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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial%20hypercholesterolemia
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Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder characterized by high cholesterol levels, specifically very high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol), in the blood and early cardiovascular diseases. The most common mutations diminish the number of functional LDL receptors in the liver or produce abnormal LDL receptors that never go to the cell surface to function properly (abnormal trafficking). Since the underlying body biochemistry is slightly different in individuals with FH, their high cholesterol levels are less responsive to the kinds of cholesterol control methods which are usually more effective in people without FH (such as dietary modification and statin tablets). Nevertheless, treatment (including higher statin doses) is usually effective.
FH is classified as a type 2 familial dyslipidemia. There are five types of familial dyslipidemia (not including subtypes), and each are classified from both the altered lipid profile and by the genetic abnormality. For example, high LDL (often due to LDL receptor defect) is type 2. Others include defects in chylomicron metabolism, triglyceride metabolism, and metabolism of other cholesterol-containing particles, such as VLDL and IDL.
About 1 in 100 to 200 people have mutations in the LDLR gene that encodes the LDL receptor protein, which normally removes LDL from the circulation, or apolipoprotein B (ApoB), which is the part of LDL that binds with the receptor; mutations in other genes are r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny%20Cyclopaedia
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The Penny Cyclopædia published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge was a multi-volume encyclopedia edited by George Long and published by Charles Knight alongside the Penny Magazine. Twenty-seven volumes and three supplements were published from 1833 to 1843.
Editions
The Penny Cyclopædia was originally published in 27 thin volumes between 1833 and 1843. Supplements were issued in 1851 and 1858. Despite its name, each individual volume cost 9d. apiece.
Contributors
The contributors to the Penny Cyclopædia were not individually credited with the articles they created, although a list of their names appears in volume 27. The contributors included many notable figures of the period, including the librarian Henry Ellis, the biblical scholar John Kitto, the publisher Charles Knight, the critic George Henry Lewes, the mathematician Augustus De Morgan, the surgeon James Paget, the statistician George Richardson Porter, the sanitary reformer Thomas Southwood Smith, and the art historian Ralph Nicholson Wornum.
Derivatives
A number of mid-to late 19th century encyclopedia were published based on the Penny Cyclopaedia
National Cyclopedia of Useful Knowledge
The National Cyclopedia of Useful Knowledge was published by Charles Knight in 12 volumes between 1847 and 1851. A second edition in 13 volumes was published between 1856 and 1859 by George Routledge. The work was then sold to the firm of W. Mackenzie who published it as the National Encyclopedia in 14 volu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Bass
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Frank M. Bass (December 27, 1926 – December 1, 2006) was an American academic in the field of marketing research and marketing science. He was the creator of the Bass diffusion model that describes the adoption of new products and technologies by first-time buyers. He died on December 1, 2006.
Career
Bass grew up in the small town of Cuero, Texas. He served in the United States Navy for two years (1944–46).
He received his BBA from Southwestern University in 1949, and his MBA from the University of Texas in 1950. After completing his M.B.A. at Texas, he became interested in marketing issues. He worked as a teaching assistant and assistant professor in marketing while earning his Ph.D. at the University of Illinois in 1954. In 1957 he became an assistant professor in marketing at the University of Texas.
In 1959, Bass was made a Fellow at Harvard University's Institute of Basic Mathematics For Application to Business. This exposure to advanced analytic methods influenced his research for the next 47 years. In 1961 he became a professor of industrial administration at the Graduate School of Purdue University. In 1969 he published the paper on modeling consumer goods, which later became known as the Bass diffusion model. The model describes the process of how new products and services are adopted as the outcome of an interaction between users and potential users. The Bass Model is a well-known empirical generalization in marketing, along with the Dirichlet (Ehrenberg et al.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass%20diffusion%20model
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The Bass model or Bass diffusion model was developed by Frank Bass. It consists of a simple differential equation that describes the process of how new products get adopted in a population. The model presents a rationale of how current adopters and potential adopters of a new product interact. The basic premise of the model is that adopters can be classified as innovators or as imitators, and the speed and timing of adoption depends on their degree of innovation and the degree of imitation among adopters. The Bass model has been widely used in forecasting, especially new products' sales forecasting and technology forecasting. Mathematically, the basic Bass diffusion is a Riccati equation with constant coefficients equivalent to Verhulst—Pearl Logistic growth.
In 1969, Frank Bass published his paper on a new product growth model for consumer durables. Prior to this, Everett Rogers published Diffusion of Innovations, a highly influential work that described the different stages of product adoption. Bass contributed some mathematical ideas to the concept. While the Rogers model describes all four stages of the product lifecycle (Introduction, Growth, Maturity, Decline), The Bass model focuses on the first two (Introduction and Growth). Some of the Bass-Model extensions present mathematical models for the last two (Maturity and Decline).
Model formulation
Where:
is the installed base fraction
is the rate of change of the installed base fraction, i.e.
is the coeffic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Cell%20Biology
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The Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology was located in Ladenburg, Germany. It was founded 1947 as Max Planck Institute for Oceanic biology in Wilhelmshaven, after renaming in 1968, it was moved to Ladenburg 1977 under the direction of Hans-Georg Schweiger. It was closed 1 July 2003. It was one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft).
External links
Homepage of the Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology
Molecular biology institutes
Cell Biology (closed)
1947 establishments in Germany
2003 disestablishments in Germany
Research institutes in Lower Saxony
Buildings and structures in Wilhelmshaven
Ladenburg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna%20tider
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Moderna tider may refer to:
Moderna tider, Swedish language title for the 1936 film Modern Times
Moderna tider (magazine), a Swedish magazine founded in 1990 by Göran Rosenberg
Moderna Tider (album), a 1981 album by Swedish pop group Gyllene Tider
Moderna tider (television program), a Swedish TV program on TV3
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welland%20Pirates
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The Welland Pirates were a minor league baseball team located in Welland, Ontario. The team played in the Short-Season A classification New York–Penn League from 1989 to 1994, and were affiliated with the Pittsburgh Pirates. Their home stadium was Welland Stadium.
When the Welland Pirates relocated to Erie, Pennsylvania, in 1995, they were renamed the Erie SeaWolves, who exist today as a member of the Double-A Eastern League.
Notable alumni
Jeff Banister (1994, MGR) 2015 AL Manager of the Year
Jason Christiansen (1991)
Jason Johnson (1993)
Tim Wakefield (1989) MLB All-Star; 200 MLB Wins
U L Washington (1989, MGR)
Tony Womack (1991) MLB All-Star
Kevin Young (1991)
Season records
References
Baseball Reference -Welland, Ontario
Defunct New York–Penn League teams
Sport in Welland
Baseball teams in Ontario
Defunct baseball teams in Canada
Pittsburgh Pirates minor league affiliates
1989 establishments in Ontario
1994 disestablishments in Ontario
Baseball teams established in 1989
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1994
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna%20Tider%20%28album%29
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Moderna Tider is the second studio album by the Swedish pop group Gyllene Tider, released on 10 March 1981. 130,000 copies were ordered before the album's release. The album peaked at number one on the Swedish Albums Chart and number two on the Norwegian albums chart.
Track listing
All lyrics and music written by Per Gessle except where noted.
"Vänta på mej!" (2.51)
"Tuff tuff tuff (som ett lokomotiv)" (3.07)
"På jakt efter liv" (3.22)
"När vi två blir en" (3.08)
"Det hjärta som brinner" (2.59)
"Du spelar svår att nå" (2.48)
"Kom intill mej" (3.07) (Music: Per Gessle and Mats Persson)
"(Kom så ska vi) leva livet" (3.33) (Music: Gessle and Persson)
"Min tjej och jag" (3.22)
"Povel Ramel, Paul McCartney & jag" (3.10) (Music: Gessle and Persson)
"Chrissie, hur mår du?" (3.28) (Music: Gessle and Persson)
"Kärleken är inte blind (men ganska närsynt)" (3.51) (Music: Gessle and Persson)
"När alla vännerna gått hem" (4.15)
Swing & Sweet
The 150 000 first examples of the LP contained a bonus EP named Swing & Sweet. It contained four Swedish language covers of international well-known pop songs:
"Gyllene Tider för Rock 'n' Roll" (originally "Golden Age of Rock'n'Roll" by Mott the Hoople)
"Vill ha ett svar" (originally "I Need To Know" by Tom Petty)
"Och jorden den är rund" (originally "And Your Bird Can Sing" by The Beatles)
"Ge mig inte det där" (originally "Girl Don't Tell Me" by The Beach Boys)
Singles
"När vi två blir en", with "Kärleken är inte blind (me
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balerna
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Balerna is a municipality in the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
History
Balerna is first mentioned in 1115 as Barerna. In 844 and 865, the monastery of S. Ambrogio in Milan purchased land in the concilium of Castel S. Pietro which would have included Balerna. In the 12th century some decimani (tithe collectors) and the monastery of S. Abbondio in Como owned land and associated rights in Balerna.
