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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P14arf
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p14ARF (also called ARF tumor suppressor, ARF, p14ARF) is an alternate reading frame protein product of the CDKN2A locus (i.e. INK4a/ARF locus). p14ARF is induced in response to elevated mitogenic stimulation, such as aberrant growth signaling from MYC and Ras (protein). It accumulates mainly in the nucleolus where it forms stable complexes with NPM or Mdm2. These interactions allow p14ARF to act as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting ribosome biogenesis or initiating p53-dependent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, respectively. p14ARF is an atypical protein, in terms of its transcription, its amino acid composition, and its degradation: it is transcribed in an alternate reading frame of a different protein, it is highly basic, and it is polyubiquinated at the N-terminus.
Both p16INK4a and p14ARF are involved in cell cycle regulation. p14ARF inhibits mdm2, thus promoting p53, which promotes p21 activation, which then binds and inactivates certain cyclin-CDK complexes, which would otherwise promote transcription of genes that would carry the cell through the G1/S checkpoint of the cell cycle. Loss of p14ARF by a homozygous mutation in the CDKN2A (INK4A) gene will lead to elevated levels in mdm2 and, therefore, loss of p53 function and cell cycle control.
The equivalent in mice is p19ARF.
Background
The p14ARF transcript was first identified in humans in 1995, and its protein product confirmed in mice that same year. Its gene locus is on the short arm of chromosome 9 in humans,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter%20frequency
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Letter frequency is the number of times letters of the alphabet appear on average in written language. Letter frequency analysis dates back to the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi (–873 AD), who formally developed the method to break ciphers. Letter frequency analysis gained importance in Europe with the development of movable type in 1450 AD, where one must estimate the amount of type required for each letterform. Linguists use letter frequency analysis as a rudimentary technique for language identification, where it is particularly effective as an indication of whether an unknown writing system is alphabetic, syllabic, or ideographic.
The use of letter frequencies and frequency analysis plays a fundamental role in cryptograms and several word puzzle games, including Hangman, Scrabble, Wordle and the television game show Wheel of Fortune. One of the earliest descriptions in classical literature of applying the knowledge of English letter frequency to solving a cryptogram is found in Edgar Allan Poe's famous story The Gold-Bug, where the method is successfully applied to decipher a message giving the location of a treasure hidden by Captain Kidd.
Herbert S. Zim, in his classic introductory cryptography text "Codes and Secret Writing", gives the English letter frequency sequence as "ETAON RISHD LFCMU GYPWB VKJXZQ", the most common letter pairs as "TH HE AN RE ER IN ON AT ND ST ES EN OF TE ED OR TI HI AS TO", and the most common doubled letters as "LL EE SS OO TT FF RR NN PP CC".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vy%27s%20modulus%20of%20continuity%20theorem
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Lévy's modulus of continuity theorem is a theorem that gives a result about an almost sure behaviour of an estimate of the modulus of continuity for Wiener process, that is used to model what's known as Brownian motion.
Lévy's modulus of continuity theorem is named after the French mathematician Paul Lévy.
Statement of the result
Let be a standard Wiener process. Then, almost surely,
In other words, the sample paths of Brownian motion have modulus of continuity
with probability one, for and sufficiently small .
See also
Some properties of sample paths of the Wiener process
References
Paul Pierre Lévy, Théorie de l'addition des variables aléatoires. Gauthier-Villars, Paris (1937).
Probability theorems
theorem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piana%20di%20Monte%20Verna
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Piana di Monte Verna is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Caserta in the Italian region Campania, located about north of Naples and about north of Caserta.
Piana di Monte Verna borders the following municipalities: Caiazzo, Capua, Castel di Sasso, Castel Morrone, Limatola.
References
Cities and towns in Campania
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purcell%20%26%20Elmslie
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Purcell & Elmslie (P&E) was the most widely know iteration of a progressive American architectural practice. P&E was the second most commissioned firm of the Prairie School, after Frank Lloyd Wright. The firm in all iterations was active from 1907 to 1921, with their most famous work being done between 1913 and 1921.
History
The firms consisted of three partnerships: Purcell and Feick (1907–10); Purcell, Feick, and Elmslie (1910–12), and Purcell and Elmslie (1913–21). Elmslie had joined the Minneapolis-based firm in 1907, at the request of Purcell. The architects were commissioned for work in twenty-two states, participated in the competition for the National Parliament Buildings in Canberra, Australia, and prepared plans for a large institutional church, or Y.M.C.A., in Hunan, China.
The two principals of the firm, William Gray Purcell (1880–1965) and George Grant Elmslie (1869–1952) both eventually received Fellowships in the College of the American Institute of Architects. George Feick Jr. who was son of George Feick, an Ohio contractor, was the original partner with Purcell. Purcell and Feick had been students together at Cornell University. They rejoined to tour in Europe together during 1906-1907 and then came to Minneapolis to open their partnership. The firm had offices in Chicago, Philadelphia, and Minneapolis. A number of works by each of the partnerships are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Notable commissions
Steven House (1909), Eau Cla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherno%20More%20motorway
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The Cherno More motorway or the Black Sea motorway (, ) is a Bulgarian motorway planned to link the major coastal cities of Varna and Burgas, passing along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. It is part of the Pan-European Corridor VIII and is estimated to be 103 km (60 miles) long when finished. As of 2016, 10 km (6 miles) of the motorway are completed, from the Asparuhov bridge in Varna to the village of Priseltsi.
The Cherno More motorway is expected to considerably shorten the journey between the two cities, since the traffic is slowed down significantly by the narrow passage of the Balkan Mountains between Nesebar and Obzor, especially during the summer season. As part of the Bulgarian motorway network, the motorway is to be linked with the Hemus motorway (A2) near Varna and with the Trakia motorway (A1) near Burgas, both leading to the capital Sofia.
The motorway is included for financing by the allocated for Bulgaria since 2022 EU funds, like other motorways in the country. In 2011 the National Company "Strategic Infrastructure Projects" was established. One of the main aims of this state-run company is to assess and update all preliminary design works and feasibility studies. In November 2013 the government announced talks to complete the remaining sections of the motorway with a loan from the Chinese Exim bank. The construction works are estimated to cost up to €307m.
The motorway is named after the Black Sea, which translates to "Cherno More" in Bulgarian.
Exits
Ref
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrainment
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Entrainment may refer to:
Air entrainment, the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles in concrete
Brainwave entrainment, the practice of entraining one's brainwaves to a desired frequency
Entrainment (biomusicology), the synchronization of organisms to an external rhythm
Entrainment (chronobiology), the alignment of a circadian system's period and phase to the period and phase of an external rhythm
Entrainment (engineering), the entrapment of one substance by another substance
Entrainment (hydrodynamics), the movement of one fluid by another
Entrainment (meteorology), a phenomenon of the atmosphere
Entrainment (physical geography), the process by which surface sediment is incorporated into a fluid flow
Entrainment (physics), the process whereby two interacting oscillating systems assume the same period
Lexical entrainment, the process in conversational linguistics of the subject adopting the terms of their interlocutor
Photoentrainment (chronobiology), the synchronization by light of organisms to environment rhythm
See also
"That's Entrainment", a Van Morrison song
Entrains-sur-Nohain, a commune in the Nièvre department in central France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch%20Networks
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Epoch Networks (www.epochnetworks.com) was, at one time, the largest privately held first tier internet service provider ISP founded by Scott Purcell in 1994. It was the fourth commercial internet backbone in the United States. Epoch was also one of the first members of the Commercial Internet eXchange—for which, Scott Purcell served as a board member.
An article from ISP Planet states:
"The company got its start in Costa Mesa, California around 1994 when its entire staff consisted of four people with access to a local backbone. By the end of the year, the company was one of the first ISPs connected to the Commercial Internet eXchange, a predecessor of today's Network Access Points."
References
Internet service providers of the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello%20di%20Cisterna
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Castello di Cisterna (also unofficially Castel Cisterna) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Naples in the Italian region Campania, located about 15 km northeast of Naples.
Castello di Cisterna borders the following municipalities: Acerra, Brusciano, Pomigliano d'Arco, Somma Vesuviana.
References
External links
Official website
Cities and towns in Campania
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20%28disambiguation%29
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Linear is used to describe linearity in mathematics.
Linear may also refer to:
Mathematics
Linear algebra
Linear code
Linear cryptanalysis
Linear equation
Linear function
Linear functional
Linear map
Linear programming, a type of optimization problem
Linear system
Linear system of equations
Linear transformation
Technology
Particularly in electronics, a device whose characteristic or transfer function is linear, in the mathematical sense, is called linear
Linear amplifier, a component of amateur radio equipment
Linear element, part of an electric circuit
Linear motor a type of electric motor
Linear phase, a property of an electronic filter
Linear Technology, an integrated circuit manufacturer
Linearity (computer and video games)
Other uses
A kind of leaf shape in botany
LINEAR, the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research project
Linear A, one of two scripts used in ancient Crete
Linear B, a script that was used for writing Mycenaean, an early form of Greek
Linear counterpoint in music
Linear narrative structure
Linear (group), a pop music group popular in the 1990s
Linear (album), their group's debut album
Linear (film), a film that was released with the U2 album No Line on the Horizon
Linear molecular geometry in chemistry
Linear motion, motion along a straight line
Linearity (writing), describing whether symbols in a writing system are composed of lines
A kind of typeface in the VOX-ATypI classification
See also
Curvilinear
Rectilinear
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pars%C3%A9%20Semiconductor%20Co.
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Parsé Semiconductor Co. was established in 2003 in Tehran, Iran, is a digital design house for ASIC, SoC and FPGA designs. In 2006, the company announced it has both designed and produced a 32-bit computer microprocessor inside the country for the first time.
The computer microprocessor called Aristo has been manufactured by Iranian researchers and engineers at Parsé Semiconductor with the support the company has received from the Modern Industries Center of the ministry of Industries of Iran. In addition, Parsé has released its own chip called Tachra, which includes the Aristo processor core, together with a suite of Tachra development tools. These architectures seem to have much in common with Leon3.
Designed and manufactured in conformity with SPARC processors architecture, Aristo stands to the international standards and can well compete with similar processors existing in the market. The newly Iran-made computer microprocessor can be used in communications projects, auto-manufacturing industry, industrial automation, robotic systems and artificial intelligence, computer and data transfer networks, etc.
See also
Economy of Iran
External links
Official Website
References
Companies established in 2003
Iranian brands
Semiconductor companies of Iran
2003 establishments in Iran
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20scattering%20mode
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George Heilmeier proposed the dynamic scattering effect which causes a strong scattering of light when the electric field applied to a special liquid crystal mixture exceeds a threshold value.
A DSM cell requires the following ingredients:
a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy (aligns the LC long axis perpendicular to the electric field),
homeotropic alignment of the LC (i.e. perpendicular to the substrate planes),
doping of the LC with a substance that increases the conductivity of the LC to allow a current to flow.
With no voltage applied the LC-cell with the homeotropically aligned LC is clear and transparent. With increasing voltage and current, the electric field tries to align the long molecular axis of the LC perpendicular to the field while the ion transport through the layer has the tendency to align the LC perpendicular to the substrate plates. As a result, a pattern of repetitive striped regions called Williams domains is generated in the cell. Increasing the voltage further causes this regular pattern to be replaced by a turbulent state which strongly scatters light. This effect belongs to the class of electro-hydrodynamic effects in LCs. Electro-optic displays can be realized with the effect in the transmissive and reflective mode of operation. The driving voltages required for light scattering are in the range of several tens of volts, and the non-trivial current depends on the area of the activated segments. Historically the DSM effect was t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax%20barrier
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A parallax barrier is a device placed in front of an image source, such as a liquid crystal display, to allow it to show a stereoscopic or multiscopic image without the need for the viewer to wear 3D glasses. Placed in front of the normal LCD, it consists of an opaque layer with a series of precisely spaced slits, allowing each eye to see a different set of pixels, so creating a sense of depth through parallax in an effect similar to what lenticular printing produces for printed products and lenticular lenses for other displays. A disadvantage of the method in its simplest form is that the viewer must be positioned in a well-defined spot to experience the 3D effect. However, recent versions of this technology have addressed this issue by using face-tracking to adjust the relative positions of the pixels and barrier slits according to the location of the user's eyes, allowing the user to experience the 3D from a wide range of positions. Another disadvantage is that the horizontal pixel count viewable by each eye is halved, reducing the overall horizontal resolution of the image.
History
The principle of the parallax barrier was independently invented by Auguste Berthier, who published an article on stereoscopic pictures including his new idea illustrated with a diagram and pictures with purposely exaggerated dimensions of the interlaced image strips, and by Frederic E. Ives, who made and exhibited a functional autostereoscopic image in 1901. About two years later, Ives bega
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Second%20Hand%20Stopped
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The Second Hand Stopped is the debut studio album by American metalcore band Odd Project, released on July 13, 2004.
