry Harrison
Ad Astra, a painting by Akseli Gallen-Kallela
Ad Astra (Lippold sculpture), a large sculpture at the entrance to the National Air and Space Museum
Film
Ad Astra (film), a 2019 American science fiction thriller film
Music
"Ad Astra", a song by the band Deerhunter, from the album Fading Frontier
"Ad Astra", a song by the band Arcturus, from the album La Masquerade Infernale
"All the Works of Nature Which Adorn the World - Ad Astra", a song by the band Nightwish, from the album Human. :II: Nature.
Ad Astra, an album and a song by the band Spiritual Beggars
See also
Adastra (disambiguation)
, a related Latin phrase
, another similar Latin phrase | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%20astra |
Money Train is a 1995 American action comedy film directed by Joseph Ruben from the screenplay by Doug Richardson and David Loughery. It stars Woody Harrelson, Wesley Snipes and Jennifer Lopez, with Robert Blake and Chris Cooper in supporting roles.
Plot
Foster brothers John and Charlie Robinson are transit cops patrolling the New York City Subway. On Christmas, they chase two muggers into a subway tunnel. Nearby trains are halted, but transit captain Donald Patterson allows the money train – hauling subway revenue – to continue. One of the teenage muggers is gunned down and killed by transit cops guarding the money train, triggering a brawl between them and the brothers. Patterson blames John and Charlie for delaying the money train.
Charlie asks John for money to buy a Christmas present, but instead uses it to pay off gambling debts to mobster Mr. Brown, only to get even more into debt when Brown intends to have his men throw Charlie off a building, until John intervenes. Revealing Charlie is $15,000 in debt, John at first decides to let them drop him, yet after a brief conversation Mr. Brown accepts John’s promise to deliver the money in a few days.
John and Charlie both take a liking to Grace Santiago, an attractive newly assigned decoy transit officer. When a serial killer known as the Torch robs a token booth and sets it on fire at risk of killing the booth attendant, John and Charlie rescue the attendant and put out the fire, but Torch escapes and knocks out Grace.
John rejects Charlie’s plan to rob the money train to pay off the debt. When they and Grace are assigned to patrol the money train, Charlie discovers a grate in the train’s floor and a maintenance ladder leading to Central Park. A brawl breaks out between John and another officer, quickly involving the entire squad. Again blaming the brothers and accusing them of taking some of the money, Patterson continues to berate them even after realizing a collection agent miscounted. Charlie tells John the best time to rob the money train would be New Year's Eve, due to less security and the year’s highest proceeds: up to $4,000,000 that night.
John gives Charlie $15,000 to pay back Mr. Brown, but while on the train, Charlie is pickpocketed by an old lady and then beaten by Brown’s men as punishment. John is visited by Grace, having both realized their mutual attraction to each other and the two have sex. Returning home, stopping by John’s apartment, he is saddened to spot Grace and John sleeping together and walks away, with John feeling remorse for hurting Charlie (as well as disappointment after Charlie tells him he lost the money).
In a sting operation to apprehend Torch, Grace is disguised as a token booth attendant. Realizing the trap, Torch distracts police by pushing a man in front of a moving train, killing him. Torch sprays gasoline on Grace, but before he can light it, Charlie alerts the other officers, who open fire. John pursues the killer into another station, where they fight. Torch is burned by his gasoline and killed by an approaching train. Patterson fires Charlie for ruining the ambush; trying to defend Charlie, John is fired as well, leading to the brothers having a major falling out.
On New Year's Eve, John storms into Mr. Brown’s strip club, after hearing about Charlie and defeats the mobsters using his martial arts skills, threatening Brown if anything happens to Charlie, knocking him out with a 360-degree kick into a glass enclosure.
Grace persuades John to intervene in Charlie’s robbery. Charlie enters the money train from beneath, throws out the driver and drives it to the ladder, but is unable to escape with the money due to the presence of a group of NYPD Mounted cops. Reaching the train, John persuades Charlie to drive further to avoid arrest, and they disable the brakes to prevent Patterson activating them remotely. Patterson deploys a steel barricade, but John and Charlie accidentally increase the train's maximum speed and smash through the barricade. Transit control officer Kowalski declares the money train a runaway and starts clearing tracks, but Patterson diverts the train onto a track occupied by a passenger train, a 1220, to prevent its riders' escape, and does not tell the driver about the money train. When Charlie tries to steal the money, John attempts to stop him from doing so, leading to a brawl between the brothers. Eventually, the two stop fighting when Charlie saves John from falling off the train. The money train slams into the rear of the passenger train and slows down, but speeds up again, continuing to ram it with the increasing risk of derailing it and killing everyone on board, including the driver.
With no brakes and the throttle jammed, the brothers decide to throw the train into reverse to save the passenger train. Charlie positions an iron bar to trip the reverse lever, and the brothers climb on top of the train. The money train rams into 1220 again, activating the reverse lever, putting it into reverse position and the brothers jump across to the 1220 train as the money train derails, to the horror of Patterson, who is waiting at the next station with the officers.
When arriving, the brothers try to escape but are spotted by Patterson, who interrogates them. Fed up with his abuse, they both punch him in the face after he spits at John. As Patterson shouts out for their arrest, he is arrested himself by Grace for endangering the passengers’ lives, much to the brothers amazement. The brothers then exit onto Times Square just as the New Year countdown begins and ends, ringing in 1996. During the celebration, John realizes Charlie has a bag with over $500,000, much to his dismay. The film closes with the brothers walking off into the distance arguing over the money while the credits roll.
Cast
Wesley Snipes as Officer John Robinson
Woody Harrelson as Officer Charlie Robinson
Jennifer Lopez as Officer Grace Santiago
Robert Blake as Captain Donald Patterson
Chris Cooper as Terry "The Torch" Edwards
Joe Grifasi as Riley
Scott Sowers as Mr. Brown
Skipp Sudduth as Kowalski
Enrico Colantoni as Dooley
Production
Snipes and Harrelson had appeared together in the 1992 hit White Men Can't Jump and prior to that, the 1986 comedy Wildcats. They were both paid $5.5 million to star in Money Train.
The subway car used as the money train in the film is a modified R21 subway car. The rolling stock was modified by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority and film crew into an imposing subway train covered in silver armor plating and equipped with flashing orange lights and sliding barred doors, like those on a jail cell. After production, the car was donated to the New York Transit Museum, and is currently stored at the Coney Island Complex as of February 2010. Other cars were used as props in the movie.
Four additional R30s were used for filming on New York City Subway property, including for the crash between the money train and the 1220 Coney Island. These four cars were 8463, 8510, 8558, and 8569.
The actual money train resembled a normal maintenance train painted yellow with black diagonal stripes. The New York City subway system retired its money trains in 2006, as the introduction of the MetroCard and computerized vending machines that allowed fare payment by credit card have dramatically reduced the number of coins stored in subway stations. Two money train cars were later sent to the New York Transit Museum.
Music
The original music score by Mark Mancina was released in March 2011 by La-La Land Records as a limited edition of 3000 copies. The album features approximately 41 minutes of music across 17 tracks. Additional music was composed by John Van Tongeren. The movie also includes a cover of the 1966 song 'The Train Is Coming' by Ken Boothe, sung by Boothe and Shaggy, sung over the end credits, which was released as a single at the time of the movie's release.
Reception
Box office
The film took in $35.4 million at the North American box office, including $10.6 million on its opening weekend. In 2005, USA Today characterized it as a "bomb".
Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 22% of 32 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 4.3/10. The site's consensus states: "Loud, incoherent, and aimless, Money Train reunites Snipes and Harrelson -- and proves that starring duos are far from immune to the law of diminishing returns." Brian Lowry of Variety wrote that it "bounces along with a lame script and inconsistent pace". Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote, "More viscerally charged than Speed and hipper than Die Hard With a Vengeance, the movie is a careening, screeching joyride that showers sparks like fireworks." Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Examiner called it "a cut above the usual" buddy cop film due to the stars' chemistry and its well-crafted action scenes. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described it as "a by-the-numbers action-buddy picture" that is "an acceptable if undemanding venture". Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly rated it D+ and called it "a big, noisy headache of a movie." Hal Hinson of The Washington Post called it a feeble and clichéd buddy film.
Filmink said the film "exemplifies bloated dumb ‘90s action. J Lo is good though."
In addition to its poor reviews, the film was vilified for its portrayal of 'The Torch' robbing a ticket booth by running a rubber tube around the bulletproof partition and dousing the attendant with an unknown flammable liquid, then threatening to set them on fire. This crime was repeated in real life after the film's release, although police did not think the similar crime was related to the film. Nevertheless, many people, including Bob Dole, called for a boycott of the film.
See also
Kingston–Throop Avenues (IND Fulton Street Line)
References
External links
1995 films
1995 action comedy films
1990s buddy comedy films
1990s buddy cop films
1990s crime comedy films
1990s heist films
American action comedy films
American buddy comedy films
American buddy cop films
American crime comedy films
American heist films
American police detective films
African-American comedy films
Columbia Pictures films
Films set around New Year
Films set on the New York City Subway
Films directed by Joseph Ruben
Films produced by Jon Peters
Films scored by Mark Mancina
Films with screenplays by David Loughery
Kung fu films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
Films about train robbery
English-language action comedy films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money%20Train |
Concept S may refer to:
Lamborghini Concept S, a 2005 concept car based on the ' Lamborghini Gallardo '
Rimac Concept S, a derivative of the ' Rimac Concept One '
See also
Concept (disambiguation)
S (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept%20S |
Wyndham Lake Buena Vista Disney Springs Resort Area is a 394-room resort situated on the property of Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. It is located at 1850 Hotel Plaza Blvd., across from the Disney Springs area.
History
The hotel opened on October 15, 1972, as the Dutch Inn, the 3rd hotel to open on Walt Disney World property, located on Hotel Plaza Boulevard. It was later sold to Fort Worth-based Americana Hotels and rebranded as Americana's Dutch Resort Hotel, later slightly modified to the Americana Dutch Resort Hotel. Americana Hotels sold the resort to Grosvenor Properties in August 1986 for $33 million, and the hotel became the Grosvenor Resort. In 1988, following an $8 million renovation, the hotel joined Best Western Hotels and briefly operated as the Best Western Grosvenor, before becoming the Grosvenor Resort again. On September 1, 2007, the Grosvenor Resort was renamed the Regal Sun Resort as part of a $25 million renovation. The hotel joined Wyndham Hotels and Resorts on November 9, 2010, and became the Wyndham Lake Buena Vista.
Design
The hotel has of meeting space and features a fitness center two swimming pools, a hot tub, and an aquatic playground for kids. There is also a basketball & volleyball court.
References
External links
Official Wyndham website
Hotel page on Downtown Disney Resort Area Hotels website
Hotel page on disneyworld.com website
Lake Buena Vista development history, including hotel development.
Hotels in Walt Disney World Resort
Resorts in Florida
Hotels established in 1972
1972 establishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham%20Lake%20Buena%20Vista |
Luge at the 1976 Winter Olympics consisted of three events at Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck. The competition took place between 4 and 7 February 1976.
Medal summary
Medal table
Germany dominated the medal table with eight medals (with an exception of an Austrian bronze medal), including an East German sweep of the gold medals.
Events
Participating NOCs
Sixteen nations participated in Luge at the Innsbruck Games. Chinese Taipei made their Olympic luge debut.
References
1976
1976 Winter Olympics events
1976 in luge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge%20at%20the%201976%20Winter%20Olympics |
In the United States a unified budget is a federal government budget in which receipts and outlays from federal funds and the Social Security Trust Fund are consolidated. The change to a unified budget resulted in a single measure of the fiscal status of the government, based on the sum of all government activity. When these fund groups are consolidated to display budget totals, transactions that are outlays of one fund group (i.e., interfund transactions) are deducted to avoid double counting.
History
The United States government adopted a unified budget in the Johnson administration in 1968, beginning with the 1969 budget. The surplus in the Social Security OASDI (Old Age Survivors and Disabilities Insurance) budget offsets the total deficit, making it appear smaller than it otherwise would.
The Budget Enforcement Act of 1990, however changed this so that the two Social Security Trust Funds, and the operations of the Postal Service, are considered to be 'off-budget' and are excluded from the unified budget. This means that the Social Security Tax is not counted as revenue to the General Fund, and interest paid to the Trust Funds is counted as an expense to an external entity. Often Federal budget reports will contain two sets of numbers for the yearly Federal Budget: an 'off-budget' deficit (or surplus) and an 'on-budget' deficit (or surplus) the former of course including the receipts and outlays of these budgets, but by law for purposes of balancing the budget they are 'off-budget'.
See also
United States budget process
Social Security (United States)
Notes
United States federal budgets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified%20budget |
Silver Strike Bowling is an arcade game that mimics ten-pin bowling on a monitor corresponding to a player's trackball control. The game shares similar technology with Golden Tee Golf, an arcade golf game: both are produced by Arlington Heights, Illinois-based Incredible Technologies, Inc. ("IT.") Users may play standard bowling games or, depending on local availability, can select the Vegas Tournament option allowing players to draw cards for each spare and strike in an attempt to produce the best poker hand.
The original version of Silver Strike Bowling had a difficulty setting with three selections: Easy, Medium and Hard. However, it was not possible to determine the setting by playing the game as the setting was controlled by the operator or owner of the game cabinet. Silver Strike Bowling 2007 does not have this feature and all games have exactly the same physics at all times to ensure a level playing field for online play. While game play between them is otherwise similar, SSB 2009 can always be identified by "Silver Strike Bowling 2009" graphics in the attract mode and usually the game cabinet will have graphics which clearly identify it as an SSB 2009 or later unit. Silver Strike Bowling 2009 Bowler's Club games also have wireless online functionality, which is not present in the original Silver Strike Bowling games.
In its latest release, Silver Strike Bowling 2009 Bowler's Club, players are able to win Sweepstakes prizes by playing online-enabled versions. Silver Strike Bowling 2009 works on the ITNet 'LIVE' platform allowing players to see their stats when they play the game as well as view additional stats and historic game play on the Silver Strike Bowling website. IT issues "Player Cards" which allow players to enter contests and do a variety of other things both from ITNet-enabled games and from the company's websites. Player Cards for Golden Tee LIVE! work in Silver Strike Bowler's Club games and vice versa.
Silver Strike Bowling 2009 is an offline version (Unlike the "Bowlers Club" version) that is used at mostly smaller venues along with home units for game rooms. It offers all the same game play without the ability to track stats or win sweepstakes prizes.
External links
2004 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Bowling video games
Trackball video games
Video games developed in the United States
Incredible Technologies games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20Strike%20Bowling |
Highway 1 is the Saskatchewan section of the Trans-Canada Highway mainland route. The total distance of the Trans-Canada Highway in Saskatchewan is . The highway traverses Saskatchewan from the western border with Alberta, from Highway 1, to the Manitoba border where it continues as PTH 1. The Trans-Canada Highway Act was passed on December 10, 1949. The Saskatchewan segment was completed August 21, 1957, and completely twinned on November 6, 2008. The speed limit along the majority of the route is 110 kilometres per hour (70 mph) with urban area thoroughfares slowing to a speed of 80–100 kilometres per hour (50–62 mph). Portions of the highway—the section through Swift Current, an section east of Moose Jaw, and a section between the West Regina Bypass and Balgonie—are controlled-access. Highway 1 serves as a major east–west transport route for commercial traffic. It is the main link between southern Saskatchewan's largest cities, and also serves as the province's main link to the neighbouring provinces of Alberta (to the west) and Manitoba (to the east).
The four-lane divided highway passes through three major urban centres of Saskatchewan, Regina, Moose Jaw and Swift Current. A site in the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network, an internationally acclaimed shorebird conservation strategy, is at the village of Chaplin approximately equal distance between Swift Current and Moose Jaw. Located southwest of the Trans-Canada is the Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park, which features Fort Walsh and the highest elevation of Saskatchewan. Highway 1 traverses ranch lands, the Missouri Coteau topographical area, and rolling prairie agricultural plains.
The highway generally runs west to east along the route, following parallel with the transcontinental Canadian Pacific Railway route. The Trans-Canada Highway traverses historical settlement areas. The transcontinental railroad of 1885 brought settlers to southern Saskatchewan. Commemorative historical sites along the Trans-Canada Highway mark the historical changes of the 72 years since the CPR came through.
On November 9, 2011, the section between Moose Jaw and Regina was designated "Saskatchewan's Highway of Heroes" to honour province's soldiers who died in service
Origins
The Minister of Mines and Resources held the first Federal-Provincial Conference regarding the Trans-Canada Highway in December, 1948. With consent from all provinces, the Trans–Canada Highway Act was passed on December 10, 1949. Following this a second Federal-Provincial Conference was held to bring together the final details for the agreement. The Highway Act aims for the completion of the Trans–Canada Highway route by December, 1956. The third Federal-Provincial Conference hold April 25, 1950 saw Ontario, Manitoba, British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan and Alberta sign the agreement which provided federal funding for the proposed transcontinental highway. The shortest and most practical routes could be chosen by each province respectively, given that provinces adjacent to one another agree on the meeting locations. The transcontinental hard-surfaced two lane highway was to have pavement widths of and ; shoulder widths, low gradients and curvature; bridge clearances and sight distances; few railway grade crossings; and be able to bear load capacities of 9 tons an axle. As of 1950, have been agreed to. By 1955, the Trans–Canada Highway program had only seen of highway completed in areas outside of Quebec. of the paved of the Canadian highway Trans–Canada highway system had been completed by November 1, 1955 to Trans–Canada Highway standards. Premier T.C. Douglas presided over the opening ceremonies on August 21, 1957, opening the Saskatchewan segment of the Trans–Canada Highway
The Special Projects Branch of the Department of Resources and Development administers the Trans–Canada highway Act checking specifications, and prior construction. The contributions from the Dominion Government to the provinces may be up to 50 per cent of the cost of construction approved by the Governor in council. The actual construction is controlled by each Provincial Highway Department respectively. The estimated length of mileage for Saskatchewan is of the total .
1957 saw the Saskatchewan portion of the Trans–Canada Highway come to completion, the first province to finish their section in Canada. The year 1962 saw the entire Canadian highway completed which came to a total expenditure of $1.4 billion (about $18.26 billion today). The last of the highway between Moosomin and Wapella was twinned and opened on November 6, 2008, providing a completely twinned corridor. The total cost of twinning was $217 million with the Canadian government contributing $59 million.
History
A First Nation trail used by fur traders, and Red River carts pulling settlers effects was the first path between Moosomin and Fort Ellice, Manitoba. The transcontinental CPR paralleled this trail when coming through in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Provincial Highway 4, the precursor of the Trans–Canada Saskatchewan Highway 1 followed the surveyed grade of the transcontinental CPR between the Alberta and Manitoba border. Travel along Provincial Highway 4 before the 1940s would have been travelling on the square following the township road allowances, barbed wire fencing and rail lines. As the surveyed township roads were the easiest to travel, the first highway was designed on 90 degree right angle corners as the distance traversed the prairie along range roads and township roads. Two horse then eight horse scrapers maintained these early dirt roads.
One of the problems that came about was when the Manitoba survey met the Saskatchewan survey. The Manitoba survey allowed for road allowances placed east and west every . This system was followed west of Manitoba until just north of Indian Head. Whereas, the Saskatchewan survey conducted in 1887, allowed for road allowances and placed roads east and west every . The two surveys needed a correction which took years to smooth out.
Agriculture is Saskatchewan's main industry and taking grain to elevators was first accomplished by horse and cart, to be replaced around World War I by truck travel. Long haul trucking flourished between 1950 and 1970, and the trans–Canada was completed across Canada by 1970. Since the 1970s, 17 times the number of grain trucks and 95 per cent of goods transported now are hauled by truck across the Saskatchewan.
Speed limits
From the Alberta border (eastbound from Medicine Hat and Calgary), Highway 1 is a four–lane divided highway with a speed limit of . (Short stretches through the infrequent urban areas are at though). Moose Jaw has 4 lane traffic bypassing the main portion of the city with a strictly enforced speed limit with photo radar. At Regina, the official course is via the Regina Bypass, a controlled-access highway located south of the city that opened in October 2019, and has a speed limit of . After Regina, Highway 1 continues onward to Brandon and Winnipeg.
Communities
Alberta to Swift Current
Travelling west along the highway on the Alberta side, Highway 1 reaches Medicine Hat, Brooks, and Calgary. Travelling east, the highway begins near Walsh, Alberta and crosses into Saskatchewan entering into the Rural Municipality (R.M.) of Maple Creek, which was established December 10, 1917. (A rural municipality (R.M.) was an elected governing system providing essential services such as police, fire, health, education and infrastructure services for rural residents. Historically, community residents could pay taxes or supply a couple days per quarter section labour constructing roads, bridges, and fireguards instead of paying taxes.) Maple Creek, a town of 2,198 residents (2006 census), was established in 1883 and is located 8 kilometres south of the Trans-Canada Highway 1 via Highway 21.
The next R.M. is Piapot No 110 and a ghost town of Sidewood an early ranching area of Saskatchewan. Sidewood served residents between 1911 and 1952. Piapot No 110 first provided infrastructure improvements for this rural area in 1913 and is now an administrative division for a rural population of 392 residents. The small village of Piapot has a southerly access to Highway 1 also via Highway 614.
The village of Tompkins, and the town of Gull Lake are among the communities of R.M. of Gull Lake No 139. Both Tompkins with its 173 residents and Gull Lake serving 965 residents have their own municipal government. Gull Lake is an older community establishing its post office April 1, 1889. The south Saskatchewan region, an early ranching area was home to the 76 Ranch. The ranch house, constructed in 1888, is now the Gull Lake School Division office. Within Gull Lake No 139, which was created in 1913, are several wind turbine generators that can be seen when traversing the Trans–Canada Highway.
A neighbouring village of Webb with its population of 44 is situated within the next R.M. of Webb No 138 just south of Highway 1. Webb No 138 incorporated on December 13, 1909 providing road construction and maintenance. The post office was set up in Webb on March 1, 1908.
Swift Current to Moose Jaw
Swift Current No 137 becomes the next R.M. to travel through and here the unincorporated areas of Beverley and Java are the next communities along the route. Both of these communities are enumerated as a part of RM bringing its population to 1,587 residents. December 12, 1910 saw the incorporation of the RM of Swift Current No 137. The highway runs through three cities on the way from Alberta to Manitoba, of which Swift Current is the first. Swift Current was first established in the North West Territories in 1883 and has risen to a population of 14,946.
The original route of this highway was via Chaplin Street through Swift Current. The Trans-Canada became a four lane expressway in 1968, and the new route went past Swift Current to the north. Motels, shopping malls and fast food enterprises are located along the highway route. Subdivisions and neighbourhoods now extend past the highway, so again highway 1 traverses Swift Current.
Excelsior No 166 R.M. is the next rural governing body out of Swift Current that encompasses the community of Waldeck directly on Highway 1 at the junction of Saskatchewan Highway 628. Rush Lake is 4 kilometres north of the highway. 1903 first saw Rush Lake become established, soon followed in 1906 by Waldeck, and 1909 for the RM in this area.
The town of Herbert with its post office established in 1904 has 742 residents now. Herbert once renowned as having ‘The
World’s Choicest Wheat Lands’ is at the junction of the Trans–Canada and Saskatchewan Highway 612. Morse, as well as Ernfold are unincorporated areas, which adds their populations to the 435 residents of R.M. Morse No 165. Morse is immediately north of Highway 1 at the intersection with Highway 644. The Morse Museum and Cultural Center celebrates pioneer history in a 1912 brick school house. Saskatchewan's third biggest grain marketing point in Saskatchewan as of 1912, continued on this route by setting a record for shipping 2-1/4 million bushels of wheat in 1915. Morse has erected large cattails for their roadside attraction. Ernfold is at the western edge of the separation of the east and west bound lanes of the Trans–Canada. The western route is about in length, and the eastern route is about long, before the highway comes together again.
Uren is the first community arrived at within Chaplin No 164. Uren bustled between 1911 and 1961. Chaplin, at the intersection of Route 1 and Highways 19 and 58, was established in 1907. It is an unincorporated area that adds its population to the 138 residents (2006 census) of Chaplin No 164. An American Avocet as well as Piping Plover are large statues built by the roadside commemorating the world-famous bird sanctuary at Chaplin, Saskatchewan. Valjean, and Secretan are also too small to have their own municipal governments and they are located along the highway proper. Valjean supported a post office between 1912 and 1968, whereas Secretan's post office survived from 1911 to 1970.
Wheatlands No 163 established in 1909 features the communities of Parkbeg as well as Mortlach. Parkbeg, an unincorporated area, had a post office established in the North West Territories in 1896. The community also lays claim to being the hometown of Saskatchewan Roughriders mascot Gainer the Gopher. Parkbeg is now located on Trans–Canada 1 east, a segment that is 16.5 kilometres in length. The Trans–Canada west is long and is about north of Parkbeg. Mortlach, a village of 254 people, is about south of the highway and established its post office just months before Saskatchewan became a province in 1905. Four major pipelines, TransCanada, Conoco, South Saskatchewan Pipeline, and Trans Gas find their home in Wheatlands RM.
There is only one community along the highway within R.M. Caron No 162, which is Caronport. The village of Caronport, 919 residents in 2006, did not receive a post office until 1947, but the RM was serving the area since 1912. Local Improvement District (L.I.D.) #9 started making area improvements as early as 1904.
Moose Jaw to Regina
Moose Jaw, also called "Little Chicago", is a city of 33,665 (per the 2021 Census of Population) along the Trans–Canada. Capone's Car, Moose Family and Mac the Moose are all large roadside attractions of Moose Jaw. Moose Jaw Trolley Company (1912) is still an operating electric cable trolleys offering tours of Moose Jaw. Temple Gardens Mineral Spa Resort, Tunnels of Moose Jaw, and History of Transportation Western Development Museum. are major sites of interest of this city. The juncture of the Moose Jaw River and Thunder Creek produced the best source of water for steam engines, and Moose Jaw became the CPR divisional point. AgPro Inland Grain Terminal operated by Saskatchewan Wheat Pool. These large capacity concrete grain terminals are replacing the smaller grain elevators that were numerous along the highway, sentinels of most communities along the route. Improved technology for harvest, transport and road construction have made the large inland terminals more viable economically. The rural governing body around Moose Jaw is Moose Jaw No. 161, which serves 1,228 residents (2006 census), which includes the Moose Jaw, Canadian Forces Base. Meat-processing plants, salt, potash, urea fertilizer, anhydrous ammonia and ethanol producers abound in this area with easy transport access to the Trans–Canada Highway.
Belle Plaine, an unincorporated area, is within Pense No 160. The RM serves only 490 residents as of 2006.
Regina
Sherwood No 159 is the R.M. of the western perimeter around Regina, Saskatchewan's capital and the second largest city with a 2016 population of approximately 215,000 people. Sherwood R.M. provides essential services to 1,075 residents. As Regina expands, it annexes land from Sherwood No 159.
The Trans-Canada Highway originally followed the Trans-Canada Highway Bypass (a controlled access highway also known as Ring Road), around the southeastern portion of the city and then exited at Victoria Avenue and continued east; a signed city route existed followed Albert Street and Victoria Avenue through downtown. As the city and congestion grew, especially to the east along Victoria Avenue which was an arterial road with traffic signals, a new bypass was required. The Regina Bypass, a partial ring road on the west, south, and east portions of Regina, opened in October 2019, and the Highway 1 designation was moved to the bypass. The Regina Bypass also serves a new route for Highway 11, the main route connecting to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan's largest city.
Regina to Manitoba
Edenwold No 158 is the R.M. east of Regina comprising White City, as well as Balgonie along the highway proper. Edenwold No 158 serves 3,611 residents. As Regina grows eastward, it annexes land from this RM. White City a town of 1,113 residents could also be considered a census subdivision of Regina. Balgonie an unincorporated area first established its post office in 1883. It is now situated at the intersections of Saskatchewan Highway 46, 364, 10, and the Trans–Canada. As part of the Regina Bypass project, Highway 1 between Regina and Balgonie was upgraded to a controlled-access highway and is the longest freeway section in Saskatchewan.
St. Joseph's is a hamlet on Highway 1 and is a part of South Qu'appelle No 157, the next R.M. along the way. The town of Qu'Appelle (624 residents in 2006) had historic beginnings with fur trading posts in this area, and is located within this R.M. Qu'Appelle was first named Troy, and was an administrative centre of the North West Territories.
Indian Head, a town with a population of 1,634, is within Indian Head No 156 along with the ghost town of Dingley and the town Sintaluta. Sintaluta has a population of 98. Indian Head has erected a large sculpture of an Indian Head at the side of the road.
Indian Head features the historical Bell Farm, which was a large farming enterprise of . Pioneer homesteaders in the early 20th century farmed quarter section homesteads that were in size. This was a 1/2 mile by 1/2 mile (0.8 km by 0.8 km) farm.
Wolseley, a town of 782, is within the area of Wolseley No 155. The town of Wolseley is home to heritage properties such as the Provincial Court House building was constructed in 1893 and is the oldest surviving Court House building in the province. The Town Hall/Opera House, built in 1906 is a classic building and is used for all sorts of community events. A 1904 Queen Anne revival-style home is now the Grenfell 'Adare' Museum. This home built by Mr. Edward Fitzgerald was built on a large property that was annexed by Grenfell.
Elcapo No 154 contains the urban communities of Grenfell, Oakshela and Broadview. Grenfell has a population of 947, and Broadview 611. Grenfell is home to a 14,700 tonne inland concrete terminal as well as a large grain elevator located at the CPR line. Oakshela, an unincorporated area, is the only municipality served by the RM. The town of Broadview was an 1882 Canadian Pacific Railway divisional point. The Broadview Museum houses heritage of Broadview and area.
The town of Whitewood, 869 residents in 2006, was first established as Whitewood Station, North West Territories in 1883. Dr. Rudolph Meyer led a group of French Counts to the area of Whitewood in the 1880s to develop a community similar to the communities for nobility in Europe. Merchant's Bank Heritage Center is a heritage building of Whitewood, which celebrates its link to the French Counts of St. Hubert. The next RM along the way is Willowdale No. 153, which nestles Percival and Burrows within its population. Burrows is located at the junction of Highway 637.
Wapella, an incorporated town, located within the Martin, 339 rural residents.
Next along the way are Moosomin, Saskatchewan, Rotave, and Fleming, Saskatchewan all within the Moosomin No 121 R.M. The town of Moosomin, Saskatchewan hosts 2,257 residents at the junction of Saskatchewan Highway 8, 1, and 709.
The Trans–Canada highway across Saskatchewan finally finishes up before the Manitoba-Saskatchewan border at Moosomin No. 121.
Geophysical features
Highway 1 travels through geographical sites of interest as well as conservation areas. The highway begins in a mixed grassland ecoregion known as Maple Creek Plain. The Great Sand Hills are north of Highway 1 and the Cypress Hills region is south of the highway. The Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park features Fort Walsh and the highest elevation of Saskatchewan. Cypress Hills is accessed just 62 kilometres southwest of Highway 1. This area is known for its rolling with some steep hills and ravines.
Piapot Creek, Bear Creek, and Skull Creek are near the Wood Mountain Hills, also known as The Bench. After leaving the Maple Creek Plain, there is the Gull Lake Plain. Oil producing wells dot the landscape along with clumps of trees, sand hills, prairie grasses, and wind turbines producing wind energy.
Swift Current was founded as Rivière au Courant, which translates in English to Swift Current. The Swift Current Plateau is a prairie grasslands area. The Chaplin Plain is the next grassland ecoregion, and Highway 1 is just to the north of Chaplin Lake, which is situated on a huge bed of salt, producing a saline lake. The Western Hemispheric Shorebird Reserve a large shorebird conservation area is located on Chaplin Lake, and is renowned internationally. This area between Swift Current to Moose Jaw is considered to be part of the Missouri Coteau topographical area (extending south to the United States).
The area to the south of Parkbeg is termed the Coteau Hills. Besant Recreation Site and campground is located west of Caronport. The Dirt Hills, a grasslands ecoregion are west of Moose Jaw. The city of Moose Jaw arose at the junction of Moose Jaw River and Thunder Creek. The Wakamow Valley (administered by the Wakamow Valley Authority) has been developed with trails, playgrounds, and picnic areas. Nicole Flats Nature Area (Buffalo Pound Provincial Park) is a preserved feature of the area. Both Moose Jaw and Regina are situated upon moist mixed grassland ecoregions, specifically called the Regina Plain. Regina is located south of the junction of the Wascana and Qu'Appelle Rivers, and the area is now called Wascana Lake. Aspen parkland prairie is east of Regina. The Moose Mountain Upland ecoregion is east of Regina and south of the Qu'Appelle River.
Fairly Lake is located within the town of Wolseley. The lake was created because the CPR dammed up Wolf Creek to provide water for steam locomotives. Grenfell Regional Park is located west of Grenfell.
Echo Valley and Katepwa Point are two neighbouring provincial parks near Broadview. Kipling Plain gives rise to the topographical feature called the Squirrel Hills and further to the east the Wood Hills. Moosomin Lake Regional Park, is located to the south of the Trans-Canada Highway in the Pipestone Valley on the shores of Moosomin Lake. The Melville Plain is the remaining ecoregion along the Trans-Canada Highway before the Manitoba border.
Major intersections
Unlike most other North American jurisdictions, exit numbers on east–west highways are numbered from east to west (i.e., in the case of Saskatchewan, starting at Zero at the Manitoba border, and increasing when moving westwards to Alberta.
Books
Prairie Memories. Webb History Book Committee. Webb, Saskatchewan: Webb History Book Committee, 1982.
See also
List of Saskatchewan provincial highways
References
External links
Saskatchewan #1 Trans–Canada Highway Mile by Mile
Saskatchewan Highways Website–Highway Numbering Homestead
Saskatchewan Road Map RV Itineraries MilebyMile
Big Things of Canada, A Celebration of Community Monuments of Canada . Big Things
Navigating the Trans–Canada Highway
Online Historical Map Digitization Project Rootsweb
Saskatchewan City & Town Maps*Saskatchewan's Highway Network Government of Saskatchewan
Trans–Canada Highway. The Canadian Encyclopedia
Trans–Canada Highway
Trans–Canada Highway Act
Trans–Canada Netword
Trans–Canada Highway Transport Canada
001
Saskatchewan 001
001
Roads in Regina, Saskatchewan
Transport in Swift Current
Transport in Moose Jaw | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan%20Highway%201 |
Frances was a convict ship that transported a single convict from Madras, India to Fremantle, Western Australia in 1859. The convict, Patrick McDonald or McDonnell, was a soldier convicted of an "unnatural crime" by court-martial at Rangoon, and sentenced to fourteen years' transportation. There were no pensioner guards on the ship but 13 civilian passengers made the voyage — W. Bickley, W. H. Mulve, J. Head, P. Kelly, H. Kearning, M. Shea, J. Lynch, J. Thomas, W. Hurkun, L. Deholme, M. Hopkins, E. Egan, and A. Mahoney.
See also
List of convict ship voyages to Western Australia
Convict era of Western Australia
References
Convict ships to Western Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances%20%281859%20convict%20ship%29 |
Harlingen is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Montgomery Township, in Somerset County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 297.
It is adjacent to the historical areas of Dutchtown and Bridgepoint. Harlingen Road and U.S. Route 206 intersect in the center of Harlingen. The Harlingen Dutch Reformed Church on Route 206 is extant and had an associated cemetery. The town was a stop on the short-lived Mercer and Somerset Railway.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Harlingen had a total area of 0.717 square mile (1.858 km2), all of which was land.
Demographics
2010 census
The 2010 United States census counted 297 people, 93 households, and 81 families in the CDP. The population density was . There were 98 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup was 77.78% (231) White, 1.68% (5) Black or African American, 0.00% (0) Native American, 16.50% (49) Asian, 0.00% (0) Pacific Islander, 2.36% (7) from other races, and 1.68% (5) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.72% (17) of the population.
Of the 93 households, 54.8% had children under the age of 18; 79.6% were married couples living together; 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present and 12.9% were non-families. Of all households, 10.8% were made up of individuals and 3.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.19 and the average family size was 3.46.
30.6% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 16.2% from 25 to 44, 38.7% from 45 to 64, and 7.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.3 years. For every 100 females, the population had 113.7 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 100.0 males.
Harlingen Dutch Reformed Church
The Harlingen Dutch Reformed Church is in the Belle Mead, New Jersey section of Montgomery Township. The congregation was organized in 1727, and the minister was one of the major antagonists in the dispute between the traditionalists and the American party that contested governance of the Dutch Reformed Church. The church is still active.
The Reverend Johannes Arondeus, sent by the Classis of Amsterdam, was pastor from 1747 to 1754.
References
Census-designated places in Somerset County, New Jersey
Census-designated places in New Jersey
Montgomery Township, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlingen%2C%20New%20Jersey |
Luge at the 1972 Winter Olympics consisted of three events at Sapporo Teine. The competition took place between 4 and 7 February 1972.
Medal summary
Medal table
East Germany led the medal table with eight medals, including three golds. The only non East-German medal came in the doubles, where Italy tied the Germans, with both teams receiving gold medals.
Events
Participating NOCs
Thirteen nations participated in Luge at the Sapporo Games. Japan and the Soviet Union made their Olympic luge debut.
References
1972
1972 Winter Olympics events
1972 in luge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge%20at%20the%201972%20Winter%20Olympics |
Disarm Bush T-Shirts is a for-profit political activism campaign created in 2004 in the run-up to the American Presidential election, in which the incumbent George W. Bush ultimately defeated challenger John Kerry. Disarm Bush effectively mobilized opposition to the Republican incumbent in a number of large metropolitan population centers, in which their guerrilla t-shirt vending methods were most successful. Through 2005, the organization had sold no fewer than 25,000 t-shirts with their universally recognizable anti-Bush logo and registered over 5,000 citizens to vote.
Founded by Ysiad Ferreiras in Union Square in lower Manhattan, the group expanded to include hundreds of for-profit activists who spread the group's message at both national political conventions in 2004 and at speeches across the country. The shirts were especially effective in mobilizing political activity on college campuses. Ben Piven became the director of PR, political activism, and national distribution, while Marty Taylor took charge of Disarm Bush's internet campaign.
Eventually popularized by the Roots, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, and The Flaming Lips, the Disarm Bush logo became a simple but powerful expression of disapproval of the incumbent's performance in office. The Republican National Convention, which lasted from August 30 to September 2, saw the emergence of hundreds of similar t-shirt campaigns in which vendors attempted to spread their political dissent via the estimated 500,000 marchers who converged upon New York City to protest the presence of Republicans in a largely Democratic Party urban area. The 2004 Republican National Convention protest activity created an unprecedented level of political mobilization and also posed security problems.
References
Political activism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disarm%20Bush%20T-Shirts |
The International Children's Games (ICG) is an International Olympic Committee-sanctioned event held every year where children from cities around the world and between the ages of 12 and 15 participate in a variety of sports and cultural activities.
History
The Slovenian sports instructor Metod Klemenc founded the International Children's Games in 1968 with the aim of promoting peace and friendship through sports to the world's youth. He organised the first International Children's Games and Cultural Festival in 1968 with the participation of teams from nine European cities.
Since that time, 37,000 children aged 12 to 15 have been in competition at 47 Summer Games and 6 Winter Games. 411 different cities, 86 countries and all 5 continents have participated. The International Children's Games and Cultural Festival has become the world's largest international multi-sport youth games, and is a recognised member of the International Olympic Committee.
The International School Games were born in 1968 in Yugoslavia, thanks to the impulse of the Slovenian sports promoter Metod Klemenc, with the aim of promoting peace and friendship among young people through sport. Since 1990 they have been protected by the International Olympic Committee.
1,600 boys and girls between the ages of 12 and 15 from 70 cities in 37 countries, such as the US, China, Australia or Germany participate in this competition every year.
The most recent edition of the International Children's Games was held in Coventry, England from 11 to 16 August 2022.
Locations
Summer Games
Winter Games
See also
Youth Olympic Games (ages 14–18)
References
External links
Official International Children's Games Website
New Taipeh International Children's Games 2016
Inssbruch International Children's Winter Games 2016
Alkmaar International Children's Games 2015
Lake Macquarie International Children's Games 2014
Ufa International Children's Winter Games 2013
Windsor-Essex International Children's Games 2013
Lanarkshire International Children's Games 2011 (archived)
Kelowna International Children's Winter Games 2011
Athens International Children's Games 2009
Children's sport
Multi-sport events
International Olympic Committee
Recurring sporting events established in 1968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Children%27s%20Games |
Celerity BBS was a descendant of the freely distributed source of TCS BBS 1.43, and ultimately nearly completely rewritten.
Origin
It originally began as a project of Brendon Woirhaye (The Byter) and David Hicks (Moebius) in 1990 to quickly modify an existing BBS package to meet a simple organizational need (separate conferences for IBM PC users and Amiga users), and to meet the needs of high speed (9600 bit/s) communication, as most BBSes of the time could not pump data to the modem quickly enough. The I/O and display subsystems were rewritten, and the BBS package got its name.
Use
It wasn't long before others became interested in the BBS software, and it went on to have over 500 authorized BBSes and about three times that number using it in an unauthorized manner. It was very popular in the underground pirate, hacking, and phreaking community as well as with legitimate systems, including church BBSes, non profit group BBSes, many shareware distribution systems, and a governmental BBS in Portugal.
Features
Celerity BBS Version 2.04 boasts some of the following features:
(> Enhanced multitasking support including:
(> Intelligent time slicing for Windows 3.x, Windows 95, OS/2, and
DesqView environments to improve background / multinode performance
(> Inter-node messages can be sent from any BBS prompt to other users
(> Support for the DigiBoard multi-port communications boards
(> Enhanced file locking for data protection on multinode BBSes
(> Full featured message section featuring:
(> Multi-generational and cross-generational message threading
(> File attachments to messages
(> Message uploading/importing from a text/ANSI/graphic file
(> Message downloading/exporting to a text/ANSI/graphic file
(> Virtually unlimited message size limit (2,000,000,000+ bytes)
(> QWK offline reader support built-in
(> Extensive conference management system featuring:
(> Genuine hierarchal structure with unlimited depth
(> An unlimited number of conference items may be defined
(> Conference items may include:
(> Message bases
(> Transfer areas
(> Online doors sections
(> BBS lists
(> Art galleries
(> Voting booths
(> Bulletin sections
(> Sub-conferences
(> Selective intelligent newscanning of entire conference trees
(> Four basic conferences may be defined with an unlimited number of sub-
conferences off these structures
(> Enhanced file transfer section featuring:
(> Up to 999 file areas per file section
(> Unlimited number of file sections via the conference management system
(> Up to 9999 files per file area
(> Area-selectable file_id.diz / desc.sdi description importation
(> Unlimited-length file descriptions
(> Optional extended descriptions
(> Repeated file checking which will selectively scan other areas
(> Automatic integrity checking of ZIP/ARJ/LZH archives upon uploading
(> Automatic ZIP/ARJ/LZH archive commenting
(> Automatic ZIP/ARJ/LZH archive advertisement deletion
(> Provision for virus scanning of ZIP/ARJ/LZH archives
(> Support for external file transfer protocols including bidirectionals
(> Revolutionary CelerityText language file system featuring:
(> Virtually unlimited size for each text entry
(> Virtually all of the BBS text and formatting can be customized
(> Intelligent indexing and text cache system to enhance display speed
(> Support for multiple CelerityText files on a single BBS, allowing
users to choose a motif of their preference
(> Support for multiple CelerityText menu/prompt files on a single BBS to
allow the user to choose a menu set that they like
(> Built-in support for novice / intermediate / advanced / expert user
help levels
(> Over 75 CelerityText command directives providing access to user info,
BBS statistics, context-sensitive details, and screen formatting
Celerity BBS had over 50 discrete releases between 1990 and 1995, and pioneered a number of new technologies which were not commonly seen, including split screen multiuser chat (8 node maximum), a file distribution network, an early "liveupdate" system where BBS updates were distributed, a cross BBS message board and email network (CelerityNet, adopted by some non-Celerity BBS programs), FIDONet support, offline (or off box) file upload processing, QWK offline reader support, the ability to completely change the look and feel of the system, new user application including new user committee voting, "geek speak" mode that transformed normal text to leet, and unlimited numbers of message and file conferences. It supported multiple user interfaces designs in ASCII/ANSI/RIP and NAPLPS. It supported multitasking under DesqView, Windows, and OS/2 environments.