By no later than the 12th century, Balerna was as the center of a pieve, which encompassed the area that is now the district of Mendrisio except for Chiasso (which was part of the pieve of Zezio) and some areas of the Pieve of Riva San Vitale. Balerna, together with Riva and Uggiate, formed a consorzio (a common property group) in the 12th century. Politically the municipalities of Chiasso, Boffalora, Pedrinate, Seseglio, Novazzano, Coldrerio, Villa, Castel San Pietro, Vacallo and the Valle di Muggio part of the Pieve of Balerna.
Starting in the 9th century Balerna belonged to the count of Seprio. In the 13th century it was under the city of Como, and later under the Bishop of Como. In 1335 under the rule of the Visconti of Milan, then under Franchino Rusca. In 1412 it came to the Duke of Milan, who completely separated it from Como in 1416. Balerna was now ruled by a Podestà, who resided in Mendrisio, but had his court in Balerna. In the following period it was owned by a large number of rulers: the Rusca family (1416–32), the Sanseverino family, the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-jet
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An N-jet is the set of (partial) derivatives of a function up to order N.
Specifically, in the area of computer vision, the N-jet is usually computed from a scale space representation of the input image , and the partial derivatives of are used as a basis for expressing various types of visual modules. For example, algorithms for tasks such as feature detection, feature classification, stereo matching, tracking and object recognition can be expressed in terms of N-jets computed at one or several scales in scale space.
See also
Scale space implementation
Jet (mathematics)
References
Computer vision
Image processing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophy
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Amyotrophy is progressive wasting of muscle tissues. Muscle pain is also a symptom. It can occur in middle-aged males with type 2 diabetes. It also occurs with motor neuron disease.
Differential diagnosis
The following are considered differential diagnosis for amyotrophy:
compressive and infective causes of polyradiculopathy
structural disc diseases
chronic demyelinating neuropathies
See also
Diabetic amyotrophy
Monomelic amyotrophy
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
References
External links
Muscular disorders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orotidine%205%27-phosphate%20decarboxylase
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Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase (OMP decarboxylase) or orotidylate decarboxylase is an enzyme involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of orotidine monophosphate (OMP) to form uridine monophosphate (UMP). The function of this enzyme is essential to the de novo biosynthesis of the pyrimidine nucleotides uridine triphosphate, cytidine triphosphate, and thymidine triphosphate. OMP decarboxylase has been a frequent target for scientific investigation because of its demonstrated extreme catalytic efficiency and its usefulness as a selection marker for yeast strain engineering.
Catalysis
OMP decarboxylase is known for being an extraordinarily efficient catalyst capable of accelerating the uncatalyzed reaction rate by a factor of 1017. To put this in perspective, the uncatalysed reaction which would take 78 million years to convert half the reactants into products is accelerated to 18 milliseconds when catalyzed by OMP decarboxylase. This extreme enzymatic efficiency is especially interesting because OMP decarboxylases uses no cofactor and contains no metal sites or prosthetic groups. The catalysis relies on a handful of charged amino acid residues positioned within the active site of the enzyme.
The exact mechanism by which OMP decarboxylase catalyzes its reaction has been a subject of rigorous scientific investigation. The driving force for the loss of the carboxyl linked to the C6 of the pyrimidine ring comes from the close proximity of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric%20derivative
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In mathematics, the metric derivative is a notion of derivative appropriate to parametrized paths in metric spaces. It generalizes the notion of "speed" or "absolute velocity" to spaces which have a notion of distance (i.e. metric spaces) but not direction (such as vector spaces).
Definition
Let be a metric space. Let have a limit point at . Let be a path. Then the metric derivative of at , denoted , is defined by
if this limit exists.
Properties
Recall that ACp(I; X) is the space of curves γ : I → X such that
for some m in the Lp space Lp(I; R). For γ ∈ ACp(I; X), the metric derivative of γ exists for Lebesgue-almost all times in I, and the metric derivative is the smallest m ∈ Lp(I; R) such that the above inequality holds.
If Euclidean space is equipped with its usual Euclidean norm , and is the usual Fréchet derivative with respect to time, then
where is the Euclidean metric.
References
Differential calculus
Metric geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20World%20Rally%20Championship%20records
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The list of records in the World Rally Championship includes records and statistics set in the World Rally Championship (WRC) from the 1973 season to present.
Drivers
Wins
Statistics
Age
Manufacturers
Co-drivers
Rallies
Fastest rallies
Closest wins
Nationalities
Drivers
Driver wins per nationalities
Co-drivers
See also
Power Stage (Power Stage statistics)
List of World Rally Championship Drivers' champions
List of World Rally Championship Co-Drivers' champions
List of World Rally Championship Manufacturers' champions
List of World Rally Championship event winners
Notes
References
External links
Statistics at World Rally Archive
RallyBase
World Rally Championship
Records
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UVB-76
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UVB-76 (; see other callsigns), also known by the nickname "The Buzzer", is a shortwave radio station that broadcasts on the frequency of 4625 kHz. It broadcasts a short, monotonous , repeating at a rate of approximately 25 tones per minute, 24 hours per day. Sometimes, the buzzer signal is interrupted and a voice transmission in Russian takes place.
Name and callsigns
The station is commonly known as "The Buzzer" in both English and Russian (). From its first voice transmission in 1997 to 2010, the station identified itself as UZB-76 (). The callsign UVB-76 was never used by the station itself, but is rather a mistranscription of UZB-76. However, the station is still often referred to by that name. In the following years of transmission, the main callsign of the station changed regularly.
In addition to these main callsigns, The Buzzer also uses other "side callsigns" which are being used less frequently than the main callsign. Whenever the main callsign changes, all previous side callsigns are also discarded.
Format
The station transmits using AM with a suppressed lower sideband (USB modulation), but it has also used full double-sideband AM (A3E). The signal consists of a buzzing sound that lasts 1.2 seconds, pausing for 1–1.3 seconds, and repeating 21–34 times per minute. Until November 2010, the buzz tones lasted approximately 0.8 seconds each. One minute before the hour, the repeating tone was previously replaced by a continuous, uninterrupted alternating tone, which
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Heights
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Crystal Heights (also referred to as Crystal City) was a design by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright for a hotel, apartment, and shopping complex in Washington, D.C. The project would have been built on one of the largest remaining undeveloped tracts in the city, known as the Oak Lawn estate or Temple Heights, on the edge of the Adams Morgan and Dupont Circle neighborhoods. The site was bounded by 19th Street, Columbia Road, Connecticut Avenue, and Florida Avenue, all in the northwest quadrant.
One version of the design called for 2,500 hotel rooms, small apartments, parking for 1,500 cars, shops, and a 1,000-seat theater – a diversity of uses almost never seen in structures of the time – all within a complex consisting of a broad base covering the whole site topped by 15 towers. The proposal was defeated primarily by zoning requirements that prevented a multi-purpose structure at the site and forbade towers from rising more than 110 feet. The planned central tower would have been high and the remaining buildings 14-stories tall. After his design was rejected, Wright heavily criticized local officials and the National Capital Planning Commission. Today, the site is occupied by the Washington Hilton, commercial buildings, and an apartment building.
History
Site history
The land where Crystal Heights was to be built was the remaining portion of a historic estate originally called Widow's Mite, and later Oak Lawn, Dean Estate, and Temple Heights. The property was acqui
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galahad%20library
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The Galahad library is a thread-safe library of packages for the solution of mathematical optimization problems. The areas covered by the library are unconstrained and bound-constrained optimization, quadratic programming, nonlinear programming, systems of nonlinear equations and inequalities, and non-linear least squares problems. The library is mostly written in the Fortran 90 programming language.
The name of the library originates from its major package for general nonlinear programming, LANCELOT-B, the successor of the original augmented Lagrangian package LANCELOT of Conn, Gould and Toint.
Other packages in the library include:
a filter-based method for systems of linear and nonlinear equations and inequalities,
an active-set method for nonconvex quadratic programming,
a primal-dual interior-point method for nonconvex quadratic programming,
a presolver for quadratic programs,
a Lanczos method for trust-region subproblems,
an interior-point method to solve linear programs or separable convex programs or alternatively, to compute the analytic center of a set defined by such constraints, if it exists.
Packages in the GALAHAD library accept problems modeled in either the Standard Input Format (SIF), or the AMPL modeling language. For problems modeled in the SIF, the GALAHAD library naturally relies upon the CUTEr package, an optimization toolbox providing all low-level functionalities required by solvers.
The library is available on several popular computing platf
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTSA
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The initials MTSA could stand for:
Metropolitan Travel Survey Archive
Mobile Telecommunications Sourcing Act
Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002
Methylated-thiol-coenzyme M methyltransferase, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation%20matrix
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In statistics and information theory, the expected formation matrix of a likelihood function is the matrix inverse of the Fisher information matrix of , while the observed formation matrix of is the inverse of the observed information matrix of .
Currently, no notation for dealing with formation matrices is widely used, but in books and articles by Ole E. Barndorff-Nielsen and Peter McCullagh, the symbol is used to denote the element of the i-th line and j-th column of the observed formation matrix. The geometric interpretation of the Fisher information matrix (metric) leads to a notation of following the notation of the (contravariant) metric tensor in differential geometry. The Fisher information metric is denoted by so that using Einstein notation we have .