Track listing
Statistics Like Cigarettes – 3:41
The Phone Is Such A Blunt Object – 3:32
A Hero's Trial – 4:23
A Perfect Smile and Broken Wings – 3:33
Tear Stained Lies – 3:40
Love – 3:19
The Fashion Police Hate Robots – 3:31
Photographic Memories – 4:57
The Wanderer – 2:02
Silver Screen Lovers – 4:37
Personnel
Matt Lamb – lead vocals
Scott Zschomler – lead guitar, vocals
Eric Cline – bass guitar, backing vocals
Greg Pawloski – rhythm guitar
Christian Escobar – drums
2004 debut albums
Indianola Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20H.%20Bryan
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George Hartley Bryan FRS (1 March 1864 – 13 October 1928) was an English applied mathematician who was an authority on thermodynamics and aeronautics. He was born in Cambridge, and was educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge, obtaining his BA in 1886 (as 5th wrangler), MA in 1890, and DSc in 1896. He was a professor at University College of North Wales, and is generally credited with developing the modern mathematical treatment of the motion of airplanes in flight as rigid bodies with six degrees of freedom.
Aside from minor differences in notation, Bryan's 1911 equations are the same as those used today to evaluate modern aircraft. (Perhaps surprisingly, Bryan's equations—published just eight years after the first aircraft flew—are most accurate when applied to supersonic jets.) In evaluating aircraft mathematically, Bryan focused on issues of aerodynamic stability rather than on control; stability and control of an aircraft tend to lie on opposite ends of the same spectrum. Bryan's aeronautic results were an extension of his earlier work in fluid dynamics. In 1888, Bryan developed mathematical models for fluid pressures within a pipe and for external buckling pressures. These models are still used today.
Childhood and education
Bryan was born on 1 March 1864 in Cambridge and within a year, his father had died; he was brought up by his mother and the extended family. The family spent much of their time in France and Italy and Bryan was home schooled throughout his childhood. He
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20conflict
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Sexual conflict or sexual antagonism occurs when the two sexes have conflicting optimal fitness strategies concerning reproduction, particularly over the mode and frequency of mating, potentially leading to an evolutionary arms race between males and females. In one example, males may benefit from multiple matings, while multiple matings may harm or endanger females, due to the anatomical differences of that species. Sexual conflict underlies the evolutionary distinction between male and female.
The development of an evolutionary arms race can also be seen in the chase-away sexual selection model, which places inter-sexual conflicts in the context of secondary sexual characteristic evolution, sensory exploitation, and female resistance. According to chase-away selection, continuous sexual conflict creates an environment in which mating frequency and male secondary sexual trait development are somewhat in step with the female's degree of resistance. It has primarily been studied in animals, though it can in principle apply to any sexually reproducing organism, such as plants and fungi. There is some evidence for sexual conflict in plants.
Sexual conflict takes two major forms:
Interlocus sexual conflict is the interaction of a set of antagonistic alleles at one or more loci in males and females. An example is conflict over mating rates. Males frequently have a higher optimal mating rate than females because in most animal species, they invest fewer resources in offspring t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexapod%20%28robotics%29
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A six-legged walking robot should not be confused with a Stewart platform, a kind of parallel manipulator used in robotics applications.
A hexapod robot is a mechanical vehicle that walks on six legs. Since a robot can be statically stable on three or more legs, a hexapod robot has a great deal of flexibility in how it can move. If legs become disabled, the robot may still be able to walk. Furthermore, not all of the robot's legs are needed for stability; other legs are free to reach new foot placements or manipulate a payload.
Many hexapod robots are biologically inspired by Hexapoda locomotion – the insectoid robots. Hexapods may be used to test biological theories about insect locomotion, motor control, and neurobiology.
Designs
Hexapod designs vary in leg arrangement. Insect-inspired robots are typically laterally symmetric, such as the RiSE robot at Carnegie Mellon. A radially symmetric hexapod is ATHLETE (All-Terrain Hex-Legged Extra-Terrestrial Explorer) robot at JPL.
Typically, individual legs range from two to six degrees of freedom. Hexapod feet are typically pointed, but can also be tipped with adhesive material to help climb walls or wheels so the robot can drive quickly when the ground is flat.
Locomotion
Most often, hexapods are controlled by gaits, which allow the robot to move forward, turn, and perhaps side-step. Some of the
most common gaits are as follows:
Alternating tripod: 3 legs on the ground at a time.
Quadruped.
Crawl: move just one l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Norgrove
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Sir David Ronald Norgrove (born 23 January 1948) is an English businessman and government official, who was chair of the UK Statistics Authority from 2017 to 2022. He was previously the first chairman of The Pensions Regulator, and then chair of the Low Pay Commission.
Early life
Norgrove was born on 23 January 1948 in Peckham, London. He was educated at Christ's Hospital School and read History at Exeter College, Oxford. He gained a diploma in Economics at Cambridge University and then a master's degree in Economics at the London School of Economics.
Career
Norgrove started his career as an economist at HM Treasury (1972–85), where his time included a secondment to the First National Bank of Chicago.
Norgrove was private secretary to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher between 1985 and 1988.
In 1988 he joined Marks and Spencer, where he held several positions: from 1988–99 he was Director of Europe; Worldwide franchising; Menswear and Strategy. In September 1999 he became chairman of Marks & Spencer's Ventures Division and a year later he was appointed to the executive board as executive director for Strategy, International and Ventures.
Norgrove was heavily involved in the early recovery of Marks and Spencer but in January 2004 he was fired from his role as director of clothing following poor Christmas sales. He continued in his position as chair of the trustees of the Marks & Spencer pension fund until later in the year, playing a role in the attempt by Philip Green to a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelonin
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Gelonin is a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein and toxin of approximately 30 kDa found in the seeds of the Himalayan plant Gelonium multiflorum. In cell-free systems gelonin exerts powerful N-glycosidase activity on the 28S rRNA unit of eukaryotic ribosomes by cleaving out adenine at the 4324 site. Gelonin lacks carbohydrate-binding domains so it is unable to cross the plasma membrane, making it highly effective only in cell free systems.
Structure
Gelonin is a 30 kDa protein. Gelonin is a dimer, consisting of two identical monomers. Each monomer is composed of 251 amino acids, for a total of 502 residues. Gelonin is classified as an (α + β) protein, as its secondary structure consists of both beta sheets and alpha helices. Each monomer’s first 100 amino acids form 10 beta sheets, while their last 151 amino acids form 10 alpha helices. Gelonin’s two dimers are stabilized by hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. Specifically, the Asn22, Arg178, Asn180, and Lys237 residues of each monomer hydrogen bond with each other to stabilize the molecules. Likewise, the hydrophobic residues Tyr14, Ile15, Val16 and Pro38 from one monomer form hydrophobic interactions with the same residues in the adjacent monomer to further stabilize the dimer.
Active Site
Gelonin’s active site is a cleft formed by six key residues: Tyr74, Gly111, Tyr113, Glu166, Arg169, and Trp198. The shape of the active site is stabilized by hydrogen bonding between Gly111 and Tyr113. Tyr113, Glu166, and Arg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%2C4%27-Biphenol
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4,4′-Biphenol is an organic compound which is a phenolic derivative of biphenyl. It is a colorless solid.
4,4′-Biphenol is prepared by dealkylation of the tetra-t-butyl derivative, generated by the oxidative coupling of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol. The oxidative coupling of phenol itself typically gives a mixture of isomers. For example, VCl4 reacts with phenols give 4,4′-, 2,4′-, and 2,2′-biphenols:
2 C6H5OH + 2 VCl4 → HOC6H4–C6H4OH + 2 VCl3 + 2 HCl
An earlier process using oxygen and copper salts to enable the oxidative coupling was reported
Safety
4,4'-Biphenol had actually been elucidated to have an estrogenic SAR.
See Also
Bisphenol
References
Phenols
Biphenyls
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon%20Spire
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Pigeon Spire is a peak in the Purcell Mountains of the Columbia Mountains in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. It may be one of the most climbed of the spires in The Bugaboos owing to its relatively low prominence from the Vowell Glacier and the existence of an easy route (the West Ridge; II, 5.4). It is not uncommon to have a couple dozen people on this route on a busy weekend. There are longer, harder routes on the spire's North and East faces.
Routes
West Ridge (II, 5.4)
External links
Pigeon Spire at Bivouac.com
Three-thousanders of British Columbia
Columbia Valley
Purcell Mountains
Kootenay Land District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cline%20%28biology%29
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In biology, a cline (from the Greek κλίνειν klinein, meaning "to lean") is a measurable gradient in a single characteristic (or biological trait) of a species across its geographical range. First coined by Julian Huxley in 1938, the cline usually has a genetic (e.g. allele frequency, blood type), or phenotypic (e.g. body size, skin pigmentation) character. Clines can show smooth, continuous gradation in a character, or they may show more abrupt changes in the trait from one geographic region to the next.
A cline refers to a spatial gradient in a specific, singular trait, rather than a collection of traits; a single population can therefore have as many clines as it has traits, at least in principle. Additionally, Huxley recognised that these multiple independent clines may not act in concordance with each other. For example, it has been observed that in Australia, birds generally become smaller the further towards the north of the country they are found. In contrast, the intensity of their plumage colouration follows a different geographical trajectory, being most vibrant where humidity is highest and becoming less vibrant further into the arid centre of the country.
Because of this, clines were defined by Huxley as being an "auxiliary taxonomic principle"; that is, clinal variation in a species is not awarded taxonomic recognition in the way subspecies or species are.
While the terms "ecotype" and "cline" are sometimes used interchangeably, they do in fact differ in that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranello
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Baranello is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Campobasso in the Italian region Molise, located about southwest of Campobasso. This town draws its name as a derivative of Monte Vairano which was a hilltop Samnite village and now is an archeological site.
Baranello borders the following municipalities: Busso, Colle d'Anchise, Spinete, Vinchiaturo.
People
Piero Niro, Italian composer and classical pianist, was born in Baranello.
References
External links
Official website
Cities and towns in Molise
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaro%E2%80%93Winkler%20distance
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In computer science and statistics, the Jaro–Winkler similarity is a string metric measuring an edit distance between two sequences. It is a variant of the Jaro distance metric metric (1989, Matthew A. Jaro) proposed in 1990 by William E. Winkler.
The Jaro–Winkler distance uses a prefix scale which gives more favourable ratings to strings that match from the beginning for a set prefix length .
The higher the Jaro–Winkler distance for two strings is, the less similar the strings are. The score is normalized such that 0 means an exact match and 1 means there is no similarity. The original paper actually defined the metric in terms of similarity, so the distance is defined as the inversion of that value (distance = 1 − similarity).
Although often referred to as a distance metric, the Jaro–Winkler distance is not a metric in the mathematical sense of that term because it does not obey the triangle inequality.
Definition
Jaro similarity
The Jaro similarity of two given strings and is
Where:
is the length of the string ;
is the number of matching characters (see below);
is the number of transpositions (see below).
Jaro similarity score is 0 if the strings do not match at all, and 1 if they are an exact match. In the first step, each character of is compared with all its matching characters in . Two characters from and respectively, are considered matching only if they are the same and not farther than characters apart. For example, the following two nine c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramogen
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The term ramogen refers to a biological factor, typically a growth factor or other protein, that causes a developing biological cell or tissue to branch in a tree-like manner. Ramogenic molecules are branch promoting molecules found throughout the human body,.
Brief History
The term was first coined (from the Latin ramus = branch and the Greek genesis = creation) in an article about kidney development by Davies and Davey (Pediatr Nephrol. 1999 Aug;13(6):535-41). In the article, Davies and Davy describe the existence of "ramogens" in the kidney as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors, neurturin and persephin. The term has now passed into general use in the technical literature concerned with branching of biological structures.
Function
A ramogen is a biochemical signal that enables the creation of a physiological branch. The signal can be in the form of a growth factor or a hormone that makes a tube branch. One specific example would be the hormone that forms the simple tube through which the mammary glands begin to form causing the formation of a highly branched “tree” of milk ducts in females.
Types of Ramogens
Mesenchyme-derived ramogens are found throughout the body and serve as chemoattractants to branching tissues.
An example of how this works is found through a study on a bead soaked in the renal ramogen GDNF. When this ramogen was placed next to a kidney sample in culture, the nearby uteric parts branch and grow toward it.
Another example of a ramo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalloped%20bonnethead
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The scalloped bonnethead (Sphyrna corona) is a rare, little-known species of hammerhead shark in the family Sphyrnidae. Its other common names include the mallethead shark and the crown shark. It is found in tropical and subtropical waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean, from Mexico to Peru, and possibly as far north as the Gulf of California. It frequents inshore habitats over soft bottoms (mud, sand, and gravel) to a depth of 100 m, and also enters mangroves and estuaries.
Probably the smallest species of hammerhead shark, the scalloped bonnethead measures up to long. Its mallet-shaped head, called a cephalofoil, is moderately wide (24–29% of total length) and elongated lengthwise. The front margin is broadly arched, with shallow lateral and medial indentations, and no prenarial grooves. The mouth is small and strongly arched. The anal fin is long and has a nearly straight rear margin. Its coloration is gray above and white below, with no prominent fin markings. The similar scoophead (S. media) can be distinguished by a shorter snout, a broader mouth, and a deeply concave anal fin margin.
Like other hammerheads, the scalloped bonnethead is viviparous, with presumably two pups per litter. The young are born at or above; an adolescent male has been recorded at long, and an adult at . It may be taken by local inshore fisheries, but data is lacking. It feeds on or near the bottom, on crustaceans, molluscs, cephalopods, echinoderms, and bony fishes.