Alacrity
Alacrity BBS was a premium version of Celerity BBS which was not broadly distributed. Its most notable feature was an AI sysop chat which incorporated ELIZA-style logic, sprinkled with references to current posts on the message boards and recently uploaded files.
Notable Version Timeline
v1.00 was the first working version, dated February 1, 1990.
v1.42 was the last major update of the 1.xx versions, released December 14, 1992.
v1.50 was released April 13, 1994 as a maintenance release for systems that were not ready to move to 2.0x.
v2.00 was released March 23, 1994. It represented a major overhaul which allowed sysops to customize all user-viewable text, allowing multiple languages and display motifs. Celerity boards entered a phase of heavy customization and art expression.
v2.04 labelled the "Final Release" was released as freeware on May 17, 1996.
v2.05 released multiple beta builds between 8/1/96 and the last release on 12/31/99 adding y2k support.
Bulletin board system software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celerity%20BBS |
Lamachus () was an Athenian strategos or general in the Peloponnesian War. He commanded as early as 435 BCE, and was prominent by the mid 420s. Aristophanes caricatured him in The Acharnians and subsequently honoured his memory in The Frogs. He was one of the three generals (alongside Nicias and Alcibiades) placed in command of the Sicilian Expedition.
Lamachus, though older, was known for his fiery disposition and was fond of taking risks in battle. He was also so poor that during the campaigns in which he served as a general, he would charge the Athenian people money for his own clothes and boots. Although Lamachus was known for his courage and military skill, he was sometimes thought less qualified than other generals because he lacked the necessary wealth and social position.
Plutarch first mentions Lamachus in The Life of Pericles. Lamachus was given command of a fleet of thirteen ships so that he might aid the citizens of Sinope against Timesileos. The probable date of this expedition is 438–432 BCE between the Samian War and the beginning of the Peloponnesian War.
Thucydides states that Lamachus was sent to the Euxine again in 424 BCE for the purpose of collecting tributes. Lamachus had sailed into the Pontus and anchored his ships in the river Calex. There he lost ten of his ships during a sudden flood, but was able to deliver his men safely to Chalcedon.
In 415 BCE, Lamachus was elected general of the Sicilian Expedition with Nicias and Alcibiades. Lamachus proposed an aggressive strategy against Syracuse thinking that the Athenians should attack as soon as possible while the inhabitants were still unprepared for battle. His proposal was rejected in favor of the strategy of Alcibiades, which consisted of gathering allies around Sicily prior to engagement. Donald Kagan has suggested that Lamachus's strategy might well have brought Athens a quick victory instead of the disaster that ensued. Lamachus died fighting in Sicily after he and a handful of his men were trapped on the wrong side of a ditch and overwhelmed.
References
Aristophanes, The Acharnians. From the Perseus Project
Diodorus Siculus, Library. From the Perseus Project
Plutarch, Alcibiades. From the Perseus Project
Plutarch, Nicias. From the Perseus Project
Plutarch, Pericles. From the Perseus Project
Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War. From the Perseus Project
Kagan, Donald. The Peloponnesian War (Penguin Books, 2003).
Fine, John V.A. The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History (Harvard University Press, 1983)
Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spawforth ed., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 2003)
Stadter, Philip A. A Commentary On Plutarch's Pericles (The University of North Carolina Press, 1989).
West, Allen B. Notes on Certain Athenian Generals of the Year 424-3 B.C. The American Journal of Philology 45.2 (1924):141-160
Hanson, Victor D. A War Like No Other: How the Athenians and Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War (random House, 2006)
Footnotes
External links
Livius.org: Lamachus
414 BC deaths
5th-century BC Athenians
Ancient Athenian generals
Ancient Greeks killed in battle
Year of birth unknown
Athenians of the Peloponnesian War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamachus |
The 5th Alberta Legislative Assembly was in session from February 2, 1922, to May 25, 1926, with the membership of the assembly determined by the results of the 1921 Alberta general election held on July 18, 1921. The Legislature officially resumed on February 2, 1922, and continued until the sixth session was prorogued on May 22, 1926 and dissolved on May 25, 1926, prior to the 1926 Alberta general election.
Alberta's fifth government was controlled by the majority United Farmers of Alberta led by Premier Herbert Greenfield, who would resign following a push from the party on November 23, 1925, and was replaced by John Edward Brownlee. The Official Opposition was the Alberta Liberal Party led by John Robert Boyle, and later Charles Richmond Mitchell, and eventually future Lieutenant Governor of Alberta John C. Bowen. The Speaker was Oran McPherson.
Speaker
Premier Herbert Greenfield nominated the government's preferred candidate for speaker, Oran McPherson, only to have one of his UFA backbenchers, Alex Moore, nominate Independent Conservative John Smith Stewart; Stewart spared the government embarrassment by declining the nomination.
Bills
Wheat Board
The Legislature would pass An Act to Confer Certain Powers upon the Canadian Wheat Board (Bill 1) during the short second session in August 1922. The bill conferred powers to the create the Alberta Wheat Pool.
Debt Adjustment Act
The Debt Adjustment Act (Bill 49) of 1923 was designed to adjust farmers' debts to a level that they could actually pay, thus allowing them to carry on while still ensuring that creditors received as much as was feasible. In the words of University of Calgary professor David C. Jones, the bill offered "solace, but no real satisfaction". According to Jones, Greenfield's attempts to rescue southern Alberta from agricultural calamity were probably doomed to failure. Even so, Greenfield had called the situation his top priority, and his failure to bring it to a successful resolution cost him politically.
Government Liquor Control Act of Alberta
The Government Liquor Control Act of Alberta (Bill 14) passed in the fourth session in 1924. The bill repealed prohibition which had been instituted following a 1916 referendum. The Government held a referendum on the matter in autumn 1923 which saw Albertans vote decisively for the repeal of prohibition. Bill 14 would be subject to a free vote in the legislature, and while the legislation passed, the new measures were divisive, pitting community leaders who wanted their towns to remain "dry" against those who wanted to apply for liquor licences, and different would-be saloon-keepers against one another in competing for the government-issued licences.
Membership in the 5th Alberta Legislature
Standings changes since the 5th general election
Exact date the Speaker received resignation unknown, nomination deadline date for the 1925 federal election used. All were received by Speaker Oran McPherson after September 29 and before October 17.
References
Works cited
Further reading
External links
Alberta Legislative Assembly Website
Legislative Assembly of Alberta Members Book
By-elections 1905 to present
05
1922 in Alberta
1923 in Alberta
1924 in Alberta
1925 in Alberta
1926 in Alberta
1922 in Canadian politics
1923 in Canadian politics
1924 in Canadian politics
1925 in Canadian politics
1926 in Canadian politics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th%20Alberta%20Legislature |
Luge at the 1968 Winter Olympics consisted of three events at Villard-de-Lans. The competition took place between 11 and 18 February 1968.
Medal summary
Medal table
East Germany led the medal table with three medals, one of each type. This was the first separate Games for East and West Germany, and thus each country's first luge medals.
Events
Participating NOCs
Fourteen nations participated in Luge at the Grenoble Games. Spain, France, Sweden and East and West Germany made their Olympic luge debuts.
Notes
References
1968
1968 Winter Olympics events
1968 in luge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge%20at%20the%201968%20Winter%20Olympics |
The General Confederation of Trade Unions or GCTU (, Vseobshchya Konfederatsya Profsoyuzov or VKP) is an international trade union confederation. It was founded on 16 April 1992 and incorporates members from the Commonwealth of Independent States.
The GCTU claims a membership of 75 million and is led by Mikhail Shmakov as president.
Member Unions
National Trade Union Centers
The national trade union centers affiliated with the GCTU as of 2009 included:
Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia
Federation of Trade Unions of Ukraine
Federation of Trade Unions of Belarus
National Trade Union Confederation of Moldova
Georgian Trade Union Confederation
Confederation of Trade Unions of Armenia
Azerbaijan Trade Unions Confederation
Federation of Trade Unions of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan Federation of Trade Unions
Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Tajikistan
Industrial Trade Union Internationals
The industrial trade union internationals with the GCTU as of 2009 included:
International Association of Civil Aviation Workers' Unions
International Amalgamation of Unions of Automobile and Farm Machinery Workers
International Organisation of Agro-Industrial Trade Unions
International Confederation of Atomic Energy Workers' Unions
International Confederation of Water Transport Workers' Unions
Trade Union International of Workers in Geology, Geodesy and Cartography
Federation of Mining and Metallurgical Workers' Unions
International Trade Union Federation of State and Public Employees
International Confederation of Railway Workers' and Transport Builders' Unions
International Trade Union Alliance of Public Utilities, Local Industry and Services Workers
International Confederation of Health Workers' Unions
Consultative Council of Cultural Workers' Unions
Federation of Timber and Related Industries Workers' Unions of the Commonwealth of Independent States
International Organisation of Metalworkers' Unions
International Association of Trade Unions of Workers in Scientific Research and Production Co-operatives and Enterprises
International Confederation of Trade Unions of Workers in the Oil and Gas Industries and Construction Workers in the Oil and Gas Complex
International Community of Defence Industry Workers' Unions
International Organisation of Trade Unions of Educational and Scientific Workers. (IOTU "Education & Science")
Trade Union International of Workers in Radio-electronic Industry
International Association of Fishing Industry Workers' Unions
International Organisation of Communications Workers' Unions
International Confederation of Joint Venture Workers' Unions
International Confederation of Construction and Building Materials Industry Workers' Unions
International Association of Textile and Light Industry Workers' Unions
International Public Organisation "Confederation of Unions of Workers in Commerce, Restaurants, Consumers' Co-operatives and Various Forms of Business"
International Federation of Transport and Road Construction Workers' Unions
International Association of Chemical and Allied Workers' Unions
International Trade Union Association "ELEKTROPROFSOYUZ"("ELECTROUNION")
See also
World Federation of Trade Unions
References
External links
www.vkp.ru - website.
Trade unions established in 1992
Trade unions in Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Confederation%20of%20Trade%20Unions |
Diane Marie Moyer (born July 29, 1958 in Reading, Pennsylvania) is a former field hockey player for the United States women's team that won the bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California.
She graduated from La Salle University and is currently a professor in the psychology department at Cedar Crest College in Allentown, Pennsylvania.
References
External links
1958 births
Living people
American female field hockey players
Cedar Crest College faculty
Field hockey players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Allentown, Pennsylvania
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in field hockey
American women academics
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane%20Moyer |
Aleko () is the first of three completed operas by Sergei Rachmaninoff. The Russian libretto was written by Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko and is an adaptation of the 1827 poem The Gypsies by Alexander Pushkin. The opera was written in 1892 as a graduation work at the Moscow Conservatory, and it won the highest prizes from the conservatory judges that year. It was first performed in Moscow on 9 May 1893.
Performance history
The Bolshoi Theatre's premiere took place on 9 May (O.S. 27 April) 1893 in Moscow.
The composer conducted another performance in Kiev on 18/30 October 1893. (Tchaikovsky had attended the Moscow premiere of Aleko, and Rachmaninoff had intended to hear the premiere of Tchaikovsky's Pathétique Symphony on 16/28 October, but had to catch a train for Kiev to fulfill his Aleko conducting engagement.) A Pushkin centenary celebration performance on 27 May 1899 at the Tauride Palace in Saint Petersburg featured Feodor Chaliapin in the title role, and utilized the chorus and ballet of the Mariinsky Theatre.
The opera had its first performance in England on 15 July 1915 at the London Opera House under the direction of Vladimir Rosing.
The New York City Opera's 2016/17 season opened in Jazz at Lincoln Center's Rose Hall with a double bill of Aleko and Pagliacci, an opera that also premiered in May 1892. James Meena conducted and Stefan Szkafarowsky sang the title role.
Roles
Synopsis
A band of Gypsies has pitched its tents for the night on the bank of a river. Beneath a pale moon, they light campfires, prepare a meal and sing of the freedom of their nomadic existence. An old Gypsy tells a story. Long ago, he loved Mariula who deserted him for another man, leaving behind Zemfira, their daughter. Zemfira is now grown up, has her own child, and lives with Aleko, a Russian who has abandoned civilisation for the Gypsy life. Hearing this story, Aleko is outraged that Zemfira's father took no revenge on Mariula. But Zemfira disagrees. For her, as for her mother, love is free, and she herself has already tired of Aleko's possessiveness and now loves a younger Gypsy, one of her own people. After dances for the women and the men, the Gypsies settle down to sleep. Zemfira appears with her young lover, whom she kisses passionately before disappearing into her own tent to look after her child. Aleko enters and Zemfira taunts him, singing about her wild lover. Alone, Aleko broods on the catastrophe of his relationship with Zemfira and the failure of his attempt to flee the ordinary world. As dawn comes, he surprises Zemfira and her lover together. In a torment of jealousy he kills them both. All the Gypsies gather, disturbed by the noise. Led by Zemfira's father, they spare Aleko's life but cast him out from them forever.
Principal arias and numbers
Aleko's Cavatina / Каватина Алеко (Kavatina Aleko)
The Young Gypsy's Romance / Романс Молодого Цыгана (Romans Molodogo Tsygana)
The Old Gypsy's Story / Рассказ Старика (Rasskaz Starika)
Men's Dance / Пляска мужчин (Plyaska muzhchin)
Critical reception
Like Rachmaninov's two other operas, Aleko shows Rachmaninov finding his own individual style, independent of the traditional number opera or Wagner's music-dramas. Michael Bukinik, a contemporary of Rachmaninov at the conservatory, recalled the rehearsals for the opera:
I was a pupil of the orchestra class, and during the rehearsals, we not only admired, but were made happy and proud by his daring harmonies, and were ready to see in him a reformer.
Geoffrey Norris has noted criticism of the opera as lacking in dramatic momentum and the libretto as being a hastily crafted "hotchpotch". A contemporary critic in the Moskovskiye vedomosti wrote of the opera at the time of the premiere:
Of course there are faults, but they are far outweighed by merits, which lead one to expect much from this young composer in the future.
Recordings
1951 Ivan Ivanovich Petrov, Nina Pokrovskaya, Anatoly Orfenov, Alexander Ognivtzev, Bronislava Zlatogorova; Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra; Nikolai Golovanov, Melodiya
1987 Evgeny Nesterenko, Svetlana Volkova, Vyacheslav Polozov, Vladimir Matorin, Raisa Kotova; USSR TV & Radio Large Chorus, Moscow Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra; Dmitri Kitaenko, Moscow Studio Archives / Alto
1990 Arthur Eisen, Lyudmila Sergienko, Gegham Grigoryan, Gleb Nikolsky, Anna Volkova, Vasily Lanovoy; USSR Academic Grand Chorus of Radio & TV, USSR Academic Symphony Orchestra; Yevgeny Svetlanov, Melodiya
1993 Vladimir Matorin, Natalia Erassova, Viatcheslav Potchapski, Vitaly Tarastchenko, Galina Borissova; Russian State Choir, Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra; Andrei Chistiakov, Chant du Monde
1995 Samson Isoumov, Marina Lapina, Oleg Koulko, Leonid Tischenko; Aleko Choir, Donetsk Philharmonic Orchestra; Roman Kofman (Live Rotterdam), Verdi Records / Brilliant
1996 Nicola Ghiuselev, Blagovesta Karnabatlova, Pavel Kourchoumov, Dimiter Petkov, Tony Christova; Bulgarian Broadcasting Chorus, Plovdiv Philharmonic Orchestra; Rouslan Raichev, Capriccio
1997 Sergei Leiferkus, Maria Guleghina, Ilya Levinsky, Anatoli Kotscherga, Anne Sofie von Otter; Gothenburg Opera Chorus, Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra; Neeme Järvi, Deutsche Grammophon
2006 Egils Silins, Maria Gavrilova, Alexandra Dursuneva, Andrey Dunayev; Moscow Chamber Choir, RSO Moscow; Vladimir Fedoseyev, Relief
2007 Vassily Gerello, Olga Guryakova, Vsevolod Grivnov, Mikhail Kit; Yurlov Capella, Moscow Chamber Orchestra; Constantine Orbelian, Delos
2009. Sergey Murzaev, Svetla Vassileva, Evgeny Akimov, Gennady Bezzubenkov, Nadezhda Vasilieva; Coro del Teatro Regio di Torino, BBC Philharmonic; Gianandrea Noseda, Chandos
Notable excerpts
1929 Feodor Chaliapin: Aleko's Cavatina. Available on LP, CD, online. Electrical (microphone) recording. A 1924 acoustical (horn) recording also exists.
Video
1986 Evgeny Nesterenko (Aleko), Nelli Volshaninova/Svetlana Volkova (Zemfira), Sandor Semenov/Mikhail Muntyan (Young Gypsy), Vladimir Golovin/Vladimir Matorin (Old Gypsy), Maria Papazian/Raisa Kotova (Old Gypsy Woman); Gosteleradio Chorus, Moscow State Symphony Orchestra; Dmitri Kitaenko, VAI
References
Operas by Sergei Rachmaninoff
1893 operas
Russian-language operas
One-act operas
Operas based on works by Aleksandr Pushkin
Operas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleko%20%28Rachmaninoff%29 |
Luge at the 1964 Winter Olympics consisted of three events at Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck. The competition took place between 30 January and 4 February 1964.
This was the first appearance of Luge in the Winter Olympics. It was originally scheduled to be added in 1960, but as there was no venue built for it in Squaw Valley, the sport's debut came in 1964.
Medal summary
Medal table
Germany won five of the nine medals available, including two gold medals.
Events
Participating NOCs
Twelve nations participated in Luge at the Innsbruck Games.
References
1964
1964 Winter Olympics events
1964 in luge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge%20at%20the%201964%20Winter%20Olympics |
(Alfonso and Estrella), 732, is an opera with music by Franz Schubert, set to a German libretto by Franz von Schober, written in 1822. Along with the later Fierrabras, composed in 1823, it marks Schubert's attempt to compose grand Romantic opera in German, departing from the Singspiel tradition. Unlike Fierrabras, it contains no spoken dialogue.
Background
In close collaboration with von Schober in the region of Sankt Pölten, Schubert wrote the vocal numbers of Alfonso und Estrella between September 1821 and February 1822. Schober, only one year older than the young Schubert, and a dabbler in literature, music and theatre, was enthusiastic about the collaboration. Schubert and Schober shared an appreciation for the operatic theories of Ignaz von Mosel, a patron of Schubert's, who supported Gluck's operatic ideals. This influence may have led to the omission of all spoken dialog, parting from the German Singspiel form followed in operas such as Mozart's Die Zauberflöte, Beethoven's Fidelio, and Carl Maria von Weber's Der Freischütz.
Overture
The earliest date on an autograph score of the overture is November 1822, the date Schubert wrote on its solo piano version (D 759A). As that version is a piano reduction, it is assumed that the orchestral version of the overture must have been written at an earlier date. 1823 is however the only other date found on autographs of the overture: the version for piano duet, D 773, dates from that year, and in December of the same year Schubert used the orchestral version as overture to the stage production of Rosamunde, while he found the Alfonso und Estrella overture too "noisy" for this opera, for which he intended to write a new one. The date of December 1823 found on the autograph of the orchestral score of the only extant overture for Alfonso und Estrella thus rather refers to its use as incidental music to the Rosamunde play, than that it would have been its composition date.
The piano duet version of the overture (D 773) was published as Schubert's Op. 52 in 1826. Shortly after the composer's death in 1828, that version was republished as his Op. 69, which is the opus number that remained associated with the piano versions of the overture: the solo piano version of the overture, D 759A, was published around 1839 with the same opus number. The score of the orchestral version of the overture was first published in 1867, quarter of a century before the remainder of the orchestral score was first published in the 5th volume of Series XV of the Alte Gesamt-Ausgabe. In that edition the overture had been published in the 4th volume of the same series, as Rosamunde overture. In the earlier publications, including those of its piano versions, the overture had been marked as belonging to Alfonso und Estrella.
Performance history
Apart from the overture in the 1823 Rosamunde production, the orchestral version of the opera was not staged in Schubert's lifetime. Opera houses in Vienna, Berlin, Dresden and Graz had refused it. The opera received its premiere performance in Weimar on 24 June 1854, conducted by Franz Liszt. Liszt had published an essay on the opera in advance of the first Weimar performance, and also had made cuts to the score for the production. Subsequent productions in the 1880s were in Karlsruhe, Vienna and Berlin. The first UK stage premiere was at Reading University Opera on 22 February 1977. The opera did not receive a complete, uncut performance; even the realisations in Graz (1991) and Vienna (1997, conducted by Harnoncourt) had been shortened.
Context and analysis
Although it is believed Schubert intended to compose a grand Romantic opera, employing a large chorus and orchestra, at many points in the work he retained the simpler style of his earlier Singspiels. At other times, however, strong vocal lines, rich orchestration, and jarring harmonic progressions predominate. McKay has noted that, "[i]n such sections Schubert shows not only his genius for setting words to music and his sensitivity to orchestral colors but also his ability to manage the large resources of big operatic ensembles." As one critic has elegantly stated, "Schubert's great operatic asset – aside from his incredible gift for melody – was the ability to take cues from a word, a thought or a verbal description and translate them into musical accompaniment."
A repeated criticism of the opera is its lack of dramatic action and pacing. Critics have suggested it is precisely because Schubert had minimal opportunity to see his late dramatic works performed during his lifetime that he lacked the perspective, and that which might have been revealed by it, available to other composers such as Beethoven who revised Fidelio on multiple occasions after public performance, to judge his operas from a distance. Elizabeth Norman McKay has noted how Schubert incorporated his understanding of the music of Gioachino Rossini into the opera. German musicologist Till Gerrit Waidelich has published a monograph on the opera, detailing its history in composition and performance.
Roles
Synopsis
Alfonso is the son of the deposed King Froila, of León. Froila is concerned that Alfonso is anxious to lead a revolt against Mauregato, the usurper of Froila's throne. At the court of Leon, Adolfo, an ambitious general, is in love with Estrella, the daughter of Mauregato. However, Mauregato has said that only the man who has the "Chain of Eurich" may marry Estrella. Angry at being denied Estrella in marriage, Adolfo plans a coup against Mauregato.
During a hunting expedition, Estrella is separated from her party. She and Alfonso meet and fall in love, unaware of the identity of the other. Alfonso gives Estrella a necklace that he has always carried, and directs her on a safe path home. Back at court, she tells her story, and Mauregato recognizes the necklace as the "Chain of Eurich". Before he can tell her of its meaning, the rebellion led by Adolfo has begun, and Adolfo captures Estrella. Alfonso learns that Estrella is Mauregato's daughter, and then sides with Mauregato against the rebels. Mauregato's forces defeat Adolfo, and Alfonso rescues Estrella. However, Mauregato has a crisis of conscience, and he restores Froila to his throne. In turn, Froila gives up his power to Alfonso and Estrella.
Historically, the Kingdom of León did have a king called Froila, whose son was Alfonso, and the kingdom was in their time troubled by instability and power struggles, including a possible usurpation by a Mauregatus.
Recordings
A complete recording of the opera was issued in 1978, with Otmar Suitner conducting the Staatskapelle Berlin and Berlin Radio Choir and major parts sung by Edith Mathis (Estrella), Peter Schreier (Alfonso), Hermann Prey (Mauregato), Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (Froila) and Theo Adam (Adolfo). Originally made by the East German record company VEB Deutsche Schallplatten, it was first issued in the West on EMI (US catalogue: Angel SCLX-3878) and has since been issued on CD on Berlin Classics 0021562BC. Re-issued in 2013 by Brilliant Classics, 3CD 94689 5028421946894.
Video on DVD : 2004 Teatro Lirico di Cagliari, Gérard Korsten, conductorCast: Eva Mei, Rainer Trost, Alfred Muff, Markus Werba – Dynamic (record label), Cat. 33451
Video on DVD : 2009 Naxos Opera DVD 2.110260 (Opera in 3 acts, complete) Conductor: Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Chamber Orchestra of Europe, Arnold Schoenberg Choir. Cast: Mauregato: Olaf Bär, Estrella: Ľuba Orgonášová, Adolfo: Alfred Muff, Froila: Thomas Hampson, Alfonso: Endrik Wottrich, stage director: Jürgen Flimm. Recorded in Vienna 1997.
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Romantische Opern
1823 operas
German-language operas
Operas by Franz Schubert
Operas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso%20und%20Estrella |
Lindsay G. White (5 January 1922 – 13 March 1977) was an Australian rules footballer who represented and in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1940s.
White was regarded as one of the best forwards of the 1940s. He was fast on the lead, was a strong overhead mark and possessed a long and accurate kick.
He kicked 67 goals in 1941, his debut season for Geelong, but at the end of the year Geelong went into temporary recess due to travel restrictions during World War II and White transferred to South Melbourne. He spent two seasons there, kicking 111 goals in 25 games and leading the league goalkicking in 1942. White returned to Geelong for the start of the 1944 season and was named club captain in 1948. In that year he again won the league goalkicking, with 86 goals.
White played until halfway through the 1950 season, retiring due to a debilitating injury to his achilles tendon.
He was playing coach of the Queanbeyan-Acton side that were premiers in the 1956 Canberra Australian National Football League season. In the grand final win over Manuka, White kicked the two goals needed to bring his season tally to 100 goals.
References
External links
1922 births
Carji Greeves Medal winners
Geelong Football Club players
Geelong Football Club captains
Sydney Swans players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
VFL Leading Goalkicker Medal winners
Queanbeyan Football Club players
1977 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay%20White |
Jatin Paranjpe (born 17 April 1972) is an Indian cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a slow left-arm orthodox bowler.
Married to Gandhali Bendre, sister of Sonali Bendre, Jatin Paranjpe was a middle-order batsman who played briefly at the international level in 1998, before an ankle injury forced him out of the national team. Vasoo Paranjape, Jatin's father, was a former Ranji Trophy player in 1960s and a renowned coach at the National Cricket Academy. It took Jatin seven years from his Ranji debut in 1991/92 season to get the attention of the national selectors. He made a total of 606 runs in four Ranji trophy outings and guaranteed himself a place in the national team. He was part of the India "A" tour of Pakistan where he did not perform well. Another solitary ODI appearance came in a triangular series involving Kenya and Bangladesh.
He made a run-a-ball unbeaten 23 in the Sahara cup in Toronto to steer India to victory in the opening match. Two games later he hurt his ankle in the field and was forced to fly back home. He has been confined to domestic cricket ever since. He made 652 runs at an average of 50.15 in the 1999/2000 season, but failed to gain the attention of the selectors. After being based in Netherlands for Nike Football, Jatin returned to India with Nike Cricket in 2014.
He was a member of the India national selection panel in 2016 and 2017.
References
External links
India One Day International cricketers
Indian cricketers
Mumbai cricketers
West Zone cricketers
1972 births
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatin%20Paranjpe |
The Hilton Orlando Buena Vista Palace is a 1,011-room resort at the Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, United States. It is located on directly across from the Disney Springs Marketplace. The hotel, which opened on March 10, 1983, is among the ten resorts that make up the Disney Springs Resort Area. It is one of seven resorts in the Disney Springs Resort Area not owned or operated by Disney. The hotel is connected to Disney Springs® by pedestrian skybridges, as well as a shuttle service to all the Disney Parks.
History
The Buena Vista Palace Resort & Spa was rebranded and renamed as the Wyndham Palace Resort & Spa in November 1998 (the hotel's owners, who had acquired the hotel a year earlier, had purchased Wyndham earlier in the year). In 2005, the Blackstone Group acquired Wyndham International and announced plans to launch a new brand LXR Luxury Resorts. LXR Luxury Resorts would consist of 21 premium properties wholly owned by the Blackstone Group, including the former Wyndham Palace which reverted to its original name in 2006. The hotel was sold to the Hilton Corporation in 2015, and has since been renamed as the "Hilton Orlando Buena Vista Palace".
In the late 80s, the Buena Vista Palace was also used as a Grand Prize in the Nickelodeon Game Shows, Double Dare And Think Fast.
In 2015, the Hilton Corporation acquired the hotel. With the acquisition, a multi-million-dollar renovation of the entire hotel commenced.
References
External links
Hilton Orlando Buena Vista Palace official website
Hotel page on LXR website
Hotel page on Downtown Disney Resort Area Hotels website
Hotel page on disneyworld.com website
Hotels in Walt Disney World Resort
Hotels established in 1983
Hotel buildings completed in 1983
Destination spas
1983 establishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton%20Orlando%20Buena%20Vista%20Palace |
Jaime Alberto Rodríguez Jiménez (born 17 January 1959) is a former football player from El Salvador.
He represented his country at the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain.
Playing career
Club career
From a very early age on, Rodríguez showed great skill and talent. After being selected by C.D. Juventud Olímpica Metalio then Alianza, he began a prolific football career, in the process becoming a legend in El Salvador, although not as highly rated as Mágico González.
A defender, Rodríguez played professionally for different clubs around the world. Among these were El Salvador's Alianza, Mexico's Club Léon and F.C. Atlas, and Germany's Bayer Uerdingen (now known as KFC Uerdingen 05). He also played for teams in Japan's NKK, Yokohama Flügels and Finland's KPV scoring 4 goals in 18 games during 1984–1985.
International career
Nicknamed La Chelona, Rodríguez has represented his country in 15 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played in all three of his country's matches at the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain.
His final international game was an April 1991 UNCAF Nations Cup qualification match against Nicaragua.
Managerial career
After retiring from football, Rodríguez started a coaching career at Alianza, but was sacked in 2002. Since then, he has been a strong advocate for improvement in football organisations and programs in El Salvador. He has also been a strong supporter for financial aid to Salvadoran sporting heroes of the past who are in need.
Since 2009, he is President of the Salvadoran Institute of Sport (INDES) and was appointed coordinator of the El Salvador national team and in 2007 became the assistant coach of the Cuscatlecos.
Rodríguez has participated in a charity match to raise funds for earthquake victims in his native El Salvador.
In 2012, Rodríguez was named member of the football commission of FIFA.
Club statistics
Honours
Individual honours
Named the Top 25 Players in 1986
Selection of the CONCACAF
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
Footballers from San Salvador
Salvadoran men's footballers
El Salvador men's international footballers
1982 FIFA World Cup players
Alianza F.C. footballers
C.D. FAS footballers
KFC Uerdingen 05 players
Club León footballers
Atlas F.C. footballers
NKK SC players
Yokohama Flügels players
Liga MX players
Veikkausliiga players
Japan Soccer League players
J1 League players
Salvadoran expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in West Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in Finland
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Salvadoran expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Salvadoran expatriate sportspeople in West Germany
Salvadoran expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Kokkolan Palloveikot players
Men's association football defenders
Salvadoran expatriate sportspeople in Finland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime%20Rodr%C3%ADguez |
An extra-parliamentary opposition is a political movement opposed to a ruling government or political party that chooses not to engage in elections. Many social movements could be categorized as an extra-parliamentary opposition.
Europe
The German New Left movement Außerparlamentarische Opposition (APO, Extraparliamentary Opposition) is one of the best known examples of this phenomenon. The APO challenged the grand coalition of the Social Democratic Party and the Christian Democratic Union, which controlled 95 percent of the seats in the Bundestag between 1966 and 1969.
The Italian Far Left movement Lotta Continua (LC - Continuous Struggle) is one of the best known examples of this phenomenon in Italy.
South America
The Argentine centre-left Radical Civic Union was an extra-parliamentary opposition from 1904 to 1916, when the first secret and compulsory ballot took place.
See also
Lotta Continua
External links
APO page at Baader-Meinhof.com
Political movements
Political opposition
Westminster system governments
Democracy
Political organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra-parliamentary%20opposition |
Cristina Zavalloni (born 1973 in Bologna, Italy) is a contemporary Italian singer and composer who focuses primarily on jazz and experimental (or avant-garde) music.
Biography and career
Born in Bologna, Zavalloni attended the Conservatorio di Musica "Giovan Battista Martini" and also studied classical and modern dance for several years.
Zavalloni frequently collaborates with the Dutch composer Louis Andriessen. In 2002, Andriessen composed a piece, La Passione, specifically for her and violinist Monica Germino. That song is based on the Canti Orfici by the poet Dino Campana.
In 1993, Zavalloni began a collaboration with Louis Andriessen, who wrote several works for her: Passeggiata in tram in America e ritorno; La Passione; Inanna; Letter from Cathy; and Racconto dall’ inferno, the recording of which resulted in her having been awarded a Diapason d’Or in 2008. Andriessen also composed the role of Dante in La Commedia and the role of Anaïs Nin in his new opera Anaïs—premiered in July 2010—for her.
References
External links
Cristina Zavalloni website
Cristina Zavalloni (ExB.it)
1973 births
Musicians from Bologna
Living people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina%20Zavalloni |
A wiigwaasabak (in Anishinaabe syllabics: , plural: wiigwaasabakoon ) is a birch bark scroll, on which the Ojibwa (Anishinaabe) people of North America wrote complex geometrical patterns and shapes, also known as a "written language." When used specifically for Midewiwin ceremonial use, these scrolls are called mide-wiigwaas (in syllabics: ). These enabled the memorization of complex ideas, and passing along history and stories to succeeding generations. Several such scrolls are in museums, including one on display at the Smithsonian Museum in Washington, DC. In addition to birchbark, copper, and slate may have also been used, along with hides, pottery, and other artifacts. Some archaeologists are presently trying to determine the exact origins, dates, and locations of their use. Many scrolls were hidden away in caves and man-made pits.
Construct
The bark of the paper birch tree provides an excellent writing material. Usually, a stylus of either bone, metal or wood is used to inscribe these ideographs on the soft inner bark. Black charcoal is often used to fill the scratches to make them easier to see. To form a scroll, pieces of inscribed bark are stitched together using wadab (cedar or spruce roots). To prevent unrolling, the scroll is lashed, then placed in a cylindrically-shaped wiigwaasi-makak (birch bark box) for safe-keeping. Scrolls were recopied after so many years, and stored in dry locations, often underground in special containers, or in caves. Elders recopied the scrolls over time, and some were hidden away in remote areas for safekeeping. Scrolls were often kept hidden to avoid improper interpretations and to avoid ridicule or disrespect of the teachings.
Purpose
Some scrolls are songs and details of Midewiwin rituals and medicine lodges. A map created by an Ojibwe on birchbark was used by Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye to follow a route to Grand Portage Bay on Lake Superior in 1731.
Some scrolls give the history of the Ojibway migration from Eastern North America to further west. They indicate the discovery of miigis (white cowrie) shells along their migration through the Great Lakes region. These shells are used in Midewiwin ceremonies, and Whiteshell Provincial Park is named after these kinds of shells that grow in salt water oceans, and not in fresh water, which indicates a large trading and traveling network.
The Ojibwa peoples of the Great Lakes region historically used birch bark to keep records for instructional and guidance purposes. Songs and healing recipes were readable by members of the tribe. Either through engraving or with the use of red and blue pigment, scrolls could contain any number of pictorial representations. Birch bark scrolls could measure anywhere from centimeters to several meters.
The scrolls and traditions are still alive today, and passed along from generation to generation. The Midewiwin are a traditional group that still keeps the scrolls and their teachings alive. There is some secrecy involved to keep the scrolls safe, to interpret them correctly, and to wait until there is more respect for this ancient language system. Scrolls are passed along and the oral teachings that go with them. Complex stories are represented and memorized with the use of the pictures on the scrolls.
There are many claims made by elders and indigenous teachers that humans have existed in North America before the last ice age, and ancient ways of writing and other ancient skills and artifacts may provide some clues to the migration patterns and history of North American and South American peoples.
Archaeological knowledge
Twentieth century archaeology has confirmed that Native Americans have been using birch bark scrolls for over 400 years. In 1965 the archaeologist Kenneth Kidd reported on two finds of "trimmed and fashioned pieces of birch bark on which have been scratched figures of animals, birds, men, legendary creatures, and esoteric symbols" in the Head-of-the-Lakes region of Ontario. Some of these resembled scrolls used by the Mide Society of the Ojibwa. Kidd concluded "These two finds of 'birch bark scrolls' and associated artifacts indicates that Indians of this region occasionally deposited such artifacts in out-of-the-way places in the woods, either by burying them or by secreting them in caves. The period or periods at which this was done is far from clear. But in any event, archaeologists should be aware of the custom and not overlook the possibility of their discovery." Another scroll from a different collection was later dated to about 1560, +/-70 years.
See also
Birch bark document – ancient and medieval documents from Eurasia
Midewiwin
mazinibaganjigan – Birch bark folk art by biting a design into birch bark
jiimaan – Canoe typically made using birch bark
maniwiigwaasekomaan – Knife for harvesting birch bark
wiigiwaam – Wigwam, typically made using birch bark
wiigwaasi-makak – boxes and other containers made of birch bark
wiigwaas-onaagan – dishes and trays made of birch bark
Petroforms
Petroglyphs
Rock Art
Notes
References
Benton-Banai, Edward. The Mishomis Book - The Voice of the Ojibway. (St. Paul: Red School House publishers, 1988).
Copway, George. "The Traditional History and Characteristic Sketches of the Ojibway Nation." (1850).
Deleary, Nicholas. "The Midewiwin, an aboriginal spiritual institution. Symbols of continuity: a native studies culture-based perspective." Carleton University MA Thesis, M.A. 1990.
Densmore, Frances. Chippewa Customs. (Reprint: Minnesota Historical Press, 1979).
Dewdney, Selwyn Hanington. The Sacred Scrolls of the Southern Ojibway. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975).
Edwards, Brendan Frederick R. Paper Talk: A history of libraries, print culture, and Aboriginal peoples in Canada before 1960. (Toronto: The Scarecrow Press, Inc, 2005).
Hoffman, Walter James. "The Midewiwin, or 'Grand Medicine Society', of the Ojibwa" in Smithsonian Institution, U.S. Bureau of Ethnology Report, v. 7, pp. 149-299. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1891).
Landes, Ruth. Ojibwa Religion and the Midewiwin. (Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968).
Vecsey, Christopher. Traditional Ojibwa Religion and its Historical Changes. (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1983).
Ojibwe culture
Anishinaabe culture
American Indian relics
Native American art
Native American ethnobotany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiigwaasabak |
Lowest of the Low may refer to:
The Lowest of the Low, a Canadian alternative rock group
Lowest of the Low (book), a book by Günter Wallraff about Turks living in Germany
Lowest of the Low (EP), an EP by American band Terror | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowest%20of%20the%20Low |
Route 101 is a north-south highway in northwestern Quebec. The highway begins at Route 111 in Macamic and ends at Témiscaming, a town bordering with Thorne, Ontario on the Ottawa River. It continues south as Highway 63 to North Bay, Ontario.
Municipalities along Route 101
Témiscaming
Laniel
Saint-Édouard-de-Fabre
Ville-Marie
Duhamel-Ouest
Saint-Bruno-de-Guigues
Notre-Dame-du-Nord
Nédélec
Rémigny
Rouyn-Noranda
Sainte-Germaine-Boulé
Taschereau
Poularies
Macamic
Major intersections
See also
List of Quebec provincial highways
References
External links
Official Transport Quebec Road Map (Courtesy of the Quebec Ministry of Transportation)
Route 101 on Google Maps
101
Transport in Rouyn-Noranda | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec%20Route%20101 |
Wednesday Night Heroes (abbreviated as WNH) were a Canadian punk rock band from Edmonton, Alberta, fronted by Graeme MacKinnon. The band released three albums and toured extensively in Canada and the United States.
History
The band was formed in 1997 in Edmonton. They released their first demo in September 1997, which included six songs. In July 2001, they released their first full-length album, which was self-titled.
WNH songs can be found on punk compilations such as Rockin' the Streets Vol. 2, Mayday Records comp, and Punx Unite Vol. 3, and Oi! Let's go Canada.
WNH released their second full-length album on August 19, 2003, Superiority Complex, which includes the song "Music for the People".
They released their third full-length CD (LP) on BYO Records in June, 2007, entitled Guilty Pleasures. The music combined elements of hardcore and street punk.
The Heroes stopped performing in 2009, but got together for a final show on January 25, 2014 in Edmonton.
MacKinnon later joined with Clint Frazier of Shout Out Out Out Out in the band Home Front.
Discography
Albums
Wednesday Night Heroes (2001)
Superiority Complex (2003)
Guilty Pleasures (2007)
Compilations
Rockin' the Street Vol. 2
Mayday! Records comp
Punx Unite Vol. 3
Oi! Let's go Canada
External links
WNH Guitar Tabs
Official Myspace
References
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups from Edmonton
Canadian punk rock groups
BYO Records artists
1997 establishments in Alberta
Musical groups disestablished in 2009
2009 disestablishments in Alberta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wednesday%20Night%20Heroes |
Wambule (; ) is a Kiranti language language spoken by the Wambule Rai, one of the Rai groups belonging to the Kiranti (किरान्ती) ethnolinguistic family of eastern Nepal. Wambule is spoken by more than 5000 people living around the confluence of the Sunkosi (सुनकोसी) and Dudhkosi (दूधकोसी) rivers near Kui-Bhir Hill. The Wambule-speaking area comprises the southernmost part of Okhaldhunga district, the westernmost part of Khotang district, the northernmost part of Udayapur district, and the northeasternmost part of Sindhuli district.
Names
Ethnologue records numerous other names that are used for this language. They include Umbule (उँबुले), Ambule, Awambule (अ्वाम्बुले), Caurasia, Chaurasia, Chaurasya, Chourase, Chourasia, Ombule, Radu Yor./Ayor, Tsaurasya, Umbule, Vambucauras Raduyor/Raduayor, Vambule, Vambule Radu Yor/Ayor, and Vambule Yor/Ayor. The Wambule use several native and Nepali names to designate their language, such as 'Vāmbucaurās Rāḍuyor', 'Caurāsiā', 'Ombule', 'Umbule' and 'Vāmbule'. The language most closely related to Wambule is the western neighbour Jero. It is one of a number of Kiranti languages, a language family also known as the Rai languages.