These matrices appear naturally in the asymptotic expansion of the distribution of many statistics related to the likelihood ratio.
See also
Fisher information
Shannon entropy
Notes
References
Barndorff-Nielsen, O.E., Cox, D.R. (1989), Asymptotic Techniques for Use in Statistics, Chapman and Hall, London.
Barndorff-Nielsen, O.E., Cox, D.R., (1994). Inference and Asymptotics. Chapman & Hall, London.
P. McCullagh, "Tensor Methods in Statistics", Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability, Chapman and Hall, 1987.
Edwards, A.W.F. (1984) Likelihood. CUP.
Estimation theory
Information theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas%27s%20long-tongued%20bat
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Pallas's long-tongued bat (Glossophaga soricina) is a South and Central American bat with a fast metabolism that feeds on nectar.
Metabolism
It has the fastest metabolism ever recorded in a mammal, similar to those of hummingbirds. Although it uses 50% of its stored fat over the course of a day, over 80% of its energy comes directly from the simple sugars that compose its diet of nectar, without being stored in any form. It will also feed on pollen, flower parts, fruit and insects.
Tongue
A 2013 study determined that their tongues have a mopping ability that is powered by blood, a phenomenon unique in nature. Elongated hairs at the tongue's tip, which normally lie flat, become engorged with blood when the tongue is protruded. As a result, the hairs stand in erect rows, perpendicular to the tongue. The tongue tip increases by over 50 percent in length, contracting its width to squeeze enlarged vascular sinuses along the tongue's length, that are directly connected to the hairs. During this process tissue capillaries turn from pink (little blood) to dark red. The blood vessel networks that enter the tip of the tongue are fringed by muscle fibers, which contract to compress the blood vessels and displace blood towards the tip. The efficiency of this feeding mechanism is believed to enable the bats' survival on limited food sources.
References
Bats of South America
Bats of Brazil
Mammals of Colombia
Bats of Central America
Mammals described in 1766
Glossophaga
Mammals of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Newcastle%20United%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics
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This article lists the records of Newcastle United Football Club.
Honours and achievements
Source:
League
First Division (level 1)
Champions (4): 1904–05, 1906–07, 1908–09, 1926–27
Runners-up: 1995–96, 1996–97
Second Division / First Division / Championship (level 2)
Champions (4): 1964–65, 1992–93, 2009–10, 2016–17
Runners-up: 1897–98, 1947–48
Cup
FA Cup
Winners (6): 1909–10, 1923–24, 1931–32, 1950–51, 1951–52, 1954–55
Runners-up (7): 1904–05, 1905–06, 1907–08, 1910–11, 1973–74, 1997–98, 1998–99
Football League Cup / EFL Cup
Runners-up: 1975–76, 2022–23
FA Charity Shield
Winners: 1909
Runners-up (5): 1932, 1951, 1952, 1955, 1996
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
Winners: 1968–69
Minor titles
Sheriff of London Charity Shield
Winners: 1907
Texaco Cup
Winners: 1973–74, 1974–75
UEFA Intertoto Cup
Winners: 2006
Anglo-Italian Cup
Winners: 1973
Club records
Attendances
Highest attendance – 68,386 (v. Chelsea, First Division, 3 September 1930)
Highest average attendance – 56,299, Second Division, 1947–48
Wins
Record victory: 13–0 v. Newport County, Second Division, 5 October 1946
Record away league victory: 8–0 v. Sheffield United, Premier League, 24 September 2023
Record away FA Cup victory: 9–0 v. Southport, FA Cup, 1 February 1932
Record UEFA Champions League victory: 4–1 v. PSG, UEFA Champions League, 4 October 2023
Defeats
Record defeat: 0–9 v. Burton Wanderers, Second Division, 15 April 1895
Goals
Most League goals scored in a season – 98 in 42 match
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disintegration%20theorem
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In mathematics, the disintegration theorem is a result in measure theory and probability theory. It rigorously defines the idea of a non-trivial "restriction" of a measure to a measure zero subset of the measure space in question. It is related to the existence of conditional probability measures. In a sense, "disintegration" is the opposite process to the construction of a product measure.
Motivation
Consider the unit square in the Euclidean plane , . Consider the probability measure defined on by the restriction of two-dimensional Lebesgue measure to . That is, the probability of an event is simply the area of . We assume is a measurable subset of .
Consider a one-dimensional subset of such as the line segment . has -measure zero; every subset of is a -null set; since the Lebesgue measure space is a complete measure space,
While true, this is somewhat unsatisfying. It would be nice to say that "restricted to" is the one-dimensional Lebesgue measure , rather than the zero measure. The probability of a "two-dimensional" event could then be obtained as an integral of the one-dimensional probabilities of the vertical "slices" : more formally, if denotes one-dimensional Lebesgue measure on , then
for any "nice" . The disintegration theorem makes this argument rigorous in the context of measures on metric spaces.
Statement of the theorem
(Hereafter, will denote the collection of Borel probability measures on a topological space .)
The assumptions of the theorem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20kinase%20R
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Protein kinase RNA-activated also known as protein kinase R (PKR), interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, or eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 (EIF2AK2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EIF2AK2 gene on chromosome 2. PKR is a serine/tyrosine kinase that is 551 amino acids long.
PKR is inducible by various mechanisms of stress and protects against viral infections. It also has a role in several signaling pathways.
Mechanism of action
Protein kinase-R is activated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), introduced to the cells by a viral infection. In situations of viral infection, the dsRNA created by viral replication and gene expression binds to the N-terminal domain, activating the protein. PKR activation via dsRNA is length dependent, requiring the dsRNA to be 30 bp in length to bind to PKR molecules. However, excess dsRNA can diminish activation of PKR. Binding to dsRNA is believed to activate PKR by inducing dimerization of the kinase domains and subsequent auto-phosphorylation reactions. PKR can also be activated by the protein PACT via phosphorylation of S287 on its M3 domain. The promoter region of PKR has interferon-stimulated response elements to which Type I interferons (IFN) bind to induce the transcription of PKR genes. Some research suggests that PKR can be stimulated by heat shock proteins, heparin, growth factors, bacterial infection, pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, mech
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPLO
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WPLO ("La Bonita 610 AM") is an Atlanta area AM broadcasting station, licensed to Grayson, Georgia, that broadcasts Spanish language music programming. It transmits at a frequency of 610 kHz with 1,500 Watts of power during the daytime and 225 Watts during nighttime using a non-directional antenna. WPLO is a Class-D AM broadcasting station according to the Federal Communications Commission. The station has applied to the Federal Communications Commission to change its licensed city to Lawrenceville, Georgia, the location of its current transmitting facility and tower.
History
The radio station is not to be confused with the other AM broadcasting station in the Atlanta radio market which carried the WPLO call signs from 1959 until 1987. The 610 kHz station adopted the WPLO call signs in 1990 when it switched from its previous WGNN call signs. WLAW were the original call signs of this station before switching to WGNN in 1987.
The station was branded as "RadioMex 610 Atlanta" until 2009. Late in 2009, the station changed to the "La Bonita 610 AM" branding.
AM stereo
WPLO is the Atlanta area's last remaining analog AM stereo radio station using the C-QUAM AM Stereo system.
External links
Official WPLO Website
PLO
Radio stations established in 1959
Hispanic and Latino American culture in Georgia (U.S. state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary%20complex
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A ternary complex is a protein complex containing three different molecules that are bound together. In structural biology, ternary complex can also be used to describe a crystal containing a protein with two small molecules bound, for example cofactor and substrate; or a complex formed between two proteins and a single substrate. In Immunology, ternary complex can refer to the MHC–peptide–T-cell-receptor complex formed when T cells recognize epitopes of an antigen.
Some other example can be taken like ternary complex while eukaryotic translation, in which ternary complex is composed of eIF-3 & eIF-2 + Ribosome 40s subunit+ tRNAi.
A ternary complex can be a complex formed between two substrate molecules and an enzyme. This is seen in multi-substrate enzyme-catalyzed reactions where two substrates and two products can be formed. The ternary complex is an intermediate between the product formation in this type of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. An example for a ternary complex is seen in random-order mechanism or a compulsory-order mechanism of enzyme catalysis for multi substrates.
The term ternary complex can also refer to a polymer formed by electrostatic interactions.
References
Protein complexes
Trevor Palmer (Enzymes, 2nd edition)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin%20carrier%20protein
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Riboflavin carrier proteins (RFCPs) together with human serum albumin transport flavin mononucleotide (FMN) in the blood circuit. RFCPs are important in pregnancy.
Studies from India have identified a riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) present in bird (e.g., chicken) eggs, which is considered to be specific for riboflavin, and is essential for normal embryological development. If this protein is rendered ineffective (e.g., by immuno-neutralization) by treatment of the bird with a specific antibody, then embryonic development ceases and the embryo dies. A genetic mutant lacking RCP is likewise infertile. A homologous protein, which can be rendered ineffective by the antibody to pure chicken riboflavin carrier protein, has been shown to occur in several mammalian species, including two species of monkeys, and also in humans. Very recent studies have suggested that circulating RCP levels and the immunohistochemical staining of RCP in biopsy specimens may provide new markers for breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Termination of pregnancy has been demonstrated by immuno-neutralization of RCP in monkeys. There remains some controversy over the roles of RCP, however, the other, less specific riboflavin binders in blood, including gamma-gobulins, also seem to play an important role. These studies have provided an intriguing example of the role of specific vitamin-transporting mechanisms, designed to ensure that the vitamin needs of the developing embryo will be efficiency met. Fur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-normal%20form
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In computer science, A-normal form (abbreviated ANF, sometimes expanded as administrative normal form) is an intermediate representation of programs in functional programming language compilers.