References
External link
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri%20Prokhorov
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Yuri Vasilyevich Prokhorov (; 15 December 1929 – 16 July 2013) was a Russian mathematician, active in the field of probability theory. He was a PhD student of Andrey Kolmogorov at the Moscow State University, where he obtained his PhD in 1956.
Prokhorov became a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1966, a full member in 1972. He was a vice-president of the IMU. He received Lenin Prize in 1970, Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1975 and 1979. He was also an editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
See also
Lévy–Prokhorov metric
Prokhorov's theorem
References
Larry Shepp, "A Conversation with Yuri Vasilyevich Prokhorov", Statistical Science, Vol. 7, No. 1 (February, 1992), pp. 123–130.
External links
Yuri Prokhorov — scientific works on the website Math-Net.Ru
Yuriĭ Vasilʹevich Prokhorov — scientific works in MathSciNet
Prokhorov's Biography (in Russian)
Yuri Vasilevich Prokhorov (in Russian)
Obituaries: Yuri Vasilyevich Prokhorov
20th-century Russian mathematicians
Soviet mathematicians
Probability theorists
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow State University alumni
1929 births
2013 deaths
Russian scientists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil%20elastase
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Neutrophil elastase (, leukocyte elastase, ELANE, ELA2, elastase 2, neutrophil, elaszym, serine elastase, subtype human leukocyte elastase (HLE)) is a serine proteinase in the same family as chymotrypsin and has broad substrate specificity. Neutrophil elastase is secreted by neutrophils during inflammation, and destroys bacteria and host tissue. It also localizes to neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), via its high affinity for DNA, an unusual property for serine proteases.
As with other serine proteinases it contains a charge relay system composed of the catalytic triad of histidine, aspartate, and serine residues that are dispersed throughout the primary sequence of the polypeptide but that are brought together in the three dimensional conformation of the folded protein. The gene encoding neutrophil elastase, ELA2, consists of five exons. Neutrophil elastase is closely related to other cytotoxic immune serine proteases, such as the granzymes and cathepsin G. It is more distantly related to the digestive CELA1.
The neutrophil form of elastase () is 218 amino acids long, with two asparagine-linked carbohydrate chains (see glycosylation). It is present in azurophil granules in the neutrophil cytoplasm. There appear to be two forms of neutrophil elastase, termed IIa and IIb.
Gene
In humans, neutrophil elastase is encoded by the ELANE gene, which resides on chromosome 11.
Function
Elastases form a subfamily of serine proteases that hydrolyze many proteins in addition t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPVI
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Glycoprotein VI (platelet), also known as GPVI, is a glycoprotein receptor for collagen which is expressed in platelets. In humans, glycoprotein VI is encoded by the GPVI gene.
GPVI was first cloned in 2000 by several groups including that of Martine Jandrot-Perrus from INSERM.
Function
Glycoprotein VI (GP6) is a 58-kD platelet membrane glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in the collagen-induced activation and aggregation of platelets. Upon injury to the vessel wall and subsequent damage to the endothelial lining, exposure of the subendothelial matrix to blood flow results in deposition of platelets. Collagen fibers are the most thrombogenic macromolecular components of the extracellular matrix, with collagen types I, III, and VI being the major forms found in blood vessels. Platelet interaction with collagen occurs as a 2-step procedure: (1) the initial adhesion to collagen is followed by (2) an activation step leading to platelet secretion, recruitment of additional platelets, and aggregation. In physiologic conditions, the resulting platelet plug is the initial hemostatic event limiting blood loss. However, exposure of collagen after rupture of atherosclerotic plaques is a major stimulus of thrombus formation associated with myocardial infarction or stroke.
Complete or partial deficiency of GPVI in humans is a rare condition presenting as a mild bleeding disorder.
Interactions
GPVI has been shown to interact with LYN.
See also
collagen receptor
References
Fu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seacology
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Seacology is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) charitable organization headquartered in Berkeley, California, that works to preserve island ecosystems and cultures around the world. Founded in 1991, it began with the work of ethnobotanist Paul Alan Cox, who researched tropical plants and their medicinal value in the village of Falealupo in Samoa during the mid-1980s. When the villagers were pressured into selling logging rights to their rainforest in 1988 to build a new school, Cox and his wife offered to help secure funds for the new school in return for an agreement with the villagers to protect their forest. With the help of his friends and family, Cox secured the funds within six months, later earning him and the village chief, Fuiono Senio, the Goldman Environmental Prize for their efforts. Word spread throughout the islands, and with increasing demand for similar projects, Cox, along with Bill Marré and Ken Murdock, decided to form Seacology and expand their work internationally. For the first few years, the organization operated on a volunteer basis.
Because of the high risk of extinction for island fauna and the decline in coral reef ecosystems, Seacology's primary focus is projects in which villagers sign contracts under which they agree to help protect either terrestrial or marine habitat for a specified time in return for new buildings or services. The operations are low-cost, averaging around US$20,000 to $25,000. Construction is done with local labor and sometimes wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vy%E2%80%93Prokhorov%20metric
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In mathematics, the Lévy–Prokhorov metric (sometimes known just as the Prokhorov metric) is a metric (i.e., a definition of distance) on the collection of probability measures on a given metric space. It is named after the French mathematician Paul Lévy and the Soviet mathematician Yuri Vasilyevich Prokhorov; Prokhorov introduced it in 1956 as a generalization of the earlier Lévy metric.
Definition
Let be a metric space with its Borel sigma algebra . Let denote the collection of all probability measures on the measurable space .
For a subset , define the ε-neighborhood of by
where is the open ball of radius centered at .
The Lévy–Prokhorov metric is defined by setting the distance between two probability measures and to be
For probability measures clearly .
Some authors omit one of the two inequalities or choose only open or closed ; either inequality implies the other, and , but restricting to open sets may change the metric so defined (if is not Polish).
Properties
If is separable, convergence of measures in the Lévy–Prokhorov metric is equivalent to weak convergence of measures. Thus, is a metrization of the topology of weak convergence on .
The metric space is separable if and only if is separable.
If is complete then is complete. If all the measures in have separable support, then the converse implication also holds: if is complete then is complete. In particular, this is the case if is separable.
If is separable and complete, a subset i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault%20Vivastella
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The Renault Vivastella was an executive car introduced by Renault in October 1928 and produced for the model years 1929 - 1939.
The car was modified and changed with unusual frequency even by the standards of Renault in the 1930s, and following its evolution in retrospect is rendered more complicated by the way that the Renault catalogue frequently listed two succeeding generations of the model simultaneously, but the Vivastella always occupied a place in the manufacturer's line-up a little below the slightly longer Renault Reinastella. In Latin, "stella" means "star", and viva means "live long".
Evolution
The Vivastella was introduced at the 22nd Paris Motor Show in October 1928 as a more luxurious version of the Renault Vivasix.
First generation
1929 The "Renault Vivastella Type PG2" had an engine of 3180cc (16CV) with claimed output of 52 HP
1930 The "Renault Vivastella Type PG4 was 15 cm larger than the previous model.
1932, a 65 horsepower engine was introduced.
1933, the new series Type PG5 (5 seater) and PG7 (7 seater) were introduced
1934 The "Renault Vivastella Type ZA2" was introduced; it had a radiator behind the engine, which was enlarged in Spring 1934 to 3620cc, now giving a maximum output of 80HP. The 6-cylinder units shared the same 120mm cylinder stroke length, but the bore (cylinder diameter) on the larger engine was increased by 5mm to 80mm. Although a new more modern Vivastella was introduced for 1934, the earlier model continued to be listed, at an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-69%20%28Michigan%20highway%29
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M-69 is an east–west state trunkline highway in the Upper Peninsula (UP) of the U.S. state of Michigan. It connects with US Highway 2 (US 2) on both ends in Crystal Falls and near Bark River. In between, the highway runs for in rural UP forest lands.
Before the creation of the U.S. Highway System, the current M-69 was a portion of M-12. The original M-69 was replaced by US 102 and the M-69 designation was reused on a section of M-12 not replaced by US 2. Further changes to the current highway truncated it for three decades. The eastern section removed from M-69 was given the County-Designated Highway designation G-30 until the change was reversed. In 2002, the historic Paint River Bridge in Crystal Falls was rehabilitated, repairing it and restoring it to the original appearance.
Route description
M-69 starts at the intersection of 5th Street and Superior Avenue in Crystal Falls, where it meets US 2/US 141. The Iron County Courthouse is located at the head of Superior Avenue and overlooks a steep hill headed east through downtown. The City of Crystal Falls states that the courthouse offers "a view of the main street of the City and the scenic panorama of the valley at its feet". On a clear day, Iron Mountain can be seen from the courthouse tower. It is from this starting point that M-69 descends Superior Avenue through downtown toward the Paint River in Iron County. The highway crosses the river on a historic bridge built in 1929 that features decorative lamp posts and r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhimay
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Dhimay, Dhimaya () or Dhime is a traditional Nepalese drum of the Newar people. According to the Hornbostel–Sachs classification, it belongs to the category of double-headed cylindrical membranophone.
Description
The drum is rather big compared to other drums played by the Newars in Nepal. The size of this instrument varies from diameter of 40 inches to 51 inches and length of 17 inches to 21 inches. The shell of the drum is made of wood or metal. Sometimes wooden drums are partly covered with metal foil. The shape of old Dhimay drums is mostly irregular, formed by the natural shape of the piece of wood being used to make the drum body. Modern drums are either cylindrical or slightly barrel-shaped. Both heads are made of goat skin. On the inside of the left membrane, called Mankhah (Haima in Bhaktapur) a red tuning paste (similar in function to the Syahi) is applicated, providing a deep sound.
There are two kinds of dhimay. The smaller ones are called "Dhaacha Dhimay" and bigger dhimay are called "Ma Dhimay"
Playing technique
The left side (Mankhah) is played directly by hand playing either at the upper part of the membrane (ghe), producing a long resonating sound, or a downward stroke (kha), producing a sharp crisp sound. The right membrane, called Nasah, is played with a thin stick, made of cane, which is normally curved at one end. In addition to this three basic strokes a fourth type of stroke (dha) is played, combining the low resonating sound of the left hand i.e. on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleed%20the%20Sky%20%28band%29
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Bleed the Sky is an American metalcore band formed in Orange County, California, in 2002.
History
Formation and Paradigm in Entropy (2002–2006)
The band formed in December 2002 and is considered to be part of the new wave of American heavy metal movement. The band consisted of vocalist Noah Robinson, guitarists Kyle Moorman and Wayne Miller, bassist David "Tank" Garcia, and drummer Austin D'Amond. After being a band for only two months, Bleed the Sky played their first show as an opener for progressive death metal band Opeth. Shortly after, they independently recorded and released a demo EP, Bleed the Sky, recorded at Cleveland's Spider Studios with Producer, and former Chimaira manager, Thom Hazaert and engineered and mixed by Ben Schigel. The EP caught the attention of Emerica who was working on a compilation CD and thought Bleed the Sky would make a good addition. The EP also gained attention of locals as the band also started to headline and sellout local shows. Bleed the Sky toured with legendary hardcore band Integrity throughout the summer of 2003. Due to the large following that Bleed the Sky developed selling out shows along the Sunset Strip in Hollywood, CA, they received an endorsement by Jägermeister and soon caught the attention of Nuclear Blast Records. Bleed the Sky signed a worldwide deal with Nuclear Blast on November 11, 2004, and began working on their debut full-length album.
Producer Ben Schigel (Chimaira, Integrity, Drowning Pool) contributed his t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup%20%28video%29
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A video mashup (also written as video mash-up) combines multiple pre-existing video sources with no discernible relation with each other into a unified video. These are derivative works as defined by the United States Copyright Act , and as such, may find protection from copyright claims under the doctrine of fair use. Examples of mashup videos include movie trailer remixes, vids, YouTube Poop, and supercuts.
Music videos
The first type is a derivative music video, which is the most common one, by recombining two or more pre–existing materials together into a new one. These materials usually are prevailing music videos, but also includes separate songs, videos, and still images. According to Navas, it can be a regressive type, for its promotional purpose.
The second type is slightly different from the first. It allows the users record their own track – either sung or played on an instrument – and then combine it with other tracks from internet together.
These two types of music video mashup are usually edited to match the rhythm of the song, and seeking to show a particular aesthetic style towards a celebrative communication.
The third one is a music video created from bits and pieces from various YouTube performances clipped. It is now a widespread or traditional type, which stresses the participant feature of remix culture. According to the clarification of mashup by Navas, it could be the reflexive mashup, for it beyond the limitation of common music video, and eli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Weatherburn
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Donald James Weatherburn PSM (born 14 May 1951) was Director of the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research in Sydney from 1988 until July 2019. He is a professor at the National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre at the University of New South Wales and a Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia.
Early life
Weatherburn attended Newington College (1964-1969) and the University of Sydney where in 1974 he received his BA with first class honours. He completed a Ph.D. at the University of Sydney in 1979 and lectured in the School of Justice Administration at Charles Sturt University.
Career
In 1983 Weatherburn was appointed Senior Research Officer at the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (BOCSAR) and four years later he was appointed Foundation Director of Research at the NSW Judicial Commission. He was Director of BOCSAR from 1988 until 3 July 2019.