Geographical distribution
Wambule is spoken in the following villages of Nepal:
Wamdyal/Awamdyal dialect (in southern Okhaldhunga District, Sagarmatha Zone): Ripdwam, Fokul, Darbu, Simkaku, Balangchokfu, Grindi Muchhipum, Shikhai, Daddyal, Kolpum, Khatridyal, Katualdyal, Tarkom, Rinuwal, Dhypti, Sodo, Khachapu, Kurbwamlung, Hukku, Peku, Kakdhyamphu, Gairigau.
Hilepane dialect (in southern Okhaldhunga District, Sagarmatha Zone): Pipale, Bhadare, Hilepani, Thakle, Mandhare, Sokma Tar, Dundunma, Jakma, Jerun, Ricuva, and Lambole
Udayapur dialect (in southern Okhaldhunga District, Sagarmatha Zone): Udayapur, Phedigau, Barasi,
Jhappali dialect (in western Khotang District, Sagarmatha Zone): Kurleghat, Majhkhani, Byanditar, Rupatar, Kharka, Cuvabot, Jhapa, Lurkhudada, Vaitar, Balui, Thumka, Pakauci, Goviar, Gurdum, Jayaram Gha, Bahuni Dada, Todke, Limlun, Damli, Vetagau, and Temtuku
Udaypur dialect (in northern Udayapur District, Sagarmatha Zone, and northeastern Sindhuli District, Janakpur Zone): Lekhani, Ghurmi, Salle, Sorun, Salleni, Pallo Salleni, Sindure, Majhkhani, Bhirpani, Kusumtar, and Jortighat
Sunsari dialect (in south mid Sunsari and near of morang District, Koshi zone, Chatra, Jhumka, Parkhspur, Ithari, And there is one of most Wambule people lives in Panmara and dharan.
Morang dialect (in South and North Morang district Laxmimarga, Gacchiya, Belbari, Nalbari, Farsadangi, Kanepokhari, Biratnagr Wambule people.
Dialects
Gaṇeś Rāī (VS 2055: 8-9) claims that four different Wambule dialects can be distinguished:
The Wamdyal/Awamdyal dialect is spoken in the Mānebhanjyāṅ Village Development Committee of Okhalḍhuṅgā district, in the area situated roughly to the west of the Paṅkhu Kholā to the east of the Rūmdū Kholā, to the north of the Dūdhkosī river and to the south to the village of Ketukebhanjyāṅ. The Wambule capital village of Wamdyal (which is presently known in Nepali as 'Ubu', 'Uṃbu', 'Ũbu' or 'Uvu') is situated at an altitude of about 1730 metres.
The Udaipure dialect is spoken in Okhalḍhuṅgā district in a small area along the upper course of the Rūmdū Kholā, just east to the bazaar of Mānebhanjyāṅ. Main village is Udaypur.
The Hilepāne dialect is spoken in two neighbouring districts. Hilepāne proper is situated in Okhalḍhuṅgā district, to the west of the Rūmdū Kholā, to the east of the Bhāḍāre Kholā, to the north of the Sunkosī and Dūdhkosī rivers and to south of the village of Mānebhanjyāṅ. The main village of Hilepānī is situated at an altitude of about 900 metres. A form of Hilepāne that is said to be influenced by Jero is spoken in Udaypur district, in the area situated to the southwest of the Sunkosī river, to the east of the Bahādur Kholā and to the north of the mouth of the Nibuvā Kholā. The village of Salle is situated at an altitude of about 1200 metres.
The Jhāppālī dialect is spoken in Khoṭāṅ district in the area to the west of the Dõthe Kholā and the village of Dāmlī, to the east of the Sunkosī river, to the north of the Khahare Kholā and to the south of the Dūdhkosī river. The main village of Jhāpā is situated at an altitude of about 1270 metres.
Ethnologue lists the dialects Bonu, Wamdyal, Udaipure, Hilepane, and Jhappali, and notes that they appear to be mutually intelligible.
The Sunsari dialect spoken, is like khotnag and okhladunga wambule rai types in rapdacho, brankhalcho, vawachacho, etc. wambule people spoken their wambule languages in basically panmara people.
Mythology
According to legend, there was no earth at the beginning of time. There was only a single aqueous orb. The gods called in the help of seven suns to dry up the aqueous orb. After stones had become visible, termites made a mound of mud. Then insects, seedlings and birds were created. After the creation of the earth, the gods thought of creating the primordial living being. They created a human made of gold. When they tried to make it say things, the human could not utter a single sentence. The gods made many attempts and used different kinds of golden metals, but all these creatures failed to speak. In the end, the gods created a human made of a mixture of bird's dung and ashes. This human was able to speak, but it spoke so badly that the gods became angry and cursed it by inflicting mortality upon it and its kind. The Wambule say that the proof that a human is made of dung and ashes is given by the bad odour emitted by rubbing one's body.
History
According to Gaṇeś Rāī, the Wambule tribe is named after one of their kings called Vāṅbu, who is also commonly known as Vāṅbāhāṅg 'king Vāṅbā'. His subjects were known as Vāmbule and his domain was called Vāmdyāl or Vām Dyāl (Vām Village). Candra Bahādur Rāī also claims that the tribe is named after Waŋbu, one of the tribe's most important hwaŋpo ‘king’. This king, or rather chief, is said to rule over an area comprising the southern part of the present-day district of Okhalḍhuṅgā some time prior to the unification of Nepal under Pṛthvī Nārāyaṇ Śāh, King of Gorkhā, and his successors.
Religious groups
According to Opgenort, Wambule society can be divided into three religious groups. A distinction is made between the Jagat, the representative of the generally accepted religious beliefs, and the two sects called Santa-Bhes and Hwam. These two sects have more or less abolished the old tradition of paying respect to the deities and spirits, which have been replaced by the most important Hindu gods. However, the influence of Hinduism has also reached the Jagat, who worship Hindu gods beside their native deities and spirits. The Wambule also celebrate the Hindu festivals, which are national happenings throughout Nepal, such as daśaĩ and tihār.
References
Further reading
Opgenort, Jean Robert Matheus Leonard. 2007. "About Chaurasia", pp. 203–224 in Linguistics of the Himalayas and Beyond. Roland Bielmeier, Felix Haller, eds. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Rāī, Avināth. Vāmbule Rāī Śabdakoś. Lalitpur: Vāmbule Samāj Nepāl.
Kiranti languages
Languages of Nepal
Languages of Koshi Province
Languages written in Devanagari | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wambule%20language |
Antti Muurinen (born March 4, 1954) is a Finnish football coach.
Muurinen is probably best known as the head coach of the Finnish national team. He led Finland in qualifying campaigns for the 2002 World Cup, Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup, failing to reach the finals each time.
In June 2005 Finnish football fans held a protest against Muurinen, and after a 4–0 defeat against Netherlands, the Finnish FA sacked him.
In 2006, Muurinen was hired as the manager of FC Lahti in Finland's Veikkausliiga. Before the end of the 2007 season he returned to HJK Helsinki, where he managed them from the 1997 to 1999 season.
Muurinen is also known for leading HJK Helsinki into the UEFA Champions League group stage in the 1998–99 season, the only time a Finnish club has managed this feat. He has also won the Finnish championship with HJK Helsinki in 1997, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 as well as with FC Kuusysi in 1989 and 1991, the Finnish Cup with HJK Helsinki in 1998 and 2008, and the Finnish League Cup with FC Lahti in 2007.
Honours
Finnish Championship (7) : 1989, 1991, 1997, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
Finnish Cup (3) : 1998, 2008, 2011
Finnish League Cup (3) : 1997, 1998, 2007
Coach of the year (5) : 1989, 1997, 1998, 2009, 2011
First ever Finnish manager to participate in the UEFA Champions League group-stage. (1998–1999)
Double
2011 Finnish Championship and Finnish Cup
References
External links
1954 births
Living people
People from Valkeakoski
Finnish football managers
Finland national football team managers
Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi managers
FC Lahti managers
FF Jaro managers
Sportspeople from Pirkanmaa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antti%20Muurinen |
Universal Honey is a Canadian power pop band. The band released seven albums.
History
The group was formed in 1992 by bassist Johnny Sinclair and singer/guitarist Leslie Stanwyck, both formerly of The Pursuit of Happiness. They were joined by guitarist Simon Craig and Tim Timleck on drums. Their first album, Magic Basement, was released in 1993.
Universal Honey toured extensively as an opening act for Duran Duran and the Goo Goo Dolls. The band also opened for The Heads at the NXNE festival.
The band had moderate radio success in Canada in 1996 with the single "Any Road Back" from their album Earth Moon Transit, which was played on MTV2.
In 2004 Universal Honey released their seventh album, Vicious Circles.
After a hiatus, Universal Honey released their eighth album, Dandelion, in 2023.
Discography
Magic Basement (1993)
Earth Moon Transit (1996)
Universal Honey (1999)
Fearless (2001)
Invincible (2002)
Can't Stop Thinking About Christmas (2003)
Vicious Circles (2004)
Dandelion (2023)
References
External links
Universal Honey at MapleMusic Recordings
Musical groups established in 1992
Musical groups from Toronto
Canadian power pop groups
1992 establishments in Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20Honey |
The Lamborghini Calà (also known as the Italdesign Calà) was a concept car designed for Lamborghini by Italdesign Giugiaro. It was first shown at the 1995 Geneva Motor Show. It was a completely functional prototype that never made it into production. Its name was derived from the Piedmontese dialect of Northern Italy and meant “look, over there!”
The Calà was envisioned by Italdesign to fill Lamborghini's need for a replacement for the Jalpa, production of which was discontinued in 1988 at the behest of then owners of the company, Chrysler. When Chrysler sold Lamborghini to Megatech in 1994, the Calà's design took shape, but when Megatech sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group in 1998, the concept was shelved. Fifteen years after the end of its production, the Jalpa would finally be replaced in 2003 by the Gallardo which used the principles of the Calà as an inspiration.
Design and specifications
The Calà was powered by a mid-mounted V10 engine, which generated a maximum power output of . It was mated to a 6-speed manual transmission that drove the rear wheels, with an aluminium chassis and a hand-built carbon fibre body. It borrowed elements from some of Lamborghini's iconic production vehicles, such as the headlights of the Miura and the widescreen of the Countach. Top speed was estimated at , while the acceleration time was under 5 seconds. The Calà was built on the previous Gandini-styled P140 prototype.
Other media
The car is featured on the cover and in the 1997 video game Need for Speed II.
References
External links
Italdesign Giugiaro: Lamborghini Calà
ConceptCarz: Lamborghini Calà
Cala
Italdesign concept vehicles
Sports cars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamborghini%20Cal%C3%A0 |
Mount Murray is a hill above sea level on the Isle of Man located at the northern end of Santon, near the boundaries with Marown and Braddan parishes. It is named after Lord Henry Murray, 4th Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man. Often referred to simply as The Mount and formerly as Cronk Glass (green hill), Mount Murray is home to the Chibbanagh Plantation and nine of the eighteen holes of the Mount Murray Golf Club.
History
The hill was originally known as Ais Hólt, meaning Holt's Hill, and giving rise to derivations of the name: Ash hole (1703), Ashold (1734) and Ashole (1739). Several families of the latter name lived in the Castletown area in the 16th century. It was a Norse surname and is still found in Kildare and Wicklow, Ireland.
Mount Murray Estate
In the early part of the 18th Century the hill and surrounding area was acquired by a Dublin merchant, Richard McGwire, who applied to enclose an area of common land. The estate was subsequently sold, changing hands to various people during which time it was rented to Sir Wadsworth Busk before being acquired by Lord Henry Murray in 1793, following which it formed part of the Mount Murray Estate. Situated approximately from Douglas, it was the home of the Murray family when the Rt Honourable Lord Henry Murray, the fourth son of the John Murray, 3rd Duke of Atholl was the Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man.
A stone which was inserted into the walls of the mansion recorded that: "This estate, by ye Hon. Worthy Governor Murray, was called Moor Hall."
Mount Murray Hotel
Following Murray's ownership the hall went through various changes, until by 1885 it was suffering from damp and neglect. It was then purchased by a Mr S. Marsden who set about restoring it to its former grandeur, and converting it into a hotel. Although significantly altering its external appearance, part of Marsden's alterations saw the construction of a tower which was added to the front portion of the building and afforded wide views across the estate.
The original Mount Murray Hotel was acquired by Alec O'Brien in 1958 following which it underwent significant redevelopment work and reopened as the Alex Inn. The Alex Inn finally closed during the late 1960s or early 1970s following which most of the buildings were demolished.
Mount Murray Resort
On 17 January 1991 an application for planning approval in principle dated 16 January 1991 was received in the Planning Committee Secretary's Office in the Department of Local Government and the Environment for the Isle of Man.
The applicant was Radcon Village Resorts Limited of 1 Mount Pleasant, Douglas, Isle of Man. The description of the site to be developed was given as Alex Inn, Mount Murray, Santon, Isle of Man. The proposed use of the site was given as “Resort Village".
It was built under a 'tourism' approval and formed the center of several investigations into why people were purchasing and living in the houses.
In August 2000 Professor Stephen Crow, an experienced and respected figure in the planning field, was appointed by the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers to conduct an Inquiry into some matters concerning the development at Mount Murray.
His precise terms of reference were:
“To review the planning and development history of the Mount Murray site, and to report on the residential aspects of that development having regard particularly to:
a) the nature of the title of those who have purchased residential property;
b) whether all parts of the development have sufficient planning and building
regulation approvals;
c) whether the infrastructure for the development is sufficient and in accordance
with planning approvals;
d) whether all conditions imposed as part of any approval for the site have been fully
met.”
Some £1 million was spent on the investigations which failed to prove any wrongdoing.
In November 2013 a fire broke out at the Mount Murray Hotel and Country Club whilst the venue was undergoing alterations. The fire resulted in significant damage to the main hotel area following which the venue closed.
In February 2016 the site was bought by Isle of Man based Comis Holdings who plan to reopen the Mount Murray as a sport and leisure complex.
Landscape and archaeology
Close by are The Broogh Fort () and also The Braaid.
The Graveyard, the fifth fairway of the Mount Murray golf course, is on the site of a prehistoric burial ground. The burial ground became the site of a keeill built sometime after the 9th century, and the area later became known as Speke Farm. The keeill and some of the surrounding burials were excavated in 2006 by archaeological television programme Time Team. The first mention of the keeill at Speke, is on a Mount Murray Estate map (1800) which shows a small rectangular east–west aligned building in an enclosure marked as ‘old chapel’.
References
External links
Report on the archaeological evaluation and assessment of Speke keeill by Wessex Archaeology
Time Team report on the dig at Speke Keeill
Time Team Series 14, Episode 1, Finds in the Fairway, Isle of Man
Mountains and hills of the Isle of Man | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Murray |
Robert McMurtry is a physician and special advisor to the Canadian Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care. He is actively involved in discussions on creating an accessible medical system for the Canadian public, and has long advocated for more effective public involvement in healthcare policy.
Education
McMurtry graduated from the University of Toronto in Medicine in 1965, and is a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.
Career
During his residency in orthopedic surgery, he spent 2 years in Africa, first in a mission hospital in Sekhukhuniland (South Africa) and then with the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) in Uganda. Following his residency, Dr. McMurtry did a fellowship in hand surgery at the University of Iowa. He started his practice at the former Sunnybrook Hospital (now Sunnybrook and Women's Health Centre) in 1975. It was there that Dr. McMurtry founded and directed Canada's first Trauma Unit and the multi-disciplinary Hand Unit.
In 1987, he was appointed Professor and Chair of Surgery at the University of Calgary and Chief of Surgery at Foothills Hospital in Calgary, Alberta (Canada). In 1992, he became Dean of Medicine at the University of Western Ontario and subsequently Dean of Medicine and Dentistry, a post he held until 1999. In 1999, he became the first Cameron Visiting Chair at Health Canada - a post carrying the responsibility for providing policy advice to the Deputy Minister and Minister of Health for Canada. In December 2003, he was appointed to the Health Council of Canada and is Chair of the Wait Times and Accessibility Work Group. Dr. McMurtry is the founding Assistant Deputy Minister of the Population and Public Health Branch of Health Canada. He was appointed to the Roy Romanow's Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada in 2002 as a Special Advisor to Commissioner Romanow.
Present
McMurtry is Professor of Surgery at the Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario and Orthopedic Consultant at St. Josephs Health Care in London, Ontario. His work involves clinical practice as well as teaching and research.
McMurtry is an expert advisor with EvidenceNetwork.ca.
Awards
In June 2003, he received the Presidential Award of Excellence from the Canadian Orthopedic Association. In 2011 he was admitted to the Order of Canada.
References
Canadian orthopedic surgeons
Academic staff of the University of Western Ontario
University of Toronto alumni
Living people
Members of the Order of Canada
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20McMurtry |
Ethnogeology is the study of how geological features are understood by indigenous communities around the globe from a "place-based" perspective, in specific reference to traditional knowledge and to the stories and ideas about the Earth that were passed down through traditions and the wisdom of elders. The focus in past research tended to be on the unique ideas and knowledge of minorities and distinct cultural groups, and how this relates to universal and cross cultural knowledge discovered by humanity as a whole. Knowledge claims that are based more on universal discoveries and natural science can be found in the subjects of philosophy, chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics, and geology. The term "ethnogeology" first enters the geological literature through the work of John Murray of the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada in the mid-1990s by virtue of his studies of the Northern Cree First Nation geological worldviews in the Province of Manitoba in Canada. At that time, a cadre of geologists and geoscience educators - particularly Dr. Steven Semken of Navajo Community College in Shiprock, New Mexico and colleagues - were examining the interesting connections among Native American traditional knowledge, geoscience concepts, and the unique vision of planet Earth's history as articulated by indigenous ethnogeological wisdom (see references below).
One global example of geological knowledge over thousands of years is the making of rock tools and arrowheads. Worldwide, humans have shaped specific kinds of rock into various tools. These artifacts are evidence that there was some basic knowledge of which rocks were hard enough and easy enough to chip into various useful forms. Ancient humans discovered certain rock formations that provided them with materials to work with. Flint, obsidian, chert, copper and quartz were some examples of useful rocks or minerals for thousands of years.
In addition, humans have always used natural, high, and dry ridges for land transportation. Natural water ways were used for boats, travel, exploration, and trade. Various types of natural elements were used around the Earth for centuries. Gold and silver are prized for jewelry and trade. Good soil is needed for agriculture. Mountains and rivers provided natural boundaries, defence, and borders for various political groups.
References
Integration of Native American and Euro-American Culture and Science
Ambler, M., 1998, Land-based colleges offer science students a sense of place: Tribal College Journal, v. 10, no. 1, p. 6-8.
Arthur, C., Bingham, S., Bingham, J., and Rock Point Community School, 1994, Between sacred mountains: Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 288 p.
Atwater, M.M., 1993, Multicultural science education: assumptions and alternative views: The Science Teacher, v. 60, March, p. 33-37.
Barden, J., 1998, Cultural perspectives and the nature of science: Tribal College Journal, v. 10, no. 1, p. 38-39.
Bevier, M.L., Thompson, J.C., and Evenchick, C.A., 1997, Making geoscience relevant to First Nations students from the north coast of British Columbia: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 45, p. 105-108.
Black, David W. and Lucy Wilson 1998 "History and Geology of the Washademoak Lake Chert Source, Queen's County, New Brunswick", invited paper, presented at the Geological Society of America, 33rd Annual Meeting, Northeastern Section; Theme Session: Archaeological Stone Artifacts: Contributions to Sources, Petrology and Distribution; GSA Abstracts with Programs, vol. 30, no. 1, February 1998. [edit]
Caduto, M.J., and Bruchac, J., 1988, Keepers of the Earth: Native American stories and environmental activities for children: Golden, Colorado, Fulcrum, Inc., 209 p.
Cajete, G.A., 1999, The Native American learner and bicultural science education, in Swisher, K.G., and Tippeconnic, J.W., III, eds., Next steps: research and practice to advance Indian education: Charleston, West Virginia, ERIC Clearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools, p. 135-160.
Dubiel, R.F., Hasiotis, S.T., and Semken, S.C., 1997, Hands-on geology for Navajo Nation teachers: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 45, p. 113-116.
Garrison, E.R., Denetclaw, W.F., Jr., and Scott, O.T., 1995, Navajo scientists of the next century—laanaa hasin: Journal of Navajo Education, v. 12, p. 11-15.
Kawagley, A.O., and Barnhardt, R., 1999, Education indigenous to place: Western science meets Native reality, in Smith, G.A., and Williams, D.R., eds., Ecological education in action: on weaving education, culture, and the environment: Albany, State University of New York Press
McNeley, J.K., 1965, Immanent mind in Navajo philosophy and Batesonian holistic science: Born in 1908/Died in 1965; a longtime educator of Navajo history, who lived in Phoenix, AZ: him and his partner, Brendan Styles McNeley, had 3 children. A member of a Navajo gay rights group: J.K McNeley has been called by many Navajo people as a Modern Day Navajo Legend and Leader. Diné be'iina'
Murphy, M.T., and Brown, V., 1996, Integration of Earth science and Native American culture: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs
Murray, J., 1996, Of pipestone, thunderbird nests, and ilmenite: ethnogeology, myth, and the renaming of a world: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs
Murray, J., 1997, Ethnogeology and its implications for the aboriginal geoscience curriculum: Journal of Geoscience Education
Ridgway, K., Dowse, M., Geary, E.E., Maxson, J., Semken, S., Stephenson-Hawk, D., and Winkler, J., 1996, How can we increase diversity, recruitment, and retention of students in the Earth and space sciences, in Ireton, M.F.W., Manduca, C.A., and Mogk, D.M., eds., Shaping the future of undergraduate Earth science education: innovation and change using an Earth system approach: Washington, American Geophysical Union,
Riggs, E.M., 1998, Toward an understanding of the roles of scientific, traditional, and spiritual knowledge in our "demon-haunted world": American Indian Culture and Research Journal
Riggs, E.M., and Marsh, D.G., 1998, The Indigenous Earth Sciences Project: exploring the synthesis of Southern California Native American traditional knowledge and the Earth sciences: GSA Today
Semken, S. C., 1994, Hózhó and Hutton together: autochthonous geoscience education for Navajo students: Proceedings, American Geophysical Union Chapman Conference on the Scrutiny of Undergraduate Geoscience Education,
Semken, S.C., 1997a, NAGT/GSA symposium on geoscience education in Native American communities: Journal of Geoscience Education,
Semken, S.C., 1997b, Introduction to the geology and hydrogeology of northwestern New Mexico: Proceedings, 41st Annual New Mexico Water Conference, New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute, p. 13-21.
Semken, S.C., Goldtooth-Semken, C., and Luna, L., 1996, The geology underlying conflicts over Native American lands in the western United States: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 28, p. A-399.
Semken, S.C., and Morgan, F., 1997a, Navajo pedagogy and Earth systems: Journal of Geoscience Education, v. 45, p. 109-112.
Semken, S.C., and Morgan, F., 1997b, Geology, Navajo knowledge, and a sense of place in the central Colorado Plateau: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 29, p. A-471.
Semken, S.C., 1998, Rooted in the Earth: culturally-integrated, place-based teaching: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 30, p. A-246.
Suzuki, D., and Knudtson, P., 1992, Wisdom of the elders: sacred Native stories of nature: New York, Bantam Books, 275 p.
Texier, P.-J., J.-P. Brugal, C. Lemorini and Lucy Wilson 1998 "Fonction d'un site du Paléolithique moyen en marge d'un territoire: l'abri de La Combette (Bonnieux, Vaucluse)" Economie préhistorique: les comportements de subsistence au Paléolithique, XVIIIè Rencontres Internationales d'Archéologie et d'Histoire d'Antibes, Editions APDCA, Sophia Antipolis, France; pp. 325–348.
Wilson, Lucy 2003 "Importance de la difficulté du terrain par rapport à la distance de transport dans les stratégies de circulation des matières premières lithiques dans le Vaucluse, au Paléolithique moyen" in Préhistoire du Sud-Ouest Supplément No. 5: Les Matières Premières Lithiques en Préhistoire - Table Ronde Internationale organisée à Aurillac (Cantal), du 20 au 22 juin 2002; pp. 343–349.
Wilson, Lucy 1986 "Hominid Lithic Raw Material Procurement Behaviour at the Caune de l'Arago, France" Symposium on Social and Economic Contexts of Technological Change, World Archaeology Congress; Southampton, England
See also
archaeoastronomy
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
prehistory
oral history
songlines
stone tools
Ethnology
Subfields of geology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnogeology |
Pachliopta aristolochiae, the common rose, is a swallowtail butterfly belonging to the genus Pachliopta, the roses, or red-bodied swallowtails. It is a common butterfly which is extensively distributed across south and southeast Asia.
Range
It is widely distributed in Asia including Afghanistan, Pakistan, India (including the Andaman Islands), Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Japan (south-western Okinawa only), Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Nicobar Islands, peninsular and eastern Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines (Palawan and Leyte), Indonesia, Bangladesh and Taiwan.
In China, it is distributed in southern and eastern China (including Hainan, Guangdong province) and Hong Kong. In Indonesia, it is distributed in Sumatra, Nias, Enggano, Bangka, Java, Bali, Kangean, Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Tanahjampea, and Kalimantan.
Status
It is very common almost all over the plains of India, and is not threatened as a species. During and after the monsoon it is extremely abundant.
Description
The upperside of male is velvety black.
Forewing with well-marked pale adnervular streaks on the discal area that do not reach the terminal margin, the latter broadly velvety black; the streaks beyond end of cell extended inwards into its apex.
Hindwing with elongate white discal markings in interspaces 2–5 beyond the cell.
In dry-weather specimens these markings are very short and do not nearly reach the bases of the interspaces; beyond these a curved series of subterminal lunular markings in interspaces one to seven dull crimson irrorated with black scales, the spot in interspace one large, irregular, diffuse, margined interiorly with white.
On the underside of the males, the ground colour and markings is similar, but the red subterminal spots on the hindwing much brighter; it is not irrorated with black scales, better defined, the anterior four subquadrate, the next two crescent shaped, sometimes quadrate also, the spot in interspace one triangular and pointed. Antennae, thorax and abdomen above up to the pre-anal segment black; the head, sides of prothorax above, and of the whole of the thorax and abdomen beneath vermilion red; anal segment vermilion red.
Females are similar to the males; they differ from the male only in the comparatively broader wings and this is most conspicuous in the forewing.
Variety camorta
Variety camorta, Moore (Nicobar Islands), differs from the typical form as follows:
"The white spots of the hindwing small, only that between the lower median veins (veins 2 and 3) is clearly marked on the upperside
the two others standing before and behind the upper median vein (vein 4) are sometimes entirely absent from the upperside, or when present are much suffused with black; below there is usually a spot within the apex of the cell." (Rothschild quoted in Bingham)
Varieties
There are up to 20 subspecies. The nominate sub-species occurs throughout peninsular India. The subspecies include:
P. a. aristolochiae Fabricius. India. Very common.
P. a. sawi Evans. Car Nicobar. Not rare.
P. a. camorta Moore. Central Nicobars. Not rare.
P. a. goniopeltis Walter Rothschild. Andaman islands. Not rare. Also found in Myanmar.
P. a. kondulana Evans. South Nicobars. Not rare.
The subspecies P. a. ceylonicus Moore is found in Sri Lanka and is very common.
Habitat
An excellent generalist which has adapted to a range of habitats, the butterfly has been found in congregations at lower elevations. The common rose is found up to in the Western Ghats and south Indian hills, up to at the eastern end of the Himalayas but only up to in the north-west Himalayas. The butterfly is a common visitor to Indian gardens and can even be found in crowded urban areas.
Habits
It is the commonest of the large-tailed butterflies of India.
The red body, slow peculiar flight, bright colouration and pattern of the wings are meant to indicate to predators that this butterfly is inedible, being well protected by the poisons it has sequestered from its larval food plant. It also emits a nasty smelling substance when handled to further enhance its unappealing qualities. Hence it is rarely attacked by predators, a strategy so successful, that edible butterflies have evolved to mimic it, the classic example being that of the female morph of the common Mormon that is Papilio polytes, female form stichius.
The common rose frequently visits flowers such as Lantana, Cosmos, Zinnia, Jatropha and Clerodendron. The butterfly occasionally also visits wet patches. In parts of Sri Lanka, the males are known to congregate and form a beautiful sight while mud-puddling.
The common rose is active much earlier in the morning than most butterflies and remains so throughout the day until dusk. It flies just as readily in the shade as in the sun, and frequently visits flowers.
In drier regions, around noon, the butterfly rests in thickets to avoid the mid-day heat. Here, it will rest and venture forth only in the late afternoon once again.
In the evenings, it retires into wooded areas or thickets in search of dead twigs or small branches on which to roost. It prefers sites that are 10 to 15 feet above ground, below the canopy in trees with sufficient cover from the elements, where it frequently roosts in the company of others of its type, and, sometimes, in the company of the crimson rose.
It flies high, slowly and often descends to nectar on flowers below. On such occasions it often dives down with its wings held back, and as it approaches the flower, the wings open up to provide deceleration. The butterfly primarily depends on motive thrust on the powerful flapping of its forewings while the hindwings act as a balancing and steering mechanism. This flying technique gives a rather unusual look to its flight and an observer is left with the impression that it is dragging itself through the air with only the assistance of its forewings.
The common rose is often the preferred species to show the amateur naturalist the utility of the tails in steering. This can be most easily observed when the common rose hovers over flowers to sip nectar. Then, its forewings beat readily to give it buoyancy while the tails move delicately to steer and adjust its position.
It has been considered in the past that these tails are primarily for deception as in the case of the Polyommatinae where the thread-like tails resemble antennae and confuse the attacker as to the location of the head. On occasions, roses have been observed with damaged tails and it is possible that the presence of swallowtails occasionally does favour the butterfly in confusing attackers.
Life cycle
Eggs
The female has been observed inspecting Aristolochia plants and selecting healthy plants with verdant growth to ensure adequacy of food for its voracious caterpillars. It lays round and reddish eggs with fine black markings. The eggs are laid singly on top, the underside of leaves or even on shoots.
Caterpillar
The caterpillar is a velvety-maroon colour and has a white band on a segment on its middle reminiscent of a belt or collar. It has numerous fleshy red-tipped white protuberances on the body. It is bulky and slow in its movements.
Pupa
The pupa is brownish with various shades of brown and pink markings. It is attached to its support by the tail and held at an angle by a body band. The support is usually a stick. The distinguishing feature of the common rose pupa is the presence of large semi-circular projections on the back of the abdomen, thorax and head.
Food plants
The larvae feed on creepers and climbers of the genus Aristolochia, family Aristolochiaceae, and they sequester toxins such as aristolochic acid in their bodies. This makes the adults toxic to vertebrate predators such as birds and reptiles. However the braconid wasps which parasitise the caterpillars have apparently co-evolved with the butterfly and are not affected by the toxins. Larval food plants include:
Aristolochia bracteolata
Aristolochia indica
Aristolochia tagala
Aristolochia griffithi
Aristolochia leuconeura
Thottea siliquosa
See also
Papilionidae
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Papilionidae)
Chattopadhyay, Jagannath. (2007) "Swallowtail Butterflies, Biology and Ecology of a few Indian Species." Desh Prakashan, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. .
Cited references
References
Chattopadhyay, Jagannath. (2007) "Swallowtail Butterflies, Biology and Ecology of a few Indian Species." Desh Prakashan, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. .
Munshi, G.H.; & Moiz, S.A. (1967). Host plant specificity of the black swallowtail butterfly. Polydorus aristolochiae (Papilionidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 21: 127-128 pdf
Munshi, G.H.; & Moiz, S.A. (1968). The pupa of Polydorus aristolochiae (Papilionidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 22:115-118 pdf
Munshi, G.H.; & Moiz, S.A. (1968). Some observations on and description of Polydorus aristolochiae (Papilionidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 22(3):183-185, 2 tbls pdf
Munshi, G.H.; & Moiz, S.A. (1969). Detailed description of larva of Polydorus aristolochiae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 23: 107-109 pdf
Munshi, G.H.; & Moiz, S.A. (1970). Studies on the biology and seasonal history of Polydorus aristolochiae (Papilionidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 24:19-22, 4 tbls pdf
Shihan, T.R. (2016). A Photographic Guide to the Butterflies of Bangladesh. Butterfly Reintroduction Farm, Chuadanga, Bangladesh, 165pp.
External links
Sri Lanka Wild Life Information Database
https://web.archive.org/web/20050515164055/http://www.angelfire.com/journal2/chinfahshin/history/rose.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174856/http://www.srilankaninsects.net/Butterflies/Papilionidae/CommonRose/CommonRose.htm
aristolochiae
Fauna of Pakistan
Butterflies of Asia
Butterflies of Singapore
Butterflies of Indochina
Butterflies described in 1775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachliopta%20aristolochiae |
Amos Muhinga Kimunya (born March 6, 1962), is a Kenyan politician and the Majority Leader of the National Assembly of Kenya under the Jubilee Party and Member of Parliament for Kipipiri Constituency, He was once Kenya's Minister of Trade. He was Minister of Finance from 2006 to July 2008, when he resigned due to the Grand Regency Hotel scandal. Previously, he was the Minister of Lands and Settlement.
In 2019 Amos Kimunya graduated from the United States International University (Nairobi) with a PhD in business administration. On June 22 Hon. Kimunya replaced Hon. Aden Duale for the position of majority leader of the National Assembly.
Early life and education
Kimunya was born in Kiambu and at about the same time his family relocated to the new Nyandarua District, where he grew up. He attended Njabini Boys High School in the 80s before joining the University of Nairobi.
He holds a Bachelor of Commerce (Accounting options) from the University of Nairobi. He is also a Certified Public Accountant (CPA,K) and a Certified Public Secretary (CPS, K). He previously served as the Chairperson of ICPAK which is the national body of Certified Public Accountants.
In 2014 he was awarded a Global Executive Masters of Business Administration (GEMBA) from the United States International University Africa . He was the top student that year in the program with a GPA of 4.0.
Political career
When the National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) won the December 2002 general election, President Mwai Kibaki appointed Kimunya as the Minister of Lands and Settlement. He had been elected Member of Parliament for Kipipiri Constituency. On February 14, 2006 he was appointed as Minister of Finance by President Mwai Kibaki following the resignation of David Mwiraria, who had resigned to pave way for investigation into the Anglo Leasing Scandal.
Kimunya remained Finance Minister in the Cabinet appointed by Kibaki on January 8, 2008, following the controversial December 2007 election. After a power-sharing agreement was reached between Kibaki and Raila Odinga, both of whom claimed victory in the presidential election, Kimunya retained his post in the Grand Coalition Cabinet named on April 13, 2008.
On July 2, 2008, Kimunya lost a parliamentary vote of no confidence, which was based on concerns related to the sale of the Grand Regency Hotel. It was alleged that the hotel was sold for far less than its actual value when it was purchased by a Libyan company. In his defense, Kimunya asserted that he had a clean record of fighting corruption.
Kimunya resigned from the cabinet on 8 July 2008 to pave way for an independent commission to investigate the sale, in which he was involved, after intense public pressure for him to resign over his role in the sale of the hotel. A few days prior to his resignation, he had vowed to remain in his post and fight any attempt to force his resignation, going so far as to announce "I would rather die than resign!" Therefore, his resignation came as a surprise to many.
On 25 November 2008, an official inquiry cleared Kimunya of any wrongdoing. The commission's report was not made public.
Kimunya was reappointed to the cabinet by President Kibaki as Minister of Trade on 23 January 2009.
On August 15, 2009 his guard was shot dead by gangsters while driving Nairobi. Kimunya was not at the scene.
See also
David Mwiraria
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182123/http://www.parliament.go.ke/MPs/members_kimunya_m.php
1962 births
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Kenya)
Ministers of Finance of Kenya
National Rainbow Coalition politicians
Government ministers of Kenya
People from Nyandarua County
University of Nairobi alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos%20Kimunya |
Rebbachisauridae is a family of sauropod dinosaurs known from fragmentary fossil remains from the Cretaceous of South America, Africa, North America, Europe and possibly Central Asia.
Taxonomy
In 1990 sauropod specialist Jack McIntosh included the first known rebbachisaurid genus, the giant North African sauropod Rebbachisaurus, in the family Diplodocidae, subfamily Dicraeosaurinae, on the basis of skeletal details. With the discovery in subsequent years of a number of additional genera, it was realised that Rebbachisaurus and its relatives constituted a distinct group of dinosaurs. In 1997 the Argentine paleontologist José Bonaparte described the family Rebbachisauridae, and in 2011 Whitlock defined two new subfamilies within the group: Nigersaurinae and Limaysaurinae. The cladogram of the Rebbachisauridae according to Carballido et al. (2012) is shown below:
Cladogram after Fanti et al., 2015.
Evolutionary relationships and characteristics
Although all authorities agree that the rebbachisaurids are members of the superfamily Diplodocoidea, they lack the bifid (divided) cervical neural spines that characterise the diplodocids and dicraeosaurids, and for this reason are considered more primitive than the latter two groups. It is not yet known whether they share the distinctive whip-tail of the latter two taxa.
Rebbachisaurids are distinguished from other sauropods by their distinctive teeth, which have low angle, internal wear facets and asymmetrical enamel.
Unique among sauropods, at least some rebbachisaurids (such as Nigersaurus) are characterised by the presence of tooth batteries, similar to those of hadrosaur and ceratopsian dinosaurs. Such a feeding adaptation has thus developed independently three times among the dinosaurs.
So far, rebbachisaurids are known only from the middle and early part of the Late Cretaceous. They constitute the last known representatives of the dipldocoids, and lived alongside the titanosaurs until fairly late in the Cretaceous.
References
McIntosh, J. S., 1990, "Sauropoda" in The Dinosauria, Edited by David B. Weishampel, Peter Dodson, and Halszka Osmólska. University of California Press, pp. 345–401.
Upchurch, P., Barrett, P.M. and Dodson, P. 2004. "Sauropoda". In The Dinosauria, 2nd edition. Weishampel, Dodson, and Osmólska (eds.). University of California Press, Berkeley. pp. 259–322.
------ (2005) "Overview of Sauropod Phylogeny and Evolution", in The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology
Wilson, J. A. and Sereno, P.C. (2005) "Structure and Evolution of a Sauropod Tooth Battery" in The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology in Curry Rogers and Wilson, eds, 2005, The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology, University of California Press, Berkeley,
Prehistoric dinosaur families
Diplodocimorpha | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebbachisauridae |
is a mountain located in the Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group of the Ishikari Mountains, Hokkaidō, Japan. It is in the Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group.
Pippu
ja:比布岳 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Pippu |
is located in the Daisetsuzan Volcanic Group of the Ishikari Mountains, Hokkaidō, Japan.
It sits within Daisetsuzan National Park and overlooks the town of Sounkyo.
See also
List of volcanoes in Japan
List of mountains in Japan
References
Geographical Survey Institute
Mountains of Hokkaido
Volcanoes of Hokkaido
Lava domes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Keigetsu |
{{Infobox artist
| name = Joel Sternfeld
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
| known_for = Photography
| website =
| education =
| notable_works = {{Unbulleted list| "American Prospects" (1987) |"Walking the High Line" (2001)|}}
| alma_mater = Dartmouth College
}}
Joel Sternfeld (born June 30, 1944) is an American fine-art photographer. He is best known for his large-format color pictures of contemporary American life and identity. His work contributed to the establishment of color photography as a respected artistic medium. Furthering the tradition of roadside photography started by Walker Evans in the 1930s, Sternfeld documents people and places with unexpected excitement, despair, tenderness, and hope. Ever since the 1987 publication of his landmark “American Prospects,” Sternfeld’s work has interwoven the conceptual and political, while being steeped in history, landscape theory and his passion for the passage of the seasons. Sternfeld’s is a beautiful and sad portrait of America - ironic, lyrical, unfinished, seeing without judging.
Life and work
Sternfeld earned a BA from Dartmouth College. He began taking color photographs in 1970 after learning the color theory of Johannes Itten and Josef Albers. Color is an important element of his photographs.
He is the recipient of two Guggenheim Fellowships and spent a year in Italy on a Rome Prize. He currently teaches at Sarah Lawrence College, where he holds the Noble Foundation Chair in Art and Cultural History. Sternfeld's work is held in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York, among many other notable institutions listed in the "Collections" section.
First Pictures (1969-1976)
Sternfeld initially started taking pictures in 1969 with a 35mm camera and Kodachrome slide film. These pictures mark the beginning of Sternfeld’s interest in documenting the American condition. The pictures are an insight into the development of his color arrangements which eventually resulted in a new language for color photography most notable in American Prospects. Sternfeld, in addition to other colorists like William Eggleston and Stephen Shore were crucial pioneers in the medium. This body of work was first published in 2012 by Steidl publishing house.
American Prospects (1978-1984) American Prospects, (first published in 1987, most recently published in 2012) is Sternfeld's most known book and explores the complexity of human-altered landscapes in the United States. He began it in 1978, when color photography was still in its infancy as an art medium. Using a large-format camera, his photographs harken back to the traditions of 19th century photography, yet are applied to everyday scenes, like a Wet n' Wild waterpark, or a suburban street in the South. He captured the faltering "prospects" (both views and opportunities) of the time. Because of his early street work, Sternfeld was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship, which funded his initial tour of the states. The American Prospects photos are of people, buildings, and mostly landscapes from the multiple trips Sternfeld took between 1978 and 1984.
Campagna Romana: The Countryside of Ancient Rome Campagna Romana was initially published in 1992 by Knopf publishing house. After being awarded the Rome Prize fellowship, Sternfeld extensively photographed the countryside around Rome. The pictures document the interaction between the grand romantic ruins and the invasion of modernity. Several of the images are created to form panoramic images that sometime stretch over several images. This technique presents the sweeping vistas of the countryside while also setting up contrasts between the images within each piece. In one such work, a crumbling fragment of an ancient wall huddles forlornly in one frame of a four-panel piece, surrounded by the scaffolding-clad buildings of a new apartment complex.
On This Site: Landscape in Memoriam On This Site: Landscape in Memoriam (first published with Steidl in 1996), is a collection of pictures from famous crime sites in America. The eerily normal locations are seemingly remains left behind after tragedies, their hidden stories disturbingly invisible. Next to each photograph is text about the events that happened at that location.
Hart Island a Potter's Field in New York City
From 1991 to 1994 Sternfeld worked with Melinda Hunt to document New York City's public cemetery on Hart Island, resulting in the book "Hart Island" (1998).