In ANF, all arguments to a function must be trivial (constants or variables). That is, evaluation of each argument must halt immediately.
ANF was introduced by Sabry and Felleisen in 1992 as a simpler alternative to continuation-passing style (CPS). Some of the advantages of using CPS as an intermediate representation are that optimizations are easier to perform on programs in CPS than in the source language, and that it is also easier for compilers to generate machine code for programs in CPS. Flanagan et al. showed how compilers could use ANF to achieve those same benefits with one source-level transformation; in contrast, for realistic compilers the CPS transformation typically involves additional phases, for example, to simplify CPS terms.
Grammar
Consider the pure λ-calculus with weak reduction and let-expressions. The ANF restriction is enforced by
allowing only constants, λ-terms, and variables, to serve as arguments of function applications, and
requiring that the result of a non-trivial expression be captured by a let-bound variable or returned from a function.
The following BNF grammar describes the syntax of λ-expressions modified to support the constraints of ANF:
EXP ::= VAL
| let VAR = VAL in EXP
| let VAR = VAL VAL in EXP
VAL ::= VAR
| λ VA
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFLAGS
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CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS are either the name of environment variables or of Makefile variables that can be set to specify additional switches to be passed to a compiler in the process of building computer software. FFLAGS fulfills a similar role.
These variables are usually set inside a Makefile and are then appended to the command line when the compiler is invoked. If they are not specified in the Makefile, then they will be read from the environment, if present. Tools like autoconf's ./configure script will usually pick them up from the environment and write them into the generated Makefiles. Some package install scripts, like SDL, allow CFLAGS settings to override their normal settings (instead of append to them), so setting CFLAGS can cause harm in this case.
CFLAGS enables the addition of switches for the C compiler, while CXXFLAGS is meant to be used when invoking a C++ compiler. Similarly, a variable CPPFLAGS exists with switches to be passed to the C or C++ preprocessor. Similarly, FFLAGS enables the addition of switches for a Fortran compiler.
These variables are most commonly used to specify optimization or debugging switches to a compiler, as for example -g, -O2 or (GCC-specific) -march=athlon.
See also
Compiler optimization
References
External links
GNU optimization page
Gentoo Wiki CFLAG guide
Gentoo Wiki guide to safe CFLAGS
Linux Review page on optimized gcc compiling
Build automation
C (programming language)
C++
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%20membrane
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Ceramic membranes are a type of artificial membranes made from inorganic materials (such as alumina, titania, zirconia oxides, silicon carbide or some glassy materials). They are used in membrane operations for liquid filtration.
By contrast with polymeric membranes, they can be used in separations where aggressive media (acids, strong solvents) are present. They also have excellent thermal stability which makes them usable in high-temperature membrane operations.
Like polymeric membranes, they are either dense or porous.
Researchers have studied ceramic membranes for potential applications in wastewater treatment, gas separation, and membrane reactors. Ceramic membranes typically last longer than polymeric membranes which are more commonly used for these applications. Currently ceramic membranes have not seen widespread usage mainly due to their high cost of production.
Configurations include tubular cross flow and dead-end membranes as well as flat sheet membranes.
Dense membranes
Dense ceramic membranes are used for the purpose of gas separation. Examples are the separation of oxygen from air, or the separation of hydrogen gas from a mixture. Dense ceramic membranes have been studied for process intensification applications to reduce the energy consumption of many technologies used in the petroleum industry. One such application is membrane reactors, through the use of dense oxygen permeable membranes.
Porous membranes
Porous ceramic membranes are chiefly used for g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%20kernel
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In statistical classification, the Fisher kernel, named after Ronald Fisher, is a function that measures the similarity of two objects on the basis of sets of measurements for each object and a statistical model. In a classification procedure, the class for a new object (whose real class is unknown) can be estimated by minimising, across classes, an average of the Fisher kernel distance from the new object to each known member of the given class.
The Fisher kernel was introduced in 1998. It combines the advantages of generative statistical models (like the hidden Markov model) and those of discriminative methods (like support vector machines):
generative models can process data of variable length (adding or removing data is well-supported)
discriminative methods can have flexible criteria and yield better results.
Derivation
Fisher score
The Fisher kernel makes use of the Fisher score, defined as
with θ being a set (vector) of parameters. The function taking θ to log P(X|θ) is the log-likelihood of the probabilistic model.
Fisher kernel
The Fisher kernel is defined as
with being the Fisher information matrix.
Applications
Information retrieval
The Fisher kernel is the kernel for a generative probabilistic model. As such, it constitutes a bridge between generative and probabilistic models of documents. Fisher kernels exist for numerous models, notably tf–idf, Naive Bayes and probabilistic latent semantic analysis.
Image classification and retrieval
The Fi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More%20or%20Less
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More or Less may refer to:
More or Less (radio programme), a UK programme focusing on numbers and statistics
More or Less (puzzle), an alternate name for the logic puzzle Futoshiki
More or Less (pricing game), a pricing game on the game show The Price Is Right
More or Less (album), a 2018 album by Dan Mangan
"More or Less", a song by Screaming Trees from Sweet Oblivion
"More or Less", a song by Talib Kweli from Eardrum
More or Les, stage name for Leslie Seaforth, a Canadian rapper, DJ and producer
See also
Approximation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphenylphosphine%20oxide
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Triphenylphosphine oxide (often abbreviated TPPO) is the organophosphorus compound with the formula OP(C6H5)3, also written as Ph3PO or PPh3O (Ph = C6H5). This colourless crystalline compound is a common but potentially useful waste product in reactions involving triphenylphosphine. It is a popular reagent to induce the crystallizing of chemical compounds.
Structure and properties
Ph3PO is a tetrahedral molecule related to POCl3. The oxygen center is relatively basic. The rigidity of the backbone and the basicity of the oxygen center make this species a popular agent to crystallize otherwise difficult to crystallize molecules. This trick is applicable to molecules that have acidic hydrogen atoms, e.g. phenols.
Up to now, several modifications of Ph3PO have been found: For example, a monoclinic form crystalizes in the space group P21/c with Z = 4 and a = 15.066(1) Å, b = 9.037(2) Å, c = 11.296(3) Å, and β = 98.47(1)°. The orthorhombic modification crystallizes in the space group Pbca with Z = 4 and 29.089(3) Å, b = 9.1347(9), c = 11.261(1) Å.
TPPO's unique application as a heat-diffuser in many electronic devices is used by law enforcement to train electronics-sniffing dogs.
As a byproduct of organic synthesis
Ph3PO is a byproduct of many useful reactions in organic synthesis including the Wittig, Staudinger, and Mitsunobu reactions. It is also formed when PPh3Cl2 is employed to convert alcohols into alkyl chlorides:
Ph3PCl2 + ROH → Ph3PO + HCl + RCl
Triphenylphosphin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Athenian%20Murders
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The Athenian Murders is an historical mystery novel written by Spanish author José Carlos Somoza. Originally published in Spain under the title La caverna de las ideas (The Cave of Ideas) in 2000, it was translated into English in 2002 by Sonia Soto. The Athenian Murders is Somoza's first novel to be published in English. It won the 2002 Gold Dagger Award.
Plot summary
The book is presented as a translation of an ancient Greek novel published in Athens just after the Peloponnesian War, complete with the extensive footnotes from the scholar performing the translation. In the ancient novel (which is itself called The Athenian Murders), a young ephebe named Tramachus is discovered on the slopes of Mount Lycabettus, apparently attacked by wolves. Diagoras, the boy's erastes and tutor at the Academy, enlists the help of a "Decipherer of Enigmas" (a detective named Heracles Pontor) to learn more about Tramachus's death. As Diagoras and Heracles investigate, more youths from the Academy are discovered brutally murdered. Their investigation takes them all over Athens, from mystery cult worship services to a symposium hosted by Plato.
Meanwhile, the translator (who is never named) provides frequent commentary on the work, particularly as he believes it to be an example of a (fictional) ancient literary device called eidesis. "Eidesis" is the practice of repeating words or phrases so as to evoke a particular image or idea in the reader's mind, as if it were a kind of literary stegano
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen%2C%20type%20XXVII%2C%20alpha%201
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Collagen alpha-1 (XXVII) chain (COL27A1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL27A1 gene.
COL27A1 is a type XXVII collagen. It was discovered by James Pace. This gene appears to be turned on in cartilage, the eye, and in the ear. Type XXVII collagen is related to the "fibrillar" class of collagens and may play a role in development of the skeleton.
Fibrillar collagens, such as COL27A1, compose one of the most ancient families of extracellular matrix molecules. They form major structural elements in extracellular matrices of cartilage, skin, and tendon.