For his contribution to public debate about crime and justice, he was awarded the Public Service Medal in January 1998. In 2000 he received an Alumni Award for Community Service from the University of Sydney.
Following the introduction in February 2014 of the New South Wales lockout laws which limited the sale of alcohol in the Sydney CBD and Kings Cross, Weatherburn released a study arguing that the drop in the number of alcohol-related assaults since the new laws was "simply precipitous" and "one of the most dramatic effects I've seen in my time, of policy intervention to reduce crime".
In Septemb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karplus%20equation
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The Karplus equation, named after Martin Karplus, describes the correlation between 3J-coupling constants and dihedral torsion angles in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy:
where J is the 3J coupling constant, is the dihedral angle, and A, B, and C are empirically derived parameters whose values depend on the atoms and substituents involved. The relationship may be expressed in a variety of equivalent ways e.g. involving cos 2φ rather than cos2 φ —these lead to different numerical values of A, B, and C but do not change the nature of the relationship.
The relationship is used for 3JH,H coupling constants. The superscript "3" indicates that a 1H atom is coupled to another 1H atom three bonds away, via H-C-C-H bonds. (Such hydrogens bonded to neighbouring carbon atoms are termed vicinal). The magnitude of these couplings are generally smallest when the torsion angle is close to 90° and largest at angles of 0 and 180°.
This relationship between local geometry and coupling constant is of great value throughout nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and is particularly valuable for determining backbone torsion angles in protein NMR studies.
References
External links
Generalized Karplus calculation of proton-proton coupling constants
Karplus equations app
Nuclear magnetic resonance
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm%20in%20Entropy
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Paradigm in Entropy is the debut album by American metal band Bleed the Sky. It was released on April 19, 2005, through Nuclear Blast Records.
Track listing
"Minion" – 4:11
"Killtank" – 3:37
"Paradigm in Entropy" – 3:34
"Skin Un Skin" – 4:08
"Leverage" – 3:56
"The Martyr" – 5:50
"Gated" – 3:02
"God in the Frame" – 3:57
"Division" (feat. T.J. Frost & Joe Cafarella of STEMM) – 3:26
"Borrelia Mass" – 5:09
Personnel
Noah Robinson - vocals
Kyle Moorman - guitar
Wayne Miller - guitar
Casey Kulek - bass, backing vocals
Austin D’Amond - drums, backing vocals
Luke Anderson - samples, electronics
Production
Ben Schigel - producer, engineering, mixing
Logan Mader - mastering
Noah Robinson - co producer
Kyle Moorman - co producer
References
2005 debut albums
Nuclear Blast albums
Bleed the Sky (band) albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau%20of%20Crime%20Statistics%20and%20Research
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The Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (BOCSAR), also known as NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, is an agency of the Department of Communities and Justice responsible for research into crime and criminal justice and evaluation of the initiatives designed to reduce crime and reoffending in the state of New South Wales, Australia.
Management and functions
BOCSAR was established in 1969.
The executive director of BOCSAR since July 2019 is Jackie Fitzgerald. She took over from Don Weatherburn PSM, who spent over 30 years in the position.
The Bureau is responsible for identifying factors affecting the distribution and frequency of crime and the effectiveness of the NSW criminal justice system, and for making this information available to its clients.
It develops and maintains statistical databases on crime and criminal justice in NSW, monitors trends in crime and criminal justice, and also conducts research on crime and criminal justice issues and problems.
Statistical information publicly available
Statistical information and various publications of the Bureau are accessible by the public.
Information about crime that is typically stored in the databases includes:
The type of offence committed
Time and location of the offence
The age, gender, plea, outcome of court appearance and penalty (in the cases of persons charged with criminal offences who appear before the courts)
Aggregated data can answer questions such as which areas have high reported crime r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioPHP
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BioPHP is a collection of open-source PHP code, with classes for DNA and protein sequence analysis, alignment, database parsing, and other bioinformatics tools. BioRuby is released under the GNU GPL version 2 licence and is one of a number of Bio* projects, designed to reduce code duplication. As an open source bioinformatics project, BioPHP is affiliated with the Open Bioinformatics Foundation.
History
The BioPHP project grew out of GenePHP, which was started by Serge Gregorio in 2003. GenePHP was conceived as a PHP-based implementation of similar bioinformatics packages such as BioPerl and BioPython and BioRuby. BioPHP was developed in December 2005 by Joseba Bikandi at the University of the Basque Country, Spain as an extension of GenePHP. GenePHP is one of the four projects currently forming BioPHP.
Projects
BioPHP is divided into four 'projects'. The GenePHP project has a similar structure to other Bio* projects, with a number of classes representing (amongst other things) DNA and protein sequences and sequence alignments. Each class is designed to be general enough to be useful in a number of BioPHP projects. Similarly, the Functions project aims to create a number of functions to perform tasks on class objects and reduce code duplication between projects. The Minitools and Tools projects aim to generate a set of PHP scripts for small, repetitive tasks; scripts in the Tools project generally have special requirements, such as interfacing with non-PHP scripts and/or co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAligner
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JAligner is an open source Java implementation of the Smith-Waterman algorithm with Gotoh's improvement for biological local pairwise sequence alignment using the affine gap penalty model. It was written by Ahmed Moustafa.
See also
Sequence alignment software
Clustal
References
External links
Official website
Phylogenetics software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProbCons
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ProbCons is an open source probabilistic consistency-based multiple alignment of amino acid sequences. It is one of the most efficient protein multiple sequence alignment programs, since it has repeatedly demonstrated a statistically significant advantage in accuracy over similar tools, including Clustal and MAFFT.
Algorithm
The following describes the basic outline of the ProbCons algorithm.
Step 1: Reliability of an alignment edge
For every pair of sequences compute the probability that letters and are paired in an alignment that is generated by the model.
(Where is equal to 1 if and are in the alignment and 0 otherwise.)
Step 2: Maximum expected accuracy
The accuracy of an alignment with respect to another alignment is defined as the number of common aligned pairs divided by the length of the shorter sequence.
Calculate expected accuracy of each sequence:
This yields a maximum expected accuracy (MEA) alignment:
Step 3: Probabilistic Consistency Transformation
All pairs of sequences x,y from the set of all sequences are now re-estimated using all intermediate sequences z:
This step can be iterated.
Step 4: Computation of guide tree
Construct a guide tree by hierarchical clustering using MEA score as sequence similarity score. Cluster similarity is defined using weighted average over pairwise sequence similarity.
Step 5: Compute MSA
Finally compute the MSA using progressive alignment or iterative alignment.
See also
Sequence alignment software
Clustal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUSCLE%20%28alignment%20software%29
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MUltiple Sequence Comparison by Log-Expectation (MUSCLE) is computer software for multiple sequence alignment of protein and nucleotide sequences. It is licensed as public domain. The method was published by Robert C. Edgar in two papers in 2004. The first paper, published in Nucleic Acids Research, introduced the sequence alignment algorithm. The second paper, published in BMC Bioinformatics, presented more technical details.
Algorithm
The MUSCLE algorithm proceeds in three stages: the draft progressive, improved progressive, and refinement stage.
Stage 1: Draft Progressive
In this first stage, the algorithm produces a multiple alignment, emphasizing speed over accuracy. This step begins by computing the k-mer distance for every pair of input sequences to create a distance matrix. UPGMA clusters the distance matrix to produce a binary tree. From this tree a progressive alignment is constructed, beginning with the creation of profiles for each leaf of the tree. For every node in the tree, a pairwise alignment is constructed of the two child profiles, creating a new profile to be assigned to that node. This continues until there is a multiple sequence alignment of all input sequences at the root of the tree.
Stage 2: Improved Progressive
This stage focuses on obtaining a more optimal tree by calculating the Kimura distance for each pair of input sequences using the multiple sequence alignment obtained in Stage one, and creates a second distance matrix. UPGMA clusters this d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointwise%20mutual%20information
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In statistics, probability theory and information theory, pointwise mutual information (PMI), or point mutual information, is a measure of association. It compares the probability of two events occurring together to what this probability would be if the events were independent.
PMI (especially in its positive pointwise mutual information variant) has been described as "one of the most important concepts in NLP", where it "draws on the intuition that the best way to weigh the association between two words is to ask how much more the two words co-occur in [a] corpus than we would have a priori expected them to appear by chance."
The concept was introduced in 1961 by Robert Fano under the name of "mutual information", but today that term is instead used for a related measure of dependence between random variables: The mutual information (MI) of two discrete random variables refers to the average PMI of all possible events.
Definition
The PMI of a pair of outcomes x and y belonging to discrete random variables X and Y quantifies the discrepancy between the probability of their coincidence given their joint distribution and their individual distributions, assuming independence. Mathematically:
(with the latter two expressions being equal to the first by Bayes' theorem). The mutual information (MI) of the random variables X and Y is the expected value of the PMI (over all possible outcomes).
The measure is symmetric (). It can take positive or negative values, but is ze
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP%20Semiconductors
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NXP Semiconductors N.V. (NXP) is a Dutch semiconductor designer and manufacturer with headquarters in Eindhoven, Netherlands. The company employs approximately 31,000 people in more than 30 countries. NXP reported revenue of $11.06 billion in 2021.
Originally spun off from Philips in 2006, NXP completed its initial public offering, on August 6, 2010, with shares trading on Nasdaq under the ticker symbol NXPI. On December 23, 2013, NXP Semiconductors was added to the Nasdaq-100 index. On March 2, 2015, it was announced that NXP would merge with Freescale Semiconductor. The merger was closed on December 7, 2015. On October 27, 2016, it was announced that Qualcomm would try to buy NXP. Because the Chinese merger authority did not approve the acquisition before the deadline set by Qualcomm, the attempt was effectively cancelled on July 26, 2018.
Description
NXP provides technology solutions targeting the automotive, industrial, IoT, mobile, and communication infrastructure markets. The company owns over 9,500 patent families.
NXP is the co-inventor of near field communication (NFC) technology along with Sony and Inside Secure and supplies NFC chip sets that enable mobile phones to be used to pay for goods, and store and exchange data securely. NXP manufactures chips for eGovernment applications such as electronic passports; RFID tags and labels; and transport and access management, with the chip set and contactless card for MIFARE used by many major public transit systems worl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deulgaon%20Bazar
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Deulgaon Bazar is a village in Sillod taluka in the Indian state of Aurangabad district, Maharashtra.
The village is situated on the bank of the Charna river, 27 km from Sillod. Due to the presence of various temples in the village, it was named Deulgaon (village of temples). The population is approximately 7000.
Deulgaon Bazar is native place of Adv Gajanan Shenphadu Sirsath, Industrialist Mr. Shivaji V. Deshmukh , Anil Deshmukh.
Deulgaon Bazar was famous for yielding Chili.
Villages in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%CE%B2-Hydroxysteroid%20dehydrogenase
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3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-4 isomerase (3β-HSD) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of the steroid progesterone from pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone from 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, and androstenedione from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in the adrenal gland. It is the only enzyme in the adrenal pathway of corticosteroid synthesis that is not a member of the cytochrome P450 family. It is also present in other steroid-producing tissues, including the ovary, testis and placenta. In humans, there are two 3β-HSD isozymes encoded by the HSD3B1 and HSD3B2 genes.
3β-HSD is also known as delta Δ5-4-isomerase, which catalyzes the oxidative conversion of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroids to the Δ4-3-keto configuration and is, therefore, essential for the biosynthesis of all classes of hormonal steroids, namely progesterone, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, and estrogens.
The 3β-HSD complex is responsible for the conversion of:
Pregnenolone to progesterone
17α-Hydroxypregnenolone to 17α-hydroxyprogesterone
DHEA to androstenedione
Androstenediol to testosterone
Androstadienol to androstadienone
Reaction
3β-HSD belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, to be specific, those acting on the CH-OH group with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. This enzyme participates in C21-steroid hormone metabolism and androgen and estrogen metabolism.
3β-HSD catalysis|catalyzes the chemical reaction:
a 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-steroid + NAD+ a 3-oxo-Δ5-steroid + NADH + H+
Thus, the two
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol%20sulfotransferase
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Alcohol sulfotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of primary and secondary alcohols including many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds.
The chemical reaction is:
an alcohol + 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + an organosulfate + H+
Family members
Human genes that encode alcohol sulfotransferases include:
SULT2A1
SULT2B1
SULT1C3
See also
sulfotransferase
References
External links
EC 2.8.2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfotransferase
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In biochemistry, sulfotransferases (SULTs) are transferase enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sulfo group () from a donor molecule to an acceptor alcohol () or amine (). The most common sulfo group donor is 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). In the case of alcohol as acceptor, the product is a sulfate ():
whereas an amine leads to a sulfamate ():
Both reactive groups for a sulfonation via sulfotransferases may be part of a protein, lipid, carbohydrate or steroid.