Stranger Passing
Initially published by Bulfinch in 2001, and then by Steidl in 2012, Stranger Passing consists of a series of portraits that have roots in his initial project American Prospects. Over a period of fifteen years Joel Sternfeld travelled across America and took portrait photographs that form in Douglas R. Nickel’s words an “intelligent, unscientific, interpretive sampling of what Americans looked like at the century’s end.” Unlike historical portraits which represent significant people in staged surroundings, Sternfeld’s subjects are uncannily “normal”: a banker having an evening meal, a teenager collecting shopping carts in a parking lot, a homeless man holding his bedding.
Using August Sander’s classic photograph of three peasants on their way to a dance as a starting point, Sternfeld employed a conceptual strategy that amounts to a new theory of the portrait, which might be termed “The Circumstantial Portrait”.
Exhibitions
1976: Recent Color Photographs by Joel Sternfeld and Recent Work by Lois Johnson, Peale House Galleries, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, PA
1977: Rencontres d'Arles, Arles, France.
1980: Daniel Wolf, Inc., New York, NY
1981: Larry Fink and Joel Sternfeld: Photographs, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA 1981: The New Color, Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, NY
1982: Joel Sternfeld, Blue Sky, Oregon Center for the Photographic Arts, Portland, OR
1984: American Prospects, Daniel Wolf, Inc., New York, NY
1984: Three Americans (Jim Goldberg, Robert Adams, Joel Sternfeld), Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY
1985: Joel Sternfeld, Higashikawa International Photo Festival, Higashikawa, Japan
1985: Joel Sternfeld, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
1985: New Color Photography, The Halsted Gallery, Birmingham, MI
1985: Joel Sternfeld, Afterimage Gallery, Dallas, TX
1987-1989: American Prospects: The Photographs of Joel Sternfeld, Museum of Fine Arts Houston, Houston, TX; Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD; Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI; Museum of Contemporary Art, La Jolla, CA; The National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
1989: Contemporary Photographs, Pace/MacGill Gallery, New York, NY
1991: Campagna Romana: The Roman Countryside, Pace/MacGill Gallery, New York, NY
1997: On This Site, Pace Wildenstein MacGill, Los Angeles, CA
2001: Stranger Passing, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA
2001: Walking the High Line, Pace Wildenstein Gallery, New York, NY
2002: Treading on Kings: Protesting the G8 in Genoa, WhiteBox Art Center, New York, NY
2002-2003: Joel Sternfeld, The Photographers’ Gallery, London, United Kingdom
2004: American Prospects and Before, Luhring Augustine, New York, NY
2005: Sweet Earth: Experimental Utopias in America, Luhring Augustine, New York, NY
2007: Joel Sternfeld: American Prospects “The Seasons,” Russell Bowman Art Advisory, Chicago, IL
2008: The Geography of No Place: American Utopias, Buchmann Galerie, Berlin, Germany
2008: Oxbow Archive, Luhring Augustine, New York, NY
2009: Joel Sternfeld: On This Site, Buchmann Galerie, Berlin, Germany
2011: Joel Sternfeld – Farbfotografien seit 1970, Museum Folkwang, Essen, Germany.
2011–2012: Joel Sternfeld – Color Photographs since 1970, Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam, Netherlands.
2012: Joel Sternfeld – Farbfotografien seit 1970, Albertina, Wien, Austria.
2012: Joel Sternfeld: First Pictures, Luhring Augustine, New York, NY
2012: Joel Sternfeld: Campagna Romana, Buchmann Galerie, Berlin, Germany
2013-2014: Carnegie International, Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, PA
2017: Joel Sternfeld: Colour Photographs 1977-1988, Beetles + Huxley, London, England
2017-2018: Joel Sternfeld: Stranger Passing / To Joseph Palmer, Buchmann Galerie, Berlin, Germany
Awards
1978–1982: Guggenheim Fellowship.
1985: Higashikawa Prize, Japan.
1980: National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship.
1990–91: Prix de Rome.
2004: Citigroup Photography Prize, in association with The Photographers' Gallery, London.
2013: Montgomery Fellowship, Dartmouth College.
2017: Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Photographic Society, Bath, UK.
PublicationsCampagna Romana: The Countryside of Ancient Rome. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992. .Hart Island. Zurich, Berlin, New York: Scalo, 1998. . Includes a text by Melinda Hunt.Treading on Kings. Göttingen: Steidl, 2003. .When It Changed. Göttingen: Steidl, 2008. .Sweet Earth-Experimental Utopias in America. Göttingen: Steidl, 2008. .Oxbow Archive. Göttingen: Steidl, 2008. .iDubai. Göttingen: Steidl, 2010. .First Pictures. Göttingen: Steidl, 2011. .Walking the High Line. Göttingen: Steidl, 2012. .On This Site: Landscape in Memorian. Göttingen: Steidl, 2012. .Stranger Passing. Göttingen: Steidl, 2012. .American Prospects. New York, NY: Distributed Art Publishers / Göttingen: Steidl, 2012. .Rome After Rome. Göttingen: Steidl, 2018. Landscape as Longing: Queens, New York. Göttingen: Steidl, 2017. .Our Loss.'' Göttingen: Steidl, 2019. .
Collections
Sternfeld's work is held in the following public collection:
Museum of Modern Art, New York: 71 works (as of August 2023)
J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, CA
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA
Victoria and Albert Museum, London, England
Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY
References
External links
Joel Sternfeld's website
Steidl Artist Page: Joel Sternfeld
Steidl site on When It Changed
Forbes article on Sternfeld's best-known photographs
"The High Line" photographs by Sternfeld published in Cabinet Magazine
Story behind 'Canyon Country, California, June 1983'
'Yochelson, Bonnie “The United Nations of Queens.” The New York Times.'
'Lipton, Shana Ting “Joel Sternfeld on His Classic American Prospects - and His New Work” British Journal of Photography.'
1944 births
Living people
Sarah Lawrence College faculty
Dartmouth College alumni
Photographers from New York City
Fine art photographers
20th-century American photographers
21st-century American photographers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Sternfeld |
Musix GNU+Linux is a discontinued live CD and DVD Linux distribution for the IA-32 processor family based on Debian. It contained a collection of software for audio production, graphic design, video editing and general-purpose applications.
Musix GNU+Linux was one of the few Linux distributions recognized by the Free Software Foundation as being composed completely of free software.
The main language used in development discussion and documentation was Spanish.
Software
Musix 2.0
Musix 2.0 was developed using the live-helper scripts from the Debian-Live project. The first Alpha version of Musix 2.0 was released on 25 March 2009 including two realtime-patched Linux-Libre kernels.
On 17 May 2009 the first beta version of Musix 2.0 was released.
See also
Comparison of Linux distributions
dyne:bolic – another free distribution for multimedia enthusiasts
GNU/Linux naming controversy
List of Linux distributions based on Debian
References
External links
Debian-based distributions
Free audio software
Operating system distributions bootable from read-only media
Knoppix
Linux media creation distributions
Free software only Linux distributions
2008 software
Linux distributions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musix%20GNU%2BLinux |
The Yale School of Architecture (YSoA) is one of the constituent professional schools of Yale University. The School awards the degrees of Master of Architecture I (M.Arch I), Master of Architecture II (M.Arch II), Master of Environmental Design (M.E.D), and Ph.D in architectural history and criticism. The School also offers joint degrees with the Yale School of Management and Yale School of the Environment, as well as a course of study for undergraduates in Yale College leading to a Bachelor of Arts. Since its founding as a department in 1916, the School has produced some of the world's leading architects, including Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, Maya Lin and Eero Saarinen, among others. The current dean of the School is Deborah Berke.
The School of Architecture is housed in Rudolph Hall (also known as the Yale Art and Architecture Building), the Brutalist masterwork of former department chair, Paul Rudolph.
History
Yale's architecture programs are an outgrowth of a longstanding commitment to the teaching of the fine arts in the university. Before the School of Architecture was established, architecture was taught at the Yale School of Fine Arts as early as 1869. Even earlier, in 1832, Yale opened the Trumbull Art Gallery, the first college-affiliated gallery in the United States. In 1916, the Department of Architecture was established at the School of Fine Arts, and in 1959, the School of Art and Architecture, as it was then known, was made into a fully graduate professional school. In 1963, the School relocated to the newly-built Yale Art and Architecture Building (now Rudolph Hall), designed by then Department Chair, Paul Rudolph, where it has remained since. In 1972, the Yale School of Architecture became its own distinct professional school.
The Yale Art and Architecture Building was rededicated and reoccupied in November 2008 following an extensive renovation and addition carried out by a team which included renowned New York architect and Yale alumnus Charles Gwathmey.
Programs
The School awards the degrees of Master of Architecture I, a three-year professional degree for students holding undergraduate liberal arts degrees; Master of Architecture II, a two-year post-professional degree for students holding a professional degree in architecture; Master of Environmental Design, a nonprofessional research-based degree; and Doctor of Philosophy in architectural history and criticism. The School also offers joint-degree programs with the School of Management and School of Forestry. Additionally, a course of study for undergraduates in Yale College leads to a Bachelor of Arts.
Yale's core program has always stressed design as a fundamental discipline. While initially associated with Beaux Arts pedagogy, the school adopted a close affiliation with other modes of fine art, including sculpture, graphic design, painting and furniture design. One of its most illustrious early graduates, Eero Saarinen, produced a wide variety of student projects ranging from medals and currency to campus and monumental buildings. When the Art and Architecture Building became its home, Paul Rudolph's design reflected this close integration between various fine art departments. The Graphic Design department consistently contributed to architecture posters, publications and exhibits, particularly to Perspecta, Yale's ground-breaking student journal.
Another distinguishing element in the Yale core program has been the Yale Building Project, a first-year studio and summer program. Particularly under Dean Charles W. Moore, first-year students were pushed to design small buildings that ameliorated the life of poor or disadvantaged Americans, working as VISTA volunteers in the Appalachia. In later years the program focused more on New Haven and Southern Connecticut. A recent book on the subject documents the extraordinary breadth and significance of the work produced by students, many of whom went on to become renowned architects and educators.
Yale's M.E.D., one of the first of its kind, made it possible for architects and planners to pursue a wide range of research connected to the betterment of the entire environment. Only recently have the design professions embraced this wider field of study, spurred by the movement towards sustainability and inter-disciplinarity. Notable recipients of the degree included William J. Mitchell, later dean at MIT, and Steven Izenour, a partner with Venturi, Scott Brown Associates.
The Yale Urban Design Workshop is a community design center affiliated with the Yale School of Architecture. It was established in 1992 by School of Architecture professor Alan Plattus, who directs the workshop with Andrei Harwell and Marta Caldeira.
Rankings
DesignIntelligences ten-year median ranking places the program 3rd. As of August 2022, the Yale School of Architecture has opted out of the annual Design Intelligence ranking system. Citing that: "However well-intentioned they may be, we believe that the DI rankings have the potential to create a disservice to the public." Joining Dean Deborah Berke in abandoning this system of ranking was Dean Sarah Whiting of the Harvard Graduate School of Design, Dean Mónica Ponce de León of Princeton, and Dean Hashim Sarkis of MIT.
Publications
The school maintains an active publications program. It supports two student-edited journals, Perspecta and Retrospecta; a biannual news magazine, Constructs. Perspecta is the oldest student-edited peer reviewed architectural journal in the United States. The school also publishes books.
Noted faculty and alumni
Alumni
Present faculty members
Former faculty members
*Indicates former deans of the separate School of Architecture (1972–present) or chairmen of the former Department of Architecture (part of the School of Fine Arts from 1916 and the School of Art and Architecture from 1959)
†Indicates Priztker Prize laureate
#Indicates Driehaus Prize laureate
References
External links
Yale School of Architecture
Paul Rudolph photo pool at Flickr
The Paul Rudolph Heritage Foundation - a non-profit organization representing the Paul Rudolph estate, dedicated to communicating, preserving and extending Paul Rudolph's legacy with an online archive of over 12,000 images in addition to written and biographical materials.
The Yale School of Architecture Project Page from the Paul Rudolph Heritage Foundation archives
The Paul Rudolph Foundation
Architecture schools in Connecticut
Universities and colleges established in 1916
Architecture
1916 establishments in Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale%20School%20of%20Architecture |
Jan Gösta Waldenström (17 April 1906 – 1 December 1996) was a Swedish doctor of internal medicine, who first described the disease that bears his name, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.
He was born in Stockholm into a medical family: his father, Johann Henning Waldenström (1877–1972), was a professor of orthopedic surgery in Stockholm, and his grandfather Johan Anton Waldenström (1839–1879) was professor of internal medicine in Uppsala.
Waldenström obtained his M.D. degree at the University of Uppsala and studied organic chemistry with Hans Fischer at the Technical University of Munich. He was professor of theoretical medicine at the University of Uppsala in 1941 and became professor of practical medicine at the University of Lund in 1944. He was the head of the Department of Medicine at Malmö General Hospital until his retirement in 1972.
Waldenström first described, in 1944, patients with a disease that has subsequently been named for him, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, a "hyperviscosity syndrome" in which symptoms are caused by abnormal lymphocytes that prevent normal bone marrow function, which causes anemia and hepatosplenomegaly, and secrete large immunoglobulins, causing bleeding difficulties.
Waldenström's other clinical investigations included studies on the various porphyrias, on the benign hypergammaglobulinemic purpura of Waldenström, on chronic active hepatitis, hemosiderosis, on Bruton's hypogammaglobulinemia, paraneoplastic phenomena and on carcinoid syndrome. He originated the concept of classification of gammopathies as "monoclonal gammopahies" vs. "polyclonal gammopathies" in 1961.
He was a member of the US National Academy of Sciences and the French Academy of Sciences and was an honorary member of the British Royal Society of Medicine.
Publications
J. Waldenström: Studien über Porphyrie, Dissertation. Acta Medica Scandinavica, Stockholm, 1937; supplement 82: 1–254.
J. Waldenström: "The porphyrias as inborn errors of metabolism", The American Journal of Medicine, 1957, 22: 758–773.
Jan G. Waldenström, Reflections and Recollections from a Long Life with Medicine, Rome, Ferrata Storti Foundation Publication, 1994. .
Waldenström J, Ljungberg E: Studies on the functional circulatory influence from metastasizing carcinoid (argentaffine, enterochromaffine) tumours and their possible relationship to enteramine production. Acta Med Scand 152:293, 1955
References
Waldenström's entry on "Who Named It"
Robert A. Kyle and Kenneth C. Anderon, "A Tribute to Jan Gosta Waldenström", Blood, Vol. 89 No. 12 (June 15), 1997: pp. 4245-4247.
1906 births
1996 deaths
20th-century Swedish physicians
Technical University of Munich alumni
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Burials at Uppsala old cemetery
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20G.%20Waldenstr%C3%B6m |
The deceleron, or split aileron, was developed in the late 1940s by Northrop, originally for use on the F-89 Scorpion fighter. It is a two-part aileron that can be deflected as a unit to provide roll control, or split open to act as an air brake. Decelerons are used on the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II and the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit flying wing. In differential use they impart yaw moment, potentially obviating the rudder and vertical stabilizer control surface, although requiring active flight control.
See also
Spoileron
References
XF-89 Research Report
External links
Aircraft controls | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceleron |
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Marc J. Hetherington
| image = Marc Hetherington 2011.jpg
| caption = Hetherington in 2011
| birth_date =
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| nationality = American
| ethnicity =
| fields = Political science, health care in the United States, participatory democracy
| workplaces = Vanderbilt UniversityBowdoin CollegePrinceton UniversityUniversity of VirginiaUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| alma_mater = University of Pittsburgh (B.A.) University of Texas at Austin (Ph.D.)
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
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| notable_students =
| known_for = Why Trust Matters, Parties, Politics, and Public Policy in America, Authoritarianism and Polarization in American Politics, Why Washington Won't Work
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Marc Joseph Hetherington (born June 20, 1968) is an American political scientist. He is a professor of political science at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Biography
Hetherington has taught at the University of Virginia, Princeton University, Bowdoin College, and Vanderbilt University. He received a bachelor degree from University of Pittsburgh and a PhD in Government from the University of Texas at Austin.
Hetherington is author of Why Trust Matters: Declining Political Trust and the Demise of American Liberalism and Parties, Politics, and Public Policy in America with William Keefe, and of Authoritarianism and Polarization in American Politics'' with Jonathan Weiler.
Hetherington is married to Suzanne Globetti, a political scientist at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and currently resides in Chapel Hill.
References
1968 births
Living people
University of Pittsburgh alumni
University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni
Vanderbilt University faculty
American political scientists
Voting theorists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Hetherington |
Security Branch may refer to:
Security Branch (South Africa), a defunct police unit also known as the Special Branch
Security Bureau (Hong Kong)
A former name of the Canadian Forces Military Police | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security%20Branch |
Guss' Pickles was founded by a Polish immigrant, Isidor Guss. Guss arrived in New York in 1910, and like hundreds of thousands of other Jewish immigrants, settled in the Lower East Side. Clustered in the "pickle district" of Essex and Ludlow streets, early 20th century pickle vendors gave birth to what would be known as "New York style" pickles.
Guss at first worked for L. Hollander and Sons, before opening his own store. At the time, the neighborhood was teeming with 80 other pickle shops. However, immigration restrictions, a ban on pushcarts and the steady economic decline of the Lower East Side felled almost all of these shops.
Guss' Pickles withstood the economic difficulty and now remains as the last store from the days of the Essex Street empire. In 1979, Harry Baker and his partner Burt Blitz took over Guss' Pickles. Through the 1980s and into the 2000s, Baker and his son Tim ran the store. .
Guss' Pickles were featured in the film Crossing Delancey. Guss' Pickles ships gallon size nationwide at their official web-site GussPickles.com. In June 2017, Guss' Pickles opened a new store in Brooklyn inside the Dekalb Market Hall.
Ownership
In 2002, Tim Baker sold his ownership of Guss' Pickles to Andrew Leibowitz. The Guss' Pickles trademark now belongs to Crossing Delancey Pickle Enterprises Corporation. Andrew Leibowitz is the president. They maintain a factory in the Bronx and a farm in New Jersey.
References
External links
1920 establishments in New York City
Jews and Judaism in Manhattan
Lower East Side
Polish-Jewish culture in New York City
Restaurants in Manhattan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guss%27%20Pickles |
Edward Benjamin Ambrose Fenton (7 November 1914 – 12 July 1992) was an English football player and manager. A wing-half, he spent almost his entire playing career at West Ham United and went on to manage the club between 1950 and 1961.
Playing career
West Ham United
A prolific goal scorer as a schoolboy Fenton joined West Ham schoolboys eleven and won an England schoolboys eleven cap against Scotland, at Ibrox Park, in 1929. He made his West Ham debut in 1932 and played regularly until the outbreak of World War II. He joined the Army and served as a PT instructor in North Africa and Burma.
Mainly as a wing half, but also as a utility player, Fenton made 179 appearances and scored 19 goals in first class games for the Hammers. He also made 204 appearances and scored 44 goals during World War II fixtures.
Managerial career
Colchester United
At the end of the war Fenton went on to become player-manager at Southern League team Colchester United.
West Ham United
He returned to Upton Park in 1948 to become assistant manager to Charlie Paynter before becoming manager of West Ham in 1950. Fenton's greatest achievement was in winning The Hammers the Division Two championship in the 1957–58 season and thereby securing the club top flight football for the first time since 1932. The 1957–58 and 1958–59 seasons saw The Hammers achieve two goalscoring records; 1957–58 101 league goals in a season and 1958–59, 59 home league goals in a season which was even more remarkable being the season following promotion to Division One.
During his time Fenton was responsible for establishing "The Academy" and the development of youth teams that reached the F.A. Youth Cup Final twice in three Years over the period 1956–59. With the help of chairman Reg Pratt he was also responsible for encouraging as many players as possible in taking their FA Coaching Badges to ensure the players had something to fall back on when their playing days were over. Fenton's departure from West Ham in March 1961 has never been fully explained by the club. Under strain and on sick-leave and with West Ham's league position suffering he left the club under circumstances which both he and the club decided would remain confidential. He was succeeded as manager in 1961 by Ron Greenwood.
Seven of the West Ham 1964 FA Cup winning team had either been signed by Ted Fenton from other clubs, or had worked their way up from the Academy during his time as manager.
Southend United
Following his exit from West Ham, Fenton had four undistinguished years as manager of Southend United before his dismissal in May 1965. He never returned to football following his sacking by Southend.
Outside football
His brother Benny Fenton was also a West Ham United player and later managed Millwall.
On 4 July 1992, he was injured in a car crash in Leicestershire, and died in hospital seven days later from his injuries.
References
Notes
External links
Ted Fenton Photographs
West Ham United F.C. Player & People List
1914 births
1992 deaths
Footballers from Forest Gate
British Army personnel of World War II
English men's footballers
England men's wartime international footballers
West Ham United F.C. players
Colchester United F.C. players
English football managers
Colchester United F.C. managers
West Ham United F.C. managers
Road incident deaths in England
English Football League players
Southend United F.C. managers
English Football League managers
Men's association football wing halves | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Fenton |
Without Evidence is a 1996 thriller film directed and co-written by Gill Dennis in his first and last film he directed. It stars Scott Plank, Anna Gunn, Angelina Jolie, Paul Perri, and Andrew Prine. It was co-written by Dennis and Phil Stanford.
Plot
Without Evidence is based on the true story of Michael Francke, who was the Head of Corrections for the state of Oregon before being murdered. Just before his murder, Francke visits his brother and informs him of a drug ring involving his prison colleagues. When Michael is killed, his brother begins his own investigation into the murder, leading him to more lies and deceit.
Cast
Scott Plank – Kevin Francke
Anna Gunn – Liz Godlove
Andrew Prine – John Nelson
Angelina Jolie – Jodie Swearingen
Paul Perri – Sgt. Unsoeld
Ernie Garrett - Michael Francke
Edwin Collier - Paul Fisk
References
External links
1995 films
1990s psychological thriller films
American psychological thriller films
American courtroom films
American docudrama films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Without%20Evidence |
The grasshopper is a fairy chess piece that moves along , , and (as a queen) but only by hopping over another piece. The piece to be hopped may be any distance away, but the grasshopper must land on the square immediately beyond it in the same direction. If there is no piece to hop over, it cannot move. If the square beyond a piece is occupied by a piece of the opposite color, the grasshopper can capture that piece. The grasshopper may jump over pieces of either color; the piece being jumped over is unaffected.
The grasshopper was introduced by T. R. Dawson in 1913 in problems published in the Cheltenham Examiner newspaper. It is one of the most popular fairy pieces used in chess problems.
In this article, the grasshopper is shown as an inverted queen with notation G.
Movement
In the diagram to the right, the white grasshopper on d4 can move to the squares marked with crosses (b2, d1, d7, and h8) or capture the black pawn on a7. It cannot move to g4, as there are two pieces to hop over.
Example problem
Solution:
1. Gh3 Gh4 2. Gh5 Gh6 3. Gh7 Gh8 4.Ge7 Gd7 5. Gc7 Gb7 6. Ga7+ Ga6 7. Ga5+ Ga4 8. Ga3
Related pieces
Other related pieces in the problemist tradition are the eagle, hamster, moose, and sparrow, which move and capture like the grasshopper but are deflected (to either side) 90°, 180°, 45°, and 135°, respectively, upon passing the hurdle.
See also
Grasshopper chess
Xiangqi and janggi feature a cannon with similar abilities
References
Bibliography
External links
Piececlopedia: Grasshopper by Hans Bodlaender, The Chess Variant Pages
Fairy chess pieces
1913 introductions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper%20%28chess%29 |
WNIN-FM is the NPR (National Public Radio) member station in Evansville, Indiana, with offices in downtown Evansville at the corner of Main Street and Riverside Drive. It broadcasts on 88.3 MHz FM. The radio station streams online via the WNIN website. WNIN-FM's sister station is WNIN Television, which broadcasts over-the-air on Channel 9, as well as on various cable channels. Its tower is located near Pelzer, Indiana, between Boonville, Chandler, and Evansville. The station is accessible throughout much of the Evansville tristate, including Mount Carmel, Illinois, Owensboro, Kentucky, and Henderson, Kentucky.
WNIN broadcasts in HD.
References
External links
WNIN-FM
NIN
Radio stations established in 1982
1982 establishments in Indiana
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Classical music radio stations in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNIN-FM |
B.A.T. II – The Koshan Conspiracy is a futuristic point and click adventure game written by Computer's Dream and published by Ubi Soft in 1992. It is the sequel to the 1990 game B.A.T.
It is a futuristic role-playing game in which the player explores the city, talks to non-player characters, tries to solve puzzles, travels to new cities by use of a mini-game, buys weapons and ammo, engages in fire fights (also by way of a mini-game), buys a spaceship, and enters space. The player can even re-wire a wrist computer (B.O.B) in the game to perform different functions. It has a very open, non-linear play style.
The Amiga and Atari ST versions shipped with a physical dongle to prevent piracy.
The box art was painted by Luis Royo.
Reception
Computer Gaming World stated that Koshan "was clearly a superior product" to its predecessor, with a much larger game world and both strategic and action combat options. The magazine concluded that it was "an enormous game, offering a richly textured, futuristic gameworld that gamers can find themselves easily drawn into".
References
External links
1992 video games
Adventure games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
DOS games
Video game sequels
Cyberpunk video games
Video games developed in France
Ubisoft games
Single-player video games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.A.T.%20II%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Koshan%20Conspiracy |
Dashi-Dorzho Itigilov (; , Etigelei Dashadorjo; 1852–1927) was a Buryat Buddhist lama of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition.
Born in the countryside of Buryatia, Itigilov's parents left him at an early age, forcing him to pursue sheep-herding to make ends meet. When he was 15, Itigilov joined the Anninsky Monastery, where he learned to read Tibetan and Sanskrit, enabling him to read Buddhist texts and serve in the Buddhist community. After becoming the religious leader of Russian Buddhists, Itigilov raised money to provide food, clothing, and medical care to World War I soldiers, among other philanthropic acts. In 1927, he died while in a Lotus position. After he was buried in a pine box, Itigilov was exhumed in 1957, showing an intact body. After a change of clothes, a reburial, and a second exhumation in 1973, it was decided in 2002 that Itigilov would remain above ground permanently.
See also
Buddhist mummies
References
1852 births
1927 deaths
Buryat people
Buddhism in Buryatia
Mummies
Lamas
Tibetan Buddhists from the Russian Empire
Tibetan Buddhists from the Soviet Union
Buddhist monks from the Russian Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashi-Dorzho%20Itigilov |
Tünek Tepe is a hill in the west side of the city of Antalya. Its height is 618 metres (2027 feet).
On the crest is a hotel, revolving restaurant called "Döner Gazino" (literally "Rotating Club") and an observation terrace featuring a view of Gulf of Antalya, city and surrounding mountains.
Tünektepe Cable Car
The Tünektepe Cable Car () is an aerial lift of tramway type located in Antalya, Turkey, serving the peak of Tünek Tepe hill. Cable car ride takes 15 minutes one way.
The Cable Car project was initiated in 2013 as a project to connect Tünek Tepe, the coastal hill overlooking the city of Antalya, with the Sarısu Neighborhood at the edge of the Konyaaltı district. The project cost 14 million Turkish lira.
References
Tourist attractions in Antalya | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCnek%20Tepe |
Claypot rice (), sometimes translated as "rice casserole", is a Chinese traditional dinner eaten widely in Guangdong in Southern China as well as the Chinese communities of Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand.
The rice is presoaked, or in some cases par-cooked, and finished in the claypot with other ingredients which then flavor the rice. The rice develops a crust similar to that in Korean dolsot bibimbap or Iranian “tahdig” and Spanish paella. It is commonly served with chicken, Chinese sausage and vegetables in some regions, but most restaurants offer a customizable dish with many protein options.
Traditionally, the cooking is done over a charcoal stove, giving the dish a distinctive flavour. Some places serve it with thick, sweetened soy sauce and sometimes dried salted fish. Due to the time-consuming method of preparation and slow-cooking in a claypot, customers may have to wait a period of time (typically 15–30 minutes) before the dish is ready.
Gallery
See also
Satti Sorru
Clay pot cooking
Dolsot bibimbap
Sapo tahu
List of rice dishes
References
Singaporean rice dishes
Chinese rice dishes
Chicken and rice dishes
Sausage dishes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claypot%20rice |
The following are the association football events of the year 1998 throughout the world.
Events
1998 FIFA World Cup – France wins 3–0 over Brazil in Saint-Denis, France, winning their first cup. More than one million delirious fans jammed the Champs-Élysées, dancing through the night.
UEFA Champions League: Real Madrid won 1–0 in the final against Juventus. This was Real Madrid's seventh European Cup title.
Copa Libertadores 1998: Won by Vasco da Gama after defeating Barcelona SC on an aggregate score of 4–1.
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: Chelsea beat VfB Stuttgart 1–0 in the final, winning the Cup for the second time.
UEFA Cup: Inter Milan won 3–0 in the final against Lazio. This was Inter's third UEFA Cup title.
UEFA Super Cup: Chelsea beat Real Madrid 1–0, winning the cup for the first time.
England:
FA Premier League Champions: Arsenal.
February 17 – Manchester City fires manager Frank Clark and appoints Joe Royle as his successor.
May 16 – Arsenal beats Newcastle United 2–0 to win the FA Cup, achieving The Double.
August 16 – PSV wins the Johan Cruyff Shield, the annual opening of the new season in the Eredivisie, by a 2–0 win over Ajax in the Amsterdam Arena.
September 17 – Heerenveen makes a winning European debut after defeating Poland's Amica Wronki (3–1) in the first round of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.
October 8 – Manager Artur Jorge resigns at Dutch club Vitesse and is succeeded by Herbert Neumann.
October 10 – Frank Rijkaard makes his debut as the manager of the Netherlands national team, as the successor of Guus Hiddink, with a 2–0 friendly win over Peru in Eindhoven. One player makes his debut as well: striker Jeffrey Talan from Heerenveen.
December 1 – Real Madrid wins the Intercontinental Cup in Tokyo by defeating Brazil's Vasco da Gama: 2–1. The winning goal for the Spaniards is scored by Raúl in the 83rd minute.
December 7 – Dutch club Sparta Rotterdam fires manager Hans van der Zee. He is replaced by Jan Everse on December 24.
Winner national club championships
Asia
– Esteghlal FC
– Kashima Antlers
– Al-Ittihad
- Suwon Bluewings
- Sinthana F.C.
Europe
Croatia – Croatia Zagreb
– Arsenal
– Lens
– 1. FC Kaiserslautern
– Újpest
– Juventus
Eredivisie – Ajax
Eerste Divisie – AZ
– ŁKS Łódź
– Porto
– Celtic
– Barcelona
– AIK
– Galatasaray
FR Yugoslavia – Obilić
North America
– St. Catharines Wolves (CPSL)
Verano – Toluca
Invierno – Necaxa
– Chicago Fire (MLS)
South America
Clausura – Vélez Sársfield
Apertura – Boca Juniors
– Blooming
– Corinthians
– Colo-Colo
– LDU Quito
– Olimpia Asunción
– Universitario de Deportes
International tournaments
African Cup of Nations in Burkina Faso (February 7 – 28 1998)
Baltic Cup (April 21 – June 25, 1998)
FIFA World Cup in France (June 10 – July 12, 1998)
National team results
Europe
South America
The men's national senior squad didn't play any matches in 1998
Births
January 2 – Timothy Fosu-Mensah, Dutch footballer
January 3 – Patrick Cutrone, Italian footballer
January 5 – Carles Aleñá, Spanish footballer
January 8 – Manuel Locatelli, Italian footballer
January 10 – Mohamed Abukar, Somali footballer
January 11 – Salih Özcan, German midfielder
January 16 – Odsonne Édouard, French footballer
January 21 – Borna Sosa, Croatian youth international
February 3 – Blás Riveros, Paraguayan footballer
February 10 – Aitor Buñuel, Spanish footballer
February 17 – Todd Cantwell, English footballer
March 10 – Matías Zaracho, Argentinian footballer
March 28 – Sandi Lovric, Austrian footballer
March 31
Lucian Oprea, Romanian soccer player
Hristiyan Iliev, Bulgarian soccer player
May 7 – Dani Olmo, Spanish footballer
May 8 – Johannes Eggestein, German footballer
May 11 – Fran Villalba, Spanish footballer
May 23
Ross Cunningham, Scottish footballer
Luca De La Torre, American footballer
Berat Özdemir, Turkish footballer
June 1 – Branimir Kalaica, Croatian footballer
June 22 – Javairô Dilrosun, Dutch footballer
June 28 – Óscar Rodríguez Arnaiz, Spanish footballer
June 30
Tom Davies, English footballer
Houssem Aouar, French footballer
July 8 – Yann Karamoh, French footballer
September 1 – Emily Condon, Australian footballer
September 19 – Jacob Bruun Larsen, Danish footballer
October 21 – Benjamin Cull, English former professional footballer (died 2023)
October 27 – Dayot Upamecano, French footballer
November 12 – Jules Koundé, French footballer
November 24 – Muhammad Rafli, Indonesian footballer
December 17 – Martin Ødegaard, Norwegian footballer
December 18 – Calvin Stengs, Dutch footballer
December 20 – Kylian Mbappé, French footballer
December 24 – Alexis Mac Allister, Argentine footballer
December 29 – Victor Osimhen, Nigerian footballer
Deaths
May
May 2 – Justin Fashanu (38), English footballer and the first professional footballer to come out as gay
June
June 4 – Miguel Montuori (65), Argentinian-Chilean footballer
June 13 – Fernand Sastre (74), French footballer
July
July 13 – Pierre Garonnaire (82), French footballer
August
August 6 – Henk Bosveld (57), Dutch footballer
September
September 2 – Jackie Blanchflower (65), Northern Irish footballer
September 23 – Héctor Vilches, Uruguayan defender, winner of the 1950 World Cup. (88)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20in%20association%20football |
George Norman Johnston (September 13, 1884 – September 28, 1977) was a politician elected to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta for the first time in 1921. He served as Speaker of the Alberta Legislature from February 10, 1927, to July 22, 1935. He was defeated in 1935 when Social Credit swept to power. It was the second time in Alberta's history that a Speaker suffered electoral defeat.
References
Bibliography
External links
Followers of Moses: Biographies of United Farmers–era MLAs
Speaker of the Assembly
Speakers of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta
1884 births
1977 deaths
United Farmers of Alberta MLAs
People from Wingham, Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Johnston%20%28politician%29 |
Elbe tunnel most commonly refers to:
Elbe Tunnel (1975) in Hamburg, which is part of Bundesautobahn 7.
Elbe Tunnel (1911) in Hamburg, which connects St. Pauli and Steinwerder.
It may also refer to:
A tunnel projected near Glückstadt, which will be part of Bundesautobahn 20.
A tunnel proposed as an alternative to the disputed Dresden Waldschlösschen Bridge. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe%20Tunnel |
A walk is walking, the main form for animal locomotion on land, distinguished from running and crawling.
Walk or WALK may refer to:
Places
Walk, Livonia, the German name for a town in Livonia
Island Walk, an unincorporated area and a census-designated place (CDP) in Collier County, Florida, United States
Walk Glacier, a glacier in the Jones Mountains, Antarctica
Persons
Bob Walk (born 1956), American baseball pitcher
Mark Walk, American music composer
Neal Walk (1948–2015), American, National Basketball Association center
Arts, entertainment, and media
Music
Albums and EPs
Walk (album), a 1996 album by Andrew Peterson
Walk (Pantera EPs), a series of EPs by Pantera, 1993
Walk (Kwabs EP), 2014
Walk (Grayson|Reed EP), 2017
Songs
"Walk" (Comethazine song)
"Walk" (Foo Fighters song)
"Walk" (Kwabs song)
"Walk" (Pantera song)
"Walk", a song by Blind Melon from Soup
"Walk", a song by Agnez Mo from her self titled album
"Walk", single by Peakboy
"Walk", single by Saucy Santana
"Walk," a song by The Wiggles from Yummy Yummy
"A Walk", single from the punk rock group Bad Religion
Periodicals
Walk: the Magazine of the Ramblers' Association, a UK walking magazine
Radio stations
WALK-FM, a radio station (97.5 FM) licensed to serve Patchogue, New York, United States
WLID, a radio station (1370 AM) licensed to serve Patchogue, New York, United States, known as WALK from 1952 to 2019
WKAO, a radio station (91.1 FM) licensed to Ashland, Kentucky, United States. One of the 7 Walk FM network of contemporary Christian radio stations based in Ashland, Kentucky, United States
Other uses
Walk (graph theory), in graph theory, an alternating sequence of vertices and edges
Base on balls, also called a walk, in baseball, an award of first base to a batter following four balls being thrown by the pitcher
Battle of Walk, war started on July 8, 1657 between Swedish and Russian forces
Pedestrian crossing#Signalized intersections, also called walks or walkways
See also
The Walk (disambiguation)
Walking (disambiguation)
Walke (disambiguation)
Wok | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Al-Barāʾ ibn Mālik al-Anṣārī (; died ) was one of the Sahaba, an Ansar belonging to the Banū al-Najjār branch of the Banu Khazraj. al-Baraa' is the brother of Anas ibn Malik.
A courageous warrior with exceptional combat skill, al-Baraa was a Muslim hero during Early Muslim conquests who killed a hundred enemies in combat and personally breached the enemy fortress gates in the Battle of Yamama and the Siege of Shushtar.
al-Baraa' died around 641-642 as he succumbed to his wounds during his last siege in Shushtar against Sasanian Empire
Biography
Al-Bara' Hailed from Banu Ghanm clan, sub branch of Banū al-Najjār branch belonged to the Banu Khazraj tribe.
During the time of the Prophet, al-Baraa' were working as camel chanter. During the battle of Hunayn, al-Bara' has been rewarded Khums or fifth portion of spoils of war which he got from enemies he slay personally. Al-Bara' was said to participate in all campaigns under Muhammad, except the battle of Badr. Al-Bara' also recorded to participate in the pledge of the Tree during the first pilgrimage. al-Bara' also recorded having participate in the Battle of Hunayn, where he received a fifth spoils of war for every person he killed during the battle.
Ridda wars
Following the death of the Prophet, the Muslims began to leave Islam in groups just as they had entered it. Caliph Abu Bakr dispatched eleven armies to fight the leaders of the rebellion in what became known as the Ridda wars.
During the Battle of Yamama, al-Baraa' played a distinguished role when the rebels army under Musailamah Al Kadhab and his 40,000 soldiers from Banu Hanifa fortified themselves into the fortress which named Garden of Death, Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl and Khalid ibn al-Walid struggled to break through the high walls of the garden until al-Baraa' suggested they place him on a shield and using spears and catapults al-Baraa' into the fortress wall. The Muslims agreed with al-Baraa' plan and al-Baraa' immediately fell into the fortress as intended, killing many town guards on the wall and fortress gate inside singlehandedly and rushed towards the gate and open it alone from inside, allowing Muslim forces under Khalid ibn al Walid to swarm inside and killed 20,000 of the apostates, including their leader Musailama, killed by Wahshi and Abu Dujana al Ansari. During this battle, Ibn Hajar also noted a testimony of al-Bara' himself that he engaged in a duel against a huge Musaylamah warrior nicknamed Himar al Yamama (donkey of Yamama). Al-Bara managed to cut one of his foot with his sword, and caused him dropped to the ground, Then al-Bara grab the man's sword and finishing him by using his own sword.
Despite suffering grave injuries which numbered over 80 wounds, al-Baraa' managed to survive in the aftermath of the Yamama battle. After the battle, Khalid ibn al Walid was said to personally visit his tents where he still treating his wound and rest.
Conquest of Persia
On the onset of early naval incursion against Persia which started from Oman, al-Baraa' participated the naval expedition embarked from Bahrain led by Al-Ala al-Hadhrami and Arfaja al-Bariqi to expel Sasanian Empire forces in the Island of . In the final battle of this island in the fortress of Zarah, al-Baraa' killed the Persian Marzban commander of the area in duel, and managed to seize the wealth of the said commander of 30,000 coins after the battle. However, caliph 'Umar saw that it was too much for single person to acquire spoils of war that huge, so the Caliph decided that al-Bara' should be given a four portions after it being divided into five, while one portion are sent for the caliphate treasury.
Later, during the Muslim conquest of Persia, al-Bara' participated in the battle of al-Qadisiyyah, where he was urged by other soldiers to pray for victory on this difficult battle, since the Muslim soldiers in that battle believed if al-Baraa' prayed, his wishes will always be granted by Allah.
During Muslim conquest of Khuzestan, The highest commander of Muslim army, Abu Musa al-Ash'ari requested to the caliph to provide him with elite guards from Ansar (military) component, which replied by Umar to sent a group of Ansaris including al-Bara' ibn Malik along with his brother, Anas. In the campaign on Khuzestan, the Muslims faced a particularly difficult battle on the bridge of Susa, eastern of Tigris river, as the enemy gained upper hand at the first of the battle. Thus the Muslims soldiers once again came to al-Bara' asking for prayer, and after al-Bara' finished his prayer, the Muslims fight again until the managed to gained upper hand and seized victory.
Later, during the Siege of Shushtar, al-Baraa' once again gave important contribution as he and Mujaz'ah ibn Thawr as-Sadusi lead a small team of 35 soldiers to sneak from the waterway under the impenetrable fortress wall that has been besieged for almost one year, and killing many guards on the city gate before opened the gate and allowed the Muslims army under Abu Musa al-Ash'ari storm the city and subdue the town. According to his own word that has been recorded in Siyar A'lam Nubala chronicle written by Al-Dhahabi and in Usd al-ghabah fi marifat al-Saḥabah chronicle which written by Ibn al-Athir, al-Bara' ibn Malik singlehandedly slayed at least 100 Sassanid soldiers during this battle alone.
Death
Muslim chroniclers recorded two versions regarding when al-Bara' fallen on the battle:
According to Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani version The martyrdom al-Bara' was seeking was gained in the Siege of Shushtar in Persia, but only after he rescued his brother Anas from the molten hooks, which caused he suffered grief injury to the point that his own palms melted and showing the bones in his effort to break the chain from Anas, al-Baraa' succumbed to the wound shortly after Anas were rescued.
Meanwhile, Malik ibn Anas, Tabari, Bukhari, Ibn Hibban, and Ibn Manda reported the second version that al-Baraa' was fallen indeed in siege of Shushtar, but not by the molten steel hook of Sassanid army, instead he died at the hand of Hormuzan in this battle. al-Dhahabi favored this version as he deemed this authentic, which also narrated by al-Bayhaqi. Al-Dhahabi also add note that al-Bara' was twenty years old during his death.
Character assessment
Chroniclers describe that al-Baraa' was skinny and thin in appearance but extremely brave on the battlefield.
However, this attribute were viewed as downside by Umar ibn al Khattab, as the caliph once gave message to his generals to never assign al-Baraa' to hold any command position, since Umar saw al-Baraa' reckless bravery will expose his own soldiers to dangers. Nevertheless, despite his doubt on al-Bara' leadership, caliph Umar still valued al-Bara' martial prowess, as remarked by modern writer Khalid Muhammad Khalid in his book, Rijala Hawla Rasulullah Shalallahu 'Alaihi Wassalam, that during the Muslim conquest of Khuzestan, when Suhayl ibn Adiyy were sent by Abu Musa al-Ash'ari to invade Ahwaz, caliph Umar specifically instructed Abu Musa to include al-Bara' within Suhayl invading force.