Location
COL27A1 is located on chromosome 9 in homo sapiens specifically on spot number 32.
References
Further reading
Collagens
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20XXVII%20collagen
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Type XXVII collagen is the protein predicted to be encoded by COL27A1. It was first described by Dr. James M. Pace and his colleagues at the University of Washington. It is related to the fibrillar collagens: type II, type XI, and type XXIV. Current research suggests that it is made by cartilage during skeletal development.
Collagens
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AROM
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AROM or Arom may refer to:
Active range of motion (AROM), a category of therapeutic exercises related to joint range of motion
Artificial rupture of membranes (AROM), in childbirth
Simha Arom (born 1930), a French-Israeli ethnomusicologist
See also
Sawang Arom District, Thailand
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20toxin
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Alpha toxin or alpha-toxin refers to several different protein toxins produced by bacteria, including:
Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin, a membrane-disrupting toxin that creates pores causing hemolysis and tissue damage
Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin, a membrane-disrupting toxin with phospholipase C activity, which is directly responsible for gas gangrene and myonecrosis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa alpha toxin
Bacterial toxins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactless%20payment
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Contactless payment systems are credit cards and debit cards, key fobs, smart cards, or other devices, including smartphones and other mobile devices, that use radio-frequency identification (RFID) or near-field communication (NFC, e.g. Samsung Pay, Apple Pay, Google Pay, Fitbit Pay, or any bank mobile application that supports contactless payment) for making secure payments. The embedded integrated circuit chip and antenna enable consumers to wave their card, fob, or handheld device over a reader at the Point-of-sale terminal. Contactless payments are made in close physical proximity, unlike other types of mobile payments which use broad-area cellular or WiFi networks and do not involve close physical proximity.
EMV is a common standard used by major credit card and smartphone companies for use in general commerce. Contactless smart cards that function as stored-value cards are becoming popular for use as transit system farecards, such as the Oyster card or RioCard. These can often store non-currency value (such as monthly passes), in additional to fare value purchased with cash or electronic payment.
Tokenisation is a newer concept of encapsulating a card issuers details within a hardware device application such as via Apple Pay app on iPhones.
Some suppliers claim that transactions can be almost twice as fast as a conventional cash, credit, or debit card purchase. Because no signature or PIN verification is typically required, contactless purchases are usually limite
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype%20mixing
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Phenotype mixing is a form of interaction between two viruses each of which holds its own unique genetic material. The two particles "share" coat proteins, therefore each has a similar assortment of identifying surface proteins, while having different genetic material.
In other words; non-genetic interaction in which virus particles released from a cell that is infected with two different viruses have components from both the infecting agents, but with a genome from one of them.
References
Virology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaremche
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Yaremche (, ) is a city in Nadvirna Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province) of west Ukraine. The city is located at the altitude of around above mean sea level. Yaremche hosts the administration of Yaremche urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population:
Yaremche hosts the headquarters of the nearby Carpathian National Nature Park.
History
A possible root of the word "Yaremche" comes from the Turkish. In Turkic languages "yarım" means "half" and "yarımca" means "little half".
It was founded in 1787 and received city status on December 30, 1977.
In the interwar period (1918–1939) it belonged to Poland and was the most popular tourist center in eastern part of the Carpathian Mountains (in the late 1920s more than 6 000 guests came there yearly). Yaremche was growing year by year in importance and number of tourists. According to some, it had the chance to achieve same importance as other key Polish mountain spas, Zakopane and Krynica. However, in September 1939 it became a part of Soviet Union as part of the Ukrainian SSR under the Ribbentrop-Molotov partition plan for the division of Poland between Germany and the Soviets. During the World War II it was occupied by the Nazis as part of the Distrikt Galizien and most of its Jewish population was slaughtered by Nazi SS units along with a Ukrainian volunteer militia, and Hungarian Border Patrol troops. It was liberated by the Soviet forces in 1944. On December 30, 1977, the city of Yaremcha became a municipality
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola%2068HC16
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The 68HC16 (also abbreviated as HC16) is a highly modular microcontroller family based on the CPU16 16-bit core made by Freescale Semiconductor (formerly known as Motorola Semiconductor). The CPU16 core is a true 16-bit design, with an architecture that is very familiar to 68HC11 (HC11) users. The resemblances to the HC11 core design are a deliberate move to provide
an upgrade path for those 8-bit 68HC11 designs that require the increased power of a 16-bit CPU. Many features of the HC16 and the CPU16 core are new to HC11 users.
The HC16 provides a software upgrade path for HC11 users while giving full hardware compatibility with the asynchronous address and data bus found on the 32-bit microprocessors.
External links
HC16 Overview
A website with technical information about the 68HC16.
Motorola microcontrollers
Freescale Semiconductor microcontrollers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit%202000
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The Rabbit 2000 is a high-performance 8-bit microcontroller designed by Rabbit Semiconductor for embedded system applications. Rabbit Semiconductor has been bought by Digi International, which is since selling the Rabbit microcontrollers and hardware based on them. The instruction set is based on the original Z80 microprocessor, but with some additions of new instructions as well as deletions of some instructions. Among the Z80 instructions missing in the Rabbit, cpir is particularly notable, since it allows for much more efficient implementations of some often-used standard C functions such as strlen(), strnlen() and memchr(). According to the Rabbit documentation, it executes its instructions 5 times faster than the original Z80 microprocessor, that is, similarly to the Zilog eZ80.
The Rabbit 3000 is a variant of the Rabbit 2000 with the same core, but more powerful integrated peripherals. The Rabbit 3000A variant adds a small number of additional instructions for I/O and large integer arithmetic. The Rabbit 4000 again adds more integrated peripherals. The further derivatives, starting with the Rabbit 5000 have a substantially different architecture.
Most of the Rabbit microcontrollers come with built-in flash memory and SRAM. They also have ADC and timers built-in.
Compiler support
The Rabbit 2000 is supported by the free (GPL) Small Device C Compiler and Z88DK.
There also are the non-free Dynamic C provided by the makers of the Rabbit and the commercial third-part
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-tube
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Utube or u-tube may refer to:
Oscillating U-tube, a technique to determine the density of fluids
Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, a company
U-tube, a design for tubing in a nuclear power steam generator
See also
U-bend, in plumbing
YouTube, a video-sharing website
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex%20%28curve%29
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In the geometry of plane curves, a vertex is a point of where the first derivative of curvature is zero. This is typically a local maximum or minimum of curvature, and some authors define a vertex to be more specifically a local extremum of curvature. However, other special cases may occur, for instance when the second derivative is also zero, or when the curvature is constant. For space curves, on the other hand, a vertex is a point where the torsion vanishes.
Examples
A hyperbola has two vertices, one on each branch; they are the closest of any two points lying on opposite branches of the hyperbola, and they lie on the principal axis. On a parabola, the sole vertex lies on the axis of symmetry and in a quadratic of the form:
it can be found by completing the square or by differentiation. On an ellipse, two of the four vertices lie on the major axis and two lie on the minor axis.
For a circle, which has constant curvature, every point is a vertex.
Cusps and osculation
Vertices are points where the curve has 4-point contact with the osculating circle at that point. In contrast, generic points on a curve typically only have 3-point contact with their osculating circle. The evolute of a curve will generically have a cusp when the curve has a vertex; other, more degenerate and non-stable singularities may occur at higher-order vertices, at which the osculating circle has contact of higher order than four. Although a single generic curve will not have any higher-order verti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotype
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Allotype may refer to:
In zoological nomenclature, a designated paratype that is a specimen of the opposite sex to the holotype
In biology, a variant protein sequence that is genetically determined, particularly:
In immunology, an immunoglobulin allotype
See also
Type (biology)
Lectotype (zoology)
Syntype (zoology)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahorski%20theorem
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In mathematics, Zahorski's theorem is a theorem of real analysis. It states that a necessary and sufficient condition for a subset of the real line to be the set of points of non-differentiability of a continuous real-valued function, is that it be the union of a Gδ set and a set of zero measure.
This result was proved by in 1939 and first published in 1941.
References
.
.
Theorems in real analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajko%20Igi%C4%87
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Rajko Igić (born 1937) is a Serbian doctor, scientist, and writer. He is best known for discovery of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) in the retina, publications on the influence of the war in Yugoslavia on publishing in peer reviewed journals, poetry works, and his anti-tobacco movement in the Former Yugoslavia, Serbia, and Republic of Srpska. Igić is a member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Republic of Srpska.
He received his M.D. at the University of Belgrade and Ph.D. at the University of Sarajevo. He was a Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Tuzla (1978-1992), and the Director of the Department of Scientific, Cultural, and Educational International Exchange for the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1990 to 1992, when he left at the start of the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina. His research career centered on the Renin–angiotensin system. While at the Universities of Tuzla and Banja Luka in the 1980s, Igić organized an early anti-smoking campaign aimed at the territories of former Yugoslavia. Igić served as the Editor-in-Chief of a Scripta Medica (Banja Luka), a medical journal, from 2010-2013.