Examples
The following are examples of sulfotransferases:
carbohydrate sulfotransferase: CHST1, CHST2, CHST3, CHST4, CHST5, CHST6, CHST7, CHST8, CHST9, CHST10, CHST11, CHST12, CHST13, CHST14
galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase: GAL3ST1, GAL3ST2, GAL3ST3, GAL3ST4
heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase: HS2ST1
heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase: HS3ST1, HS3ST2, HS3ST3A1, HS3ST3B1, HS3ST4, HS3ST5, HS3ST6
heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase: HS6ST1, HS6ST2, HS6ST3
N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase: NDST1, NDST2, NDST3, NDST4
tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase: TPST1, TPST2
uronyl-2-sulfotransferase
Estrone sulfotransferase
Chondroitin 4-sulfotransferase
other: SULT1A1, SULT1A2, SULT1A3, SULT1A4, SULT1B1, SULT1C2, SULT1C3, SULT1C4, SULT1D1P, SULT1E1, SULT2A1, SULT2B1, SULT4A1, SULT6B1
See also
List of EC numbers (EC 2)#EC 2.8.2: Sulfotransferases
Wikipedia:MeSH D08#MeSH D08.811.913.817 --- sulfur group transferases .28EC 2.8.29
References
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol%20side-chain%20cleavage%20enzyme
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Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme is commonly referred to as P450scc, where "scc" is an acronym for side-chain cleavage. P450scc is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. This is the first reaction in the process of steroidogenesis in all mammalian tissues that specialize in the production of various steroid hormones.
P450scc is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes (family 11, subfamily A, polypeptide 1) and is encoded by the gene.
Nomenclature
The systematic name of this enzyme class is cholesterol, reduced-adrenal-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (side-chain-cleaving). Other names include:
C27-side-chain cleavage enzyme
cholesterol 20-22-desmolase
cholesterol C20-22 desmolase
cholesterol desmolase
cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme
cholesterol side-chain-cleaving enzyme
cytochrome P-450scc
desmolase, steroid 20-22
enzymes, cholesterol side-chain-cleaving
steroid 20-22 desmolase
steroid 20-22-lyase.
Tissue and intracellular localization
The highest level of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage system is found in the adrenal cortex and the corpus luteum. The system is also expressed at high levels in steroidogenic theca cells in the ovary, and Leydig cells in the testis. During pregnancy, the placenta also expresses significant levels of this enzyme system. P450scc is also present at much lower levels in several other tissue types, including the brain. In the adrenal cortex, the concentrat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20companies%20of%20Malta
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This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in Malta. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.
See also
Economy of Malta
List of airlines of Malta
List of hotels in Malta
List of newspapers in Malta
List of radio stations in Malta
References
Malta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleason%27s%20theorem
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In mathematical physics, Gleason's theorem shows that the rule one uses to calculate probabilities in quantum physics, the Born rule, can be derived from the usual mathematical representation of measurements in quantum physics together with the assumption of non-contextuality. Andrew M. Gleason first proved the theorem in 1957, answering a question posed by George W. Mackey, an accomplishment that was historically significant for the role it played in showing that wide classes of hidden-variable theories are inconsistent with quantum physics. Multiple variations have been proven in the years since. Gleason's theorem is of particular importance for the field of quantum logic and its attempt to find a minimal set of mathematical axioms for quantum theory.
Statement of the theorem
Conceptual background
In quantum mechanics, each physical system is associated with a Hilbert space. For the purposes of this overview, the Hilbert space is assumed to be finite-dimensional. In the approach codified by John von Neumann, a measurement upon a physical system is represented by a self-adjoint operator on that Hilbert space sometimes termed an "observable". The eigenvectors of such an operator form an orthonormal basis for the Hilbert space, and each possible outcome of that measurement corresponds to one of the vectors comprising the basis. A density operator is a positive-semidefinite operator on the Hilbert space whose trace is equal to 1. In the language of von Weizsäcker, a density o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular%20signal-regulated%20kinases
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In molecular biology, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) or classical MAP kinases are widely expressed protein kinase intracellular signalling molecules that are involved in functions including the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. Many different stimuli, including growth factors, cytokines, virus infection, ligands for heterotrimeric G protein-coupled receptors, transforming agents, and carcinogens, activate the ERK pathway.
The term, "extracellular signal-regulated kinases", is sometimes used as a synonym for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), but has more recently been adopted for a specific subset of the mammalian MAPK family.
In the MAPK/ERK pathway, Ras activates c-Raf, followed by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (abbreviated as MKK, MEK, or MAP2K) and then MAPK1/2 (below). Ras is typically activated by growth hormones through receptor tyrosine kinases and GRB2/SOS, but may also receive other signals. ERKs are known to activate many transcription factors, such as ELK1, and some downstream protein kinases.
Disruption of the ERK pathway is common in cancers, especially Ras, c-Raf, and receptors such as HER2.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) is also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2). Two similar protein kinases with 85% sequence identity were originally called ERK1 and ERK2. They were found during a search for protein kinase
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20guanidinium%20thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform%20extraction
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Acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction (abbreviated AGPC) is a liquid–liquid extraction technique in biochemistry. It is widely used in molecular biology for isolating RNA (as well as DNA and protein in some cases). This method may take longer than a column-based system such as the silica-based purification, but has higher purity and the advantage of high recovery of RNA: an RNA column is typically unsuitable for purification of short (<200 nucleotides) RNA species, such as siRNA, miRNA, gRNA and tRNA.
It was originally devised by Piotr Chomczynski and Nicoletta Sacchi, who published their protocol in 1987. The reagent is sold by Sigma-Aldrich by the name TRI Reagent; by Invitrogen under the name TRIzol; by Bioline as Trisure; and by Tel-Test as STAT-60.
How it works
This method relies on phase separation by centrifugation of a mixture of the aqueous sample and a solution containing water-saturated phenol and chloroform, resulting in an upper aqueous phase and a lower organic phase (mainly phenol). Guanidinium thiocyanate, a chaotropic agent, is added to the organic phase to aid in the denaturation of proteins (such as those that strongly bind nucleic acids or those that degrade RNA). The nucleic acids (RNA and/or DNA) partition into the aqueous phase, while protein partitions into the organic phase. The pH of the mixture determines which nucleic acids get purified. Under acidic conditions (pH 4-6), DNA partitions into the organic phase while RNA remains
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoophead
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The scoophead (Sphyrna media) is a little-known species of hammerhead shark, part of the family Sphyrnidae. It inhabits the tropical waters of the western Atlantic Ocean, from Panama to southern Brazil, and in the eastern Pacific Ocean from the Gulf of California to Ecuador, and probably northern Peru, as well. It is found in shallow, inshore habitats.
One of the smaller hammerheads, the scoophead measures 150 cm long; adult males measure 90 cm long and adult females 100–133 cm. It is distinguished by its moderately broad, mallet-shaped head (22–33% as wide as the body is long). The forward margin of the head is arched, with weak medial and lateral indentations and no prenarial grooves, traits that this species shares with the scalloped bonnethead (Sphyrna corona). It is distinguished from the scalloped bonnethead by its shorter snout, broadly arched mouth, and deeply concave anal fin. The first dorsal fin is moderately falchate, and the second dorsal fin is as tall as the anal fin. The pelvic fins are not falchate, with a straight to moderately concave rear margin. Its coloration is grey-brown above, light below, with no fin markings.
Off the coast of Trinidad, the scoophead coexists with two other small hammerheads, the bonnethead (Sphyrna tiburo) and the golden hammerhead (S. tudes). These species avoid competition by diet and habitat differences; the scoophead feeds on small elasmobranchs, octopus, squid, and flounders. Like other hammerheads, the scoophead is viviparou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Apocalypse
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Fort Apocalypse is a multidirectional scrolling shooter for the Atari 8-bit family created by Steve Hales and published by Synapse Software in 1982. Joe Vierra ported it to the Commodore 64 the same year. The player navigates an underground prison in a helicopter, destroying or avoiding enemies and rescuing prisoners. A contemporary of Choplifter, it has similarities to that game as well as the arcade games Scramble and Super Cobra.
Gameplay
Fort Apocalypse is played within a multi-directional scrolling "cave", viewed from the side. Similar to Choplifter, and as opposed to Scramble, the map does not automatically scroll, and the player is free to move in any direction.
The map is divided into four vertical sections, with the uppermost being at ground level, and the lowest containing the titular fortress. The two middle layers, Draconis and the Crystalline Caves, both contain a landing pad that saves the game's progress and allows the player to re-animate at that point if they are destroyed. Eight hostages can be picked up on both of these middle layers. The map is further divided into sections by special walls that can be broken open by firing or dropping bombs on them.
The player's chopper is destroyed if it runs into the cavern walls, is shot down by the numerous enemies, or caught in one of the many laser or moving wall traps. The player has two weapons, a gun and bombs, but only one button on the joystick. Most of the time the button fires the gun, but when the helico
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security%20domain
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A security domain is the determining factor in the classification of an enclave of servers/computers. A network with a different security domain is kept separate from other networks. For example, NIPRNet, SIPRNet, JWICS, and NSANet are all kept separate.
A security domain is considered to be an application or collection of applications that all trust a common security token for authentication, authorization or session management. Generally speaking, a security token is issued to a user after the user has actively authenticated with a user ID and password to the security domain.
Examples of a security domain include:
All the web applications that trust a session cookie issued by a Web Access Management product
All the Windows applications and services that trust a Kerberos ticket issued by Active Directory
In an identity federation that spans two different organizations that share a business partner, customer or business process outsourcing relation – a partner domain would be another security domain with which users and applications (from the local security domain) interact.
Computer networking
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin%20bug
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The term "bin bug" was coined in August 2006 by the British media to refer to the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) chips by some local councils to monitor the amount of domestic waste created by each household. The system works by having a unique RFID chip for each household's non-recycling wheelie bin (such households have two bins: one for general waste and one recycling bin). The chip is scanned by the dustbin lorry and, as it lifts the bin, records the weight of the contents. This is then stored in a central database that monitors the non-recycled waste output of each household.
History in England
If the pilot schemes are successful it is expected that most British cities will introduce the system in the next two years. Three local councils in England and five Ulster councils have been trialling the scheme.
While some councils informed the householders of their intentions to monitor their waste output many others did not. Worcester City Council, for example, detailed their plans through local newspaper Worcester News in August 2005. Aberdeen City Council kept the scheme quiet until a local newspaper ran the story; the council declared no intention to operate or bring the system online but did not rule out future use.
Some councillors said that the purpose of the "bin bugs" was to settle disputes about the ownership of the bins, but others mentioned that the system is a trial and means that they are more prepared should the government introduce a househol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netrin%20receptor%20DCC
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Netrin receptor DCC, also known as DCC, or colorectal cancer suppressor is a protein which in humans is encoded by the DCC gene. DCC has long been implicated in colorectal cancer and its previous name was Deleted in colorectal carcinoma. Netrin receptor DCC is a single transmembrane receptor.
Since it was first discovered in a colorectal cancer study in 1990, DCC has been the focus of a significant amount of research. DCC held a controversial place as a tumour suppressor gene for many years, and is well known as an axon guidance receptor that responds to netrin-1.
More recently DCC has been characterized as a dependence receptor, and many hypotheses have been put forward that have revived interest in DCC'''s candidacy as a tumour suppressor gene, as it may be a ligand-dependent suppressor that is frequently epigenetically silenced.
Background
Early studies of colorectal tumours found that allelic deletions of segments of chromosome 18q occur in a very high percentage of colorectal cancers. DCC was initially cloned out of the region and put forth as a putative tumour suppressor gene, though nothing was known about its function at the time. The DCC gene was examined for the genetic changes found with most other tumour suppressor genes, but it was found to have a comparatively low frequency of somatic mutation. Several years later DCC was shown to encode a transmembrane receptor protein that mediated the effects of netrin-1 on axon outgrowth.
Soon after the protein product
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olduvai%20domain
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The Olduvai domain, known until 2018 as DUF1220 (domain of unknown function 1220) and the NBPF repeat, is a protein domain that shows a striking human lineage-specific (HLS) increase in copy number and appears to be involved in human brain evolution. The protein domain has also been linked to several neurogenetic disorders such as schizophrenia (in reduced copies) and increased severity of autism (in increased copies). In 2018, it was named by its discoverers after Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, one of the most important archaeological sites for early humans, to reflect data indicating its role in human brain size and evolution.
Olduvai domains form the core of NBPF genes, which first appeared in placental mammals and experienced a rapid expansion in monkeys (simians) through duplication to reach over 20 genes in humans. In humans, Olduvai domains are repeated often dozens of times within these genes. The only other gene an Olduvai domain has been found in is mammalian myomegalin, believed to be the origin of the NBPF genes via duplication. Myomegalin itself arose from a duplication of CDK5RAP2, and all of these genes have been implicated in the development of neurons.
Olduvai copy number is the highest in humans (~289, with person-to-person variations), reduced in African great apes (~125 copies in chimpanzees, ~99 in gorillas, ~92 in orangutans), further reduced in Old World monkeys (~35), single- or low-copy in non-primate mammals and absent in non-mammals. Consequently, the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic%20M.%20Richards
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Frederic Middlebrook Richards (August 19, 1925 – January 11, 2009), commonly referred to as Fred Richards, was an American biochemist and biophysicist known for solving the pioneering crystal structure of the ribonuclease S enzyme in 1967 and for defining the concept of solvent-accessible surface. He contributed many key experimental and theoretical results and developed new methods, garnering over 20,000 journal citations in several quite distinct research areas. In addition to the protein crystallography and biochemistry of ribonuclease S, these included solvent accessibility and internal packing of proteins, the first side-chain rotamer library, high-pressure crystallography, new types of chemical tags such as biotin/avidin, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shift index, and structural and biophysical characterization of the effects of mutations.