Anas ibn Malik were recorded to say that al-Bara' had a beautiful voice and loved reciting poems frequently, until Anas persuade his brother to recite Qur'an instead of poetries.
Prayer
Chroniclers narrated that prophet Muhammad once praised al-Baraa' as a pious figure whose prayer will be always responded by Allah, despite his poor and underestimated social status.
Caliphate soldiers during battle of Qadisiyyah believed the miraculous prayer of al-Bara' urged al-Bara' to use his prayer to win the battle, as they though the battle of Qadisiyyah, were difficult to won.
While another record during the battle of the bridge of Susa in Iran, the Muslim soldiers once again came to al-Bara' to seek for his prayer to win the battle.
Meanwhile, during the siege of Shushtar, Muslim historians also though that it is due to al-Baraa' prayer that the fortress of Shushtar can be subdued by Muslim forces, despite the city was very hard to subdue and believed to be almost impossible to breach by any military mean. various narration further adds that al-Barra' also included his victorious prayer that he also wished to get killed by enemy in the battle of Susa bridge, so he can achieve martyrdom.
Legacy
Scholar analysis
al-Bara' is viewed highly in the Islamic scholarly community in general, as Companions of the Prophet, collectively named al-salaf al-ṣāliḥ (pious ancestors), they are regarded as their as daily religious role model. This view was outlined by Ibn Taymiyyah, both in their figure as a guideline and in practicing Islamic religious observances. Ibn Taymiyyah further observes the special rank within the Companions from the Ansar, which are according to him, vital for the faith, as he quoted the hadith, "love for the Ansar is a sign of Iman, while hatred against them is a sign of hypocrisy".
Spoils of war
Scholars of Islamic Fiqh jurisprudence have taken notes regarding al-Bara' case when his managed to seize massive amount of a spoils of war during the battle in Darin island, after he managed to subdue Sassanid fortress and killing the commander, which immediately ruled by Umar the spoils from the enemy seized by al-Bara' should be divided by five, whereas four portions be given to al-Bara, while one portion are separated to be combined to the total amount spoils of the battle. incident has discussed about the rulings in Sunni jurisprudence on the later era about how every single soldier has a right for a Khums, or four of a fifth portion of spoils of war, according to his performance deeds in the battlefield.
Averroes from Maliki school remarked this record in his book Bidayat al Mujtahid Wa Nihayat al Muqtashid which he got from the tradition of Ibn Abi Shaybah and Ibn Sirin, that the case of al-Bara' divided share were the first case in Islam history, and has become guidelines by later jurists to measure the rights of soldiers regarding spoils of war. While Ibn Mawaz, another Maliki scholar, has denied this al-Bara' tradition regarding spoils of war, as he though he never knew such Hadith existed.
However, Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam, a Shafiite scholar and Mamluk general in 12th AD century who led Baibars army against Louis IX of France crusaders and Ilkhanate Mongol, dismissed Ibn Mawaz's claim and has argued with another tradition that this practice has been done before as Muhammad during the battle of Hunayn, and Muhammad even gave the fifth spoils to al-Bara', the very same person who were given the fifth by Umar in Darin island battle.
Martyrdom
Since Madhhab Sahabi (opinion of the Companions of the Prophet) were accepted as one of the jurisprudence source in Islam, The historical act of al-Bara' to seek martyrdom in Jihad by plunging himself inside enemy castle in the Battle of Yamamah, where the enemy barricaded themselves, are translated by Islamist factions with Extremism view that the Terrorism act using Suicide attack with IED were allowed in modern analogy (Qiyas). Thus, leading some extremist movements such as Free Syrian Army, ISIS Kurdistan Ansar as Sunna Group, and Al-Qaeda in various regions to form a suicide squad which they named, in curiously similar theme, as "al-Bara Ibn Malik Martyrs' Brigade" in accordance to their apparent attempt to associate their acts with al Bara' in Yamama.
However, this view were rejected by contemporary Islamic scholars, particularly those in line with the view of Abdullah Ibn Jibreen,
Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz and Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen, three of prominent Saudi Arabia Muftis and clerics, opined that the act of al-Baraa' cannot be analogized as an act suicide bombings particularly for three different reasons:
Method which done by al-Bara' were not determinantly suicide in nature, despite the high chance of fatality for such act.
The act of al-Baraa' were authorized by legal government which had de facto and de jure authority. in this case are the Rashidun Caliphate, which al-Baraa' owed his allegiance. While modern day terrorist organizations were non-state actors, which cannot burdened and bound with treaty, pact or responsibility.
The targets of modern-day terrorists are not in line with al-Bara aggression in Yamama, since al-Bara' were targeting legitimate hostile combatants on the battlefield, while non-state terrorists also targeting illegitimate subjects recklessly, such as fellow Muslim civilians and Dhimmi non-Muslims who are forbidden to be harassed in Islamic beliefs. Furthermore, the act of suicide bombing terrorism during modern day in Palestine were deemed by Ibn Uthaymeen not beneficial to Islam and it will only do harm to the Muslim communities in Palestine, and to the perpetrator of the act as the bombers were threaten with hellfire in the afterlife.
The Fatwa by Abdu al-Aziz ibn Baz were particularly aimed to deny the ruling from Yusuf al-Qaradawi who viewed that the Martyrdom act of al-Bara' in battle and Ashabul Ukhdud in Yemen were viewed the same as suicide bombers in modern time.
Modern day grand Mufti of Saudi Sheikh Abdulaziz al-Sheikh, further strengthened his predecessors view by issuing Fatwa particularly disallow terroristm act of suicide bombing. Like the Salafi scholars before him, Abdulaziz al-Sheikh similarly saying suicide bombers does not represent the jurisprudential analogy with al-Bara' martyrdom, thus dismissing claim from proponents of modern-day practice of terrorism using suicide bombing as Jihad.
Institutions & landmarks
In 20th AD modern era, there are several places and institutes which named over al-Bara ibn Malik, such as Al Bara' Bin Malik Mixed Elementary School in Saudi Arabia. While in Qatar, al-Bara' ibn Malik were also used as street name.
See also
Sunni view of the Sahaba
List of Sahabah
Ridda wars
Early Caliphate navy
References
Footnotes
Secondary sources
Online biography
640 deaths
Sahabah hadith narrators
Year of birth unknown
Sahabah martyrs
Khazrajite people
People of the Muslim conquest of Persia
Ansar (Islam)
Ridda Wars
Articles containing Arabic-language text | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bara%27%20ibn%20Malik |
A rump party is a political party that is formed by the remaining body of supporters and leaders who do not support a breakaway group who merge with or form another new party.
The rump party can have the name of the original party, or a new name.
Examples:
The pro-protectionism Conservative Party in the UK after the breakaway of the free trade Peelite faction in 1846 over the repeal of the corn laws.
Conservative Party of British Columbia
United Labour Party in New Zealand which had a remnant made up of moderates who did not join the new, more radical, Social Democratic Party.
Liberal Party (UK, 1989)
Centre Party (Germany)
National Party (South Africa) under leadership of DF Malan after formation of the United Party.
New National Party (South Africa), the new name of what remained of National Party under the leadership of FW de Klerk and Marthinus van Schalkwyk.
Party of the Democratic Left (Slovakia, 2005)
Progressive Canadian Party, under Ernie Schreiber and now Sinclair Stevens, the remnants of the former Progressive Conservative Party of Canada that opposed the merger with the Canadian Alliance.
Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan
The Rassemblement-UMP (Gathering-Union for a Popular Movement) is an ephemeral French legislative group, led by former Prime Minister François Fillon, which split from the Union for a Popular Movement on November 2012 after the internal contestation which followed the election of the party's president. Created on November 27, 2012, this dissident group has been reintegrated in the UMP's parlementary group after negotiations between the two rivals on January 16, 2013.
Saskatchewan Liberal Party
Social Democratic Party (UK, 1990–present)
Social Democratic Party of Hungary
Communist rump parties:
Brazilian Communist Party
Communist Party of Britain
Communist Party of Finland (1994)
Communist Party of Germany (1990)
Hungarian Workers' Party
References
Political parties
Types of political parties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump%20party |
This is a historical list of the legal brothels in Nevada. They are arranged by name within location (the nearest town or named place) within each county that licenses such establishments. Defunct establishments are retained for completeness. Note, however, that this list so far only covers the modern era of brothel prostitution in Nevada, from about 1950 onward, after the closure of the red light districts of Reno and Las Vegas.
According to the Nevada Brothel List site, there were 21 legal brothels in Nevada as of February 2018, down from its peak of 35 in the early 1980s. As of September 2023, there are only 19 legal brothels open in Nevada in just 6 of the state's 17 counties.
While prostitution is legal in parts of Nevada, it is illegal outside these licensed brothels. Prostitution is illegal under state law in Clark County, which contains Las Vegas and its metropolitan area. Other counties may choose to allow it, if they desire to. Currently Carson City (an independent city), Douglas County, Eureka County, Lincoln County, Pershing County and Washoe County (which contains Reno) ban brothels. The other ten counties permit brothels, but four of them do not currently have any active brothels.
Active brothels
Elko County
Carlin
Dovetail Ranch – The Dovetail has been a brothel on and off for a number of years. In 2002 the brothel was remodelled as a log cabin and a license issued to Michael and Pamela Tangreen. Melba Jordan and Marie Cutler were granted the license in 2003, both had previously worked at Donna's Ranch in Wells. The Dovetail closed in June 2006 and reopened in January 2008. It was refurbished in the spring of that year and one of the courtesans, "Tempting Tiffany" took over as manager. The brothel was the winner of the CWMC 2011 Small Brothel of the Year Award. The Dovetail has sometimes marketed itself as an Asian Ranch.
Sharon's Brothel & Bar – Permanently Closed.
Elko
The Desert Rose Gentlemen's Club – This brothel opened in late 2014 in the building that had previously housed the No. 1 Geisha (which closed in 2011).
Inez's D&D Bar – This brothel is reportedly supposed to stand for "Dancing and Diddling". The brothel is a next-door neighbour to the closed PJ's Lucky Strike,. It was one of the first Nevada brothels to have an internet presence. The brothel is under the same management as nearby Mona's Ranch.
Mona's Ranch – Originally built as a family home in 1903, it was later converted to a brothel. It was formally known as Bette's D&D. In February 2018, their brothel license was suspended for 180 days after a barman was found to have drugs in his bedroom in the brothel.
Sue's Fantasy Club – Sue's has a mirrored dance floor and pole. Courtesans are all of Asian heritage.
Wells
Bella's Gentlemen's Club
The ranch opened in 1950 as the Hacienda Ranch and is located just off Interstate 80. The rooms have different themes, and there is a jacuzzi and a BDSM dungeon. It has been owned and run since 1981 by Bella Shauna Cummins. In the late 1990s, Cummins had a road built from the ranch to the highway. The road avoids patrons having to cross the busy tracks of the Union Pacific Railroad. In 2004, the ranch was temporarily closed by the local sheriff's office for irregularities in medical certification of the prostitutes. The owners of Bella's, Shauna and Lance Cummins, subsequently sued Elko County Sheriff Dale Lotspeich for allegedly acting outside the law in closing the establishment. Their action against the sheriff was unsuccessful.
Donna's Ranch
The ranch was originally established near the railroad to serve the men constructing the nearby railroad. Wells was a major cattle pick-up point on the Central Pacific Railway, cowboys who had driven the cattle to the railroad celebrated in the ranch.
Current owner, Geoff Arnold purchased the ranch from Evelyn and Ken Merrill in 1999 for $1,000,000. The boxer Jack Dempsey was a previous owner.
Lander County
Battle Mountain
The Desert Club The Desert Club first opened in the late 1800s, and is reputed to be one of the smallest brothels in Nevada. In 1986 the brothel was bought by Ginger and Chuck Barrett along with the nearby Calico Club. It closed down in 1991 and reopened in around 2016.
Lyon County
Mound House
By local ordinance, brothels are restricted to the Mound House area.
The Love Ranch
Formerly known under several variations of the name Kitty's, this brothel was owned by Dennis Hof. Hof is best known as the star of HBO's Cathouse and proprietor of the nearby Moonlite BunnyRanch. Hof reportedly renamed this operation in 2004 to better take advantage of the "BunnyRanch brand name", which he has heavily promoted. In June 2008, this house was again renamed, this time as The Love Ranch in order to build a unique identity for the brothel. It is sometimes referred to as The Love Ranch North, to differentiate it from Love Ranch Vegas.
Moonlite BunnyRanch
The brothel, now known as the Moonlite BunnyRanch, first opened in 1955 as the Moonlight Ranch. There is a historical marker on the premises, found just inside of the property's original main gate, as the ranch is located near a stop on the original Pony Express. It operated discreetly until 1971, when Nevada began regulation of houses of prostitution. Dennis Hof, a frequent customer, purchased the business in 1993 for $700,000 and invested another $500,000 in upgrading the facilities and decor.
The Moonlite BunnyRanch was featured on HBO's America Undercover show specials, Cathouse (2002) and Cathouse 2: Back in the Saddle (2003). This led to the series Cathouse: The Series, airing in two seasons in 2005 and 2007. The ranch was also featured as a supposedly "haunted house" in an episode of Proof Positive and is frequently mentioned on the Howard Stern Show, usually to announce that another porn star has started to work there.
Sagebrush Ranch
Originally, the first Sagebrush Ranch was about 20 mile east of Carson City off US-50 East up Six Mile Canyon Road in Mark Twain through the 1980s. It was a two-story building, which was still in Lyon County before moving to current location. Then for a time, the Sagebrush Ranch was two separate (but connected) licensed brothels: the Sagebrush I (originally known as the Sagebrush Red-Light Ranch) and the Sagebrush II, just north of the original brothel. In 1999, the Sagebrush I building was destroyed by a fire that was accidentally sparked by an overturned candle in one of the ladies' rooms. While no one was seriously hurt in the fire, the Sage I building was a total loss. During its rebuilding, the Sage II building housed a combined operation. When the lavish new replacement facility opened in mid-2001, the ladies all moved into the new building, called simply the Sagebrush Ranch.
Kit Kat Guest Ranch
The Kit Kat Guest Ranch is a legal, licensed brothel located about east of Carson City in the unincorporated town of Mound House, in Lyon County, at 48 Kit Kat Drive. It reopened in May 2016, after being purchased and renovated by Dennis Hof.
Mineral County
Mina
Wild Cat Brothel – Known for its Ionic columns marking off the car park, it was formerly the Playmate Ranch. As the Playmate it was run by Bill 'Little Bill' Wilkins, who also owned the nearby Billie's Day & Night. It closed in about 2010 and was bought by Phil Maita who reopened it as the Wild Cat in 2013.
As of September 2023, the Wild Cat Brothel is "Temporarily Closed" according to its Google Business Profile listing.
Nye County
Amargosa Valley
Alien Cathouse (sometimes referred to as "Lathrop Wells") – Originally the Cherry Patch II, and owned by Joe Richards, it was purchased by Dennis Hof, who sold it prior to his death.
Crystal
Love Ranch South
The Love Ranch business was purchased by Dennis Hof, owner of several other Nevada brothels, in the fall of 2010. It has since been extensively upgraded. Formerly called the Cherry Patch Ranch, Crystal Love Ranch, Mabel's Whorehouse, Madame Butterfly's. On October 16 2018 Dennis Hof died in this facility, which subsequently closed.
Pahrump
Chicken Ranch
Walter Plankinton opened the Nevada Chicken Ranch in 1976, as close to Las Vegas as legally possible. He encountered strong opposition from local law enforcement and other brothel owners. In 1978, the Chicken Ranch was burned to the ground, allegedly by arsonists. The twelve prostitutes and two employees barely survived. Plankinton reopened with a new set of trailers five days later.
In 1982, Plankinton sold the Chicken Ranch for $1,000,000 to Kenneth Green, a San Francisco businessman, and Russel Reade, an ex-teacher. Reade, who had contributed $25,000 towards the purchase, became the manager. Around 15 women were working at the ranch at that time. On February 8, 2006, the ranch accepted a purchase offer for $5.2 million.
Sheri's Ranch
Unlike other brothels in the state, Sheri's Ranch styles itself as a resort, with upscale rooms and furnishings, sports bar, tennis courts, a spa and outdoor swimming pool. In January 2001, the business was purchased by Chuck Lee, a retired Chicago homicide detective of 20 years, former owner of an AT&T retail store, and car dealership owner from Las Vegas, Nevada.
Author Lora Shaner, a former madam of the brothel, wrote a 1998 book about her experiences, Madam: Chronicles of a Nevada Cathouse, reissued and extended in 2001 as Madam: Inside a Nevada Brothel.
Storey County
Sparks
Mustang Ranch
The original Mustang Ranch was forfeited to the federal government in 1999 following owner, Joe Conforte's convictions for tax fraud, racketeering and other crimes. In 2002, the brothel's furniture, paintings and accessories were auctioned off. The Bureau of Land Management sold the Ranch's pink stucco structures on eBay in 2003. Bordello owner Lance Gilman purchased the buildings for $145,100 and moved them to his Wild Horse Adult Resort & Spa five miles to the east, where the relocated and extensively renovated buildings eventually became the second brothel located at that complex. However, the rights to the name Mustang Ranch, which Gilman had hoped to use for this new brothel, were tied up in a court battle with David Burgess, the owner of the Old Bridge Ranch, nephew of Joe Conforte, and manager of the Mustang Ranch from 1979 until 1989. In December 2006, a federal judge ruled that Gilman was the "exclusive owner of the Mustang Ranch trademark" giving him the rights to use the name and branding.
White Pine County
Ely
Ely City Council restricted brothels to one area on the outskirts in 1959. At one stage the brothels covered three blocks and employed over 400 women. The two remaining brothels are located in "Bronc Alley" red-light district in High Street.
Stardust Ranch – In 1999 the City Council voted 3–2 to shut down the Stardust but Mayor Robert Miller overturned this decision because of the economic benefits the brothel brought to the city.
Big 4 Ranch – One of the oldest brothels in Nevada, it was built in the late 1880s and opened as Rainey's dance hall. In 1939 it became a brothel, named the "Big 4" after the four men who co-owned it. The brothel closed in 1999 and was bought by the owners of the Stardust Ranch
Defunct brothels
Churchill County
Fallon
Lazy B Ranch – It opened in 1975, and was reputed to allow minors as customers, even having a separate waiting room for them. There was no main-connected power or water at the brothel. Power was supplied from a generator. A well was dug but the water was too salty to drink, so drinking water had to be shipped in and the women showered at the nearby Salt Wells Villa. The brothel closed in 1999 and it was rumoured that it was bought by Momma Katt, the former madam at Sue's in Elko, but it never reopened.
Salt Wells Villa – This brothel was a collection of trailers located at Salt Wells, 15 miles east of Fallon. It opened in 1975 and featured a fireplace, pool table and a dancing stage. In 1977 it was firebombed. The local sheriff's wife, Mildred Banovich, was charged with arson and received a short jail sentence after pleading guilty. The brothel's owner, Reina Fuchigami (aka Gina Wilson), sold the business in the 1980s after being accused of employing underage prostitutes. The brothel changed hands several times until bought by James Kopulos in 1996.
Many of Kopulos's customers were from the nearby Fallon Naval Air Station, who received a 10% discount, and some paid by credit card. The cards were billed as "James Fine Dining". A 1998 report by the General Accounting Office censured the Navy for about 50 of its cardholders spending more than $13,000 at Salt Wells and other Nevada brothels using their travel cards. Free showers and coffee were offered to truckers.
In January 2000, GQ magazine called Salt Wells Villa the best brothel in Nevada.
Prostitute Maggie Holmes accused the brothel of not withholding taxes from her money and failing to pay for her medical examinations in 2003. In response Kopulos claimed he did not understand the intricacies of local laws. Later in the year the brothel was closed for a short while after inspectors found rodent infestation and a lack of drinking water. In financial trouble, and the county having voted to revoke his license, Kopulos surrendered his license and closed the brothel in May 2004.
Clark County
Las Vegas
Arizona Club – Originally a large bar in Las Vegas's Block 16, famous for its 40-foot mahogany bar. When the bar changed hands in 1912, the new owner built a second story to house a brothel. It became known as the "Queen of Block 16". The brothel continued until 1942 when the Las Vegas authorities, under pressure from the US Military, closed the whole of Block 16.
Roxie's – Closed in 1954 after a federal raid. At the trial it emerged that the county sheriff had been receiving bribes to keep the brothel open.
Elko County
Elko
PJ's Lucky Strike (closed, early 2000s) – It was located next door to Inez's D&D.
No. 1 Geisha
Formerly Mona Lisa Ranch and CharDon's Club, it closed in 2011.
Wells
Blue Fox Brothel
Esmeralda County
Lida Junction
Cottontail Ranch
The ranch opened in October 1967. It is also known as the Cottontail Ranch Club. In 1967, Howard Hughes allegedly made several visits to the Cottontail Ranch for entertainment while he was living in Las Vegas.
In the 1970s, then madam Beverly Harrell battled with the United States Bureau of Land Management which was attempting to have the brothel removed from federal land. Harrell also was a candidate for the Nevada Assembly in 1974.
The Cottontail Ranch was closed in 2004 when the madam retired.
Goldfield
The Den – Attached to the Ajax & Martine Saloon.
Harem – It was run by Dorothy Reed.
Eureka County
Brothels are now illegal in Eureka County.
Eureka
Pat's Country Club – This brothel was located half a mile east of Eureka and was only open for a short while. It was operated by the owner of Fran's Star Ranch
Humboldt County
Winnemucca
Winnemucca's brothels were concentrated in a single cul-de-sac called The Line. There was parking for about 80 trucks, and the truck drivers were offered free showers & coffee.
Cozy Corner Brothel – This brothel was refurbished in 2000. It closed in the winter of 2005 and reopened in the summer of 2006 as the Wild West Saloon.
My Place Bar and Brothel (formerly Irene's Combination Bar; closed and demolished)
Paradise Cafe – This was also a strip club, the prostitutes also performing the striptease.
Pussycat Ranch – It has also been known as Pussycat Saloon and Pussycat Brothel. It was built in 1839 as a saloon. It is now closed and demolished
Simones de Paris – Simones reopened in 2001 and featured a Jacuzzi. It is now closed and was demolished in 2008.
Villa Joy Brothel – This was the largest brothel in Winnemucca. It had a strip club attached, the Paradise Cafe.
Lander County
Battle Mountain
Calico Club (closed) – In 1986 the brothel was brought by Ginger and Chuck Barrett along with the nearby Desert Club. The Calico Club was sold to owners of Donna's Ranch in October 2000 and renamed Donna's Battle Mountain Ranch.
Lincoln County
Prostitution made illegal in 1978, but several legal brothels operated before then.
Coyote Springs
Betty's Coyote Springs Ranch – Opened in 1970–71 by Sally Hall, it was known as Sally's. It was taken over by Betty Armstrong (aka Betty Rustin) in 1972 and the name changed. The brothel was later taken over by Judy Kuban and the name changed to Judy's Ranch. Located on Highway 93, this brothel featured a waterbed room, swimming pool, and horse stables. This brothel closed when Lincoln County introduced its prostitution ban. The owner was co-appellant with the owner of Sheri's Ranch in the unsuccessful attempt to have the ban overturned.
Sheri's Ranch
This brothel was located on Highway 93 and featured a swimming pool and an airstrip. Following the ban on prostitution in Lincoln County, the owner, Lorraine Helms, appealed against the brothel ban, on the grounds it was unlawful. The Supreme Court of Nevada ruled that the ban was lawful in 1980. The brothel subsequently relocated to Pahrump in Nye County.
Lyon County
Restricted brothels to Mound House area, east of Carson City, in 1970, forcing brothels in other parts of the county to close.
Mound House
Starlight Ranch (1970s – early 1980s)
Wabuska
Town House Guest Ranch – This was a busy brothel in the 1960s and closed around 1970 when Lyon County restricted brothels to the Mound House area.
Yerington
Old Hospital (1940s)
Green Lantern (1950s)
Mineral County
Hawthorne
Desert Dollhouse/The Green Front – In the 1970s the Green Front operated from a main road in Hawthorne. Because the cars of local officials were often seen in the parking lot, it relocated to a discreet side street circa 1980. In the late 1980s, under pressure from local inhabitants, the brothel moved to a dirt road off Highway 95 north of Hawthorne and the name changed to the Desert Dollhouse.
Mina
Billie's Day & Night – A small brothel run by septuagenarian Opel Radcliffe It was later owned by Bill 'Little Bill' Wilkins who also owned the nearby Playmate Ranch.
Francine's Lucky Strike Brothel
Schurz
B.J.'s – B.J.'s operated from a converted motel on Highway 95 from 1980 to 1981. It was named after Betty and Jean, the two women who owned it.
Nye County
Ash Meadows
Ash Meadows Sky Ranch
Originally built as a motel and restaurant, the Ash Meadows Lodge, a brothel was later added. Located on a gravel road 2.5 miles from the California border, it was one of the first three brothels to be licensed by Nye County in 1958. Vickie Starr brought the brothel in 1971 after selling Vickie's Star Ranch in Beatty. She changed the name to Ash Meadows Sky Ranch, "sky" coming from the brothel's airstrip. The ranch was one of the most impressive brothels in Nevada during the period, featuring a swimming pool, restaurant, hotel, and golf course. A few years later Nye County declined to renew the brothel license because, due to its remote location, it was costly for the medical examiner to visit weekly for the prostitutes check-ups. The brothel closed. Several scenes from the 1987 film Cherry 2000 were shot at the disused brothel.
Belmont
Cosmopolitan Saloon – Mentioned in the Belmont Courier, March 21, 1874.
Crook Shop – Mentioned in the Belmont Courier, June 27, 1874.
Beatty
Red Rooster (operated prior to 1960s)
Willow Trees (operated prior to 1960s. Also known as the Weeping willows)
Angel's Ladies
Originally planned as the Cottonwood Club, it was opened as the Jolly Dolly by Joe Conforte as one of the three brothels licensed by Nye County when they first passed brothel legislation in 1958. The other two were the Ash Meadows Lodge in Ash Meadows and the Buckeye Bar outside Tonopah. Betty Anderson ran the brothel. Vickie Starr purchased the brothel in 1959 or 1960 and changed the name to Vickie's Star Ranch. The brothel was badly damaged by floods in about 1970 and Starr sold it to Fran York and an investor in 1971, who changed the name to Fran's Star Ranch. York bought out the investor in 1979 for $250,000. It featured an airstrip and a 50' swimming pool In 1997 the brothel was sold to Mack Moore who changed the name to Angel's Ladies, Angel being the name of his wife. The brothel closed in August 2014.
Bikini's Gentlemen's Club – Guy Brenkman, owner of a strip club in Peoria, Illinois, moved to Nevada with the intention of opening a brothel. He brought 80 acres about a mile south of Beatty and built his brothel, which also featured a strip club. In January 2011, Nye County issued a brothel license for Bikini's Gentlemen's Club. The license was for five prostitutes to be working at any one time, out of a total of ten. Brenkman fell foul of the advertising regulations for brothels, however, resulting in his license not being renewed in June of the same year.
Crystal
Cherry Patch Ranch – Opened by Maynard "Joe" Richards in 1978, the Cherry Patch Ranch consisted of several trailers beside a road and dirt airstrip. Following Richards' bribing of a Nye County commissioner, the property was sold to Dennis Hof. Hof would announce several plans for reopening the closed brothel under different themes, however none would come to pass. The property was part of the sale of Hof's properties in 2022.
Montgomery Pass
Janie's Ranch – Housed in a number of trailers, Janie's Ranch was located on Route 6. The women lived in one trailer and entertained in another. It was rumoured that the entertaining rooms all had cameras and intercoms. The madam, Betty, would yell at any disagreeable customers through the intercom. The brothel closed in the early 1990s.
Rhyolite
Adobe Dance Hall – The Adobe was built in May 1905 by Bob Buynum. It consisted of a dance hall, bar, and rooms for the prostitutes' use. It was brought by Harry Duval, who owned a further eight cribs and a brothel in the red light district in 1910.
Alberta Dent's – Originally Maggie Keeley's, it was valued at $3.500 in the 1907 tax assessment.
Jewel Consolidated – Mabel Vaughn purchased a property in 1905 and converted it into a brothel. It marked the northwest corner of Rhyolite, Nevada's red-light district. The brothel was destroyed by fire in August 1908.
Tonopah
Bobbie's Buckeye Bar – The Buckeye Bar was located on Route 6 just outside Tonopah on the site of the Buckeye Mine. It was opened by Mary ("Madam Bobbie") Duncan and Margaret Cox after Cox's previous brothel, The Trees, had been shut. Duncan later became the sole owner and the name was changed to Bobbie's Buckeye Bar. In 1963 the brothel was refurbished and greatly extended. The brothel closed when Madam Bobbie died in 1989. Nye County had enabled an ordinance that brothels must be at least 300 yards from any road. The Buckeye Bar was 100 yards from the road, but Duncan had been allowed to continue operating under "grandfather rights". The county refused to continue the grandfather rights to the purchasers of Duncan's estate. They appealed but were unsuccessful, so the brothel never reopened.
Big Casino – Opened in late 1904 or early 1905, the Big Casino was a restaurant, saloon, betting parlor, dance hall, and brothel. It claimed to be the biggest of its type in the world. It also had a small orchestra.
There were three gaming tables and a bar inside the dance hall. There was an oak rail between the bar and the maple dance floor. Along one side of the dance floor were booths, each with a table and chairs and a door that could be closed. There was a balcony with rooms leading off this where the house prostitutes took their clients.
The Casino had wires to all the major racetracks of the time, and offered bets on all major sporting events. The Gans-Herman World Lightweight Boxing Championship fight was held there on New Year's Day 1907. Following the introduction of Nevada's anti-gambling law in 1910 the fortune of the Casino started to decline. In 1912, the Casino's liquor license was revoked by the Nye County commissioners for violating anti-gambling act. The following year, U.S. Circuit Court at Carson City appointed a receiver for the Big Casino Company to run the establishment until the financial matters were straightened out. Effectively the federal government were now running a brothel. It became known as "Woodrow Wilson's Dancing Academy". During this period, the 25–30 women working at the Casino were paid 40% of the drinks they sold and 50% of the charges for dances and 'other services'.
After the closure of the dance hall, the Casino was converted into the Big Casino Hotel in 1920 and continued the brothel activities. On August 23, 1922, a fire swept through Tonopah's red-light district and the Casino was destroyed.
Nugget Bar – On December 18, 1951, the owner of the Nugget Bar, Inez Parker, and a prostitute who worked there, Alice Nashlund, were found in the bar having been assaulted. Nashlund died of her injuries two days later. Customer Ray Millan was arrested for the murder. He was acquitted at his trial. District Judge William D. Hatton directed a grand jury should look into the matter. The grand jury concluded Nashlund was murdered by person or persons unknown.
Taxscine's – Run by Taxscine Ornelas, this brothel was one of the two remaining brothels in Tonopah's red-light district in 1951. During World War II, Taxscine was known by the airmen at the nearby Tonopah Air Force Base as "The Little Desert Mother".
The Trees – After the red-light district in Tonopah was closed in 1952, Margaret Cox started a new brothel nearby. It was closed on the order of the District Attorney William J. Crowell on October 14, 1953.
Scotty's Junction
Shady Lady Ranch
The ranch was located south of Scotty's Junction between Nye County Mile Markers 91 and 92 on US 95. It was known for challenging Nevada laws that prohibited the advertising of prostitution services, and that effectively banned male prostitution by requiring all such workers to receive regular cervical exams. The ranch closed in 2014. It is currently operated by new management as a bed and breakfast.
Pershing County
Pershing County used zoning laws to close its last brothel in 1970 and banned prostitution entirely in 1972.
Lovelock
All Lovelock brothels are now closed.
La' Belle – La' Belle was the most impressive brothel in Lovelock. It was owned by Irene York.
Monterey Bar – The Monterey Bar was located within Lovelock.
Roadhouse – This brothel was located a couple of miles outside Lovelock. It closed circa 1970 when Pershing County passed a law restricting where brothels could be located.
Storey County
Sparks
Mustang Ranch (1967–1999)
Opened by Joe Conforte in 1967, it burned down in 1975 (suspected arson) and was rebuilt about 500 feet (150 m) from the original site. A second brothel was built on the site in 1982 and known as the Mustang II, the original being rebranded as "World Famous Mustang Ranch". The brothel was seized and shut down by the IRS in 1999. The buildings were later auctioned off and moved to form the nearby World Famous Brothel.
Old Bridge Ranch
Built on the site of the original Mustang Ranch It featured prints by Olivia De Berardinis, Salvador Dalí and Gottfried Helnwein on the walls. The owner, David Burgess, was a nephew of Joe Conforte, and managed the Mustang Ranch between 1979 and 1989.
In 1998 Burgess's brothel operator's license was revoked on the grounds he was a member of the Hells Angels. The Supreme Court of Nevada ruled that being a Hells Angel did not violate any conditions of the licensing, so his license was reinstated. In 2008 Burgess's RV was stopped in Wyoming by police. A search of the vehicle uncovered drugs and child pornography. Burgess was found guilty of possessing and transporting child pornography, and he was jailed for 15 years. Story County officials changed the brothel licensing laws to prevent Burgess's non-licensed associates from running the brothel and the brothel closed.
Wild Horse Ranch (2002–2011)
On June 7, 2002, the Wild Horse Canyon Ranch opened for business in an eight-room temporary facility located on the property that would eventually become known as the Wild Horse Adult Resort & Spa. In May 2003 the newly built main house of the renamed Wild Horse Ranch opened for business. The former temporary facility was then renovated and became the Manager's Residence. The gated entrance to the entire property also opened at this time.
On November 15, 2011, The Wild Horse Ranch lost its brothel license and was forced to shut down. The license was revoked due to owner Lance Gilman illegally having a silent partner, Tom Gonzales, from whom he borrowed $2.25 million for 5% ownership.
World Famous Brothel
The original Mustang Ranch was forfeited to the federal government in 1999 following owner, Joe Conforte's convictions for tax fraud, racketeering and other crimes. In 2002, the brothel's furniture, paintings and accessories were auctioned off. The Bureau of Land Management sold the Ranch's pink stucco structures on eBay in 2003. Bordello owner Lance Gilman purchased the buildings for $145,100 and moved them to his Wild Horse Adult Resort & Spa five miles to the east, where the relocated and extensively renovated buildings eventually became the second brothel located at that complex. However, the rights to the name Mustang Ranch, which Gilman had hoped to use for this new brothel, were tied up in a court battle with David Burgess, the owner of the Old Bridge Ranch, nephew of Joe Conforte, and manager of the Mustang Ranch from 1979 until 1989. The brothel was known as "World Famous Brothel" until the court ruled in favor of Gilman using the Mustang branding in December 2006.
Virginia City
Julia's Place (19th century) – Operated by Julia Bulette.
near Wadsworth
Triangle River Ranch (1955–1959) – Reported to have been operating illegally, located at the junction of Storey, Washoe, and Lyon Counties. Thebrothel's trailers were moved across county boundaries as legal situations dictated.
Washoe County
Reno
Brothels were restricted to an area known as "The Stockade", prior to their final closure in 1949. Brothels included:
The Cottage
The Willows (closed 1949)
White Pine County
Ely
Green Lantern – The Green Lantern first opened in the 1950s and was one of the most impressive brothels in Ely. It closed briefly in 1995 on drug charges and permanently closed in 1999.
See also
References
Further reading
External links
NVBrothels.net (Archived pages, the Internet Archive, August 8, 2003):
Nevada Brothel Directory – list of operating brothels, circa 2003
Closed and Renamed Brothels – closed/renamed brothels list, circa 2003
Nevada Brothels Map – map of operating brothels, circa 2003
Closed Nevada Brothels Map – locations of closed brothels, circa 2003
Nevada Brothels Map – List of all operating brothels in Nevada and a map with locations, circa 2010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20brothels%20in%20Nevada |
"Stop and identify" statutes are laws in several U.S. states that authorize police to lawfully order people whom they reasonably suspect of committing a crime to state their name. If there is not reasonable suspicion that a person has committed a crime, is committing a crime, or is about to commit a crime, the person is not required to identify himself or herself, even in these states.
The Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires warrants to be supported by probable cause. In Terry v. Ohio (1968), the U.S. Supreme Court established that it is constitutional for police to temporarily detain a person based on "specific and articulable facts" that establish reasonable suspicion that a crime has been or will be committed. An officer may conduct a patdown for weapons based on a reasonable suspicion that the person is armed and poses a threat to the officer or others. In Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada (2004), the Supreme Court held that statutes requiring suspects to disclose their names during a valid Terry stop did not violate the Fourth Amendment.
However, some "stop and identify" statutes that are unclear about how people must identify themselves violate suspects' due process right through the void for vagueness doctrine. For instance, in Kolender v. Lawson (1983), the U.S. Supreme Court invalidated a California law requiring "credible and reliable" identification as overly vague. The court also held that the Fifth Amendment could allow a suspect to refuse to give the suspect's name if he or she articulated a reasonable belief that giving the name could be incriminating.
The Nevada "stop-and-identify" law at issue in Hiibel allows police officers to detain any person encountered under circumstances which reasonably indicate that "the person has committed, is committing or is about to commit a crime"; the person may be detained only to "ascertain his identity and the suspicious circumstances surrounding his presence abroad." In turn, the law requires that the officer have a reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement, and that the person detained "identify himself," but the law does not compel the person to answer any other questions by the officer. The Nevada Supreme Court interpreted "identify" under the state's law to mean merely stating one's name.
As of April 2008, 23 other states had similar laws. Additional states (including Arizona, Texas, South Dakota and Oregon) have such laws just for motorists, which penalize the failure to present a driver license during a traffic stop.
Encounters between law enforcement and the general public
In the United States, interactions between police and others fall into three general categories: consensual ("contact" or "conversation"), detention (often called a Terry stop, after Terry v. Ohio, ), or arrest. "Stop and identify" laws pertain to detentions.
Different obligations apply to drivers of motor vehicles, who generally are required by state vehicle codes to present a driver's license to police upon request.
Consensual
At any time, police may approach a person and ask questions. Police may suspect involvement in a crime, but may lack knowledge of any "specific and articulable facts" that would justify a detention or arrest, and hope to obtain these facts from the questioning. The person approached is not required to identify themselves or answer any other questions, and may leave at any time.
Police are not required to tell a person that he or she is free to decline to answer questions and go about his or her business; however, a person can usually determine whether the interaction is consensual by asking, "Am I free to go?".
Reasonable suspicion
A person is detained when circumstances are such that a reasonable person would believe the person is not free to leave.
Police may briefly detain a person if the police have a reasonable suspicion that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime. Many state laws explicitly grant this authority. In Terry v. Ohio, the U.S. Supreme Court established that police may conduct a limited search for weapons (known as a "frisk") if the police reasonably suspect that the person to be detained may be armed and dangerous.
While the police officer must have reasonable suspicion to detain a person, the officer has no obligation to inform the person what that suspicion was. The only time the officer would have to articulate the suspicion is when the person was arrested, and the person later challenged the validity of the stop in court.
Police may question a person detained in a Terry stop but, in general, the detainee is not required to answer. However, many states have "stop and identify" laws that explicitly require a person detained under the conditions of Terry to identify themselves to police, and in some cases, to provide additional information.
Before Hiibel, whether a detainee could be arrested and prosecuted for refusing to disclose their name was an unresolved issue. Authority on this issue was split among the federal circuit courts of appeal, and the U.S. Supreme Court twice expressly refused to address the question. In Hiibel, the Court opinion implied that a detainee was not required to produce written identification, but could satisfy the requirement merely by stating the detainee's name. Some "stop and identify" laws do not require that a detainee identify himself or herself, but allow the refusal to do so to be considered along with other factors in determining whether there is probable cause to arrest.
, the Supreme Court has not addressed the validity of requirements that a detainee provide information other than their name. Some states, such as Arizona, however, have specifically codified that a detained person is not required to provide any information aside from a full name.
Arrest
A detention requires only that police have reasonable suspicion that a person is involved in criminal activity. However, to make an arrest, an officer must have probable cause to believe that the person has committed a crime. Some states require police to inform the person of the intent to make the arrest and the cause for the arrest. But it is not always obvious when a detention becomes an arrest. After making an arrest, police may search a person, their belongings, and their immediate surroundings.
Whether an arrested person must identify himself or herself may depend on the jurisdiction in which the arrest occurs. On June 23, 2022, the Supreme Court of the United States voted six to three in the decision Vega v. Tekoh that police may not be sued for failing to administer Miranda warning. However, Miranda does not apply to biographical data necessary to complete booking. It is not clear whether a "stop and identify" law could compel giving one's name after being arrested, although some states have laws that specifically require an arrested person to give their name and other biographical information, and some state courts have held that refusal to give one's name constitutes obstructing a public officer. As a practical matter, an arrested person who refused to give their name would have little chance of obtaining a prompt release.
Obligation to identify
States not listed do not have a requirement to show Identification to law enforcement officers. Some states listed have "stop and ID" laws which may or may not require someone to identify themself during an investigative detention.
While Wisconsin statutes allow law enforcement officers to "demand" ID, there is no statutory requirement to provide them ID nor is there a penalty for refusing to; hence Wisconsin is not a must ID state. Annotations for Wisconsin §968.24, however, state "The principles of Terry permit a state to require a suspect to disclose his or her name in the course of a Terry stop and allow imposing criminal penalties for failing to do so", citing Hiibel as authority. Hiibel held that statutes requiring suspects to disclose their names during police investigations did not violate the Fourth Amendment if the statute first required reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement. The Wisconsin Supreme Court held in Henes v. Morrissey that "A crime is made up of two parts: proscribed conduct and a prescribed penalty. The former without the latter is no crime...." In this case no statute penalizes a refusal to identify oneself to a law enforcement officer, and no penalty is set forth in the statute for refusing to identify oneself. This statute is part of Chapter 968 entitled "Commencement of Criminal Proceedings. By its very terms sec. 968.24 empowers a law enforcement officer to stop and question 'in the vicinity where the person was stopped'. The statute does not authorize a law enforcement officer to make an arrest." (These quotes come from the dissenting opinion but is in line with the majority opinion.) Additionally Henes v. Morrissey held that a detained person not providing their name isn't on its own a violation of 946.41 Resisting or obstructing officer as the act of not identifying oneself is not a false statement with intent to mislead the officer in the performance of their duty.
Neither is Illinois, since the Illinois Second District Appellate Court Decision in People v. Fernandez, 2011 IL App (2d) 100473, which specifically states that section 107-14 is found in the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963, not the Criminal Code of 1961, and governs only the conduct of police officers. There is no corresponding duty in the Criminal Code of 1961 that a suspect who is the target of such an order must comply.