He also devised a new script, Slavica, a fused version of the (Cyrillic and Latin alphabet), used by speakers of the predominant South Slavic languages (Serbo-Croatian). It was a quixotic attempt to mend the linguistic divisions among the Yugoslav ethnic groups, prior to outbreak of widespread conflict.
Igić writes poetry, and he published several poet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek%20Denton
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Derek Ashworth Denton (27 May 1924 – 18 November 2022) was an Australian scientist who elucidated the regulation of electrolytes in extracellular fluid, the hormones controlling this regulation, particularly aldosterone, and the instinctive behaviours controlling intake of water and salts. He was cited in 1995 at election to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences as the world’s leading authority on the regulation of salt and water metabolism and relevant endocrine control mechanisms. He was one of Australia’s most eminent scientists.
Career
Denton was the founding Director and Emeritus Director of the Howard Florey Institute, Honorary Professor at the University of Melbourne and a consultant at the Baker Research Institute. Denton's last book is The Primordial Emotions: The Dawning of Consciousness.
Research
Three months after medical graduation in 1947, he made a basic discovery on kidney function at the Royal Melbourne Hospital. In the face of profuse alkaline drainage (Na+ in excess of Cl- relative to extracellular proportions) from a pancreatic fistula (2-3 litres/day) the patient’s kidneys primarily regulated the ionic pattern of the extra cellular fluid – not plasma concentration or the load of ions to the kidney tubules. As the fistula drained, blood pressure declined, respiration increased, and Cl- excretion in urine increased despite decline in plasma Cl- level below the so called “renal threshold “. Adequate intravenous infusion of sodium lactate, or oral sod
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich%20Information%20Center%20for%20Protein%20Sequences
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The Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences (MIPS) was a research center hosted at the Institute for Bioinformatics (IBI) at Neuherberg, Germany with a focus on genome oriented bioinformatics, in particular on the systematic analysis of genome information including the development and application of bioinformatics methods in genome annotation, gene expression analysis and proteomics. MIPS supported and maintained a set of generic databases as well as the systematic comparative analysis of microbial, fungal, and plant genomes.
As of September 2019, the institute was closed after 18 years of service, and several of its subdivisions were reorganized to resources, both internal and external.
References
External links
Agricultural research institutes in Germany
Biological databases
Genetics in Germany
Genetics or genomics research institutions
Medical and health organisations based in Bavaria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn%20mod%20N%20algorithm
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The Luhn mod N algorithm is an extension to the Luhn algorithm (also known as mod 10 algorithm) that allows it to work with sequences of values in any even-numbered base. This can be useful when a check digit is required to validate an identification string composed of letters, a combination of letters and digits or any arbitrary set of characters where is divisible by 2.
Informal explanation
The Luhn mod N algorithm generates a check digit (more precisely, a check character) within the same range of valid characters as the input string. For example, if the algorithm is applied to a string of lower-case letters (a to z), the check character will also be a lower-case letter. Apart from this distinction, it resembles very closely the original algorithm.
The main idea behind the extension is that the full set of valid input characters is mapped to a list of code-points (i.e., sequential integers beginning with zero). The algorithm processes the input string by converting each character to its associated code-point and then performing the computations in mod N (where is the number of valid input characters). Finally, the resulting check code-point is mapped back to obtain its corresponding check character.
Limitation
The Luhn mod N algorithm only works where is divisible by 2. This is because there is an operation to correct the value of a position after doubling its value which does not work where is not divisible by 2. For applications using the English alphabet thi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi%20HD44780%20LCD%20controller
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The Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller is an alphanumeric dot matrix liquid crystal display (LCD) controller developed by Hitachi in the 1980s. The character set of the controller includes ASCII characters, Japanese Kana characters, and some symbols in two 40 character lines. Using an extension driver, the device can display up to 80 characters. Numerous third-party displays are compatible with its 16-pin interface and instruction set, making it a popular and cheap LCD driver.
Architecture
The Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller is limited to monochrome text displays and is often used in copiers, fax machines, laser printers, industrial test equipment, and networking equipment, such as routers and storage devices.
Compatible LCD screens are manufactured in several standard configurations. Common sizes are one row of eight characters (8×1), and 16×2, 20×2 and 20×4 formats. Larger custom sizes are made with 32, 40 and 80 characters and with 1, 2, 4 or 8 lines. The most commonly manufactured larger configuration is 40×4 characters, which requires two individually addressable HD44780 controllers with expansion chips as a single HD44780 chip can only address up to 80 characters.
Character LCDs may have a backlight, which may be LED, fluorescent, or electroluminescent. The nominal operating voltage for LED backlights is 5V at full brightness, with dimming at lower voltages dependent on the details such as LED color. Non-LED backlights often require higher voltages.
Interface
Chara
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping%20and%20plumbing%20fitting
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A fitting or adapter is used in pipe systems to connect straight sections of pipe or tube, adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes such as regulating (or measuring) fluid flow. These fittings are used in plumbing to manipulate the conveyance of water, gas, or liquid waste in domestic or commercial environments, within a system of pipes or tubes.
Fittings (especially uncommon types) require money, time, materials, and tools to install and are an important part of piping and plumbing systems. Valves are technically fittings, but are usually discussed separately.
Standards
Standard codes are followed when designing (or manufacturing) a piping system. Organizations which promulgate piping standards include:
ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
A112.19.1 Enameled cast-iron and steel plumbing fixtures standards
A112.19.2 Ceramic plumbing fixtures standard
ASTM International: American Society for Testing and Materials
API: American Petroleum Institute
AWS: American Welding Society
AWWA: American Water Works Association
MSS: Manufacturers Standardization Society
ANSI: American National Standards Institute
NFPA: National Fire Protection Association
EJMA: Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association
CGA: Compressed Gas Association
PCA: Plumbing Code of Australia
Pipes must conform to the dimensional requirements of:
ASME B36.10M: Welded and seamless wrought-steel pipe
ASME B36.19M: Stainless-steel pipe
ASME B31.3 2008: Process piping
ASM
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUSIC%20%28algorithm%29
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MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnal Classification) is an algorithm used for frequency estimation and radio direction finding.
History
In many practical signal processing problems, the objective is to estimate from measurements a set of constant parameters upon which the received signals depend. There have been several approaches to such problems including the so-called maximum likelihood (ML) method of Capon (1969) and Burg's maximum entropy (ME) method. Although often successful and widely used, these methods have certain fundamental limitations (especially bias and sensitivity in parameter estimates), largely because they use an incorrect model (e.g., AR rather than special ARMA) of the measurements.
Pisarenko (1973) was one of the first to exploit the structure of the data model, doing so in the context of estimation of parameters of complex sinusoids in additive noise using a covariance approach. Schmidt (1977), while working at Northrop Grumman and independently Bienvenu and Kopp (1979) were the first to correctly exploit the measurement model in the case of sensor arrays of arbitrary form. Schmidt, in particular, accomplished this by first deriving a complete geometric solution in the absence of noise, then cleverly extending the geometric concepts to obtain a reasonable approximate solution in the presence of noise. The resulting algorithm was called MUSIC (MUltiple SIgnal Classification) and has been widely studied.
In a detailed evaluation based on thousands of simulation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisarenko%20harmonic%20decomposition
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Pisarenko harmonic decomposition, also referred to as Pisarenko's method, is a method of frequency estimation. This method assumes that a signal, , consists of complex exponentials in the presence of white noise. Because the number of complex exponentials must be known a priori, it is somewhat limited in its usefulness.
Pisarenko's method also assumes that values of the autocorrelation matrix are either known or estimated. Hence, given the autocorrelation matrix, the dimension of the noise subspace is equal to one and is spanned by the eigenvector corresponding to the minimum eigenvalue. This eigenvector is orthogonal to each of the signal vectors.
The frequency estimates may be determined by setting the frequencies equal to the angles of the roots of the polynomial
or the location of the peaks in the frequency estimation function (or the pseudo-spectrum)
,
where is the noise eigenvector and
.
History
The method was first discovered in 1911 by Constantin Carathéodory, then rediscovered by Vladilen Fedorovich Pisarenko in 1973 while examining the problem of estimating the frequencies of complex signals in white noise. He found that the frequencies could be derived from the eigenvector corresponding to the minimum eigenvalue of the autocorrelation matrix.
See also
Multiple signal classification (MUSIC)
References
Digital signal processing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process.h
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process.h is a C header file which contains function declarations and macros used in working with threads and processes. Most C compilers that target DOS, Windows 3.1x, Win32, OS/2, Novell NetWare or DOS extenders supply this header and the library functions in their C library. Neither the header file nor most of the functions are defined by either the ANSI/ISO C standard or by POSIX.
History
Microsoft's version of the file dates back to at least 1985, according to its copyright statement. An early reference to the file was in a post on the net.micro.pc usenet on Oct-26-1986. The compiler used was Microsoft C compiler version 3.0.
The Lattice C compiler version 3.30 (Aug-24-1988) did not have such a header file, but offered similar functions.
Borland provided the header in their Turbo C compiler version 2.01.
The C Ware-Personal C compiler version 1.2c (June 1989) had only the ANSI headers.