Richards spent his entire academic research career at Yale University, where he became Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry in the department that he created and chaired, "one of the major centers in the world for the study of biophysics and structural biology". He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences USA and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and received many other scientific awards. He served as head of the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research and was elected as president both of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB) and of th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiki
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Hibiki is a Japanese word which can be translated as "echo" or "resonance" among other meanings. It may refer to:
People
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese long jumper
Reine Hibiki, a Japanese illustrator whose work includes art for Maria-sama ga Miteru
, Japanese AV actress and an idol singer
, Japanese video artist
, Japanese racing driver
, Japanese scientist
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese stage actress and voice actress
Fictional characters
Dan Hibiki, a character in the fighting game series Street Fighter
Hibiki Amawa, a character in the anime I My Me! Strawberry Eggs
Hibiki Takane, a character in the Last Blade fighting game series
Hibiki Tokai, a character in the anime Vandread
Go Hibiki, the Japanese name for the character Speed Racer in the 1997 series
, a character in the anime series Gatchaman Crowds
Kamen Rider Hibiki, a Japanese tokusatsu superhero television series
Kamen Rider Hibiki (character), the title character of the series
Midori Hibiki, a teacher from the manga Yu-Gi-Oh! GX
Koyo Hibiki, brother of Midori Hibiki
Ran Hibiki, a character from the Rival Schools fighting game series
Ryoga Hibiki, a character in the anime Ranma ½
, a character in the anime series SSSS.Gridman
Hibiki, the title character from the manga Hibiki's Magic
Hibiki, a character from the manga Change 123
Hibiki Hojo, a character from magical girl anime Suite PreCure
Hibiki Ganaha, a character in their Life simulation game and anime The Idolmaster
Hibiki Tachibana, a character in the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential%20concentration
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Preferential concentration is the tendency of dense particles in a turbulent fluid to cluster in regions of high strain (low vorticity) due to their inertia. The extent by which particles cluster is determined by the Stokes number, defined as , where and are the timescales for the particle and fluid respectively; note that and are the mass densities of the fluid and the particle, respectively, is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid, and is the kinetic energy dissipation rate of the turbulence. Maximum preferential concentration occurs at . Particles with follow fluid streamlines and particles with do not respond significantly to the fluid within the times the fluid motions are coherent.
Systems that can be strongly influenced by the dynamics of preferential concentration are aerosol production of fine powders, spray, emulsifier, and crystallization reactors, pneumatic devices, cloud droplet formation, aerosol transport in the upper atmosphere, and even planet formation from protoplanetary nebula.
External links
Turbulence
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1ry%27s%20theorem
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In the mathematical field of graph theory, Fáry's theorem states that any simple, planar graph can be drawn without crossings so that its edges are straight line segments. That is, the ability to draw graph edges as curves instead of as straight line segments does not allow a larger class of graphs to be drawn. The theorem is named after István Fáry, although it was proved independently by , , and .
Proof
One way of proving Fáry's theorem is to use mathematical induction. Let be a simple plane graph with vertices; we may add edges if necessary so that is a maximally plane graph. If < 3, the result is trivial. If ≥ 3, then all faces of must be triangles, as we could add an edge into any face with more sides while preserving planarity, contradicting the assumption of maximal planarity. Choose some three vertices forming a triangular face of . We prove by induction on that there exists a straight-line combinatorially isomorphic re-embedding of in which triangle is the outer face of the embedding. (Combinatorially isomorphic means that the vertices, edges, and faces in the new drawing can be made to correspond to those in the old drawing, such that all incidences between edges, vertices, and faces—not just between vertices and edges—are preserved.) As a base case, the result is trivial when and , and are the only vertices in . Thus, we may assume that ≥ 4.
By Euler's formula for planar graphs, has edges; equivalently, if one defines the deficiency of a ve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipifarnib
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Tipifarnib (INN, proposed trade name Zarnestra) is a farnesyltransferase inhibitor. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors block the activity of the farnesyltransferase enzyme by inhibiting prenylation of the CAAX tail motif, which ultimately prevents Ras from binding to the membrane, rendering it inactive.
History
The compound was discovered by Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C, with registration number R115777.
For treatment of progressive plexiform neurofibromas associated with neurofibromatosis type I, it passed phase I clinical trials but was suspended (NCT00029354) in phase II.
Tipifarnib was submitted to the FDA by Johnson & Johnson for the treatment of AML in patients aged 65 and over with a new drug application (NDA) to the FDA on January 24, 2005. In June 2005, the FDA issued a "not approvable" letter for tipifarnib.
Kura Oncology in-licensed tipifarnib from Janssen in 2014.
Investigations
Cancer
The inhibitor is being investigated in patients with HRAS mutant head and neck cancer, peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). It was previously tested in clinical trials in patients in certain stages of breast cancer. It was also investigated as a treatment for multiple myeloma.
Progeria
It was shown on a mouse model of Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome that dose-dependent administration of tipifarnib can significantly prevent both the onset of the cardiovascular phen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol%20metabolism
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Ethanol, an alcohol found in nature and in alcoholic drinks, is metabolized through a complex catabolic metabolic pathway. In humans, several enzymes are involved in processing ethanol first into acetaldehyde and further into acetic acid and acetyl-CoA. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, it becomes a substrate for the citric acid cycle ultimately producing cellular energy and releasing water and carbon dioxide. Due to differences in enzyme presence and availability, human adults and fetuses process ethanol through different pathways. Gene variation in these enzymes can lead to variation in catalytic efficiency between individuals. The liver is the major organ that metabolizes ethanol due to its high concentration of these enzymes.
Human metabolic physiology
Ethanol and evolution
The average human digestive system produces approximately 3g of ethanol per day through fermentation of its contents. Catabolic degradation of ethanol is thus essential to life, not only of humans, but of all known organisms. Certain amino acid sequences in the enzymes used to oxidize ethanol are conserved (unchanged) going back to the last common ancestor over 3.5bya. Such a function is necessary because all organisms produce alcohol in small amounts by several pathways, primarily through fatty acid synthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, and bile acid biosynthesis pathways. If the body had no mechanism for catabolizing the alcohols, they would build up in the body and become toxic. This could be an evolution
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragomirna%20Monastery
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The Dragomirna Monastery was built during the first three decades of the 17th century, 15 km from Suceava, in the Mitocu Dragomirnei commune. It is the tallest medieval monastery in northern Moldavia and renowned in Orthodox architecture for its unique proportions and intricate details, mostly carved into stone. It lies among forested hills of fir and oak. The history of the monastery started in 1602, when the small church in the graveyard was built and dedicated to Saints Enoch, Elijah, and John the Theologian. In 1609 the dedication of the larger church was made to the "Descent of the Holy Spirit".
History
Unlike other monasteries, there is no votive inscription at Dragomirna. The year in which it was built and the names of the founders were discovered only after study of the documents of the time. The founders were the same as for the small church in the graveyard, the scholar, artist, and Metropolitan Anastasie Crimca; the high chancellor Lupu Stroici; and his brother, the treasurer Simion Stroici. Born in Suceava as the son of merchant Ioan Crimca and of the princess Carstina, Anastasie Crimca became a monk at the Putna monastery when he was young. There Crimca built his reputation as a prelate, patriot, and scholar and, above all, as an artist, which was expressed through his whole life. He ascended to the highest ranks in the Orthodox Church and became, in 1608, the Metropolitan of Moldavia. During the summer of 1600, he took the oath of faith to Michael the Brave (al
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALAT
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ALAT or Alat may refer to:
Arun Alat, Indian singer/musician
Alanine transaminase (ALAT), an enzyme
Advanced load address table (ALAT), a functional unit in the Intel Itanium processor architecture
French Army Light Aviation (Aviation légère de l’armée de Terre, ALAT)
Alat, Russia, a rural locality in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
Alat, alternative spelling of Olot, a town in Uzbekistan
Ələt, a port town in Azerbaijan
Alat tribe, a Turkic nomadic tribe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum-cost%20flow%20problem
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The minimum-cost flow problem (MCFP) is an optimization and decision problem to find the cheapest possible way of sending a certain amount of flow through a flow network. A typical application of this problem involves finding the best delivery route from a factory to a warehouse where the road network has some capacity and cost associated. The minimum cost flow problem is one of the most fundamental among all flow and circulation problems because most other such problems can be cast as a minimum cost flow problem and also that it can be solved efficiently using the network simplex algorithm.
Definition
A flow network is a directed graph with a source vertex and a sink vertex , where each edge has capacity , flow and cost , with most minimum-cost flow algorithms supporting edges with negative costs. The cost of sending this flow along an edge is . The problem requires an amount of flow to be sent from source to sink .
The definition of the problem is to minimize the total cost of the flow over all edges:
with the constraints
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| Capacity constraints: ||
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| Skew symmetry: ||
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| Flow conservation: ||
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| Required flow: ||
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Relation to other problems
A variation of this problem is to find a flow which is maximum, but has the lowest cost among the maximum flow solutions. This could be called a minimum-cost maximum-flow problem and is useful for finding minimum cost maximum matchings.
With some solutions, finding the minimum cost maximum flow instead
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokinesis
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Chemokinesis is chemically prompted kinesis, a motile response of unicellular prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms to chemicals that cause the cell to make some kind of change in their migratory/swimming behaviour. Changes involve an increase or decrease of speed, alterations of amplitude or frequency of motile character, or direction of migration. However, in contrast to chemotaxis, chemokinesis has a random, non-vectorial moiety, in general.
Due to the random character, techniques dedicated to evaluate chemokinesis are partly different from methods used in chemotaxis research. One of the most valuable ways to measure chemokinesis is computer-assisted (see, e.g., Image J) checker-board analysis, which provides data about migration of identical cells, whereas, in Protozoa (e.g., Tetrahymena), techniques based on measurement of opalescence were also developed.
References
External links
Chemotaxis
Cell biology
Perception
Signal transduction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Research%20Unit%20for%20Enzymology%20of%20Protein%20Folding
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The Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding was located in Halle (Saale), Germany. It was founded in 1996 and closed 31 December 2012. It was one of 80 institute in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft).
External links
Enzymology of Protein Folding
Biochemistry research institutes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa%20praevia
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Vasa praevia is a condition in which fetal blood vessels cross or run near the internal opening of the uterus. These vessels are at risk of rupture when the supporting membranes rupture, as they are unsupported by the umbilical cord or placental tissue.
Risk factors include low-lying placenta, in vitro fertilization.
Vasa praevia occurs in about 0.6 per 1000 pregnancies. The term "vasa previa" is derived from the Latin; "vasa" means vessels and "previa" comes from "pre" meaning "before" and "via" meaning "way". In other words, vessels lie before the fetus in the birth canal and in the way.
Cause
Vasa previa is present when unprotected fetal vessels traverse the fetal membranes over the internal cervical os. These vessels may be from either a velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord or may be joining an accessory (succenturiate) placental lobe to the main disk of the placenta. If these fetal vessels rupture the bleeding is from the fetoplacental circulation, and fetal exsanguination will rapidly occur, leading to fetal death. It is thought that vasa previa arises from an early placenta previa. As the pregnancy progresses, the placenta tissue surrounding the vessels over the cervix undergoes atrophy, and the placenta grows preferentially toward the upper portion of the uterus. This leaves unprotected vessels running over the cervix and in the lower uterine segment. This has been demonstrated using serial ultrasound. Oyelese et al. found that 2/3 of patient with vasa previ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotactic%20selection
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Chemotaxis receptors are expressed in the surface membrane with diverse dynamics, some of them have long-term characteristics as they are determined genetically, others have short-term moiety as their assembly is induced ad hoc in the presence of the ligand. The diverse feature of the chemotaxis receptors and ligands provides the possibility to select chemotactic responder cells with a simple chemotaxis assay. By chemotactic selection we can determine whether a still not characterized molecule acts via the long- or the short-term receptor pathway. Recent results proved that chemokines (e.g. IL-8, RANTES) are working on long-term chemotaxis receptors, while vasoactive peptides (e.g. endothelin) act more on the short-term ones. Term chemotactic selection is also used to design a technique which separates eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells upon their chemotactic responsiveness to selector ligands.
References
External links
Chemotaxis
Cell biology
Perception
Signal transduction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malliavin%20derivative
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In mathematics, the Malliavin derivative is a notion of derivative in the Malliavin calculus. Intuitively, it is the notion of derivative appropriate to paths in classical Wiener space, which are "usually" not differentiable in the usual sense.
Definition
Let be the Cameron–Martin space, and denote classical Wiener space:
;
By the Sobolev embedding theorem, . Let
denote the inclusion map.
Suppose that is Fréchet differentiable. Then the Fréchet derivative is a map
i.e., for paths , is an element of , the dual space to . Denote by the continuous linear map defined by
sometimes known as the H-derivative. Now define to be the adjoint of in the sense that
Then the Malliavin derivative is defined by
The domain of is the set of all Fréchet differentiable real-valued functions on ; the codomain is .