, there is no U.S. federal law requiring that an individual identify themself during a Terry stop, but Hiibel held that states may enact such laws, provided the law requires the officer to have reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement, and 24 states have done so. The opinion in Hiibel implied that persons detained by police in jurisdictions with constitutional "stop and identify" laws listed are obligated to identify themselves, and that persons detained in other jurisdictions are not. The issue may not be that simple, however, for several reasons:
The wording of "stop and identify" laws vary considerably from state to state.
Noncompliance with a "stop and identify" law that does not explicitly impose a penalty may constitute violation of another law, such as one to the effect of "resisting, obstructing, or delaying a peace officer".
State courts have made varying interpretations of both "stop and identify" and "obstructing" laws.
Variations in "stop and identify" laws
Four states' laws (Arizona, Indiana, Louisiana, and Nevada) explicitly impose an obligation to provide identifying information.
Nevada stop-and-identify laws require you to identify yourself to officers, but the law only requires you to carry identification while driving. If you are stopped by police while driving, you will be legally required to present proof of your identity by Nevada law.
Fifteen states grant police authority to ask questions, with varying wording, but do not explicitly impose an obligation to respond:
In Montana, police "may request" identifying information;
In Ohio, identifying information may be required "when requested"; an obligation exists only when the police suspect a person is committing, has committed, or is about to commit a criminal offense, is witness to a violent felony offense, or is witness to an attempt or conspiracy to commit a violent felony offense;
In 12 states (Alabama, Delaware, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Utah, Wisconsin), police "may demand" identifying information. However, in New Hampshire for example (RSA 594:2), statutory language authorizing a 'demand' for identity does not establish a legal requirement to provide documentation of identity (ID), or even a requirement to respond in the first place. Further, a law enforcement officer is authorized to make such 'demand' only of individuals for "whom he has reason to suspect is committing, has committed or is about to commit a crime".
Identifying information varies, but typically includes
Name, address, and an explanation of the person's actions;
In some cases it also includes the person's intended destination, the person's date of birth (Indiana and Ohio), or written identification if available (Colorado). Ohio does not require the person's intended destination. Ohio requires only name, address, or date of birth. Date of birth is not required if the age of the person is an element to the crime (such as underage drinking, curfew violation, etc.) that the person is reasonably suspected of. Indiana requires either name, address, and date of birth, or driver's license, if in the person's possession, and only applies if the person was stopped for an infraction or ordinance violation.
Arizona law, apparently written specifically to codify the holding in Hiibel, requires a person's "true full name".
Nevada law, which requires a person to "identify himself or herself", apparently requires only that the person state their name.
Texas law requires a person to provide their name, residence address and date of birth if lawfully arrested and asked by police. (A detained person or witness of a crime is not required to provide any identifying information; however, it is a crime for a detained person or witness to give a false name.) Texas P.C. 38.02
In four states (Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, and Rhode Island), failure to identify oneself is one factor to be considered in a decision to arrest. In all but Rhode Island, the consideration arises in the context of loitering or prowling.
Seven states (Arizona, Florida, Indiana, Louisiana, New Mexico, Ohio, and Vermont) explicitly impose a criminal penalty for noncompliance with the obligation to identify oneself.
Maryland requires a person to respond to identification request if the person is wearing, carrying (open or concealed), or transporting a handgun.
Virginia's criminal code obligates an individual going upon the property of another with intent to hunt, fish, or trap to identify themselves upon demand of the landowner or the landowner's agents (§ 18.2–133), and further imposes an affirmative duty on law enforcement to enforce that section (§ 18.2–136.1).
, the validity of a law requiring that a person detained provide anything more than stating their name has not come before the U.S. Supreme Court.
Interaction with other laws
In states whose "stop and identify laws" do not directly impose penalties, a lawful arrest must be for violation of some other law, such as one to the effect of "resisting, obstructing, or delaying a peace officer". For example, the Nevada "stop and identify" law challenged in Hiibel did not impose a penalty on a person who refused to comply, but the Justice Court of Union Township, Nevada, determined that Hiibel's refusal to identify himself constituted a violation of Nevada "obstructing" law.
A similar conclusion regarding the interaction between Utah "stop and identify" and "obstructing" laws was reached in Oliver v. Woods (10th Cir. 2000).
Interpretation by courts
"Stop and identify" laws in different states that appear to be nearly identical may be different in effect because of interpretations by state courts. For example, California "stop and identify" law, Penal Code §647(e) had wording similar to the Nevada law upheld in Hiibel, but a California appellate court, in People v. Solomon (1973), 33 Cal.App.3d 429 construed the law to require "credible and reliable" identification that carries a "reasonable assurance" of its authenticity. Using this construction, the U.S. Supreme Court held the law to be void for vagueness in Kolender v. Lawson, .
Some courts have recognized a distinction authorizing police to demand identifying information and specifically imposing an obligation of a suspect to respond. Other courts have apparently interpreted demand to impose an obligation on the detainee to comply.
Wording and interpretation by state courts of "obstructing" laws also varies; for example, New York "obstructing" law apparently requires physical rather than simply verbal obstruction; likewise, a violation of the Colorado "obstructing" law appears to require use or threat of use of physical force. However, the Colorado Supreme Court held in Dempsey v. People, No. 04SC362 (2005) that refusing to provide identification was an element in the "totality of the circumstances" that could constitute obstructing an officer, even when actual physical interference was not employed. Utah "obstructing" law does not require a physical act, but merely a failure to follow a "lawful order... necessary to effect the... detention"; a divided court in Oliver v. Woods concluded that failure to present identification constituted a violation of that law.
It is not universally agreed that, absent a "stop and identify law", there is no obligation for a detainee to identify themself. For example, as the U.S. Supreme Court noted in Hiibel, California "stop and identify" statute was voided in Kolender v. Lawson. But in People v. Long, decided four years after Kolender, a California appellate court found no constitutional impropriety in a police officer's demand for written identification from a detainee whom they reasonably suspect of having committed a crime. The issue before the Long court was a request for suppression of evidence uncovered in a search of the defendant's wallet, so the issue of refusal to present identification was not directly addressed; however, the author of the Long opinion had apparently concluded in a 1980 case that failure to identify oneself did not provide a basis for arrest. Nonetheless, some cite Long in maintaining that refusal to present written identification constitutes obstructing an officer. Others disagree, and maintain that persons detained by police in California cannot be compelled to identify themselves.
Some courts, e.g., State v. Flynn (Wis. 1979) and People v. Loudermilk (Calif. 1987), have held that police may perform a search for written identification if a suspect refuses to provide it; a later California decision, People v. Garcia (2006), strongly disagreed.
In the case of Utah v. Strieff (2016), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an officer's stop of Edward Strieff and his demand for identification from Strieff was unlawful under Utah state law, but that the evidence collected pursuant to the stop was admissible due to the determination that Strieff was subject to a pre-existing arrest warrant. Therefore, the pre-existing warrant "attenuated" the unlawful stop-and-identify.
In North Carolina, State v. White interpreted North Carolina's "Resisting officers" statute to apply to suspects who fail to identify themselves to police officers. Conversely, West Virginia's courts decided that their resisting arrest statute did not include individuals who refused to identify themselves.
Recommendations of legal-aid organizations
Some legal organizations, such as the National Lawyers Guild and the ACLU of Northern California, recommend to either remain silent or to identify oneself whether or not a jurisdiction has a "stop and identify" law:
And in any state, police do not always follow the law, DO NOT TALK TO POLICE. Anything you say can and will be used against you. If you fear that your name may be incriminating, you can claim the right to remain silent, and if you are arrested, this may help you later. Giving a false name could be a crime.
In a more recent pamphlet, the ACLU of Northern California elaborated on this further, recommending that a person detained by police should:
...give your name and the information on your drivers' license. If you don't, you may be arrested, even though the arrest may be illegal.
Other countries
Many countries allow police to demand identification and arrest people who do not carry any (or refuse to produce such). Normally these countries provide all residents with national identity cards, which have the identity information the police would want to know, including citizenship. Foreign visitors need to have their passport available to show at all times. In some cases national identity cards from certain other countries are accepted.
For example, in Portugal it is compulsory to carry the state ID card at all times. This card is called the Cartão de Cidadão (Citizen Card); it is an electronic card which includes biometric information, ID number, social security number, fiscal information, et cetera. Police can only ask for the ID card in public or a place open to public and only if there is a reasonable suspicion the person committed a crime. A certified copy of the ID card can be presented in such situations. If a citizen does not carry the ID card or its certified copy, the police will escort the person to the police department to remain detained until clear identification can be obtained.
In other countries like Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom police generally have no power to demand identification unless they have a statutory power to do so. For example, these countries have laws that require pedestrians, drivers, and passengers to produce their licence (for drivers) or state their name, address, etc. when stopped by police. Police may also require people to identify themselves if they have reasonable grounds to believe that they have committed a crime.
See also
Brown v. Texas
Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada
Kolender v. Lawson
Miranda v. Arizona
Terry stop
Loitering
Carding (police policy)
Stop and frisk
References
External links
ACLU "Bust Card" What To Do If You’re Stopped By The Police
ACLU Know Your Rights When Encountering Law Enforcement
10 Rules for Dealing with Police from FlexYourRights.org, a 501(c)(3) educational nonprofit organization.
California Codes
Colorado Revised Statutes
Nevada Revised Statutes
New York Legislature Source for New York State Laws
Stop-and-Identify Laws from Police Chief magazine
Suspects Who Refuse to Identify Themselves from Police Chief magazine
The Identity Project: Hiibel
When Do You Have to Give Your Name at the RNC Protests? An analysis of New York's "stop and identify" law.
U.S. state criminal law
Search and seizure case law
United States Fourth Amendment case law
United States Fifth Amendment self-incrimination case law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop%20and%20identify%20statutes |
Third World Resurgence is the flagship magazine of Third World Network, an international network of organizations and individuals involved in issues relating to environment, development and the Third World and North-South issues. The magazine was started in 1990. According to their website, the aim of the magazine is to give a Third World perspective to the whole range of issues confronting the Third World namely, the environment, health and basic needs, international affairs, politics, economics, culture, and so on. The magazine is published on a monthly basis and is headquartered in Penang, Malaysia. It has also a Spanish version.
References
External links
Website of Third World Resurgence
WorldCat record
1990 establishments in Malaysia
English-language magazines
Magazines established in 1990
Magazines published in Malaysia
Monthly magazines
Political magazines
Spanish-language magazines
Political magazines published in Malaysia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third%20World%20Resurgence |
The Kingdom of Abkhazia (; ), also known Egrisi-Abkhazia, was a medieval feudal state in the Caucasus which was established in the 780s. Through dynastic succession, it was united in 1008 with the Kingdom of the Iberians, forming the Kingdom of Georgia.
Byzantine sources record that in the early years of the 10th century Abkhazia stretched three hundred Greek miles along the Black Sea coast, from the frontiers of the thema of Chaldia to the mouth of the river Nicopsis, with the Caucasus behind it.
History
Background
Abkhazia was a princedom under Byzantine authority. It lay chiefly along the Black Sea coast in what is now the northwestern part of the modern-day Georgia (disputed Republic of Abkhazia) and extended northward into the territory of today's Krasnodar Krai of Russia. It had Anacopia as its capital. Abkhazia was ruled by a hereditary archon who effectively functioned as a Byzantine viceroy. The country was chiefly Christian and the city of Pityus was a seat of an archbishop directly subordinated to the Patriarch of Constantinople. Another Abasgian episcopal see was that of Soterioupolis.
In 735, a large expedition led by Arab general Marwan was launched against the Georgian kingdoms. The Arabs, pursuing the retreating Georgian princes – brothers Mirian and Archil – surged into Abkhazia in 736. Dysentery and floods, combined with a stubborn resistance offered by the archon Leon I and his Iberian and Lazic allies, made the invaders retreat. Leon I then married Mirian's daughter, and a successor, Leon II exploited this dynastic union to acquire Lazica in the 770s. Presumably considered as a successor state of Lazica (Egrisi, in Georgian sources), this new polity continued to be referred to as Egrisi (Lazica) in some contemporary Georgian (e.g., The Vitae of the Georgian Kings by Leonti Mroveli) and Armenian (e.g., The History of Armenia by Hovannes Draskhanakertsi) chronicles.
Establishment and consolidation
The successful defense against the Arabs, and new territorial gains, gave the Abkhazian princes enough power to claim more autonomy from the Byzantine Empire. Towards circa 778, Leon II won his full independence with the help of the Khazars; he assumed the title of "King of the Abkhazians" and transferred his capital to the western Georgian city of Kutaisi. According to Georgian annals, Leon subdivided his kingdom into eight duchies: Abkhazia proper, Tskhumi, Bedia, Guria, Racha and Takveri, Svaneti, Argveti, and Kutatisi. During his reign Abkhazian kingdom was at the stage of the state building and was less active in the matter of spreading the borders of the kingdom to the East. After obtaining of the state independence, the matter of the church independence became the main problem. In the early 9th century Abkhazian Church broke away from Constantinople and recognized the authority of the Catholicate of Mtskheta; language of the church in Abkhazia shifted from Greek to Georgian, as Byzantine power decreased and doctrinal differences disappeared.
The most prosperous period of the Abkhazian kingdom was between 850 and 950. Beginning with George I (864 – 871), the increasingly expansionist tendencies of the kingdom led to the enlargement of its realm to the east. The Abkhazian kings controlled duchy of Kartli (central and part of eastern Georgia), and interfered in the affairs of the Armenian and Georgian Bagratids. In about 908 King Constantine III (894 – 923) had finally annexed a significant portion of Kartli, bringing his borders close to the Arab-controlled Tbilisi. For a brief period of time, Kakheti and Hereti in eastern Georgia also recognized the Abkhazian suzerainty. Constantine III also tried to extend his influence over Alania by supporting their Christianization. Under his son, George II (923 – 957), the Abkhazian Kingdom reached a climax of power and prestige. George was also known as a promoter of Orthodox Christianity and a patron of Georgian Christian culture. He helped to establish Christianity as an official religion in Alania, winning the thanks of Constantinople. The contemporary Georgian annals knew him as a "builder of churches". George's successors, however, were unable to retain the kingdom's strength and integrity. During the reign of Leon III (960–969), Kakheti and Hereti emancipated themselves from the Abkhazian rule. A bitter civil war and feudal revolts which began under Demetrius III (969–976) led the kingdom into complete anarchy under the unfortunate Theodosius III the Blind (975 – 978), a weak and inauspicious king.
Unification
By that time the hegemony in the South Caucasus had finally passed to the Georgian Bagratids of Tao-Klarjeti. In 978, the Bagratid prince Bagrat, nephew (sister's son) of the heirless Theodosius, occupied the Abkhazian throne with the help of his adoptive father David III of Tao. Bagrat's descent from both Bagratid and Abkhazian dynasties made him an acceptable choice for the nobles of the realm who were growing weary of internecine quarrels. In 1008, Bagrat succeeded on the death of his natural father Gurgen as the "King of the Iberians". Thus, these two kingdoms unified through dynastic succession, in practice laying the foundation for the unified Georgian monarchy, officially styled then as the Kingdom of Georgia.
Rulers
Most Abkhazian kings, with the exception of John and Adarnase of the Shavliani (presumably of Svan origin), came from the dynasty which is sometimes known in modern history writing as the Leonids after the first king Leon, or Anosids, after the prince Anos from whom the royal family claimed their origin. Prince Cyril Toumanoff relates the name of Anos to the later Abkhaz noble family of Anchabadze. By convention, the regnal numbers of the Abkhazian kings continue from those of the archons of Abasgia. There is also some lack of consistency about the dates of their reigns. The chronology below is given as per Toumanoff.
Historiography
Writing the kingdom's primary history was dominated by Georgian and Byzantine sources supported by modern epigraphic and archaeological records.
The constitution of the kingdom is presented differently in the Abkhazian and Georgian historiography, with the ethnic composition of the population and the origin of the ruling dynasty being especially contentious.
For the Abkhazian historians, the kingdom of Abkhazia is considered the historical root of the nation and the "1200-year statehood tradition" is emphasised. The dominant Georgian narrative emphasises the joint Georgian-Abkhazian state and the dominant role of the Georgian language and culture.
Most international scholars agree that it is extremely difficult to judge the ethnic identity of the various population segments due primarily to the fact that the terms "Abkhazia" and "Abkhazians" were used in a broad sense during this period—and for some while later—and covered, for all practical purposes, all the population of the kingdom, comprising both the Georgian (including also Mingrelians, Laz, and Svans with their distinct languages that are related to the Georgian language) and Abkhaz (Abasgoi, Apsilae, and Zygii) peoples. It seems likely that a significant (if not predominant) proportion of the Georgian-speaking population, combined with a drive of the Abkhazian kings to throw off the Byzantine political and cultural dominance, resulted in Georgian replacing Greek as the language of literacy and culture.
Gallery
See also
History of Georgia (country)
Notes
References
Sources and further reading
Alexei Zverev, Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988-1994, in B. Coppieters (ed.), Contested Borders in the Caucasus, Brussels: VUBPress, 1996
Graham Smith, Edward A Allworth, Vivien A Law, Annette Bohr, Andrew Wilson, Nation-Building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands: The Politics of National Identities, Cambridge University Press (September 10, 1998),
Encyclopaedia of Islam
Center for Citizen Peacebuilding, Aspects of the Georgian-Abkhazian Conflict
Вахушти Багратиони. История царства грузинского. Жизнь Эгриси, Абхазети или Имерети. Ч.1
S. H. Rapp, Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts, Peeters Bvba (September 25, 2003)
Conflicting Narratives in Abkhazia and Georgia. Different Visions of the Same History and the Quest for Objectivity, an article by Levan Gigineishvili, 2003
The Role of Historiography in the Abkhazo-Georgian Conflict , an article by Seiichi Kitagawa, 1996
Georgiy I Mirsky, G I Mirskii, On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union (Contributions in Political Science), Greenwood Press (January 30, 1997)
Ronald Grigor Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd edition (December 1994), Indiana University Press, , page 45
Robert W. Thomson (translator), Rewriting Caucasian History: The Medieval Armenian Adaptation of the Georgian Chronicles: The Original Georgian Texts and Armenian Adaptation (Oxford Oriental Monographs), Oxford University Press, USA (June 27, 1996),
Toumanoff C., Chronology of the Kings of Abasgia and other Problems // Le Muséon, 69 (1956), S. 73-90.
Abkhazia
778 establishments
1008 disestablishments in Asia
States and territories established in the 8th century
Former monarchies of Europe
Former monarchies of Asia
Medieval Georgia (country)
Former monarchies of West Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Abkhazia |
The Honourable Phryne Fisher ( ), often called "Miss Fisher", is the main character in Australian author Kerry Greenwood's series of Phryne Fisher detective novels. The character later appeared in a television series called Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries, and the film Miss Fisher and the Crypt of Tears. Phryne is a wealthy aristocrat and private detective who lives in St Kilda, Melbourne. The first 15 novels are set in the year 1928. With the assistance of her companion Dot, and Bert and Cec (who are wharfies, taxi drivers and "red raggers" [Australian slang of that period meaning communists]), she solves all manner of crimes.
As a crime fiction character, she has been called a "quintessentially Australian" construction. Phryne is no ordinary aristocrat, as she can fly a plane, drives her own car (a Hispano-Suiza) and sometimes wears trousers. While displaying bohemian panache, she manages also to maintain style and class. Phryne was accidentally named after Phryne, a famous Greek courtesan who lived in the 4th century BC. At her christening, her father forgot the classical name Psyche that her parents had intended for her.
Biography
Early life
Phryne is described in the first of Kerry Greenwood's books, Cocaine Blues, as being named after the courtesan Phryne, after her father forgot her chosen name of Psyche at the christening. Phryne was not always rich, having been born into a poor family in Collingwood, Melbourne. Her childhood was one of poverty and she occasionally had to scavenge for food in the pig-bins in Victoria Market. She often ate rabbit and cabbage because there was no other food available. In Cocaine Blues, she tells her maidservant and secretary Dot that during her youth, she "starved like Billy-o" and that her sister died of diphtheria and starvation.
In the First World War, the other male heirs to a British peerage were killed, and Phryne's father inherited the title. In the book Blood and Circuses, her father is described as an earl, but in the TV series her father is a baron. As his daughter, she was granted the style of "The Honourable Phryne Fisher" (which is the title for a daughter to a Baron or Viscount while as a daughter to an Earl she would instead be "Lady Phryne") and an enormous fortune. She has an aunt, Mrs. Prudence Stanley. Although she is described as having sisters and a brother, it is not clear how many sisters she has, but her younger sister died of diphtheria.
After completing school, Phryne ran away to France where she joined a French women's ambulance unit during the Great War, receiving a reward for bravery and a French war pension. She then worked as an artist's model in Montparnasse after the war. Following her time in France, Phryne travelled widely and has disclosed that she has, amongst other places, visited Florence and spent a night in a Turkish prison (for unknown reasons).
Move to Australia and career as a detective
Phryne Fisher's career as a detective is described in Cocaine Blues as having had its origins in an incident that took place at her family's estate in England. At an evening ball, a diamond necklace belonging to one of the guests disappeared, and Phryne was able, through observing the guests and the room, to quickly identify the person responsible for the theft as Bobby, a young cricket-playing aristocrat.
Impressed by her skills, another guest at the party, a retired Colonel Harper and his wife, Mrs. Harper, engaged Phryne to travel to Australia, her country of birth, and find out if his daughter, Lydia Andrews, was being treated well by her husband, John Andrews. This set in motion the events described in the first of Kerry Greenwood's books on Phryne Fisher, Cocaine Blues. Phryne's motivation to take up private detection as a career is rooted, at least initially, in boredom with the activities of high society in England. Although she did previously engage in charitable works, Phryne noted that "the company of the Charitable Ladies was not good for her temper."
In Flying Too High, Phryne Fisher decides to settle down in Melbourne, buying a house at 221B, The Esplanade, and moving in there with Dot Williams, her maid. She also engages Mr. and Mrs. Butler to act as her butler and housekeeper, respectively. Phryne confesses to her friend Bunji Ross that she bought the house because it was numbered 221 and that she added 'B' in an obvious reference to the home of Sherlock Holmes at 221B Baker Street.
Through the course of the books, Phryne collects a personal maid, Dot; two adoptive daughters, Ruth and Jane (whom she rescued from slavery); a cat, Ember; a dog, Molly; and two loyal servants, the Butlers. She also has relationships with a string of lovers, most notably Lin Chung, a wealthy Chinese man (whom she rescues in the city one evening). Lin is the only lover with whom she maintains a relationship for more than a few books and even goes so far as to make a deal with his autocratic and overbearing grandmother that after he is married, she (Phryne) be allowed to continue a relationship with him.
Character and appearance
Appearance
Phryne is described in Cocaine Blues as having a 'short black cap of hair' which is very straight, and cut to leave the nape of her neck and most of her forehead uncovered. She has grey-green eyes. In Flying Too High, she is described by an acquaintance as being 'small, thin, with black hair cut in what I am told is a bob, disconcerting grey-green eyes and porcelain skin. Looks like a Dutch doll." – a description that Phryne herself agrees with.
Character and skills
Phryne can shoot and often carries, and uses, a lady's handgun in her purse. She is frequently described as being possessed of great courage and fearlessness, and personally admits to having very few actual fears (one of them being head-lice, which she abhors). She rarely cries, noting in Cocaine Blues that the last time she had done so was over a book of poetry by Wilfred Owen, after being sickened by the deaths in World War I.
Phryne is a skilled and experienced pilot, and in Flying Too High, performs a number of dangerous and skillful flying maneuvers in a Gipsy Moth plane in response to a flying instructor's doubts about her skills. She has also flown Dr. Elizabeth Macmillan, her friend and a surgeon, through dangerous conditions to provide medical assistance to those who needed it. In addition to planes, Phryne is a skilled, if somewhat reckless driver, and drives a red Hispano-Suiza, one of her prized possessions.
She is fond of dancing and has learned to dance the tango from 'the most expensive gigolo on the Rue de Chat-qui-Peche' in Paris. She speaks French fluently, with a Parisian accent and peppered with 'indelicate apache idioms'.
Phryne is described as being fond of the luxuries her position and wealth afford her, while always being conscious of her impoverished origins. She tells the Princess de Grasse in Cocaine Blues that "there is nothing like being really poor to make you relish being really wealthy." She often carries cash on her person, reasoning that she is unused enough to wealth to want the security of having readily available funds. She is generous with her money, and tips well.
Phryne is frequently described as dressing in high fashion and her clothes are often described in great and elaborate detail. She occasionally dresses in trousers and men's shirts. Phryne also enjoys good food. She is 'devoted' to lobster mayonnaise with cucumbers, in particular. Despite her numerous relationships and conduct that some parts of society might find shocking, Phryne describes herself as being immune to blackmail, showing no alarm, for instance, when Bobby Matthews, a thief she had once caught, threatens to tell all of Melbourne that she had once visited an expensive gigolo in Paris.
Relationships
Although Phryne has had several relationships with men, she is described as being disinclined to settle down and marry. She is described in her books as using a diaphragm sold by Dr. Marie Stopes to avoid unwanted pregnancies. She is described as being heterosexual, and often politely rebuffs advances from women who are attracted to her.
In Cocaine Blues, for instance, she is the subject of the attentions of both Sasha De Lisse and his twin sister Ellie, but tells Sasha that she would prefer him over her, in general. She also declines an unstated offer from a woman attending to her at the Turkish Baths in Melbourne, and notes that she had visited several bars frequented by lesbian and bisexual women in the company of her friend and gigolo, Georges Santin, in Paris. Phryne notes that she "had little leaning towards homosexuality but she had liked the lesbian bars. They were free of the domination of men, creating their own society."
Family
Phryne's relationship with her family can occasionally be strained. In Cocaine Blues, after a theft of jewelry belonging to a guest at a dinner party hosted by the Fishers, Phryne's father and mother engage in a vocal altercation, a situation that Phryne describes as 'normal'. On her arrival in Melbourne, she is initially embarrassed to discover that her father had left a number of unpaid debts of honour there, including one to the local MP, Mr. Sanderson.
Phryne once describes herself as having 'not the faintest spurt of maternity' and demonstrates a disinclination towards young children.
Main and recurring characters
Dorothy 'Dot' Williams
Dorothy Williams, known as 'Dot' is Phryne's confidential maid and social secretary. Phryne meets Dot soon after her arrival in Melbourne, while taking a walk through the city. Dot, possessed of a knife, had been trying to find and kill her former employer's son, who had repeatedly harassed and molested her and had her fired when she resisted his advances. Phryne convinces Dot to hand over the knife and gives her food to eat, and then secures Dot's revenge by using the knife to surreptitiously cut through her persecutor's braces (suspenders), thus disrobing and publicly embarrassing him. Phryne then offers Dot a job as her personal maid and secretary, which Dot accepts. Dot is described as being a very devout Catholic and is very neat with a particular talent for delicate mending and sewing work. She is close to her family and her mother, in particular, whom she visits frequently.
Bert (Albert Johnson) and Cec (Cecil Yates)
Cecil Yates, known as 'Cec', and Albert Johnson, known as 'Bert', together run and operate a taxi cab in Melbourne, Australia. Phryne Fisher first meets them when her ship docks at Melbourne, and they transport her luggage as well as Dr. Elizabeth Macmillan's to their respective hotels. Cec is described as being tall and blonde-haired, with brown eyes and a taciturn, quiet manner. Bert, on the other hand, is short, darker and older than Cec, as well as more voluble. Cec and Bert are both described as 'red-raggers' i.e. Communists. Cec, in particular, is a gifted navigator with a keen memory for the streets of Melbourne, and is also described as having a soft spot for any animal or person in trouble. Cec and Bert eventually join Phryne as investigative assistants. Phryne Fisher pays them enough money to enable them to buy a new taxi to replace their old one.
Jane (née Graham) and Ruth (née Collins) Fisher
Phryne's adopted daughters, Jane, age 13, and Ruth, no older than 15, possibly 14.
Hugh Collins
One of Jack's police constables and Dot's beau.
Mr Tobias Butler and Mrs Aurelia Butler
Phryne's butler and cook. Mr and Mrs. Butler initially planned to retire after working for a long period of time, but were persuaded out of retirement by Phryne Fisher's generous offer of employment as well as her request that they maintain the confidentiality of her work as a private detective. In Flying Too High, they are known by the names 'Ted' and 'Else'
Dr. Elizabeth Macmillan
Dr. Elizabeth Macmillan is a Scottish surgeon who works at the Queen Victoria Hospital for Women in Melbourne, Australia. She is a friend of Phryne's. Dr. Macmillan and Phryne reunited during Phryne's voyage by ship from England to Australia in Cocaine Blues. Dr. Macmillan is described as being of around forty-five years of age, with a broad, strong physique, rough and calloused hands, and a weatherbeaten complexion. Her black hair, now turning white, is cut into a 'short Eton crop' and she tends to dress in men's clothes for convenience. Phryne and Dr. Macmillan first meet when there is a 'flu epidemic at a remote island, and Phyrne steps in to fly Dr. Macmillan in on a plane despite dangerous weather conditions. She then assists Dr. Macmillan in attending to the unwell residents of the island, including slaughtering a Highland cow to make them broth.
Jillian Henderson
Jillian Henderson is a lawyer and a friend of Phryne Fisher's. She frequently represents clients referred to her by Phryne, and has inherited her practice from her father, who was partner in a firm called Henderson, Jones, and Mayhew.
Detective Inspector John 'Jack' Robinson
Phryne Fisher first meets Detective Inspector Jack Robinson while investigating a cocaine ring in Cocaine Blues, and becomes friends with him thereafter. He respects her skills and intelligence, and the two frequently collaborate on criminal investigations. He is described in Murder on the Ballarat Train as being a "private man with a doting family, who grew grevilleas and rare native orchids in his yard."
Police Constable Jones
Woman Police Constable Jones works for Detective Inspector Jack Robinson and is one of the few women in the police force. She frequently acts as a bait and decoy in investigations and has won a medal for Gallantry for baiting and capturing a suspect in a string of rapes.
Secondary characters
Lin Chung – Phryne's lover
Li Pen – A Shaolin monk and Lin's bodyguard
Books
In other media
Television
Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries is a television costume drama series based on the novels, starring Essie Davis in the title role. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Every Cloud Productions produced the series of thirteen one-hour episodes, the first series of which premiered on ABC1 on 24 February 2012.
A second series of 13 episodes followed in 2013, telecast from 6 September to 22 December.
A third series of 8 episodes has been released in 2015. The first episode aired on 8 May, and the season wrapped up with Episode 8 on 26 June.
A new series called Ms Fisher's Modern Murder Mysteries featuring a niece named Peregrine, in a somewhat later time period, is being trailed on the UK Drama channel.
The series has been well awarded:
Australian Film Institute Award Nomination for Best Television Drama Series (2016)
Australian Film Institute Award Nomination for Best Costume Design in Television (2016)
Australian Film Institute Award Winner for Best Costume Design in Television (2014)
Australian Film Institute Award Nomination for Best Lead Actress in a Television Drama (Essie Davis, 2013)
Logie Awards, Gold Logie Award Nomination (Essie Davis, 2016)
Logie Awards, Silver Logie Award Nomination for Best Actress (Essie Davis, 2016)
Logie Awards, Silver Logie Award Nomination for Most Outstanding Actress (Essie Davis, 2016)
Logie Awards, Silver Logie Award Nomination for Most Popular Actress (Ashleigh Cummings, 2013)
Sichuan Television Festival, Gold Panda Award Nomination for Best Writing for a Television Series (2013)
Videogame
In 2015, Every Cloud Productions announced that they had partnered with Melbourne studio Tin Man Games to create a Miss Fisher’s Murder Mysteries game for mobile devices. Miss Fisher and the Deathly Maze, a detective game in the visual novel style, was released in two parts for iOS and Android devices in 2017. Both parts were released together for Windows and Mac computers via Steam in 2018. The game received positive reviews, and won an Australian Game Developer Award (AGDA) in 2017.
Feature Film
A stand-alone action-adventure feature film, Miss Fisher and the Crypt of Tears will pick up the story from the end of the third series. It began production in October 2018. The film is budgeted at $8 million and will be directed by Tony Tilse.
Since 2016, there had been speculation on the possibility that the television series would be made into a feature film. In May 2016, Essie Davis acknowledged interest in playing Miss Fisher in a film. "[We’re] just working out the ideas of how to make it bigger and better and more fabulous than the TV show," she said. Later that year, it was revealed that plans were afoot to produce a trilogy of Phryne Fisher films.
In April 2017, a photo was published on the official Miss Fisher Murder Mysteries Instagram account showing Essie Davis and Nathan Page holding advance copies of a film script titled Miss Fisher and the Crypt of Tears. On 14 September 2017, a crowdfunding campaign was launched on Kickstarter in support of the film. On 15 December 2017, an additional ongoing crowdfunding campaign was begun through IndieGoGo in order to allow fans to continue supporting the effort. The original campaign reached its goal of $250,000 in less than 48 hours.
Bibliography
References
External links
Fictional Australian people
Fictional Australian police detectives
Fictional private investigators
Fictional historical detectives
Fictional people from Victoria (state)
Fictional nobility
Literary characters introduced in 1989
Fictional gentleman detectives
Female characters in literature | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phryne%20Fisher |
Terry Anne Meeuwsen Friedrich (born March 2, 1949) is an American television personality, co-host of the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN)'s 700 Club, author and singer. Meeuwsen is the founder of Orphan’s Promise, a philanthropic organization leading charity efforts for orphans, especially advocating for help in Ukraine.
Meeuwsen was the 1972 Miss Appleton, 1972 Miss Wisconsin and the winner of the Miss America pageant in 1973, taking both the talent and swimsuit competitions. She was the first Miss Wisconsin delegate to hold the Miss America title.
Early life
Meeuwsen was born in 1949 in Green Bay, Wisconsin to Joseph and Beverly (née Anderson). She was the eldest of four children. Her father worked for the Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, while her mother worked for the Wisconsin Telephone Company in her early years then worked until retirement for the Superintendent of Schools.
At De Pere High School, Meeuwsen was selected homecoming queen, and was also a cheerleader for three years. She enrolled at the private liberal arts college, St. Norbert College in fall of 1967. She studied music and drama, but didn’t earn a degree. Between 1969 and 1971, Meeuwsen performed and traveled with the singing group The New Christy Minstrels, but left the group to enter the Miss America pageant preliminary competitions.
After winning the 1972 Miss Appleton and 1972 Miss Wisconsin competitions, Meeuwsen competed in the 1973 Miss America Competition. A fellow competitor included Cynthia Sikes (Miss Kansas; known at the time as Cindy Lee Sikes), who would later become an actress, starring on the NBC medical drama St. Elsewhere. Meeuwsen also competed against Jane Badler, who would become an actress on the 1983 science-fiction miniseries, V. During the competition, Meeuwsen won both the Lifestyle and Fitness and Talent awards, before ultimately winning the title of Miss America 1973.
Career
Early career
Following her reign as Miss America, Meeuwsen began television work at WTMJ-TV in Milwaukee in 1978, co-hosting (with Pete Wilson) a daily morning news and feature program, "A New Day." She left the station in 1986.
Christian Broadcasting Network
In 1981, Meeuwsen accepted a position at The Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN) in Virginia Beach, VA, as co-host of United States Mornings ("USAM"), a proposed news and features program, with veteran newsman Brian Christie joining her as co-host. The 30-minute daily morning show was sold to network affiliates (ABC, CBS, NBC) for access via satellite as a lead-in to their popular morning network shows. (At the time, affiliates typically aired color bars from the previous night's sign-off until the morning network feed began; offering high-profile personality programming to early morning viewers soon led to networks developing their own proprietary lead-ins.)
After appearing on The 700 Club several times in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a guest co-host, she became a permanent co-host in 1993, sitting daily beside CBN founder Pat Robertson. Since 2000, she has co-hosted the CBN show, Living the Life, with comedian Louise DuArt. Both shows air on Freeform.
In her time at The 700 Club, Meeuwsen has covered a range of interviews, especially stories of women such as death row inmate Karla Faye Tucker and Barbara Bush.
Other ventures
On September 12, 1995, Meeuwsen released the pop recording, Eyes of My Heart with Star Song Productions. The album was produced by Cliff Downs.
In 1999, Meeuwsen toured with the Aspiring Women Conference, featuring speakers Twila Paris, Lisa Bevere, Stormie Omartian and others. In 2000, she toured with the Women of Faith Group led by Sheila Walsh.
Orphan's Promise
In 2006, Meeuwsen founded Orphan’s Promise, a non-profit organization benefiting orphans. The organization operates in 69 countries around the world, including in Ukraine, from where Meeuwsen and her husband adopted three children. In 2022, it was reported that Orphan’s Promise has impacted 114,000 children worldwide. Orphan's Promise is a part of the Christian Broadcasting Network’s goodwill arm.
Bibliography
Meeuwsen began writing in the 1990s and has released several books since her first in 1996. She co-authored The Millennium Hope (Answers to Your Most Critical Concerns) with her 700 Club colleague, Pat Robertson. In 2004 she narrated Robertson’s audio book Courting Disaster: How The Supreme Court Is Usurping The Power Of Congress And The People.
Meeuwsen has contributed to books on adoption, a subject close to her family. She wrote the forward for book, Adopted in 2008. In 2011, Meeuwsen wrote the forward for Mardie Caldwell and Heather Featherston's book Called to Adoption: A Christian's Guide to Answering the Call.
Meeuwsen, Terry: Christmas Memories. Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1996. .
Meeuwsen, Terry: Near to the Heart of God. Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1998. .
Meeuwsen, Terry: Just Between Friends. Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1999..
Meeuwsen, Terry: The God Adventure: Embracing His Power and Purpose for You. Multnomah Publishers, 2004. .
Personal life
Meeuwsen was married to sales manager, Thomas A. Camburn from 1974 until 1979.
In 1981, Meeuwsen married her second husband, Andy Friedrich. They were married until his death in July 2023. The couple has strongly advocated adoption, and most of their children are adopted. Their youngest three girls were adopted from Ukraine. The couple have seven children.
References
External links
Terry Meewusen biography at CBN.com
Terry Meeuwsen as a member of the New Christy Minstrels
1949 births
Living people
American Christian writers
American television talk show hosts
Journalists from Wisconsin
Miss America 1970s delegates
Miss America Preliminary Talent winners
Miss America winners
People from De Pere, Wisconsin
St. Norbert College alumni
Writers from Wisconsin
American people of Dutch descent
The New Christy Minstrels members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20Meeuwsen |
Selo Soemardjan (May 23, 1915 in Yogyakarta – June 11, 2003 in Jakarta), also spelled as Selo Sumarjan or Selo Sumardjan, was a well known senior academic in sociology at the University of Indonesia, and is known as the Pioneer of Indonesian Social Sciences. He was awarded with the title Kanjeng Pangeran Haryo, a knighthood from the Yogyakarta Sultanate.
Selo Soemardjan obtained his PhD at Cornell University. After his return from the United States in 1959, he held a range of academic posts, although the majority of his time was spent at UI and the Social Sciences Foundation (Yayasan Ilmu-ilmu Sosial — YIIS) which he co-founded and headed for three decades.
Background and education
He began his career as a government bureaucrat in Java, serving as a district head in a rural area outside Yogyakarta. The term Selo was actually not his name, but a title attributed to Soemardjan's occupation as scribe/secretary to the Yogyakarta government, when he worked as regent of Kulonprogo. However, the term became so embedded with his real name Soemardjan, hence Selo Soemardjan became his proper name.
During the revolutionary period 1945–1950, he was secretary to Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, a major figure in the struggle for independence. In 1948, an American student named George McTurnan Kahin was doing research in Yogyakarta. Kahin asked Minister of Education Ali Sastroamidjojo to suggest a suitable candidate as a research assistant. Sastroamidjojo suggested Selo Soemardjan, who was a civil servant, secretary to Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX.
The situation became even more unstable. Social change that took place during Indonesia's struggle for independence compelled Soemardjan to study sociology. Kahin helped him to get the documents needed to study at Cornell, with sponsorship from the Ford Foundation, and, in February 1956, he went to Cornell, where he studied all the European theories of sociology. In 1959, Soemardjan returned to Yogyakarta to undertake research on social change for his PhD, and after six months, he went back to Cornell to complete his thesis and sit for exams.
Below are several educational establishments he was involved with:
HIS, Yogyakarta (1921–1928)
MULO, Yogyakarta (1928–1931)
MOSVIA, Magelang (1931–1934)
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, AS (PhD 1959)
Career and Works
Upon his graduation from Cornell, Mohammad Sadli of Faculty of Economics in the University of Indonesia asked him to teach sociology in his department. As the only teacher in the department without a background in economics, he taught a subject that was titled "Non-economic Factors in Economic Development."
Later on, Soemardjan established the Faculty of Social Sciences in the University of Indonesia and held the post of Dean for ten years. He was appointed as professor and later on as professor emeritus.
In 1968, after General Suharto officially replaced Sukarno as president, Sadli and his colleagues (often known as the Berkeley Mafia) became the architects of Indonesia's economic policy. Selo Soemardjan was involved in the analysis of non-economic factors.
As a professor, Soemardjan was able to explain sociology theories by using a layman's term, citing everyday examples that are encountered particularly from his past experience as a civil servant.
Regent of Kulonprogo Regency and Staff of Yogyakarta Sultanate / Yogyakarta Provincial Government (1935–1949)
Civilian Chief of Staff for Jakarta Raya (1949–1950)
Head of Defence Staff Secretariat in Prime Minister's Cabinet (1950–1956)
Secretary for State Supervisory Agency (1959–1961)
Head of Department of State
Secretary for the State Auditing Board
Secretary for Minister of State of Economics, Finance, and Industry (1966–1973)
Secretary for Indonesian Vice President Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX (1973–1978)
Assistant for Indonesian Vice President in Social Welfare (1978–1983)
Advisor for Indonesian President (1983–2003)
Lecturer in Faculty of Law Universitas Indonesia
Founder of Faculty of Social Sciences in Universitas Indonesia
Professor in Faculty of Economics Universitas Indonesia
Professor Emeritus in Universitas Indonesia
Publications
Social Changes in Yogyakarta (1962)
Gerakan 10 Mei 1963 di Sukabumi (1963)
Desentralisasi Pemerintahan
Tokoh sosiologi yang terkenal
Award and Honors
Bintang Mahaputra Utama (17 August 1994)
Gelar ilmuwan utama sosiologi (30 August 1994)
Anugerah Hamengkubuwono (HB) IX from Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) (19 January 2002)
Personal life
Selo Soemardjan was married to R.R. Soeleki Brotoatmodjo, a midwife and a car-racer. They had six children, all of them living in Jakarta, Indonesia. They had fifteen grandchildren, and three great-grandchildren.
He died in 2003 due to a heart attack at the age of 88 years. He is buried in Kuncen Cemetery, Yogyakarta.
After his death, the Selo Soemardjan Research Center was established in 2004.