Functions
Constants
Implementations
Given the fact there is no standard on which to base the implementation, the functions declared by process.h differ, depending on the compiler in use. Below is a list of compilers which provide process.h.
DJGPP
OpenWatcom,
Digital Mars
MinGW
Microsoft Visual C++
Borland Turbo C, 2.0 and later
Lcc32
QNX Neutrino QCC 6.x
Differences
Another aspect that might vary is the combined length of exec* and spawn* parameters.
Delorie DJGPP: does not have such a limit.
Digital Mars: the maximum is 128 bytes; nothing is stated about the ending '\0'
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2011
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Interleukin 11 (IL-11 or adipogenesis inhibitory factor) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL11 gene.
IL-11 is a cytokine that was first isolated in 1990 from bone marrow-derived fibrocyte-like stromal cells. It was initially thought to be important for hematopoiesis, notably for megakaryocyte maturation, but subsequently shown to be redundant for platelets, and for other blood cell types, in both mice and humans. It was developed as a recombinant protein (rhIL-11) as the drug substance oprelvekin.
The human IL-11 gene, consisting of 5 exons and 4 introns, is located on chromosome 19, and encodes a 23 kDa protein. IL-11 is a member of the IL-6-type cytokine family, distinguished based on their use of the common co-receptor gp130. Signal specificity is provided by the IL-11Rα subunit which is expressed at high levels in fibroblasts and other stromal cells but not immune cells, unlike IL6 receptors that are expressed at highest levels in immune cells and lowly expressed in stromal cells.
Downstream signalling
Signal transduction is initiated upon binding of IL-11 to IL-11Ralpha and gp130, facilitating the formation of higher order structures involving dimers of gp130:Il-11:Il11RA complexes. In some instances, in epithelial-derived cells and cancer cell lines, this permits gp130-associated Janus kinases (JAK) activation and downstream STAT-mediated transcriptional activities. In other instances, in stromal cells, IL-11 activates non-canonical MAPK/ERK-dependent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equating%20coefficients
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In mathematics, the method of equating the coefficients is a way of solving a functional equation of two expressions such as polynomials for a number of unknown parameters. It relies on the fact that two expressions are identical precisely when corresponding coefficients are equal for each different type of term. The method is used to bring formulas into a desired form.
Example in real fractions
Suppose we want to apply partial fraction decomposition to the expression:
that is, we want to bring it into the form:
in which the unknown parameters are A, B and C.
Multiplying these formulas by x(x − 1)(x − 2) turns both into polynomials, which we equate:
or, after expansion and collecting terms with equal powers of x:
At this point it is essential to realize that the polynomial 1 is in fact equal to the polynomial 0x2 + 0x + 1, having zero coefficients for the positive powers of x. Equating the corresponding coefficients now results in this system of linear equations:
Solving it results in:
Example in nested radicals
A similar problem, involving equating like terms rather than coefficients of like terms, arises if we wish to de-nest the nested radicals to obtain an equivalent expression not involving a square root of an expression itself involving a square root, we can postulate the existence of rational parameters d, e such that
Squaring both sides of this equation yields:
To find d and e we equate the terms not involving square roots, so and equate the parts involv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helaman%20Ferguson
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Helaman Rolfe Pratt Ferguson (born 1940 in Salt Lake City, Utah) is an American sculptor and a digital artist, specifically an algorist. He is also well known for his development of the PSLQ algorithm, an integer relation detection algorithm.
Early life and education
Ferguson's mother died when he was about three and his father went off to serve in the Second World War. He was adopted by an Irish immigrant and raised in New York. He learned to work with his hands in an old-world style with earthen materials from his adoptive father who was a carpenter and stonemason by trade. An art-inclined math teacher in high school helped him develop his dual interests in math and art.
Ferguson is a graduate of Hamilton College, a liberal arts school in New York. In 1971, he received a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Washington.
Work
In 1977, Ferguson and another mathematician, Rodney Forcade, developed an algorithm for integer relation detection. It was the first viable generalization of the Euclidean algorithm for three or more variables. He later developed a more notable integer relation detection algorithm - the PSLQ algorithm - which was selected as one of the "Top Ten Algorithms of the Century" by Jack Dongarra and Francis Sullivan.
In January 2014, Ferguson and his wife Claire Ferguson delivered an MAA Invited Address, titled "Mathematics in Stone and Bronze," at the Joint Math Meetings in Baltimore Maryland. He is an active artist, often representing mathematical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomembrane
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A geomembrane is very low permeability synthetic membrane liner or barrier used with any geotechnical engineering related material so as to control fluid (liquid or gas) migration in a human-made project, structure, or system. Geomembranes are made from relatively thin continuous polymeric sheets, but they can also be made from the impregnation of geotextiles with asphalt, elastomer or polymer sprays, or as multilayered bitumen geocomposites. Continuous polymer sheet geomembranes are, by far, the most common.
Manufacturing
The manufacturing of geomembranes begins with the production of the raw materials, which include the polymer resin, and various additives such as antioxidants, plasticizers, fillers, carbon black, and lubricants (as a processing aid). These raw materials (i.e., the "formulation") are then processed into sheets of various widths and thickness by extrusion, calendering, and/or spread coating.
Geomembranes dominate the sales of geosynthetic products, at US$1.8 billion per year worldwide, which is 35% of the market. The US market is currently divided between HDPE, LLDPE, fPP, PVC, CSPE-R, EPDM-R and others (such as EIA-R), and can be summarized as follows: (Note that M m2 refers to millions of square meters.)
high-density polyethylene (HDPE) ~ 35% or 105 M m2
linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) ~ 25% or 75 M m2
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ~ 25% or 75 M m2
flexible polypropylene (fPP) ~ 10% or 30 M m2
chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) ~ 2% or 6 M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.%20A.%20P.%20Moran
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Patrick Alfred Pierce Moran FRS (14 July 1917 – 19 September 1988) was an Australian statistician who made significant contributions to probability theory and its application to population and evolutionary genetics.
Early years
Patrick Moran was born in Sydney and was the only child of Herbert Michael Moran (b. 1885 in Sydney, d. 1945 in Cambridge UK), a prominent surgeon and captain of the first Wallabies, and Eva Mann (b. 1887 in Sydney, d. 1977 in Sydney). Patrick did have five other siblings, but they all died at or shortly after birth. He completed his high school studies in Bathurst, in three and a half years instead of the normal five-year course. At age 16, in 1934, he commenced study at the University of Sydney where he studied chemistry, math and physics, graduating with first class honours in mathematics in 1937. Following graduation he went to study at Cambridge University from 1937 to 1939, his supervisors noted that he was not a good mathematician and the outbreak of World War II interrupted his studies. He graduated with an MA (by proxy) from St John's College, Cambridge, on 22 January 1943 and continued his studies there from 1945 to 1946. He was admitted to Balliol College, Oxford University, on 3 December 1946. He was awarded an MA, from Oxford University, by incorporation in 1947.
Career
During the war Moran worked in rocket development in the Ministry of Supply and later at the External Ballistics Laboratory in Cambridge. In late 1943 he joined the Aus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhairav%20%28raga%29
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Bhairav is a Hindustani classical raga of Bhairav thaat. It is a sampurna raga that is traditionally performed in the morning and also as the beginning piece in concerts. It is the defining raga of its own Thaat.
Raga Kalingda in Hindustani and Ragam Mayamalavagowla in Carnatic music have the same scale as Raga Bhairav, although the moods they create can be quite different due to the way they are expounded.
According to Indian classical vocalist Pandit Jasraj, Bhairav is a "morning raga, and solemn peacefulness is its ideal mood." It is grave in mood and suggests seriousness, introversion and devotional attitude.
History
Bhairav raga is an ancient raga that is considered to be extremely old and originated many centuries ago. The origin of Bhairav raga is disputed. According to some musicians, Bhairav raga was the first raga that originated from the mouth of Lord Shiva. While some musicians argue that Bhairav raga originated from the mouth of Lord Surya. This is why it was sung in the daytime. Bhairava is one of the names of Shiva especially in his powerful form as a naked ascetic with matted locks and body smeared with ashes. The ragas too have some of these masculine and ascetic attributes in their form and compositions.
The Bhairav raga itself is extremely vast and allows a huge number of note combinations and a great range of emotional qualities from valor to peace. There are many variations based on it including (but not restricted to) Ahir Bhairav, Alam Bhairav, Ana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celacade
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Celacade was a non-drug, device-based treatment also known as Immune Modulation Therapy (IMT), developed by the Canadian-based biotherapeutics company Vasogen, Inc. for chronic heart failure and peripheral artery disease. Blood was piped through the device, where it was exposed to heat, ultraviolet light, and ozone, in the hope that this oxidative stress would trigger an anti-inflammatory immunomodulation response.
Despite some promising early results and one positive result in subgroup analysis, the technique usually did not produce the hoped-for clinically significant results.
Research history
At the World Congress of Cardiology in September 2006 the Advanced Chronic Heart Failure Clinical Assessment of Immune Modulation Therapy (ACCLAIM) a phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving some 2408 patients in 7 countries with left ventricular ejection fraction of 30% or less, reported that only one subgroup – patients with a previous cardiovascular event – benefited from the treatment. These people were 39% less likely to die or be hospitalized due to a heart attack or stroke and tended to have improved quality of life.