The Skorokhod integral is defined to be the adjoint of the Malliavin derivative:
See also
H-derivative
References
Generalizations of the derivative
Stochastic calculus
Malliavin calculus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredriksberg%2C%20Sweden
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Fredriksberg (sometimes referred to as Säfsen or Säfsnäs, because of the nearby tourism facility or the parish and old municipality names) is a locality situated in Ludvika Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden with 655 inhabitants in 2010. It's the 926th largest urban area in Sweden, and the fourth largest in Ludvika Municipality.
Fredriksberg, located about 60 km west of the municipality seat in Ludvika, is the demographic and commercial centre of the western part of the municipality, and hosts some parts of the municipal administration. Fredriksberg is centrally situated in western Svealand, close to the border between Dalecarlia and Värmland, with most larger towns and cities in the region, such as Borlänge, Karlstad, Örebro, Falun, Karlskoga and Mora on a distance of between .
Fredriksberg was founded during the 18th century as an industrial society, and heavy industries, mainly focused on iron ore and forest processing, did for a long period of time play an important role in the town. The surroundings of Fredriksberg is dominated by a beautiful landscape of wilderness, great forests and lakes. Being one of the most popular destination for foreign visitors to Sweden, the tourism today stands for the main economic revenue for the town. The townscape of Fredriksberg still today carries many remains of older industrial epochs, which has made the town to a popular target for urban exploration.
History
The surroundings of Fredriksberg is counted as inhabited since the 17th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmel%20McQueen
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Carmel Valentine (also McQueen) is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks, played by Gemma Merna. She debuted on-screen during episodes airing on 22 August 2006 and was introduced by series producer Bryan Kirkwood as part of the McQueen family. Carmel has proved popular with fans with her comedic personality and has become notable for her "dumb blonde" appearance. Carmel was killed-off as she saved her cousin, Theresa McQueen (Jorgie Porter) from Sonny Valentine (Aaron Fontaine) during the "End of the Line" storyline. Her most prominent storylines include her marriage and divorce from Sonny's brother Calvin Valentine (Ricky Whittle), her facial disfigurement after a tanning machine explodes in her face, remarrying Calvin which ends in tragedy after he was shot dead by Theresa, her relationship with Jim McGinn (Dan Tetsell), her feud with Theresa and infatuation with Theresa and Calvin's daughter Kathleen-Angel McQueen, beginning a relationship with Sonny and being killed in an explosion following a train crash at her cousin Porsche McQueen's (Twinnie Lee Moore) wedding reception.
Character creation and casting
Carmel was created as part of the McQueen family by Bryan Kirkwood in 2006. Actress Gemma Merna successfully auditioned for the part and Carmel was subsequently created around Merna, of this Kirkwood stated: "Gemma Merna, I remember back to the audition when she turned up looking like a dog's breakfast in what she believed the character w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillistor
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An oscillistor is a semiconductor device, consisting of a semiconductor specimen placed in magnetic field, and a resistor after a power supply. The device produces high-frequency oscillations, which are very close to sinusoidal.
The basic principle of operation is the effect of spiral unsteadiness of electron-hole (p-n) plasmas.
See also
Electronic oscillator
References
Larrabee R.D., Steel M.C. "Oscillistor — New type of semiconductor oscillator", J. Appl. Phys. v.31, N.9 p.1519–1523 (1960).
Electronic oscillators
Semiconductor devices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20Innocence%20Project
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The Georgia Innocence Project is a non-profit corporation based in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Its mission "is to free the wrongly prosecuted through DNA testing, to advance practices that minimize the chances that others suffer the same fate, to educate the public that wrongful convictions are not rare or isolated events, and to help the exonerated rebuild their lives."
It was founded in August 2002 by September Guy and Jill Polster, and was headed by Executive Director Aimee Maxwell. Georgia Innocence Project is now headed by Executive Director Clare Gilbert. Cases that are accepted are assigned to a team of a volunteer lawyer and two interns. Thirteen people have been exonerated by the organization's efforts, the first two being Clarence Harrison in August 2004, and Robert Clark in December 2005.
On January 22, 2007, a third Georgia Innocence Project client, Pete Williams, was freed after spending 21 years in prison. In 1985, a jury convicted Williams for the rape of a Sandy Springs woman. Williams was exonerated based upon DNA evidence. The organization's fourth successful case is that of John White, now 48, who was released from Macon State Prison on December 10, 2007, after twenty-eight years in prison. Through the efforts of the Georgia Innocence Project, the Georgia Bureau of Investigation (GBI) performed DNA testing that proves White is innocent of the August 1979 rape, aggravated assault, burglary and robbery for an attack on an elderly woman in Meriwether Co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolamin
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Prolamins are a group of plant storage proteins having a high proline amino acid content. They are found in plants, mainly in the seeds of cereal grains such as wheat (gliadin), barley (hordein), rye (secalin), corn (zein), sorghum (kafirin), and oats (avenin). They are characterised by a high glutamine and proline content, and have poor solubility in water. They solubilise best in strong alcohol [70-80%], light acid, and alkaline solutions. The prolamins of the tribe Triticeae, such as wheat gliadin, and related proteins (see Triticeae glutens) are known to trigger coeliac disease, an autoimmune condition, in genetically predisposed individuals.
Maize and sorghum prolamins are sorted by molecular weight into four classes, α, β, γ and δ. Alpha- and delta- prolamins cluster in a broad phylogenetic group (Group 1). The rest cluster into Group 2. Group 1 is widely duplicated in the two plants. A database of Triticeae prolamins (glutens) is available. There does not seem to be an analysis that tries to cluster both sources of prolamins into a grand classification.
References
External links
Pfam clan Prolamin - a group of prolamin N-terminal domains with similar disulfide-bonding patterns
Glycoproteins
P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate%20kinase
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Aspartate kinase or aspartokinase (AK) is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of the amino acid aspartate. This reaction is the first step in the biosynthesis of three other amino acids: methionine, lysine, and threonine, known as the "aspartate family". Aspartokinases are present only in microorganisms and plants, but not in animals, which must obtain aspartate-family amino acids from their diet. Consequently, methionine, lysine and threonine are essential amino acids in animals.
Nomenclature
The generic abbreviation for aspartokinases is AK. However, the nomenclature for aspartokinase genes and proteins varies considerable among species. The main aspatokinases are lysC (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and many other bacteria), ask (Mycobacterium bovis, Thermus thermophilus), AK1–AK3 (Arabidopsis thaliana), FUB3 (Fusarium and Gibberella) and HOM3 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Additionally, apk is a synonym for lysC.
Enzymatic regulation
Aspartokinases may use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation.
In Escherichia coli, aspartokinase is present as three independently regulated isozymes (thrA, metLM and lysC), each of which is specific to one of the three downstream biochemical pathways. This allows the independent regulation of the rates of methionine, lysine, and threonine production. The forms that produce threonine and lysine are subject to feedback inhibition, and all three can be repressed at the level of gene expression by high concentrations of thei
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-polytope
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In geometry, a five-dimensional polytope (or 5-polytope) is a polytope in five-dimensional space, bounded by (4-polytope) facets, pairs of which share a polyhedral cell.
Definition
A 5-polytope is a closed five-dimensional figure with vertices, edges, faces, and cells, and 4-faces. A vertex is a point where five or more edges meet. An edge is a line segment where four or more faces meet, and a face is a polygon where three or more cells meet. A cell is a polyhedron, and a 4-face is a 4-polytope. Furthermore, the following requirements must be met:
Each cell must join exactly two 4-faces.
Adjacent 4-faces are not in the same four-dimensional hyperplane.
The figure is not a compound of other figures which meet the requirements.
Characteristics
The topology of any given 5-polytope is defined by its Betti numbers and torsion coefficients.
The value of the Euler characteristic used to characterise polyhedra does not generalize usefully to higher dimensions, whatever their underlying topology. This inadequacy of the Euler characteristic to reliably distinguish between different topologies in higher dimensions led to the discovery of the more sophisticated Betti numbers.
Similarly, the notion of orientability of a polyhedron is insufficient to characterise the surface twistings of toroidal polytopes, and this led to the use of torsion coefficients.
Classification
5-polytopes may be classified based on properties like "convexity" and "symmetry".
A 5-polytope is convex if i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid%20Dahlberg
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Ingrid Dahlberg (born 1941) is a former Theater Manager and President of Dramaten (the Swedish Royal Dramatic Theatre), from 1997 to 2002, and Governor (Landshövding) of Dalarna County from 2002 to 2006. She is a member of the Board of the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education, and a member of the Honorary Board of the Gothenburg Film Festival, and was a participant in the Tällberg Forum 2005.
Ingrid Dahlberg studied at Barlock's School of Commerce and Lindenwood College in the United States. In 1963 she started work at Swedish Radio and TV, first on the general news desk, then on the editorial staff of TV2 and from 1983 in various capacities for TV1. She was named 'Executive of the Year' in 2001 by the magazine Affärsvärlden.
Writings
Dansen kring guldkalven (with Ragnar Boman) (1975)
Resan till Pjongjang, staged by Stockholms Stadsteater in 1975
Studenten (TV drama, 1981)
References
1941 births
Living people
Lindenwood University alumni
21st-century Swedish women politicians
Governors of Dalarna County
Women county governors of Sweden
20th-century Swedish journalists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1bor%20Zavadszky
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Gábor Zavadszky (10 September 1974 – 7 January 2006) was a Hungarian footballer.
Club career
Zavadszky was a midfielder and first played for MTK Hungária FC and Ferencvárosi Torna Club in his hometown Budapest. In early 2005 he joined Apollon Limassol in Cyprus, where he last stood under contract.
International career
He represented the Hungarian national team at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, where Hungary failed to progress from the group stage.
Death
Zavadszky died on 7 January 2006 in Limassol from an embolism.
Honours
Ferencvárosi TC
Nemzeti Bajnokság I: 1995, 1996
Runner up: 1998
Magyar Kupa: 1993, 1994, 1995
Szuperkupa: 1993, 1994, 1995
Dunaferr SE
Nemzeti Bajnokság I: 2000
MTK Hungária
Nemzeti Bajnokság I: 2003
Szuperkupa: 2003
External links
R.I.P. Gábor Zavadszky (video)
References
1974 births
2006 deaths
Footballers from Budapest
Hungarian men's footballers
Hungary men's international footballers
Hungary men's under-21 international footballers
Hungarian expatriate men's footballers
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Cypriot First Division players
MTK Budapest FC players
Ferencvárosi TC footballers
Apollon Limassol FC players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Hungary
Deaths from embolism
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82%20Sarna%20%28poet%29
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Paweł Sarna (born January 26, 1977, in Jaworzno, Poland) is a Polish poet. He published his poems in various literary magazines, including Kwartalnik Artystyczny, Studium, Przegląd Artystyczno-Literacki, Tytuł, Undergrunt, and Kursywa. He lives in Katowice .
Bibliography
Ten i Tamten Bydgoszcz, Świadectwo 2000, .
Biały OjczeNasz Kraków, Zielona Sowa 2002, .
Czerwony żagiel Kraków, Zielona Sowa 2006, .
Śląska awangarda. Poeci grupy Kontekst. Katowice, Katowickie Stowarzyszenie Artystyczne 2004, .
External links
http://www.literackie.pl/autor.asp?idautora=74&lang=
1977 births
People from Jaworzno
Living people
Polish male poets
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lierna
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Lierna is a comune in the province of Lecco in Lombardy, in north-west Italy. It lies on the eastern shore of Lake Como, about north of Milan and about north-west of Lecco.
Lierna borders the comuni of Esino Lario, Mandello del Lario, Oliveto Lario and Varenna.
History
The first mention of Lierna dates to 854 AD, but Roman remains, including a mosaic floor now in the Palazzo Belgioioso of Lecco, attest to much earlier settlement. The name of the village may be of Roman or of Celtic origin. Between 1035 and 1202 it was a feud of the Monastery of San Dionigi in Milan. Lierna was contested between Milan and Como, and between the Della Torre and Visconti families. It passed into the hands of the Marchesino Stanga in 1499, and in 1533 to the of Cremona, who held it until 1788. Lierna became a comune in 1743, when it was separated from that of Mandello.
In 1927 the Milanese sculptor Giannino Castiglioni opened a studio at his house in Lierna. He died in Lierna on 27 August 1971. He left some preparatory plaster casts to the comune; a museum to house them is under construction.
In 1933 an incomplete fossil of Lariosaurus balsami, a nothosaurid from the Middle Triassic (circa 240 million years ago) of which the first example was discovered at Perledo, some 10 km north of Lierna, was found in a quarry in the frazione of Grumo. It is now in the Museo di Storia Naturale in the Palazzo Belgioioso of Lecco.
See also
Lierna Castle
References
Cities and towns in Lombardy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccastorna
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Maccastorna (Lodigiano: ) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lodi in the Italian region Lombardy, located about southeast of Milan and about southeast of Lodi.
Sights include a 13th-14th-century castle and the c. 12th-century parish church (largely renovated in the 20th century).
Maccastorna borders the following municipalities: Crotta d'Adda, Meleti, Castelnuovo Bocca d'Adda. , it is the 11th least-populated Italian commune.
References
Cities and towns in Lombardy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnoplasty
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Somnoplasty is a trademark by Somnus Medical Technologies used for its radiofrequency ablation medical devices cleared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat habitual snoring, chronic nasal obstruction, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to shrink the tissues that are causing obstruction. Somnoplasty is typically an outpatient procedure that takes 30–45 minutes.