References
Celebrating Indonesia
Tokoh Indonesia (In Indonesian)
Apa Siapa (In Indonesian)
In Memoriam (In Indonesian)
In Memoriam (In Indonesian)
1915 births
2003 deaths
People from Yogyakarta
Javanese people
Cornell University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selo%20Soemardjan |
Platyspondylic lethal skeletal dysplasia, Torrance type is a severe disorder of bone growth. People with this condition have very short arms and legs, a small chest with short ribs, underdeveloped pelvic bones, and unusually short fingers and toes (brachydactyly). This disorder is also characterized by flattened spinal bones (platyspondyly) and abnormal curvature of the spine (lordosis).
As a result of these serious skeletal problems, many infants with platyspondylic lethal skeletal dysplasia, Torrance type are born prematurely, are stillborn, or die shortly after birth from respiratory failure. A few affected people with milder signs and symptoms have lived into adulthood.
Cause
This condition is one of a spectrum of skeletal disorders caused by mutations in the COL2A1 gene. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that forms type II collagen. This type of collagen is found mostly in cartilage and in the clear gel that fills the eyeball (the vitreous). It is essential for the normal development of bones and other tissues that form the body's supportive framework (connective tissues).
Genetics
Mutations in the COL2A1 gene interfere with the assembly of type II collagen molecules, resulting in a reduced amount of this type of collagen in the body. Instead of forming collagen molecules, the abnormal COL2A1 protein builds up in cartilage cells (chondrocytes). These changes disrupt the normal development of bones and other connective tissues, leading to the skeletal abnormalities characteristic of platyspondylic lethal skeletal dysplasia, Torrance type.
This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. In some cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. Other cases may result from new mutations in the gene. These cases occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.
Diagnosis
References
External links
This article incorporates public domain text from The U.S. National Library of Medicine
Autosomal dominant disorders
Skeletal disorders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platyspondylic%20lethal%20skeletal%20dysplasia%2C%20Torrance%20type |
Tâm Đoan is a Vietnamese-Canadian singer. She and her sister Kristine changed their family name to "Sa" when they started their singing careers.
Life and career
Tam Doan's stage name is a purple flower in the Central Highlands, while teaching, her mother discovered it and named it Tam Doan. Tam Doan's family includes father, mother and younger sister Kristine Sa.
Since childhood, Tam Doan has been active in the arts at Song Be Children's House Art Team (now Binh Duong province) and many songs are recorded and broadcast on radio waves of the province. In grade 6 Tam Doan learned more about Mandolin and Guitar.
In 1989, Tam Doan along with his mother and younger sister, left Vietnam to settle in Canada. Here she studied for an extra year of Clarinet in high school.
At the end of 1997, musician Tích Hà introduced Tam Doan to Vân Sơn Entertainment when the center needed a young vocalist. Only in the first year, the name Tam Doan was known thanks to the appearance on 4 video programs (Van Son 7, 8, 9, 10) as well as through 2 CDs Tấm ảnh không hồn and Chuyến tàu hoàng hôn. In the following years, she was released many CDs by Van Son center such as Mùa thu có nhớ, Đếm giọt sầu rơi, Em có nghe mưa rơi...
In 2001, Tam Doan contract with Van Son Entertainment expired. In 2002, Tam Doan was invited by Tô Ngọc Thủy (director of Thúy Nga Productions) to sign the exclusive contract, and at the same time, she also appeared on the DVD of Tình Production. Tam Doan started appearing on the Thúy Nga stage from the show Paris by Night 63 with the theme Dòng Thời Gian.
From 2009 to 2014, Tam Doan collaborated with Asia Entertainment. In 2014, Tam Doan returned to Thúy Nga Productions in the program Paris By Night 112. In addition to singing, Tam Doan currently hosts a talkshow named after her and owns a cosmetic brand called D-One.
Personal life
Tâm Đoan married Tiến Dũng (also a singer) on February 4, 2006 in Toronto, Canada. After getting married, she and her husband moved to the United States to live and develop their career. The two have 2 daughters together.
Discography
Van Son Entertainment: (ordered by CD number)
Tiếng Còi Trong Sương Đêm (CD1587)
Anh Co Nghe Mua Roi (CD1590)
Chong Xa (CD3100)
Loi Thu Xua (CD3354)
Em Con Be Lam Anh Oi (CD3364)
Chuyen Tau Hoang Hon (CD3385)
Tam Anh Khong Hon (CD3417)
Mua Thu Co Nho (CD3451)
Dem Giot Sau Roi (CD3461)
Chuyen Tinh Di Vang (CD13738)
Go Cua / Gia Sang Mua
Dang Do (CD21585)
Nhung Chuyen Tinh Bat Tu
Thúy Nga: (ordered by CD number)
Người Mang Tâm Sự (TNCD281)
Do Chieu w/ Phuong Diem Hanh (TNCD329)
Kiep Ngheo w/ Phuong Diem Hanh
Yêu Vội (TNCD349)
Gục Ngã Vì Yêu (TNCD377)
Tam Su Nguoi Linh Tre w/ Quang Lê
Tam Doan Entertainment: (ordered by CD number)
Giong Ca Di Vang
Sau Le Bong
Tinh Yeu Chua Cao Voi (Thanh Ca)(AsiaCDCS44)
Tinh Music Production:
Som Chong/May Chieu
Lien Khuc Buon Nhu Hoa Phuong w/ Quoc Dung (Duy Truong) & Tuong Nguyen
The Best Of Tam Doan "Giot Buon Khong Ten" 2CDs
Asia Entertainment:
Xin Thoi Gian Qua Mau
Lien Khuc: Dem Buon Tinh Le - Nhung Doi Hoa Sim
Tuyet Lanh w/ Dang The Luan (AsiaCD293)
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
People from Bình Dương Province
Vietnamese emigrants to Canada
21st-century Vietnamese women singers
Vietnamese-language singers
Canadian musicians of Vietnamese descent
21st-century Canadian women singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2m%20%C4%90oan |
The following are the association football events of the year 1997 throughout the world.
Events
January 1 – Manager Leo Beenhakker is named technical director at Dutch club Vitesse Arnhem and replaced as a manager by Sparta Rotterdam head coach Henk ten Cate.
Roberto Carlos goal by famous 'banana shot' in free kick against France in 1997 Tournoi de France
Copa Libertadores 1997: is won by Cruzeiro after defeating Sporting Cristal on an aggregate score of 1–0.
UEFA Champions League: Borussia Dortmund won 3–1 in final against Juventusin the Olympiastadion. The goals for the Germans are scored by Riedle in the 29th and 34th minute and Ricken in the 71st minute.
Scottish Cup: Kilmarnock FC beats Falkirk 1–0.
February 25 – Manager Hans Westerhof is sacked by FC Groningen.
April 30 – Striker Boudewijn Zenden from PSV Eindhoven plays his first international match for the Netherlands national football team, when Holland defeats San Marino 6–0 in Serravalle.
May 17 – Chelsea wins the FA Cup by defeating Middlesbrough 2–0.
May 18 – Eric Cantona, the famous and controversial French footballer in the Premiership, announces his retirement from football.
June 29 – Brazil wins the 1997 Copa América by defeating home nation Bolivia 3–1 in the final in the Estadio Hernando Siles in La Paz.
July 20 – Gudjon Thordarson makes his debut as the manager of Iceland with a 1–0 loss against Norway.
August 17 – PSV Eindhoven wins the Johan Cruijff Schaal, the annual opening of the new season in the Eredivisie, with a 3–1 win over Roda JC in the Amsterdam ArenA.
November 2 – Borussia Dortmund wins the Intercontinental Cup in Tokyo, Japan by defeating Brazil's Cruzeiro 2–0. The goals for the Germans are scored by Michael Zorc and Heiko Herrlich.
Winner national club championships
Asia
- Júbilo Iwata
– Al-Ansar
– Al-Arabi
- Pusan Daewoo Royals
- Bangkok Bank, Royal Thai Air Force
Europe
– CSKA Sofia
– Croatia Zagreb
– Manchester United
– AS Monaco
– Bayern Munich
– Olympiacos
– Juventus
– PSV Eindhoven
– Rosenborg
– Widzew Łódź
– Porto
– Real Madrid
– Galatasaray
– Partizan
North America
Verano – Chivas
Invierno – Cruz Azul
– D.C. United (MLS)
South America
Clausura – River Plate
Apertura – River Plate
– Bolívar
– Vasco da Gama
Apertura – Universidad Católica
Clausura – Colo-Colo
– Olimpia Asunción
– Alianza Lima
International tournaments
UNCAF Nations Cup in Guatemala City, Guatemala (April 16–27, 1997)
Copa América in Bolivia (June 11–29, 1997)
Baltic Cup in Vilnius, Lithuania (July 9 – 11 1997)
FIFA U-20 World Cup in Malaysia (June 16 – July 5, 1997)
FIFA U-17 World Championship in Egypt (September 5–21, 1997)
Tournoi de France in France (June 3–11, 1997)
National team results
Europe
South America
Births
January 1 – Quique Fornos, Spanish footballer
January 5 – Jesús Vallejo, Spanish footballer
January 7 – Izzy Brown, English footballer
January 8 – Fran Brodić, Croatian footballer
January 16 – Pau Torres, Spanish footballer
January 26 – Gedion Zelalem, American footballer
January 31 – Arnaut Danjuma, Dutch footballer
February 3 – Lewis Cook, English footballer
February 6 – Gogi Shoniya, Russian former footballer
February 10 – Adam Armstrong, English footballer
February 26 – Malcom, Brazilian footballer
March 3
Elia Alessandrini, Swiss footballer (d. 2022)
Jaime Carreño, Chilean footballer
March 6 – Daniel De Silva, Australian youth international
March 12
Dean Henderson, English footballer
Allan Saint-Maximin, French footballer
March 29 – Ezequiel Ponce, Argentine footballer
April 2 – Abdelhak Nouri, Dutch footballer
April 5 – Borja Mayoral, Spanish footballer
April 13 – Mateo Cassierra, Colombian footballer
April 17 – Jorge Meré, Spanish footballer
April 18 – Donny van de Beek, Dutch footballer
April 22 – Jill Roord, Dutch footballer
April 27 – Josh Onomah, English footballer
May 12 – Frenkie de Jong, Dutch footballer
May 14 – Rúben Dias, Portuguese footballer
May 17
Andrea Favilli, Italian footballer
Ayron Verkindere, Belgian footballer
June 12 – Feras Dahboor, Qatari born-Syrian footballer
June 16 – Jean-Kévin Augustin, French footballer
June 22 – Gabriel Rojas, Argentine footballer
July 3 – Filip Sachpekidis, Swedish footballer
July 11 – Rasmus Kristensen, Danish footballer
July 25 – Louis Reed, English footballer
August 2 – Ivan Šaponjić, Serbian footballer
August 3
Daniel Crowley, English youth international
Adrian Lillebekk Ovlien, Norwegian footballer (d. 2018)
August 4 – Cinzia Zehnder, Swiss footballer
August 6 – Sander Svendsen, Norwegian youth international
August 9 – Leon Bailey, Jamaican international
August 12 – Taiwo Awoniyi, Nigerian footballer
August 19 – Bartłomiej Drągowski, Polish footballer
August 22 – Lautaro Martínez, Argentine footballer
August 29 – Ainsley Maitland-Niles, English footballer
September 15 – Jeisson Vargas, Chilean footballer
September 16 – Zsanett Kaján, Hungarian women's international
October 2 – Tammy Abraham, English international
October 6 – Kasper Dolberg, Danish international
October 9 - Samuel Leach Holm, Swedish-Israeli professional footballer
October 17 – Václav Černý, Czech footballer
October 22 – Jodi Jones, Maltese footballer
November 1 – Nordi Mukiele, French footballer
November 14 – Christopher Nkunku, French footballer
November 18
Olivier Boscagli, French footballer
Robert Sánchez, Spanish footballer
November 26 – Aaron Wan-Bissaka, English footballer
December 7 – Abi Harrison, Scottish footballer
December 11 – Konstantinos Mavropanos, Greek footballer
Deaths
January
January 10 – Francisco Aramburu, Brazilian striker, runner-up at the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (75)
February
February 19 – Afonso Guimarães da Silva, Brazilian midfielder, semi-finalist at the 1938 FIFA World Cup. (82)
February 21 – Josef Posipal, West-German defender, winner of the 1954 FIFA World Cup. (69, heart failure)
March
March 25 – Baltazar, Brazilian striker, runner-up at the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (71)
April
April 23 – Brian Alderson (46), Scottish footballer
June
June 4 – Pedro Zaballa (58), Spanish footballer
June 18 – Héctor Yazalde (51), Argentinian footballer
July
July 8 – Dick van Dijk (51), Dutch footballer
July 10 – Ivor Allchurch (67), Welsh footballer
September
September 21 – Juan Burgueño, Uruguayan forward, winner of the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (91)
September 29 – Dequinha, Brazilian midfielder, Brazilian squad member at the 1954 FIFA World Cup. (69)
October
October 18 – Ramiro Castillo (31), Bolivian footballer
October 31 – Bram Appel (76), Dutch footballer
October 31 – Hans Bauer, West-German defender, winner of the 1954 FIFA World Cup. (70)
November
November 1 – Roger Marche (73), French footballer
November 9 – Helenio Herrera (80), Argentine-French footballer and manager
December
December 7 – Billy Bremner (54), Scottish footballer
December 28 – William Martínez, Uruguayan midfielder, winner of the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (69)
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20in%20association%20football |
MyLackey.com was a Dot-com company of the late 1990s, based in Seattle, Washington, United States. It was in founded in April 1999 by Brendan Barnicle and Brian McGarvey, two former executives of another Internet startup company, eChange. Among the venture capital firms investing in MyLackey.com was WaldenVC, which provided $6.5M in second-round funding.
The company's business model involved arranging errands, such as car washing, dog-walking, shopping, and dry cleaning, for "busy professionals". The errands were carried out by local businesses that had signed contracts with MyLackey. As part of the arrangement, contractors were required to wear MyLackey livery when they carried out a MyLackey order. The contractors agreed that MyLackey would give them a smaller portion of the revenue than they would have received from an independent order, in exchange for the extra business. The end customers were charged the standard going rate for a certain service, and MyLackey retained the difference. The company's primary geographical focus was Seattle and Portland, Oregon.
Co-founder Brendan Barnicle became briefly infamous in June 2000 after an internal memorandum was leaked to FuckedCompany. In the memo (entitled "THIS IS STILL A START-UP") Barnicle complained that "It is now 6:45 pm and there are only 12 people in our office. We have 65 people that work here in Seattle. This is totally unacceptable.". He furthermore went on to state that "until further notice, all employees are required to be at their desk from 8am until 7pm, with 30 minutes for lunch. There are no exceptions." A company spokesman subsequently denied that this final part of the memo was authentic.
The firm was a victim of the Dot-com bubble fallout, and closed its doors on October 20, 2000, after 16 months of operation. At the time of its closure the company employed 85 people. As of 2006, Brendan Barnicle is vice president and senior research analyst of Pacific Crest Securities’ enterprise application software practice., whilst co-founder Brian McGarvey is Senior Vice President of Member Experience at Hagerty.
References
External links
THIS IS STILL A START-UP memo by Brendan Barnicle
Internet properties established in 1999
Defunct companies based in Seattle
Defunct online companies of the United States
Internet properties disestablished in 2000
1999 establishments in Washington (state)
2000 disestablishments in Washington (state)
Dot-com bubble | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyLackey.com |
Abū al-ʿĀṣ ibn al-Rabīʿ (, died in February, AD 634), was a son-in-law and Companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. His original name was said to have been Hushaym or Yasser.
Family
He was the son of Hala bint Khuwaylid. His legal father was Al-Rabi ibn Abd al-Uzza of the Abdshams clan of the Quraysh tribe. He became a successful merchant and was considered an important person in Mecca.
His aunt Khadija regarded him as her son, and he frequently visited her home. In due course Khadija asked her husband Muhammad to find him a wife. Muhammad gave Abu al-As their eldest daughter, Zaynab, apparently with some reluctance. Later, however, he spoke "warmly" of Abu al-As, "who told the truth and kept his promises" and in whom he "found no fault as an in-law." Abu al-As and Zaynab had two children: Ali, who died in childhood, and Umama, who was later married to the fourth Caliph Ali.
Opposition to Islam
When Muhammad, after declaring himself to be a prophet, lost popularity in Mecca, the Quraysh pressured Abu al-As to divorce Zaynab, saying they would give him any woman he liked in exchange. But Abu Al-As replied that he did not want any other woman and he remained with Zaynab. However, he refused to become a Muslim. Since Muhammad had no power of jurisdiction over Mecca, he too was unable to force his daughter to separate from her unbelieving husband. When the Muslims emigrated to Medina, Zaynab, although a convert, remained in Mecca with Abu al-As.
In 624 Abu al-As fought in the Battle of Badr on the side of the Quraysh and was captured by Abdullah ibn Jubayr al-Ansari. Zaynab sent a ransom for him via his brother Amr, including an onyx necklace that had been a wedding present from Khadija. At the sight of the necklace, Muhammad remembered Khadija and was moved. He sent Abu al-As back to Mecca without taking any of the ransom, on condition that Zaynab be sent to Medina. Hence Abu al-As was separated from Zaynab for the next four years. In her absence, he wrote poetry for her:
I remember Zaynab when she leaned on the waymark.
I said to a person who lived in the Haram, "Water!
For the daughter of the Trustworthy." May Allah reward her!
Virtuous she is, and every husband praises what he knows.
Conversion to Islam
In October 627 Abu al-As was returning from Syria with a caravan of merchandise when he was attacked by Muslim raiders. He escaped capture, but the raiders took the merchandise, much of which belonged to other people in Mecca. Abu al-As crept into Medina by night and asked Zaynab to grant him protection, which she immediately provided.
The next morning he asked about the stolen property. Muhammad gave the raiders a choice: he asked them as a favour to restore his relative’s property. The raiders agreed to return everything, including "old skins and little leather bottles and even a little piece of wood." Abu al-As was then asked if he would like to become a Muslim and keep the Meccans' property. He replied, "It would be a bad beginning to my Islam if I were to betray my trust."
Abu al-As continued his journey to Mecca and returned all his neighbours' investments to them. He then announced that he was a Muslim, "and I would have become a Muslim when I was with [Muhammad], but that I feared that you would think that I only wanted to rob you of your property." He emigrated to Medina in May or June 628.
Muhammad allowed Abu al-As to live with Zaynab again without requiring a new contract or dower. Alternative traditions, however, assert that Abu Al-As did make a new contract and pay a new dower. Their reconciliation only lasted about a year, for Zaynab died in mid-629.
After Zaynab
As a widower, Abu al-As returned to Mecca. He married again to Fakhita bint Sa'id ibn Al-As ibn Abi Umayya, and they had a daughter, Maryam. He never fought in any of the Islamic wars. He died in Mecca in February 634.
References
Year of birth missing
634 deaths
Companions of the Prophet
Banu Abd Shams | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20al-As%20ibn%20al-Rabi%27 |
Vision Brisbane (or simply Vision) was a planned skyscraper in Brisbane, Australia. The design was 72 storeys high, and would have become Brisbane's tallest, Queensland's second tallest, and Australia's third tallest building if completed. The design was scrapped and replaced by two new buildings, known by the name 111+222.
Vision was planned to be a mixed-use tower with two levels of retail/entertainment space, 13 floors of commercial, 376 residential apartments over 53 floors and a two-storey observation deck on levels 60 and 61 at . Designed by the Buchan Group and developed by Austcorp, Vision's estimated value on completion was predicted to be A$900 million.
Vision's Plaza was designed to provide a mid-block link between Mary Street and Margaret Street. A total of 7,390 square metres of lettable retail space was to be located within the main tower according to development application lodged with the city council. The public plaza was to include water features and several commissioned works of art.
The 376 apartments within the residential component were planned to consist of 96 four-bedroom, 108 three-bedroom, 52 two-bedroom and 120 single-bedroom units. The commercial space totaled 37,431 square metres, comprising the first 13 levels of the main tower and the associated commercial wing extending towards Mary Street.
History
The development was approved in early December 2006, and on-site construction of the tower commenced in September 2007. The development was due for completion in late 2009 to early 2010. Due to funding issues, and the 2008 global financial crisis, the completion of the tower has been put on hold. It is expected that the car park will not be completed until the owners decide whether or not to proceed with the building in its current form, or to begin building in stages as part of the original design.
Brisbane city Vision Tower project site sold. The site has been bought by Bilbergia who plan to construct a similar building to the original. Following the January 2011 flood in Brisbane, the abandoned seven level hole filled with floodwater, prompting the Brisbane City Council to make inspections. On May 18 two new & skyscrapers were proposed for the site by the Bilbergia Group and were approved in November 2011.
In November 2014, one of the buildings in 111+222 development–the Brisbane Skytower–which later would be built on the building site, was approved for construction. It was completed in 2019.
Gallery
See also
List of tallest buildings in Brisbane
References
External links
Construction progress photo gallery
Unbuilt buildings and structures in Australia
Skyscrapers in Brisbane | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision%20Brisbane |
Uisce Beatha was a 1990s Canadian folk rock band based initially in London, Ontario and after 1993 in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The band took its name from the Irish name for whisky, meaning water of life. Their music ranged from Celtic to punk.
History
Uisce Beatha formed in 1988 in London, with members Alan Glen on lead vocals and banjo, John Glen on mandolin and tin whistle, Paul Meadows on fiddle and harp, Damian Morrissy on bass guitar, Doug Watt on guitar and Marty Coles on drums. Coles was later replaced by Patrick McLaughlin.
The band released two albums and two EPs as Uisce Beatha, including Voice of the Voyager in 1994. They toured regularly in both Canada and Germany.
Change of name
They were sued in 1997 by a Scottish distillery over rights to the band name, and subsequently changed their name to Red. They released one further album under that name, The Fabulous Mushman, on which their style changed from mainly Celtic to more pop music, but subsequently broke up.
Discography
Albums
As Uisce Beatha
1991 – Drinking with the Lord (EP) (Independently released)
1992 – The Mystic of the Baja (Independently released in Canada; German release on Old Songs New Songs)
1994 – Voice of the Voyager (Atlantica Music)
1995 – Living in a Cuckoo Clock (EP) (Independently released)
As Red
1998 – The Fantabulous Mushman (No Records)
References
Musical groups established in 1988
Musical groups from London, Ontario
Musical groups from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Canadian folk rock groups
Celtic fusion groups
Canadian Celtic music groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uisce%20Beatha%20%28band%29 |
The Sultanate of Yogyakarta ( ; ) is a Javanese monarchy in Yogyakarta Special Region, in the Republic of Indonesia. The current head of the sultanate is Hamengkubuwono X.
Yogyakarta existed as a state since 1755 on the territory of modern Indonesia in the central part of Java Island. The sultanate became the main theatre of military operations during the Java War of 1825–1830, following which a significant part of its territory was annexed by the Dutch, and the degree of autonomy was significantly curtailed. In 1946–1948, during the war of independence of Indonesia, the capital of the republic was transferred to the territory of the sultanate, in the city of Yogyakarta.
In 1950, Yogyakarta, along with the Principality of Pakualaman became part of Indonesia, with the former royal realms united as a Special Region, with equal status to that of a national province. At the same time, the hereditary titles of Sultan of Yogyakarta and Prince of Pakualaman, with ceremonial privileges carried with the titles, were legally secured for the rulers. On 2012, the Indonesian government formally recognised the reigning sultan of Yogyakarta as the hereditary governor of Special Region of Yogyakarta, with the Pakualam Prince as its hereditary vice governor (article 18, paragraph 1c). The sultanate is claimed to own almost 10% of land in the Special Region of Yogyakarta.
Geography
The sultanate is located on the southern coast of the island of Java. In the south it is bordered by the Indian Ocean, with land surrounded by the province of Central Java. The area is 3,133 km², while the population in 2010 was about three and a half million people. The special district of Yogyakarta, along with Jakarta, has the largest population density among the provinces of Indonesia.
Not far from the city of Yogyakarta is the volcano Merapi, the most active volcano in Indonesia which has erupted regularly since 1548, resulting in great damage to the population of the district. In October–November 2010, there was a strong volcanic eruption, forcing about a hundred thousand people to temporarily leave their homes.
History
After Sultan Agung, the Sultanate of Mataram went into a decline due to a power struggle within the sultanate itself. To make things worse, the Dutch East India Company exploited the power struggle to increase its control. At the peak of the conflict, the Mataram Sultanate was split into two based on the Treaty of Giyanti of 13 February 1755: Yogyakarta Sultanate and Surakarta Sunanate.
The Giyanti Treaty mentioned Pangeran Mangkubumi as Sultan of Yogyakarta with the title of
Which translates as
As the result of further colonial intervention within the ruling family of the former Mataram Sultanate, the area which today is the Special Region of Yogyakarta was divided into the Sultanate of Yogyakarta (Kasultanan Yogyakarta) and the Principality of Pakualam (Kadipaten Pakualaman).
The Dutch colonial government arranged for the carrying out autonomous self-government, arranged under a political contract. When Indonesian independence was proclaimed, the rulers, the sultan of Yogyakarta and Prince of Pakualaman made a declaration supporting the newly founded Republic of Indonesia, and they would unite with the Republic. After the republic's independence was formally recognised internationally, the former royal realms were formally unified on 3 August 1950 into the Yogyakarta Special Region, with the sultan of Yogyakarta becoming the hereditary governor of the Yogyakarta Special Region and the Prince of Pakualaman becoming the hereditary vice governor of the Yogyakarta Special Region, formally on 30 August 2012 (article 18, paragraph 1c); both are responsible to the president of Indonesia.
In carrying out the local government administration, it considers three principles: decentralisation, concentration and assistance. The provincial government carries out the responsibilities and authorities of the central government, while on other hand carrying out its autonomous responsibilities and authorities. The Regional Government consists of the Head of the Region and the Legislative Assembly of the Region. Such construction guarantees good co-operation between the Head of the Region and the Legislative Assembly of the Region to achieve sound regional government administration. The Head of the Special Region of Yogyakarta has responsibility as the Head of the Territory and is titled as a Governor.
The first governor was the late Hamengkubuwono IX, Sultan of Yogyakarta, and continued by Paku Alam VIII as acting governor until Hamengkubuwono X ascended in 1998. Unlike the other heads of regions in Indonesia, the governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta has the privilege or special status of not being bound to the period of position nor the requirements and way of appointment (article 25, paragraphs 1 and 2). However, in carrying out their duties, they have the same authority and responsibilities.
On 5 May 2015, following a royal decree issued by Hamengkubuwono X, Princess Mangkubumi (previously known as Princess Pembayun) received the new name Mangkubumi Hamemayu Hayuning Bawana Langgeng ing Mataram. This denotes her as the heiress presumptive to the sultanate. The title Mangkubumi was formerly reserved for senior male princes groomed for the throne, including the reigning sultan. The decree thus admits female royalty into the line of succession for the first time since the founding of the sultanate. According to the current sultan, this was in line with his prerogatives; his action was nonetheless criticised by more conservative male family members such as his siblings, who were thus displaced in the line of succession.
Residences
The principal residence of the sultan is the kraton (palace), sometimes called the keraton but otherwise known in formal terms Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat (Javanese script: ).
List of sultans
List of sultans of Yogyakarta:
See also
List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
Hamengkubuwono, including list of sultans
List of monarchs of Java
Kraton Yogyakarta
Notes
Further reading
References
External links
Precolonial states of Indonesia
Sultanates
States and territories established in 1755
Islamic states in Indonesia
History of Java
Monarchies of Asia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta%20Sultanate |
The Shiny Show is a British educational children's quiz show, broadcast in the United Kingdom by CBeebies, that was produced by Open Mind Productions. It was aired in 2002 and 2003, and was aimed particularly at children between the ages of 3 and 6 years old. Each show featured a quiz with six questions, based around different subjects, and featured four star characters: Tigs the Tiger, Mukka the Monkey, Dogsby the Dog and Alarmorama the machine.
Characters
Tigs
Tigs is an orange tiger, who is often portrayed as confident and big-headed. She is still extremely lively and always gets the starring role in the short plays or poems the group act out in between rounds. She has a lucky object called Mr. Cheese, a plastic lump of cheese that squeaks whenever it is squeezed. Voiced by Sue Monroe.
Mukka
Mukka is an extremely hyperactive purple monkey. He has a lucky object called Fluffy Stuff and a pet lump called Lumpy. Voiced by Wim Booth.
Dogsby
Dogsby is a brown dog, the most sensible member of the group, and usually stays calm in most circumstances. Dogsby's lucky object is a purple and yellow hat named Lucky Hat, which Dogsby never wears because if he wears it he "might get too lucky!". Dogsby loves cabbages, and is also not very good at getting colours right. Voiced by Sally Preisig (series 1), Sam Mason (series 2) and Liz Fost (one-off Christmas CBeebies appearance).
Alarmorama
Alarmorama (often mentioned by Dogsby, Mukka and Tigs) is a toy machine situated on one of the walls in the living room. Although Alarmorama doesn't speak, it communicates using various noises. Alarmorama does many actions, including:
Playing the show's theme song, and then starting the show.
Choosing the quizzer – the person who will ask all the questions for a particular episode of the show.
Playing the quizzer's song.
Starting rounds.
Giving the shinies and the Super Shiny to the audience at home.
Waving with one hand from side to side, as if to say "Goodbye", to indicate the end of the show.
NOTE: In some selected series one episodes, when Mukka and Tigs are being either noisy or crazy and the Alarmorama starts the next round standing in line, Dogsby says "Thank you, Alarmorama" or sometimes "Saved by Alarmorama." generally in a relieved voice.
Overview
There are three rounds in the quiz, each with a short film in which the three animal contestants watch before answering the two questions. The aim of the game is to answer as many questions correctly as possible, and beat the other player(s). For every question you get correct you can "give yourself a shiny". The person who answers the most questions correctly wins the Super Shiny. If it ends in a draw then both players win the Super Shiny. The quizzer would always tell the viewer that if they got many questions right then they would be considered a winner too.
In between the three rounds, the three animal characters, Dogsby the dog, Tigs the tiger and Mukka the monkey, act out a story or drama play loosely based around the theme of the films the quiz is based on. Some of the dialogue in these sequences carries on at two levels, which makes The Shiny Show one of CBeebies' more entertaining shows for parents.
Episodes
Series 1 (2002)
The first series was copyrighted in 2002, when the CBeebies channel was launched. All 40 episodes were on every day at 8:30am, 12:30pm and 4:30pm on CBeebies.
Series 2 (2003)
On 25 March 2003, a second series was released and shown on CBeebies every day at 8:30am, 12:30pm and 4:30pm like the first series.
References
External links
BBC children's television shows
British television shows featuring puppetry
2002 British television series debuts
2000s British children's television series
Television series about cats
Television series about monkeys
Television shows about dogs
BBC television game shows
British children's game shows
2000s British game shows
CBeebies
British preschool education television series
2000s preschool education television series
English-language television shows
2003 British television series endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Shiny%20Show |
Potassium humate is the potassium salt of humic acid. It is manufactured commercially by alkaline extraction of brown coal (lignite) leonardite and is used mainly as a soil conditioner.
Extraction
The extraction is performed in water with the addition of potassium hydroxide (KOH), sequestering agents, and hydrotropic surfactants. Heat is used to increase the solubility of humic acids and hence more potassium humate can be extracted. The resulting liquid is dried to produce the amorphous crystalline like product which can then be added as a granule to fertilizer. The potassium humate granules by way of chemical extraction lose their hydrophobic properties and are now soluble.
Quality
Depending on the source material, product quality varies. High quality oxidized lignite (brown coal), usually referred to as leonardite, is the best source material for extraction of large quantities of potassium humate. The less oxidized the coal, the less potassium humate extracted. Sources low in ash produce the best quality. Less oxidized brown coal contains a higher proportion of the insoluble humin fraction and along with peat which is lower in humic acid content and usually high in ash content requires separation by filtration or centrifugation to remove ash and humin. Peat is also high in non-humified organic matter that needs to be reduced to produce a high quality product. The benefit of peat is that it is usually 2-3 times higher in fulvic acid content, which are the low molecular weight fractions of humic acid that are high in oxygen containing functional groups and soluble at a low pH of <1. Fulvic acids have a higher cation exchange capacity and therefore have a higher chemical interaction with fertilizers and are able to form soluble chelates of trace metals.
Uses
Potassium humate is used in agriculture as a fertilizer additive to increase the efficiency of fertilizers especially nitrogen- and phosphorus-based fertilizer inputs. Other salts of humic acid are manufactured, mainly sodium humate, which is used in animal health supplements. It also can be used in aquaculture.
References
Soil chemistry
Potassium compounds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20humate |
Red (stylized as R3D or RED) is an American Christian rock band from Nashville, Tennessee, formed in 2002 by brothers guitarist Anthony Armstrong and bassist Randy Armstrong, with lead vocalist Michael Barnes. The band's first lineup also consisted of drummer Andrew Hendrix and guitarist Jasen Rauch. Currently, the lineup has consisted of the core trio of the Armstrong brothers and Barnes, along with drummer Brian Medeiros.
After they recorded several demos displaying a style of alternative, hard, and Christian rock music, Red landed a development deal with their longtime producer Rob Graves which led to a record deal with Christian label Essential Records in 2004. Their debut albums End of Silence (2006) and Innocence & Instinct (2009) were nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album, and spawned the popular singles "Breathe Into Me" and "Death of Me". Red's mainstream popularity grew and their third album, Until We Have Faces (2011), reached No. 2 on the Billboard 200, which was followed by Release the Panic (2013), which peaked at No. 7. After Of Beauty and Rage (2015), Red started work on their sixth album, Gone (2017), which released in October 2017. Their recent seventh studio album, Declaration, was released on April 3, 2020. Their eighth studio album, Rated R, was released on September 29, 2023.
History
Formation and signing with Essential (2002–2004)
Red was formed by identical twin brothers, guitarist Anthony and bassist Randy Armstrong, and lead vocalist and pianist Michael Barnes. The three grew up in Linesville, Pennsylvania, where Barnes first met the Armstrongs at elementary school and remained friends. They gained inspiration to pursue a music career after they attended festivals, including acts at the Christian-themed Creation Festival, and wished to perform on stage. They became members of Ascension, their early gigs taking place in youth centres around Erie, Pennsylvania, playing covers of contemporary Christian music before they turned to hard rock. After the three finished their education, they relocated to Nashville, Tennessee in February 2002 after Audio Adrenaline guitarist Barry Blair had heard their music online and invited them to record. The three worked day jobs, Barnes as a nurse in an emergency room and the Armstrongs in a mall, while using their spare time to form their own musical style, which was influenced by Linkin Park, Sevendust, and Chevelle as they liked the band's emotionally-driven music. The first lineup of Red was completed in 2004 following the addition of drummer Andrew Hendrix and guitarist Jasen Rauch. Randy said they wished for a band name that was "short, meaningful, and easy to remember", and spent two years searching for groups with a similar name and secured a trademark with "Red".
With the lineup secured, Red entered a longtime association with producer, songwriter, and musician Rob Graves. After they had recorded four demos in a garage and a nursery that displayed their style of alternative, hard and Christian rock music. Rauch, who had worked as an intern in the same Nashville studio as Graves and supplied them with free equipment, invited Graves to listen to their music for his opinions. Graves recalled: "It was really rough, all over the map, but I could hear the elements were there ... I told them it was really good, it had potential". Graves took them under his wing, and paid for studio time and the production of their first demos at Paragon Studios which happened across two years. Graves then signed Red to a development contract with his independent production company Six Feet Over, which led to a recording deal with Provident Label Group which then assigned them to its Christian label Essential Records after they liked their demo. Essential gave Red the green-light on a full-length album. Speaking on their Christian influence, Barnes said: "We are Christians in a band, but if people feel more comfortable and say that we are a Christian band, we do not to shy away from that". Hendrix parted ways with Red before recording began; he was replaced by drummer Hayden Lamb.
End of Silence (2004–2008)
After spending two years on the album, End of Silence was released on June 6, 2006. Recorded in Nashville, the album features orchestral arrangements from Bernie Herms and David Davidson, reflecting on the group's interest in classical music. Rauch gave his insight on mainstream music and his own influences to the rest of the band as they were primarily followers of Christian music and had little knowledge of contemporary pop. The band's logo was designed by Randy Armstrong. It had a successful impact, receiving a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Gospel Album at the 49th awards, and reaching No. 6 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers and No. 7 on the Top Christian Albums charts. Later in 2007, it was re-released by Epic Records, and entered the Billboard 200 chart at No. 194. The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 2015 for selling over 500,000 physical copies in the US. The first of its six singles, "Breathe Into Me", reached No. 15 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart, won a GMA Dove Award for Recorded Song of the Year in the rock category, and was certified gold by the RIAA in 2015 for 500,000 digital sales.
Red supported End of Silence with a tour that began in 2006 and supported by various acts, including Three Days Grace, Breaking Benjamin, and Candlebox. In November 2007, their transit van and trailer crashed into a guardrail on Interstate 24 and slid sideways across a highway, causing major damage to the vehicles and Lamb suffering injuries to his already injured shoulder that forced him to sit for some of the remaining dates. Lamb returned, but the injury had affected his ability to travel and perform which led to his departure in 2008. He was replaced by his friend Joe Rickard. The incident became a source of inspiration and "fuel" for the band's future songs. In 2009, "Lost" won a GMA Dove Award for Recorded Song of the Year at its 40th ceremony. By 2009, the band had performed over 500 gigs.
Innocence & Instinct (2008–2010)
Red started work on their second album, Innocence & Instinct, shortly after they had completed End of Silence. In January 2008, they began a six-week period rehearsing and laying down drum tracks so they could continue recording while on tour. Graves joined the group on the road and assembled a studio at the back of their tour bus. They would assemble hotel mattresses in a corner and record vocals in the enclosed space. Recording took place at Little Big Sound, The Graveyard, and Paragon Studios in Tennessee. and Their website issued a statement explaining the album "was forged from a storm of inspiration and catastrophe", and later revealed Dante's Inferno and artwork by Gustave Doré as inspirations behind the music. They halted its progress to headline a nationwide club tour in March 2008, their first without a restrictive time slot which allowed them to develop their stage performance.
Released on February 10, 2009, Innocence & Instinct fared better on the charts than their first effort, entering the Billboard 200 at No. 15 and selling 39,000 copies in its first week. "Shadows" was co-written by Breaking Benjamin founder and singer Benjamin Burnley. A Deluxe Edition was also released with "Forever", an additional track, and bonus features. The single "Fight Inside" became the first by a Christian rock band to enter the Radio & Records charts at No. 1. In 2009, Red unveiled their new website to coincide with the video and single release of "Forever". Soon after, the band confirmed that Lamb had left the band due to the injuries sustained from the car crash along with Rauch, who wished to dedicate time with his family, and Rickard had become a full-time member. Rauch's contract with Red allowed him to continue writing for the band for some time after his departure. Innocence & Instinct won Rock Album of the Year at the 2010 GMA Dove Awards.
Red toured the album from February 2009 through 2010 with Saving Abel, Pop Evil, and Taddy Porter on the Class of 2009 Tour. On their website the band announced that they will be touring with Pillar and The Wedding on their new tour "Nothing and Everything" Tour which started in January 2010. In March, the band toured with Breaking Benjamin, Thousand Foot Krutch and Chevelle, followed by the Awake and Alive Tour with Skillet and The Letter Black.
Until We Have Faces (2010–2012)
Red worked on new material for Until We Have Faces during their 2009–2010 tours. They travelled with a portable case that unfolds into a mini recording studio, allowing them to put down ideas in the green room at venues. In a departure from their usual songwriting methods, much of the demo material stemmed from Rauch's rhythms he developed for song ideas on his home kit, leaving the rest of the group to develop their parts from them. Barnes said the band wanted to direct the album towards the idea of someone finding their own identity, and drew inspirations from various sources, including the novel Till We Have Faces by C.S. Lewis.
Until We Have Faces was released on February 1, 2011. The band released a teaser video online, featuring the band's name on a sheet of parchment which burns away and revealing the album's title. A picture was posted on Graves's Twitter account showing three guitars with tape on them showing tunings of A#, A, and G#, which hinted that this record may be heavier than the previous two. As part of the preliminary hype for the album, Red asked fans to send photos of their faces to the band. On December 9, codes were given to all fans that sent in pictures of their faces to download an MP3 for the song "Feed the Machine". The fan photos were used to create a mosaic poster. Red promoted the album's release with performances on the network television shows Late Night with Conan O'Brien and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, their first television appearances. The album also debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200. "Feed the Machine" started to be added to Active Rock Radio stations in mid-February. Until We Have Faces has sold approximately 100,000 copies in the US. "Start Again" won Best Rock Recorded Song of the Year at the 2011 GMA Dove Awards.
Red was a part of the 2011 WinterJam lineup which started up in January. They joined Union Entertainment label-mates Hinder on their All American Nightmare Tour which kicked off on May 10, 2011. On June 5, 2011, they started their Kill Th3 Machin3 Tour with Oh No Fiasco, Taddy Porter, Red Jumpsuit Apparatus and Evans Blue. In September 2011 they went on the "Rock Allegiance Tour" with Buckcherry, Papa Roach, Puddle of Mudd, P.O.D., Crossfade and Drive A. They hit the road immediately after this to start their second leg of the Kill Th3 Machin3 Tour, with Brian "Head" Welch, Echoes the Fall and Icon for Hire. The tour ended in Atlanta, Georgia on October 26. RED completed the WinterJam 2011 WEST COAST in November and participated in Christmas Rock Night during the holiday season. Red was also the first band to ever enter Loudwire's Cage Match Hall of Fame, beating bands like Skillet, Seether, and Nickelback. In 2011, Red were made Grand Marshalls of a parade in Linesville, Pennsylvania, the town where the Armstrongs and Barnes grew up.
In February and March 2012 they were on the Redvolution Tour with Thousand Foot Krutch, Manafest, Nine Lashes, and Kiros. Red announced a European tour in April 2012.
Release the Panic (2012–2014)
On July 10, 2012, Red announced their fourth album, Release the Panic, was in progress. For the first time in their career, the band worked with a different producer other than Graves, choosing Howard Benson. He intentionally stripped the band's sound and made it less produced, and Red adopted a more melodic and alternative rock sound than previous releases. They worked one year and a half on writing the music, and around two years recording. The first single, "Release the Panic", was released in November 2012. Release the Panic was released on February 5, 2013. The album debuted on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart at No. 7, with first week sales of around 41,000. Red coincided the release of Release the Panic with their 3-disc anthology album Who We Are: The Red Anthology, formed of their first three albums.
Their subsequent tours culminated in Rickard's final performance with the band on January 26, 2014, before he finished the sessions for the Red remix EP Release the Panic: Re-Calibrated, released on April 29, 2014, and left the group. Debuting at No. 75 on the Billboard 200 charts, the release includes six songs from Release the Panic with orchestral arrangements and new elements added to the original tracks and one new song. Rickard was replaced by Love and Death drummer Dan Johnson, in time for an eight-city tour with Demon Hunter and Veridia.
Of Beauty and Rage (2014–2017)
For their fifth studio release, Red resumed their association with Graves and, in January 2014, returned to the ski lodge studio in Maine to develop material for Of Beauty and Rage. As they prepared new material, they discussed what they had learned while making Release the Panic and what they wished to do differently for the new album. A snowstorm occurred during this time, forcing the group inside which, according to Barnes, benefited the writing process. They produced four demos as the result of what they thought Red fans wanted to hear, and aspects in life that passionately drives them. The group experienced "personal heartbreak and loss" while making it, and named the opening and closing instrumental tracks "Descent" and "Ascent" respectively, as they found studio time partnered with their faith uplifting. During the album's recording, Red announced their total career sales had totalled 1.1 million units.
The album was released on February 24, 2015, and debuted at No. 11 on the Billboard 200 charts. A graphic novel, The Ever, telling the story behind the album, was released in January 2016.
In June 2016, End of Silence was re-released as a deluxe edition to commemorate its tenth anniversary. It contains a new song, "If I Break", a song already cut but left off the original album, an instrumental demo, "Circles", and other bonus content. Red celebrated the release with an anniversary tour which marked the return to performing songs from the album after a long time, playing smaller venues, and using older instruments.
Gone (2017–2018)
On September 26, 2017, Gospel Music Association released an article about an upcoming album. The article also stated that Red had sold almost 2 million albums. Material for Red's sixth album, Gone, was already being worked on in November 2016, with the main rehearsal sessions taking place the month after. Anthony Armstrong expressed a shift in releasing albums in the traditional way due to the decline in physical sales and the popularity of digital music. He also said the group would stray from Christian music markets more on this release, and would focus more efforts into promoting and touring within the general music market, which is where they began. Gone was officially announced in September 2017, and released on October 27, debuting at No. 13 on the Billboard 200 charts. A 17-track deluxe edition was also released.
In March and April 2018, they toured with Lacey Sturm, Righteous Vendetta and Messer.
Declaration (2019–2022)
The band posted an update, via a YouTube video on January 21, 2019. They announced that they are no longer signed to Essential/Sony and they will record their next album independently. They also announced that touring drummer Dan Johnson will join the band full-time as their fourth member, thus making a four-piece lineup for the first time since 2014. On June 7, the band released "The Evening Hate", their first new released music since leaving their record label. After announcing a small run of 10th anniversary tour dates for Innocence & Instinct, the band released another single, "From the Ashes", accompanied by a lyric video, and announced more tour dates. On September 17, they announced a tour with In Flames for 36 dates across North America. On October 11, the band announced a new EP, The Evening Hate, would be released November 1, in addition to releasing a new single, "Hemorrhage", a cover of the Fuel song of the same name.
On January 10, 2020, the band announced that their upcoming seventh studio album, Declaration, is set for release on April 10, 2020. On March 25, the band announced that Declaration would be released a week earlier than its original April 10 release date. The album was released on April 3 as planned, and peaked at No. 61 on the Billboard 200 charts. On February 9, 2021, the band announced that they had parted ways with Dan Johnson. Shortly after Johnson's departure, the band hired new drummer Brian Medeiros.
Rated R (2023–present)
The group's first live album, Until We Have Faces: Live and Unplugged, was released on December 2, 2022. During the announcement of the live album's release, the band also announced that they will release a new album sometime in spring 2023. The band went on both headlining tours and supporting tours with American bands Alter Bridge, Mammoth WVH and Pistols at Dawn for January and the majority of February.
On January 24, 2023, they revealed the name of the new album to be Rated R on their Facebook page. On June 16, the band revealed the album would be released on September 29, 2023, while also stating that the lead single of the album titled "Surrogates" would be available for all streaming services on August 4. The band also announced they embark on the "Rated R Tour", which starts in September and carries on until 2024. On September 1, the band released two new songs, "Cold World" and "Minus It All".
Musical style
Red's musical style has been described as Christian rock, alternative rock, alternative metal, Christian metal, nu metal, post-grunge and hard rock.
Band members
Current members
Michael Barnes – lead vocals
Anthony Armstrong – guitars, backing vocals
Randy Armstrong – bass, backing vocals, piano
Brian Medeiros – drums
Touring musicians
Dango Cellan – drums
Lucio Rubino – guitars, backing vocals
Former members
Andrew Hendrix – drums
Hayden Lamb – drums
Jasen Rauch – lead guitar
Joe Rickard – drums
Dan Johnson – drums
Timeline
Discography
End of Silence (2006)
Innocence & Instinct (2009)
Until We Have Faces (2011)
Release the Panic (2013)
Of Beauty and Rage (2015)
Gone (2017)
Declaration (2020)
Rated R (2023)
Awards
GMA Dove Awards
References
External links
2002 establishments in Tennessee
Alternative rock groups from Tennessee
American alternative metal musical groups
American Christian metal musical groups
American musical trios
American musical quartets
American nu metal musical groups
American post-grunge musical groups
Christian alternative metal groups
Christian rock groups from Tennessee
Essential Records (Christian) artists
Hard rock musical groups from Tennessee
Heavy metal musical groups from Tennessee
Musical groups established in 2002
Musical groups from Nashville, Tennessee
Sony BMG artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20%28band%29 |
The Council of Ministers (German: Ministerrat der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik) was the cabinet and executive branch of the German Democratic Republic from November 1950 until the country was reunified on 3 October 1990. Originally formed as a body of 18 members, by 1989 the council consisted of 44 members.
Under the Constitution of East Germany, the Council of Ministers was formally defined as the government of East Germany. The same Constitution, however, officially confirmed the leading role of the Socialist Unity Party (SED). Hence, for most of the GDR's existence, the Council of Ministers was not the highest authority in the country, but was charged with implementing the SED's policies into practical administration. In particular, ministers were subordinate to the secretary of the Central Committee responsible for their portfolio, and, at least unofficially, to the General Secretary.
Structure
The Council was led by a chairman (Vorsitzender), who was usually called "prime minister" in non-German sources. There were two first deputy chairmen and nine other deputy chairmen. Together with some key ministers they formed the presidency (Präsidium) of the Council. The Präsidium prepared all decisions in consultation with the responsible departments of the Central Committee (Zentralkomitee) of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) and especially the Politbüro of the SED Central Committee. The Präsidium managed the day-to-day affairs of the Council between its weekly meetings, which took place regularly on Wednesdays to execute the resolutions of the Politbüro’s weekly meetings (on Tuesdays). The secretaries and department managers in the Central Committee were authorized to give instructions to the ministers as necessary.
Officially, the prime minister held the highest state post in the GDR. Despite this, no SED first secretary/general secretary ever simultaneously served as prime minister.
Until the Wende in the fall of 1989, the two first deputy chairmen were Werner Krolikowski and Alfred Neumann, who were both members of the SED Politbüro. Other deputy chairmen included the leaders of the four allied parties (Blockparteien). Additional members included the chairman of the State Planning Commission, the president of the Staatsbank der DDR (State Bank of the GDR) and some state secretaries, who were usually office directors at the Council. All members of the Council were selected by the GDR Volkskammer (parliament) for a term of five years. Within the centralized state structure of the GDR, the city, county and district administrations were subordinated to the Council.
Willi Stoph and his entire cabinet resigned on 7 November 1989. Stoph was succeeded by Hans Modrow. The SED gave up its monopoly of power on 1 December. Modrow continued in office, leading a cabinet with both SED/PDS and non-communist members. For much of the winter of 1989 and 1990, he was the de facto leader of East Germany. Modrow was succeeded by Lothar de Maizière after what turned out to be the only free election ever held in East Germany, in March 1990. The de Maizière cabinet presided over the transition period to the reunification of the two Germanies in October 1990.
The former Prussian state parliament (Preußischer Landtag) served as the seat of the Council from 1950 to 1953. From 1961 to 1990 the Council's offices were located in the former Old City Hall of Berlin at No. 47 Klosterstraße. The Law Gazette of the GDR (Gesetzblatt der DDR) was also published by the Council. In addition, the Council’s Press Office made official government announcements and was responsible for the accreditation of foreign journalists in the GDR.
The individual ministries had their own headquarters buildings in East Berlin, although the former Reich Air Ministry building on Leipziger Straße housed the industrially-oriented ministries.
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
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! colspan="9"| Minister-President of the German Democratic Republic
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! colspan="9"| Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the German Democratic Republic
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|-
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! colspan="9"| Minister-President of the German Democratic Republic
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Ministries
Ministry of National Defense*: Willi Stoph, Heinz Hoffmann, Heinz Kessler, Theodor Hoffmann, Rainer Eppelmann (1990)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Georg Dertinger (1949–1953), Lothar Bolz (1953–1965), Otto Winzer (1965–1975), Oskar Fischer (1975–1990), Markus Meckel (1990), Lothar de Maizière, (1990)
Ministry of State Security (Stasi)**: Wilhelm Zaisser, Ernst Wollweber, Erich Mielke, Wolfgang Schwanitz
Ministry of the Interior: Karl Steinhoff, Karl Maron, Friedrich Dickel; Lothar Ahrendt, Peter-Michael Diestel (1990)
Ministry of Finance: Hans Loch, Willy Rumpf, Siegfried Böhm (1966–80), Werner Schmieder, Ernst Höfner (1981–90), Uta Nickel (1989/90), Walter Romberg, Werner Skowron (1990)
Ministry of Transport: Hans Reingruber, Erwin Kramer, Otto Arndt, Heinrich Scholz, Herbert Keddi, Horst Gibtner (1990)
Ministry for Posts and Telecommunications: Friedrich Burmeister, Rudolph Schulze (CDU), Klaus Wolf (CDU), Emil Schnell (1990)
Ministry of Culture: Johannes R. Becher, Alexander Abusch, Hans Bentzien, Klaus Gysi, Hans Joachim Hoffmann, Dietmar Keller, Herbert Schirmer (1990)
Ministry of National Education***: Elisabeth Zaisser, Fritz Lange, Alfred Lemmnitz, Margot Honecker (1963–1989, Helga Labs, Hans Heinz Emons)
Ministry of Higher and Technical Education: Ernst Joachim Gießmann, Hans Joachim Böhme
Ministry of Science and Technology: Herbert Weiz (1974–89), at the same time 1967-89 one of the Deputy Chairmen of the MR; Peter Klaus Budig (LDPD)
Ministry of Health: Luitpold Steidle (1949–58), Max Sefrin (1958–71), Ludwig Mecklinger, Klaus Thielmann, Jürgen Kleditzsch (1990)
Ministry of Environmental Protection and Water Management: Werner Titel (1971), Hans Reichelt (DBD), Karl H. Steinberg (1990)
Ministry of Justice: Max Fechner, Hilde Benjamin, Kurt Wünsche (also 1990), Hans Joachim Heusinger (of both latter members of the LDPD)
Minister and Chairman of the Workers' and Farmers' Inspection (Arbeiter- und Bauerninspektion): Heinz Matthes
Chairman of the State Planning Commission: Heinrich Rau, Bruno Leuschner, Karl Mewis, Erich Apel, Gerhard Schürer
Director of the Press Office: Kurt Blecha, Wolfgang Meyer
Ministries of the industries (1961-1965 in the course New Economic System were summarized the Ministries in national economy advice under his chairman Alfred Neumann):
Ministry of Ore mining industry, metallurgy and potash: Kurt Fichtner, Kurt Singhuber (1967–89)
Ministry of Electro-technology and electronics: Otfried Steger, Felix Meier
Ministry of Coal and energy: Wolfgang Mitzinger
Ministry of Chemical industry: Siegbert Löschau, Günther Wyschofsky *Structure building industry: Lothar Bolz (1949–53), Heinz Winkler (1953–58), Ernst Scholz, Wolfgang Junker (1963–89); Gerhard Baumgärtel, Axel Viehweger (1990)
Ministry of Basic industry
Ministry of Glass and ceramic(s) industry: Werner Greiner Petter, Karl Grünheid (1983–89)
Ministry of Stock management: Alfred Neumann (1965–68), Manfred Flegel, Wolfgang Rauchfuß
Ministry of Tool and building of processing machines: Rudi Georgi (1973–89)
Ministry of General construction of vehicles, machine and agricultural machinery (since 1990: Mechanical engineering): Günther Kleiber, Gerhard Tautenhahn, Karl Grünheid
Ministry of Heavy machine and equipment construction (since 1990: Heavy industry): Fritz Selbmann, Rolf Kersten, Hans Joachim Lauck, Kurt Singhuber
Ministry of Land, forest and food processing industry: Ernst Goldenbaum, Paul Scholz, Georg Ewald, Heinz Kuhrig, Bruno Lietz; Hans Watzek, Peter Pollack (1990)
Ministry of Light Industry: Karl Bettin, Werner Buschmann, Gunter Halm (NDPD)
Ministry of District-led and foodstuffs industry: Erhard Krack, Udo Dieter Wange
Ministry of Trade and supply: Curt Heinz Merkel, Karl Hamann, Gerhard Lucht, Günter Sieber (1965–72), Manfred Flegel * Foreign trade: Georg Ulrich Handke, Heinrich Rau (1955–61), Julius Balkow, Horst Sölle, Gerhard Beil 1989 and/or 1990 again imported:
Ministry of Economics (new since 1989): Christa Luft (1989/90), Gerhard Pohl (1990)
Ministry of Tourism (new since 1989): Bruno Benthien (LDPD)
Ministry of Work and Wages (new since 1989)/work and social (since 1990): Hannelore Mensch, Jürgen Kleditzsch * Family and women (new 1990): Christa Schmidt (CDU)
* Renamed in 1990 as the Ministry for Disarmament and Defense.
** Renamed on 17 November 1989 as the Office for National Security (Amt für Nationale Sicherheit - AfNS); abolished on 13 January 1990.
*** Renamed in 1989 as the Ministry for Education and Youth.
See also
State Council of the German Democratic Republic
References
1950 establishments in East Germany
1990 disestablishments in East Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council%20of%20Ministers%20of%20East%20Germany |
In the Russian Federation, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people face significant challenges not experienced by others. Although sexual activity between same-sex couples is legal, homosexuality is disapproved of by most of the population, and same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are ineligible for the legal protections available to opposite-sex couples. Russia provides no anti-discrimination protections for LGBT people and does not have a designation for hate crimes based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Transgender people are not allowed to change their legal gender and all gender-affirming care is banned. There are currently no laws prohibiting discrimination based on gender identity or expression, and recent laws could be used to discriminate against transgender residents.
Russia has long held strongly negative views regarding homosexuality, with recent polls indicating that a majority of Russians are against the acceptance of homosexuality and have shown support for laws discriminating against homosexuals. Despite receiving international criticism for the recent increase in social discrimination, crimes, and , larger cities such as Moscow and Saint Petersburg have been said to have a thriving LGBT community. However, there has been a historic resistance to gay pride parades by local governments; despite being fined by the European Court of Human Rights in 2010 for interpreting it as discrimination, the city of Moscow denied 100 individual requests for permission to hold Moscow Pride through 2012, citing a risk of violence against participants. In 2016, Russia was rated the second least LGBT-friendly nation in Europe by ILGA-Europe.
In December 1917, after the October Revolution, the Russian Soviet Republic (later the Russian SFSR) decriminalised homosexuality. However, in 1933, the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin recriminalised sex between men. Article 121 was added to the criminal code on 7 March 1934 for the entire Soviet Union that expressly prohibited male homosexuality, with up to five years of hard labour in prison. During the Soviet regime, Western observers believed that between 800 and 1,000 men were imprisoned each year under Article 121. According to УГОЛОВНЫЙ КОДЕКС РСФСР from 1950, it was article 154a (154-а. Половое сношение мужчины с мужчиной (мужеложство) — лишение свободы на срок от трех до пяти
лет) After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, homosexual acts between consenting males were re-legalised in 1993, removing Article 121 from the RSFSR penal code.
Since 2006, under Vladimir Putin, regions in Russia have enacted varying laws restricting the distribution of materials promoting LGBT relationships to minors; in June 2013, a federal law criminalizing the distribution of materials among minors in support of non-traditional sexual relationships was enacted as an amendment to an existing child protection law. The law has resulted in the numerous arrests of Russian LGBT citizens publicly opposing the law and there has reportedly been a surge of anti-gay protests, violence, and even hate crimes. It has received international criticism from human rights observers, LGBT activists, and media outlets and has been viewed as a de facto means of criminalizing LGBT culture. The law was ruled to be inconsistent with protection of freedom of expression by the European Court of Human Rights but as of 2021 has not been repealed. In 2022, the law was extended to apply to anyone regardless of age, thus making any expression deemed a promotion of non-traditional sexual relationships illegal.
In a report issued on 13 April 2017, a panel of five expert advisors to the United Nations Human Rights Council—Vitit Muntarbhorn, Sètondji Roland Adjovi; Agnès Callamard; Nils Melzer; and David Kaye—condemned the wave of torture and killings of gay men in Chechnya.
Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the authorities have stepped up conservative measures particularly against trans people. On July 24, 2023, President Putin signed into law a bill gender-affirming care in Russia.
History
Under the reign of Peter the Great in the 18th, who introduced a wide range of reforms aimed at modernizing and Westernizing Russia, there was a ban on male homosexual activity, but only in military statutes for soldiers. In 1832, the criminal code included Article 995, which stated that "muzhelozhstvo", or men lying with men, was a criminal act punishable by exile to Siberia for up to 5 years. Men lying with men was interpreted by courts as meaning anal sex. Application of the laws was rare, and the turn of the century found a relaxation of these laws and a general growing of tolerance and visibility.
In the wake of the October Revolution, the Bolshevik regime decriminalized homosexuality. The Bolsheviks rewrote the constitution and "produced two Criminal Codes – in 1922 and 1926 – and an article prohibiting homosexual sex was left off both." The new Communist Party government removed the old laws regarding sexual relations, effectively legalising homosexual and transgender activity within Russia, although it remained illegal in other territories of the Soviet Union, and the homosexuals in Russia were still persecuted and sacked from their jobs. Under Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union recriminalized homosexuality in a decree signed in 1933. The new Article 121, which punished "muzhelozhstvo" with imprisonment for up to 5 years, saw raids and arrests. Female homosexuals were sent to mental institutions. The decree was part of a broader campaign against "deviant" behavior and "Western degeneracy". Following Stalin's death, there was a liberalisation of attitudes toward sexual issues in the Soviet Union, but homosexual acts remained illegal. Discrimination against LGBT individuals persisted in the Soviet era, and homosexuality was not officially declassified as a mental illness until 1999.
Soviet Article 121 was often commonly used to extend prison sentences and to control dissidents. Among those imprisoned were the well-known film director Sergei Paradjanov and the poet Gennady Trifonov. Under Mikhail Gorbachev's administration in the late 1980s, the first gay organization came into being. The Moscow Gay & Lesbian Alliance was headed by Yevgeniya Debryanskaya and Roman Kalinin, who became the editor of the first officially registered gay newspaper, Tema. The fall of the USSR accelerated the progress of the gay movement in Russia. Gay publications and plays appeared. In 1993, a new Russian Criminal Code was signed, without Article 121. Men who had been imprisoned began to be released.
Current situation
The age of consent currently stands at 16 since 2003, regardless of sexual orientation.
Homosexuality was officially removed from the Russian list of mental illnesses in 1999 (after the endorsement of the World Health Organization's ICD-10 classifications).
Single persons living within Russia, regardless of their sexual orientation, can adopt children. Russian children can be adopted by a single homosexual who lives in a foreign country provided that country does not recognize same-sex marriage. A couple can adopt children together, as a couple, only if they are a married heterosexual couple.
The Russian constitution guarantees the right of peaceful association. Nevertheless, organs of authority in Russia refuse to register LGBT organizations.
Public opinion
Public opinion in Russia tends to be hostile toward homosexuality and the level of intolerance has been rising. A 2022 survey found that 74% of Russians said homosexuality should not be accepted by society (up from 60% in 2002), compared to 14% who said that homosexuality should be accepted by society. In a 2015 survey of 2,471 Russians, 86% said homosexuality should not be accepted by society. In a 2007 survey, 68% of Russians said homosexuality is always wrong (54%) or almost always wrong (14%). In a 2005 poll, 44% of Russians were in favour of making homosexual acts between consenting adults a criminal act; at the same time, 43% of Russians supported a legal ban on discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. In 2013, 16% of Russians surveyed said that gay people should be isolated from society, 22% said they should be forced to undergo treatment, and 5% said homosexuals should be "liquidated". In Russian psychiatry, Soviet mentality about homosexuality has endured into the present day. For instance, in spite of the removal of homosexuality from the nomenclature of mental disorders, 62.5% of 450 surveyed psychiatrists in the Rostov Region view it as an illness, and up to three-quarters view it as immoral behavior. The psychiatrists sustain the objections to pride parades and the use of veiled schemes to lay off openly lesbian and gay persons from schools, child care centres, and other public institutions. A Russian motorcycle club called the Night Wolves, which is closely associated with Russian President Vladimir Putin and which suggests "Death to faggots" as an alternate name for itself, organized a large Anti-Maidan rally in February 2015 at which a popular slogan was "We don't need Western ideology and gay parades!"
Same-sex unions
Neither same-sex marriages nor civil unions of same-sex couples are allowed in Russia. In July 2013, Patriarch Kirill, the leader of the Russian Orthodox Church, of which approximately 71% of Russians are adherents, said that the idea of same-sex marriage was "a very dangerous sign of the Apocalypse". At a 2011 press conference, the head of the Moscow Registry Office, Irina Muravyova, declared: "Attempts by same-sex couples to marry both in Moscow and elsewhere in Russia are doomed to fail. We live in a civil society, we are guided by the federal law, [and] by the Constitution that clearly says: marriage in Russia is between a man and a woman. Such a marriage [same-sex] cannot be contracted in Russia." The vast majority of the Russian public are also against same-sex marriage. In July 2020, Russian voters approved a Constitution amendment banning same-sex marriage. In the 2021 case Fedotova and Others v. Russia, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that it was a violation of human rights for Russia not to offer any form of legal recognition to same-sex relationships. However, Russia left the court in 2022.
Military service
Before 1993, homosexual acts between consenting males were against the law in Russia, and homosexuality was considered a mental disorder until adoption of ICD-10 in 1999, but even after that military medical expertise statute was in force to continue considering homosexuality a mental disorder which was a reason to deny homosexuals to serve in the military. On 1 July 2003, a new military medical expertise statute was adopted; it said people "who have problems with their identity and sexual preferences" can only be drafted during war times. However, this clause contradicted another clause of the same statute which stated that different sexual orientation should not be considered a deviation. This ambiguity was resolved by the Major-General of the Medical Service Valery Kulikov who clearly stated that the new medical statute "does not forbid people of non-standard sexual orientation from serving in the military." However, he added that people of non-standard sexual orientation should not reveal their sexual orientation while serving in the army because "other soldiers are not going to like that; they can be beaten". President Vladimir Putin said in a U.S. television interview in 2010 that openly gay men were not excluded from military service in Russia. In 2013, it was reported that the Defense Ministry had issued a guideline on assessment of new recruits' mental health that recommends recruits be asked about their sexual history and be examined for certain types of tattoos, especially genital or buttocks tattoos, that would allegedly indicate a homosexual orientation.
As of April and May 2023 there has been a proposed crackdown on the changing of genders. The Russian State Duma is considering passing new laws to prevent men from changing their gender from male to female without surgery. The proposed changes, as first discussed by the Russian Minister of Justice, Konstantin Chuychenko, in April are to "rule out the possibility of changing a person’s gender purely by changing the documents.” Duma Committee on Family, Women, and Children's Affairs head Nina Ostanina said: "Amendments will soon be introduced in the State Duma to officially ban gender reassignment without surgery," In part it is to protect "family values" in Russia. However Russian men have considered changing their genders to avoid being called by the military authorities. According to one Russian source "In connection with the special operation, many young people have turned to private clinics to provide a sex change to avoid conscription..."Vyacheslav Volodin, Speaker of the Duma, claims that some "2,700" such decisions have been made in "recent times".
Gay pride events
There have been notable objections to the organization of gay pride parades in several Russian cities, most prominently Moscow, where authorities have never approved a request to hold a gay pride rally. Former Moscow mayor Yuri Luzhkov supported the city's refusal to authorize the first two editions of Nikolay Alexeyev's Moscow Pride events, calling them as "satanic". The events still went on as planned, in defiance of their lack of authorization. In 2010, Russia was fined by the European Court of Human Rights, ruling that, as alleged by Alexeyev, Russian cities were discriminating against the gay community by refusing to authorize pride parades. Although authorities had claimed allowing pride events to be held would pose a risk of violence, the Court ruled that their decisions "effectively approved of and supported groups who had called for [their] disruption." In August 2012, contravening the previous ruling, the Moscow City Court upheld a ruling blocking requests by the organizers of Moscow Pride for authorization to hold the parade yearly through 2112, citing the possibility of public disorder and a lack of support for such events by residents of Moscow.
Chechnya
Anti-gay purges in the Chechen Republic have included forced disappearances — secret abductions, imprisonment, and torture — by authorities targeting persons based on their perceived sexual orientation. An unknown number of men, who authorities detained on suspicion of being gay or bisexual, have reportedly died after being held in what human rights groups and eyewitnesses have called concentration camps.
Allegations were initially reported on 1 April 2017 in Novaya Gazeta, a Russian-language opposition newspaper, which reported that since February 2017 over 100 men had allegedly been detained and tortured and at least three had died in an extrajudicial killing. The paper, citing its sources in the Chechen special services, called the wave of detentions a "prophylactic sweep". The journalist who first reported on the subject went into hiding. There have been calls for reprisals against journalists who report on the situation.
As news spread of Chechen authorities' actions, which have been described as part of a systematic anti-LGBT purge, Russian and international activists scrambled to evacuate survivors of the camps and other vulnerable Chechens but were met with difficulty obtaining visas to conduct them safely beyond Russia.
The reports of the persecution were met with a variety of reactions worldwide. The Head of the Chechen Republic Ramzan Kadyrov denied not only the occurrence of any persecution but also the existence of gay men in Chechnya, adding that such people would be killed by their own families. Officials in Moscow were sceptical, although in late May the Russian government reportedly agreed to send an investigative team to Chechnya. Numerous national leaders and other public figures in the West condemned Chechnya's actions, and protests were held in Russia and elsewhere. A report released in December 2018 by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) confirmed claims that persecution of LGBT persons had taken place and was ignored by authorities.
On 11 January 2019, it was reported that another 'gay purge' had begun in the country in December 2018, with several gay men and women being detained. The Russian LGBT Network believes that around 40 persons were detained and two killed.
In March 2021, Reuters reported that the European Union imposed economic sanctions on two Chechen officials accused of persecuting LGBT people in Chechnya.
Public opinion
Russia has traditionally been socially conservative on LGBT rights, with 2013 polls indicating a large majority of Russians oppose legal recognition of same-sex marriage, and support for laws restricting the distribution of "propaganda" that promotes non-traditional sexual relationships.
In 2019, a survey showed that 47% of Russian respondents agreed that "gays and lesbians should enjoy the same rights as other citizens," while 43 percent disagreed, a rise from 39% in 2013. This marks the highest level of support in 14 years.
In 2019, a poll showed that only 2% would show interest and a willingness to communicate if the neighbour was a homosexual couple or a member of a religious sect, the last of the category of people presented.
According to a 2019 poll carried out by the Russian Public Opinion Foundation (FOM), 7% of Russians agreed that same-sex marriages should be allowed in Russia, while 87% opposed the idea.
Employment discrimination
Anton Krasovsky, a television news anchor at government-run KontrTV, was immediately fired from his job in January 2013 when he announced during a live broadcast that he is gay and disgusted by the national anti-gay propaganda legislation that had been proposed although had not yet passed.
In September 2013, a Khabarovsk teacher and gay rights activist, Alexander Yermoshkin, was fired from his two jobs as school teacher and university researcher. A week earlier, he had been attacked by members of a local neo-Nazi group "Shtolz Khabarovsk". An activist group called "Movement against the propaganda of sexual perversions" had campaigned for his dismissal.
Viewpoints of political parties
The federal law banning LGBT propaganda among minors was passed unanimously by the Russian Duma; as the bill amended an existing child protection law, it is difficult to know whether or not all of the MPs, and their respective political parties, supported every aspect of the bill or not. A few political parties without members in the Duma have expressed some limited support for LGBT rights.
Yabloko is a member of the Liberal International, and has organized public demonstrations against intolerance under the banner of building a "Russia without pogroms".
The Libertarian Party of Russia, formed in 2007, has objected to the government ban on "gay propaganda" as a violation of people's right to freedom of speech.
In 2016, two openly gay men ran for seats in the Russian duma. While they admit that they probably will not win a seat, they were supported by a liberal coalition. They are also probably the first openly gay candidates to run for seats in the Russian parliament.
The LGBT rights organisation Gayrussia.ru has been monitoring homophobic political parties since 2011. In the middle of 2013 their list included: United Russia, Communist Party of Russian Federation, Narodnaya Volya, National Bolshevik Party, National Bolshevik Front, Patriots of Russia, Eurasian Youth Union and Fair Russia.
President Vladimir Putin has used the existence of transgender rights in other countries as justification for the potential deployment of nuclear weapons against Ukraine. In a speech given on September 30, 2022, Putin said "Do we want things that lead to degradation and extinction to be imposed on children from elementary school? Do we want them to be taught that instead of men and women, there are supposedly some other genders and to be offered sex-change surgeries? This is unacceptable to us." before following up by stating that Russia would be willing to use "all means at our disposal" against Ukraine, and saying that the United States "created a precedent" when it used nuclear weapons against Japan in 1945, mirroring comments by other Russian officials that nuclear weapons were on the table.
Hate crimes
On 20 January 2013, six demonstrating LGBT activists in the provincial capital of Voronezh were attacked by over 500 people. The protest by these agitators, who appeared with Hitler salutes and hate slogans and threw snowballs, bottles and other objects at the demonstrators and then beat them up, was not registered. The police assigned 10 officers to this event. The employees of the nearby Adidas sports shop staged its mannequins with Hitler salutes in solidarity with the beating. At least three LGBT activists, including women, were injured and hospitalized during the resistance. On the same day, the author of the Petersburg law against 'homosexual propaganda', Vitaly Milonov, posted on his Twitter that "Voronezh is great".
Unlike in many western nations, LGBT persons in Russia are not protected by specific legal protections. Violent criminal acts carried out against LGBT people are prosecuted as criminal offences under Russian law, but the fact that these crimes are motivated by the sexual orientation or gender identity of the victim is not considered an aggravating factor when the court determines the sentence. Among the more vicious crimes that would qualify as hate crimes outside of Russia and are reported in the press would include the following;
On 9 May 2013, after Victory Day parades in Volgograd, the body of a 23-year-old man was found tortured and murdered by three males who stated anti-homosexual motivations, even though family and friends state the victim had no behavior inclination.
On 29 May 2013, the body of 38-year-old deputy director of Kamchatka airport Oleg Serdyuk (rus: Олег Сердюк) was found in his burned-out car, having been beaten and stabbed the previous day. Local authorities said the murder was motivated by homophobia. Three suspects (who were local residents) were tried and sentenced to prison terms of 9 to 12 years.
From October 2013 – February 2014, anti-gay attacks targeting the LGBT community in Moscow were reported at Russia's largest gay nightclub Central Station, including gunfire and gas attacks. Several attacks and victim responses were documented in an ABC News Nightline special "Moscow is Burning". Several employees of the club subsequently left the country.
Transgender issues
Current situation
In July 2023, Russia enacted the , which includes the following provisions:
doctors are prevented from offering gender-affirming healthcare and sexual reassignment surgery to any individual, regardless of age.
changing gender markers on official documents is not allowed.
people suffering from gender dysphoria have been deprived of the right to adopt children.
a marriage by a trans individual with a person who shares the same birth sex as them is deemed null.
History
In Tsarist Russia, young women would sometimes pose as men or act like tomboys. This was often tolerated among the educated middle classes, with the assumption that such behavior was asexual and would stop when the girl married. However, cross-dressing was widely seen as sexually immoral behavior, punishable by God promoted through the Church and later criminalized by the government.
In Soviet Russia, sex reassignment surgeries were first tried during the 1920s but became prohibited until the 1960s. Later they were performed by Irina Golubeva, an endocrinologist, authorized by psychiatrist Aron Belkin, who was the strongest Soviet advocate for transgender people until his death in 2003.
On 29 December 2014, Russia passed a road safety law, allowing the government to deny driver's licenses to people with several classes of mental disorders according to ICD-10. Class "F60-69 Disorders of adult personality and behaviour" includes "F64 Transsexualism" Russian and foreign critics perceived the law as a ban on transgender drivers: journalist Yelena Masyuk questioned the relevance of a person's transgender identity in regards to their ability to drive. On 14 January 2015, Russia's Health Ministry clarified the law, stating that it would only deny licenses to those with disorders that would impair their ability to drive safely, and explicitly stated that one's sexual orientation would not be considered a factor under the law, as it is not considered a psychiatric disorder.
In 2018, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation developed a draft medical certificate that will help transgender people with confirming their gender identity on their legal documents. The Ministry of Justice approved this document on January 19, 2018. Up to this point, changes related to the gender change could only be made to the documents on the basis of a court decision. The Ministry of Health explained that, in accordance with the legislation, the registry offices make changes to the birth certificate if a mentioned certificate is submitted.
A certificate of gender change required to change person's gender in documents such as a birth certificate and passport, and can be obtained on the basis of a medical commission consisting of a psychiatrist, a sexologist and a medical psychologist. Neither sex-affirmative surgery nor hormone replacement therapy required. The minimum duration of psychiatric observation is not specified in the final document of the Ministry of Health. On average, the commission lasts from 2 days to 1 month.
On May 31, 2023, a bill to legally ban individuals having any sex change and reassignments within Russia, annulling marriages with partners that have changed gender and banning said individuals from adopting children was introduced in the State Duma. On 19 July, the bill unanimously passed its three required readings in the State Duma (lower house of parliament).
On July 19, the upper house of parliament unanimously approved the bill as well.
On 24 July, the bill was signed into law by Russian president Vladimir Putin. State Duma Speaker Vyacheslav Volodin said the number of gender reassignment surgeries in the U.S. has increased by 50 times over the past 10 years, and around 1.4% of all US teenagers aged between 13 and 17 identified themselves as transgender in 2022. He said “This is the path leading to the degradation of a nation”, stating that the newly adopted law was designed to avoid such a scenario
Propaganda bans
Regional laws
Between 2006 and 2013, ten regions enacted a ban on "propaganda of homosexualism" among minors. The laws of nine of them prescribe punishments of administrative sanctions and/or fines. The laws in some of the regions also forbid so-called "propaganda of bisexualism and transgenderism" to minors. As of May 2013 the regions that had enacted these various laws, and the years in which they had passed the laws, included: Ryazan Oblast (2006), Arkhangelsk Oblast (2011), Saint Petersburg (2012), Kostroma Oblast (2012), Magadan Oblast (2012), Novosibirsk Oblast (2012), Krasnodar Krai (2012), Samara Oblast (2012), Bashkortostan (2012), and Kaliningrad Oblast (February 2013). Then, Arkhangelsk (2013) and Saint Petersburg (2014) removed the law.
In 2019, Russia cut and censored gay sex scenes in the movie musical Rocketman based on the life of British singer Elton John, a decision he criticized, saying it is "cruelly unaccepting of the love between two people."
National laws
Federal laws passed on 29 June 2013 ban the distribution of "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relationships" among minors. Critics contend the law makes illegal holding any sort of public demonstration in favour of gay rights, speak in defence of LGBT rights, and distribute material related to LGBT culture, or to state that same-sex relationships are equal to heterosexual relationships. Additionally the laws have received international condemnation from human rights campaigners, and media outlets that even display of LGBT symbols, such as the rainbow flag, have resulted in arrests, and incited homophobic violence.
The law subjects Russian citizens found guilty to fines of up to 5,000 roubles and public officials to fines of up to 50,000 roubles. Organizations or businesses will be fined up to 1 million roubles and be forced to cease operations for up to 90 days. Foreigners may be arrested and detained for up to 15 days then deported, as well as fined up to 100,000 roubles. Russian citizens who have used the Internet or media to promote "non-traditional relations" will be fined up to 100,000 roubles.
The statute amended a law that is said to protect children from pornography and other "harmful information". One of the authors of the statute, Yelena Mizulina, who is the chair of the Duma's Committee on Family, Women, and Children and who has been described by some as a moral crusader, told lawmakers as the bill was being considered, "Traditional sexual relations are relations between a man and a woman.... These relations need special protection". Mizulina argued that a recent poll had shown 88% of the public were in support of the bill.
Commenting on the bill prior to its passage, President Putin said, during a visit to Amsterdam in April 2013, "I want everyone to understand that in Russia there are no infringements on sexual minorities' rights. They're people, just like everyone else, and they enjoy full rights and freedoms". He went on to say that he fully intended to sign the bill because the Russian people demanded it. As he put it, "Can you imagine an organization promoting pedophilia in Russia? I think people in many Russian regions would have started to take up arms.... The same is true for sexual minorities: I can hardly imagine same-sex marriages being allowed in Chechnya. Can you imagine it? It would have resulted in human casualties." Putin also mentioned that he was concerned about Russia's low birth-rate and that same-sex relationships do not produce children.
Critics say that the statute is written so broadly that it is in effect a complete ban on the gay rights movement and any public expression of LGBT culture.
In July 2013, four Dutch tourists were arrested for allegedly discussing gay rights with Russian youths. The four were arrested for allegedly spreading "propaganda of nontraditional relationships among the under-aged" after talking to teens at a camp in the northern city of Murmansk.
In March 2018 the Russian authorities forbade the biggest gay website Gay.ru because of "propaganda of nontraditional sexual relationships".
In December 2022, an amendment to the propaganda law was signed into law by Putin, extending it to all age groups. It also prohibits the distribution of materials that promote "pedophilia", or give minors a "desire to change their sex".
In February 2023, the Russian government introduced the AI program Oculus to scan the internet for illegal content, including “LGBT propaganda”.
Domestic reactions
According to a survey conducted in June 2013 by the Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VTsIOM), at least 90% of those surveyed were in favor of the law.
Russian historian and human rights activist Lyudmila Alexeyeva has called it "a step toward the Middle Ages".
In January 2016, the State Duma rejected a proposal by the Communist Party to punish people who publicly express their homosexuality with fines and arrests.
International reactions and boycott
International human rights organisations and the governments of developed democracies around the world have strongly condemned this Russian law. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has condemned this Russian statute and another similar one in Moldova (which was later repealed) as discriminatory and has made clear that the Russian statute in question is a violation of international human rights law, including the right of gay children to receive proper information. The European Parliament has condemned Russia for homophobic discrimination and censorship and the Council of Europe has called on Russia to protect LGBT rights properly. The European Court of Human Rights had previously fined Russia for other infringements of LGBT rights. In 2012 the UN Human Rights Committee ruled that a similar statute in the Russia's Ryazan Region was discriminatory, infringed on freedom of expression, and was inadmissible under international law – a Russian court in Ryazan later agreed and struck it down. Some members of the gay community commenced a boycott of Russian goods, particularly Russian vodka.
Many Western celebrities and activists are openly opposed to the law and have encouraged a boycott of Russian products – notably Russian vodka – as well as a boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games, which were scheduled to be held in Sochi, unless the Games were relocated out of Russia.
Political figures
United States President Barack Obama said that while he did not favour boycotting the Sochi Olympics over the law, "Nobody's more offended than me about some of the anti-gay and lesbian legislation that you've been seeing in Russia". Obama subsequently, in September 2013, met with Russian gay rights activists during a visit to St. Petersburg to attend a meeting of the G-20 nations' leaders. Obama said that he was proud of the work the activists were doing. His aides had said that Obama's opposition to the anti-gay propaganda law was one reason Obama had canceled a meeting previously planned to have been held with Russian President Putin during the trip.
The law was also condemned by German Chancellor Angela Merkel and German cabinet secretaries, British Prime Minister David Cameron, Australian Foreign Minister Bob Carr, as well as Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird.
Summary table
See also
Human rights in Russia
LGBT rights in Asia
LGBT rights in Europe
LGBT culture in Russia
LGBT history in Russia
LGBT rights in Chechnya
LGBT Human Rights Project Gayrussia.ru
Moscow Helsinki Watch Group
Nikolay Alexeyev
Recognition of same-sex unions in Russia
Think of the children
Vitaly Milonov
Russian LGBT Network
Notes
References
Sources
Further reading
Clark, F. (2014). "Discrimination against LGBT people triggers health concerns." Lancet, 383(9916), 500–502.
External links
LGBT Human Rights Project GayRussia.Ru (en)(ru)
Russian National Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transsexual Website (ru)
Is HOMO what OMON sees in the mirror? – The eXile (en)
LGBT History: Russia (en)
State Duma rejected "sexual hatred" to be the reason for criminal prosecution 14 February 2004 (en)
Bashkortostan Parliament's deputy proposes legitimating homosexual marriages 22 May 2004 (en)
Gay and lesbian parents afraid to send kids to school in Russia, Xtra Magazine, 14 June 2014 (en)
Law of Russia
Discrimination against transgender people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%20rights%20in%20Russia |
The Water Authority of Western Australia, also known as WAWA, was a statutory authority of the state government that was responsible for the water supply, sewerage, and main drainage within Western Australia between 1985 and 1996.
History
The Water Authority of Western Australia was founded in 1985 under the Water Authority Act 1984. Its purpose was to manage the water supply, sewerage, and main drainage across the entire state of Western Australia. Previously, these had been managed by two separate entities: the Metropolitan Water Authority covered the metropolitan region, and the Public Works Department covered regional Western Australia.
It was replaced by the Water Corporation in 1996.
Education
In 1995, the Water Authority created the Waterwise Schools Program, to educate school studentsand their parents and teachersabout the value of water resources, and the importance of protecting them. The first "Waterwise School" was Hillarys Primary School. The program has since expanded to include almost half of the schools in WA.
Notes
References
Further reading
Water Authority of Western Australia.(1987) The 1986/87 re-organisation / the Water Authority of Western Australia. Leederville, W.A.: The Authority. (appendices). (summary)
Western Australia. Steering Committee for the Merger of State Water Authorities. (1984) Report of the Steering Committee for the Merger of State Water Authorities. Perth, W.A. The Committee.
Water companies of Australia
Water management authorities
Defunct government agencies of Western Australia
Public utilities established in 1985
1985 establishments in Australia
1996 disestablishments in Australia
Government agencies disestablished in 1996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20Authority%20of%20Western%20Australia |
Horka nad Moravou is a municipality and village in Olomouc District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,600 inhabitants. It lies on the Morava River.
Horka nad Moravou is approximately north-west of Olomouc and east of Prague.
Notable people
Rudolf Doležal (1916–2002), sculptor
References
Villages in Olomouc District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horka%20nad%20Moravou |
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