Procedure
Prior to somnoplasty procedure, a doctor may want a patient to attempt more conservative remedies such as sleeping in a different position. Once the Somnoplasty procedure is started, the patient is given a local anesthetic and a special needle-like electrode with an insulating sleeve covering all but the tip, that delivers RF energy under the surface of the tissue. The electrode is used to administer controlled, low-power RF energy to create coagulative (clotting) lesions, where tissue is denatured, beneath the mucosa (lining) of the targeted areas:
For chronic nasal obstruction, the turbinates are targeted
For habitual snoring, the soft palate and the uvula are targeted
For obstructive sleep apnea, the base of the tongue and other airway structures are targeted
Note: the actual areas targeted depends on each individual's specific anatomy, so the above are just general associations.
After 6–8 weeks, the lesions are naturally resorbed as the necrotic tissue is swept away and the surface sinks to fill the void, which reduces the volume of the tissue while stiffening what remains. When this oc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarna%20Sopra
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Quarna Sopra is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 75 kilometres (47 mi) from Malpensa Airport in Milan, northeast of Turin and about southwest of Verbania.
Quarna Sopra borders the following municipalities: Germagno, Loreglia, Omegna, Quarna Sotto, Valstrona.
Sights include the Belvedere, a balcony over the Lake Orta with an view of all the surrounding area.
References
Cities and towns in Piedmont
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarna%20Sotto
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Quarna Sotto is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region Piedmont, located about northeast of Turin and about southwest of Verbania.
Quarna Sotto borders the following municipalities: Nonio, Omegna, Quarna Sopra, Valstrona, Varallo Sesia.
References
Cities and towns in Piedmont
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTD
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NTD may refer to:
Biology and medicine
N-terminal domain, a region at one end of a protein
Neglected tropical diseases, a group of endemic infectious diseases that primarily affect the poor
Neon tetra disease, a disease affecting tropical aquarium fish
Neural tube defect, a group of medical conditions
Television broadcasters
NTD (Australian TV station)
New Tang Dynasty Television
Technology
Network Termination Device, a telecommunications device
Neutron transmutation doping, a method to make semiconductors
Nintendo Technology Development, a subsidiary of Nintendo located in Redmond, Washington, U.S.
Notice and take down, removal by Internet hosts of allegedly illegal material
Other uses
National Theatre of the Deaf, a touring theatre company in the United States
New Era for Democracy, a political party in Burkina Faso
New Taiwan dollar, the currency of Taiwan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven%20deadly%20sins%20%28disambiguation%29
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The seven deadly sins is a classification of vices used in Christian teachings.
Seven deadly sins may also refer to:
Art
The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things, a 1485 painting by Hieronymus Bosch
The Seven Deadly Sins of Modern Times, a 1993 painting by Susan Dorothea White
Books
Seven Deadly Sins, a 1992 book by William S. Burroughs
Seven Deadly Sins (novel series), a 2005–2007 book series by Robin Wasserman
Seven Deadly Sins, a 2010 book by vocalist Corey Taylor of the band Slipknot
The Seven Deadly Sins (manga), a 2012 manga series
Seven Deadly Sins: My Pursuit of Lance Armstrong, a 2012 book by journalist David Walsh
The Seven Deadly Sins (play), a two-part play written c. 1585, attributed to Richard Tarlton
Film and television
The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins, a 1971 comedy film
Original Sin – The Seven Sins (2021 film)
Les sept péchés capitaux, a 1992 Belgian sketch comedy film including a segment directed by Beatriz Flores Silva
Seven Deadly Sins (miniseries), a 1993 Australian TV miniseries
Seven Deadly Sins, a 2008–2009 History Channel series
The Seven Deadly Sins (1952 film), a French/Italian film
The Seven Deadly Sins (1962 film), a French film
The Seven Deadly Sins (2014 TV series), anime television series based on a Japanese fantasy manga
Seven Digital Deadly Sins, a 2014 web documentary
Seven Mortal Sins, a media franchise by Hobby Japan, with a 2017 anime adaptation
7 Deadly Sins (film) (2019), a horror film directed by Glenn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starosel
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Starosel () is a village in central Bulgaria, Hisarya Municipality, Plovdiv Province. It lies at the foot of the Sredna Gora mountain range along the shores of Pyasachnik River.
Starosel is known for the abundance of ancient Neolithic and Thracian sites, with some finds dating as far back as the 5th-6th millennium BC. Evidence from 20th-century excavations reveals that the village burgeoned into an important and wealthy Thracian city in the 5th century BC.
Among its main features are the underground temple, the largest of its kind in the Balkan Peninsula, built under the Chetinyova Mogila (tumulus) and a mausoleum. The temple, as well as the nearby Thracian king's residence under Mount Kozi Gramadi, likely date to the reign of Amadocus II (359-351 BC).
Another important site, the Horizont tumulus, contains the only known Thracian temple to feature a colonnade (a Doric one). It is one of ten tumuli located within the location range.
The Kings' palace and treasury have also been discovered nearby at Kozi Gramadi at 1200m altitude. It was begun under Thracian king Cotys I (384-359 BC).
The palace is enclosed with a defensive wall preserved up to a height of 2m and two bastions have been revealed. Philip II of Macedon broke in and captured the palace in 341BC from king Teres II (351-341 BC) and evidence of severe destruction has been found. Among the finds many lead slingshot bullets stamped with the names of Philip's generals Cleobulus and Anaxandros were brought to light w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knee%20effusion
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Knee effusion, informally known as water on the knee, occurs when excess synovial fluid accumulates in or around the knee joint. It has many common causes, including arthritis, injury to the ligaments or meniscus, or fluid collecting in the bursa, a condition known as prepatellar bursitis.
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of water on the knee depend on the cause of excess synovial fluid build-up in the knee joint. These may include:
Pain
Osteoarthritis knee pain usually occurs while the joint is bearing weight, so the pain typically subsides with rest; some patients experience severe pain, while others report no discomfort. Even if one knee is much larger than the other, pain is not guaranteed.
Swelling
One knee may appear larger than the other. Puffiness around the bony parts of the knee appear prominent when compared with the other knee.
Stiffness
When the knee joint contains excess fluid, it may become difficult or painful to bend or straighten. Fluid may also show under the knee when straightened. Icing may help to decrease swelling. Heat may help relax the muscles of the knee.
Bruising
If an individual has injured their knee, they may note bruising on the front, sides or rear of the knee. Bearing weight on the knee joint may be impossible and the pain unbearable. Bruising may be seen as bluish lesion.
Causes
Causes of the swelling can include arthritis, injury to the ligaments of the knee, or an accident after which the body's natural reaction is to surround t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUTEr
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CUTEr (Constrained and Unconstrained Testing Environment, revisited) is an open source testing environment for optimization and linear algebra solvers. CUTEr provides a collection of test problems along with a set of tools to help developers design, compare, and improve new and existing test problem solvers.
CUTEr is the successor of the original Constrained and Unconstrained Testing Environment (CUTE) of Bongartz, Conn, Gould and Toint. It provides support for a larger number of platforms and operating systems as well as a more convenient optimization toolbox.
The test problems provided in CUTEr are written in Standard Input Format (SIF). A decoder to convert from this format into well-defined subroutines and data files is available as a separate package. Once translated, these files may be manipulated to provide tools suitable for testing optimization packages. Ready-to-use interfaces to existing packages, such as IPOPT, MINOS, SNOPT, filterSQP, Knitro and more are provided. The problems in the CUTE subset are also available in the AMPL format.
More than 1000 problems are available in the collection, including problems in:
linear programming,
convex and nonconvex quadratic programming,
linear and nonlinear least squares, and
more general convex and nonconvex large-scale and sparse equality and inequality-constrained nonlinear programming.
Over time, the CUTEr test set has become the de facto standard benchmark for research and production-level optimization solvers, and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoospermia%20factor
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Azoospermia factor (AZF) is one of several proteins or their genes, which are coded from the AZF region on the human male Y chromosome. Deletions in this region are associated with inability to produce sperm. Subregions within the AZF region are AZFa (sometimes AZF1), AZFb and AZFc (together referred to as AZF2). AZF microdeletions are one of the major causes of male infertility for azoospermia (complete absence of sperm in the ejaculate) and severe oligozoospermia (less than 5 million spermatozoa in the ejaculate) males. AZF is the term used by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee.
Of the 15% of couples who are affected by infertility, 50% of those cases are due to the male partner. 15-30% of male factor infertility cases can be correlated with genetic abnormalities. One of the most commonly identified genetic abnormalities in male factor infertility are microdeletions on the long arm of the Y chromosome (Yq), specifically at a region known as the azoospermic factor (AZF) region.
In certain circumstances, men with AZF mutations can turn to assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), to help them overcome their suboptimal sperm quality. However, it may be more important for clinicians to screen for Yq microdeletions, due to a growing body of evidence that AZF microdeletions have the capability to be vertically transmitted to male offspring. Minor et al. demonstrated that an AZFc mutation was vertically transmitted over three ge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%20%28disambiguation%29
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Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter.
Solid may also refer to:
Biology
ABI Solid Sequencing, a DNA sequencing system
Signs Of LIfe Detector (SOLID), an astrobiology instrument for in situ analyses
Computing
Solid (KDE), a device framework of KDE
SOLID (object-oriented design)
Solid (web decentralization project)
solidDB, a database
Arts, entertainment, and media
Music
Solid (Ashford & Simpson album) (1984)
"Solid" (Ashford & Simpson song), its title track
Solid (Grant Green album) (1964 [1979])
Solid (Groundhogs album) (1974)
Solid (Michael Henderson album) (1976)
Solid (Mandrill album) (1975)
Solid (Woody Shaw album) (1986)
Solid (U.D.O. album) (1997)
Solid!, a 1998 album by Eric Alexander
"Solid" (Young Thug and Gunna song), 2021
Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
Solid (billiard ball), the wholly colored balls 1-7
Solid, a very strong suit in contract bridge
Solid Snake, a character in the Metal Gear games series
Other uses
Solid figure, a three-dimensional figure
Solid, a slang term signalling agreement or used as a synonym for "favor" (good turn)
Solid seat, one that is unlikely to change hands, in the nomenclature of political forecasting
See also
Solid state (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener%E2%80%93Ikehara%20theorem
|
The Wiener–Ikehara theorem is a Tauberian theorem introduced by . It follows from Wiener's Tauberian theorem, and can be used to prove the prime number theorem (Chandrasekharan, 1969).
Statement
Let A(x) be a non-negative, monotonic nondecreasing function of x, defined for 0 ≤ x < ∞. Suppose that
converges for ℜ(s) > 1 to the function ƒ(s) and that, for some non-negative number c,
has an extension as a continuous function for ℜ(s) ≥ 1.
Then the limit as x goes to infinity of e−x A(x) is equal to c.
One Particular Application
An important number-theoretic application of the theorem is to Dirichlet series of the form
where a(n) is non-negative. If the series converges to an analytic function in
with a simple pole of residue c at s = b, then
Applying this to the logarithmic derivative of the Riemann zeta function, where the coefficients in the Dirichlet series are values of the von Mangoldt function, it is possible to deduce the Prime number theorem from the fact that the zeta function has no zeroes on the line
References
Theorems in number theory
Tauberian theorems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piribedil
|
Piribedil (trade names Pronoran, Trivastal Retard, Trastal, Trivastan, Clarium and others) is an antiparkinsonian agent and piperazine derivative which acts as a D2 and D3 receptor agonist. It also has α2-adrenergic antagonist properties.
Medical uses
Treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), either as monotherapy (without levodopa)) or in combination with L-DOPA therapy, in the early stages of the disease as well as in the advanced ones
Treatment of pathological cognitive deficits in the elderly (impaired attention, motivation, memory, etc.)
Treatment of dizziness in the young patients
Treatment of retinal ischemic manifestations
Adjunctive treatment of intermittent claudication due to peripheral vascular disease (PVD) of the lower limbs (stage 2)
Adjunctive treatment of anhedonia, apathy and treatment-resistant depression in unipolar and bipolar depressives (off label)
Treatment of gait disorders associated with Parkinson's disease (no related cause) and other forms of parkinsonism
Other uses
The drug has been shown to enhance working memory capacities in normal aging adults.
In age-related memory impairment, it has a positive effect on psychophysiological state of elderly people, improving memory and attention and increasing the velocity of psychomotor reactions and lability of nervous processes.
It enhances cognitive skill learning in healthy older adults.
It showed a positive effect in restless legs syndrome.
Dosage
Parkinson's disease
Administration of piribe
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilazapril
|
Cilazapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.
It was patented in 1982 and approved for medical use in 1990.
Chemistry
Of the eight possible stereoisomers, only the all-(S)-form is medically viable.
Brand names
It is branded as Dynorm, Inhibace, Vascace and many other names in various countries. None of these are available in the United States as of May 2010.
References
ACE inhibitors
Carboxylic acids
Enantiopure drugs
Hoffmann-La Roche brands
Ethyl esters
Lactams
Prodrugs
Nitrogen heterocycles
Heterocyclic compounds with 2 rings
Carboxylate esters
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