Marketing approval
Vasogen in collaboration with Grupo Ferrer Internacional has regulatory approval to market Celacade as a medical device for the treatment of chronic heart failure in the European Union and Latin America.
References
External links
Celacade page on the Vasogen website
Medical treatments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromorphology
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Neuromorphology (from Greek νεῦρον, neuron, "nerve"; μορφή, morphé, "form"; -λογία, -logia, “study of”) is the study of nervous system form, shape, and structure. The study involves looking at a particular part of the nervous system from a molecular and cellular level and connecting it to a physiological and anatomical point of view. The field also explores the communications and interactions within and between each specialized section of the nervous system.
Morphology is distinct from morphogenesis. Morphology is the study of the shape and structure of biological organisms, while morphogenesis is the study of the biological development of the shape and structure of organisms. Therefore, neuromorphology focuses on the specifics of the structure of the nervous system and not the process by which the structure was developed. Neuromorphology and morphogenesis, while two different entities, are nonetheless closely linked.
History
Progress in defining the morphology of nerve cells has been slow in its development. It took nearly a century after the acceptance of the cell as the basic unit of life before researchers could agree upon the shape of a neuron. It was originally thought to be an independent globular corpuscle suspended along nerve fibers that looped and coiled. It was not until the first successful microdissection of a whole nerve cell by Otto Deiters in 1865 that the separate dendrites and axon could be distinguished. At the end of the 19th century, new techniques,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wood%20%28Kent%20cricketer%2C%20born%201745%29
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John Wood (1745 – July 1816 at Seal, Kent) was an English cricketer who played for Kent. His career began in the 1760s before first-class statistics began to be recorded and his known first-class career spans the 1772 to 1783 seasons.
He has often been confused with his namesake who played for Surrey at the same time. Although Wood is credited with 12 first-class appearances by CricketArchive, there are only 10 which can definitely be attributed to him. Using the data in Scores and Biographies, there were 12 matches in which a player known only as "Wood" took part, with Wood of Surrey specifically recorded in 13.
According to John Nyren, Wood of Kent was a "change bowler who was tall, stout, bony and a very good general player". According to H T Waghorn, he suffered a serious knee injury in 1773 and there were fears of amputation being necessary. However, he was playing again in 1774 so things cannot have been as bad as they first seemed.
The first time a John Wood is mentioned in the sources is when one plays for Caterham against Hambledon in 1769. This was probably the Surrey-based player. In the same season, a player called Wood played for the Duke of Dorset's XI against Wrotham in the minor match that featured John Minshull's century. Given Dorset's strong Kent connection, this was probably John Wood of Kent.
References
Bibliography
Arthur Haygarth, Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744-1826), Lillywhite, 1862
John Nyren, The Cricketers of my Time (ed. Ashle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20cluster
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A gene family is a set of homologous genes within one organism. A gene cluster is a group of two or more genes found within an organism's DNA that encode similar polypeptides, or proteins, which collectively share a generalized function and are often located within a few thousand base pairs of each other. The size of gene clusters can vary significantly, from a few genes to several hundred genes. Portions of the DNA sequence of each gene within a gene cluster are found to be identical; however, the resulting protein of each gene is distinctive from the resulting protein of another gene within the cluster. Genes found in a gene cluster may be observed near one another on the same chromosome or on different, but homologous chromosomes. An example of a gene cluster is the Hox gene, which is made up of eight genes and is part of the Homeobox gene family.
Formation
Historically, four models have been proposed for the formation and persistence of gene clusters.
Gene duplication and divergence
This model has been generally accepted since the mid-1970s. It postulates that gene clusters were formed as a result of gene duplication and divergence. These gene clusters include the Hox gene cluster, the human β-globin gene cluster, and four clustered human growth hormone (hGH)/chorionic somatomammotropin genes.
Conserved gene clusters, such as Hox and the human β-globin gene cluster, may be formed as a result of the process of gene duplication and divergence. A gene is duplicated durin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior%20knowledge%20for%20pattern%20recognition
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Pattern recognition is a very active field of research intimately bound to machine learning. Also known as classification or statistical classification, pattern recognition aims at building a classifier that can determine the class of an input pattern. This procedure, known as training, corresponds to learning an unknown decision function based only on a set of input-output pairs that form the training data (or training set). Nonetheless, in real world applications such as character recognition, a certain amount of information on the problem is usually known beforehand. The incorporation of this prior knowledge into the training is the key element that will allow an increase of performance in many applications.
Prior Knowledge
Prior knowledge refers to all information about the problem available in addition to the training data. However, in this most general form, determining a model from a finite set of samples without prior knowledge is an ill-posed problem, in the sense that a unique model may not exist. Many classifiers incorporate the general smoothness assumption that a test pattern similar to one of the training samples tends to be assigned to the same class.
The importance of prior knowledge in machine learning is suggested by its role in search and optimization. Loosely, the no free lunch theorem states that all search algorithms have the same average performance over all problems, and thus implies that to gain in performance on a certain application one must us
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap180
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AP180 is a protein that plays an important role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis of synaptic vesicles. It is capable of simultaneously binding both membrane lipids (via an ANTH domain) and clathrin and is therefore thought to recruit clathrin to the membrane of newly invaginating vesicles. In Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies), deletion of the AP180 homologue, leads to enlarged but much fewer vesicles and an overall decrease in transmitter release. In D. melanogaster it was also shown that AP180 is also required for either recycling vesicle proteins and/or maintaining the distribution of both vesicle and synaptic proteins in the nerve terminal. A ubiquitous form of the protein in mammals, CALM, (Clathrin-assembly lymphoid myeloid leukaemia protein) is named after its association with myeloid and lymphoid leukemias where some translocations map to this gene. The C-terminus of AP180 is a powerful and specific inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
More information is found on endocytosis.org.
See also
Amphiphysin
Epsin
Notes
2.
3.
References
M
Peripheral membrane proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Tower
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Crystal Tower may refer to:
Crystal Tower (Dubai), a building in Dubai City
Crystal Tower (Amsterdam), a 95 meter high rise in Amsterdam
Crystal Tower (Kuwait City), a 52-story skyscraper in Kuwait City
Crystal Tower (Osaka), a 37-story skyscraper in Osaka Business Park
Crystal Tower (Porto Alegre), a tower of Barra Shopping Sul
See also
Torre de Cristal (disambiguation) (Portuguese and Spanish for Crystal Tower)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman%E2%80%93Hodgkin%E2%80%93Katz%20flux%20equation
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The Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz flux equation (or GHK flux equation or GHK current density equation) describes the ionic flux across a cell membrane as a function of the transmembrane potential and the concentrations of the ion inside and outside of the cell. Since both the voltage and the concentration gradients influence the movement of ions, this process is a simplified version of electrodiffusion. Electrodiffusion is most accurately defined by the Nernst–Planck equation and the GHK flux equation is a solution to the Nernst–Planck equation with the assumptions listed below.
Origin
The American David E. Goldman of Columbia University, and the English Nobel laureates Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Bernard Katz derived this equation.
Assumptions
Several assumptions are made in deriving the GHK flux equation (Hille 2001, p. 445) :
The membrane is a homogeneous substance
The electrical field is constant so that the transmembrane potential varies linearly across the membrane
The ions access the membrane instantaneously from the intra- and extracellular solutions
The permeant ions do not interact
The movement of ions is affected by both concentration and voltage differences
Equation
The GHK flux equation for an ion S (Hille 2001, p. 445):
where
S is the current density (flux) outward through the membrane carried by ion S, measured in amperes per square meter (A·m−2)
PS is the permeability of the membrane for ion S measured in m·s−1
zS is the valence of ion S
Vm is the transmembr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Palace%20and%20South%20London%20Junction%20Railway
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The Crystal Palace and South London Junction Railway (CPSLJR) was built by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) from to Crystal Palace High Level to serve the Crystal Palace after the building was moved to the area that became known as Crystal Palace (otherwise "Upper Norwood") from its original site in Hyde Park.
History
Origins
The Great Exhibition closed in 1851, leaving the Crystal Palace building in Hyde Park redundant. Rather than simply being demolished, between 1852 and 1854 it was rebuilt in a pleasure park at Sydenham Hill as an "events" venue, creating a potential demand for lucrative leisure travel.
The London Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) was the first to exploit this by running a spur up from Sydenham to a new station next to the park, opening in 1854. In 1856 the West End of London and Crystal Palace Railway (WELCPR) arrived with a line through its own platforms next to the LBSCR station, and on to . In 1858 this was extended east via to "Bromley" () on the LCDR mainline, and in 1860 west to Victoria.
The WELCPR thus became the LCDR's principal route to central London, and provided good access to the new Crystal Palace site. But it was operated by, and later leased to, the LBSCR, which inevitably led to operational friction. The LCDR needed an independent mainline to the West End and City, and its own Crystal Palace station. In 1863 it opened the new mainline from Beckenham Junction to Victoria via Brixton, with a branch to the Ci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20The%20Saga%20of%20Darren%20Shan%20characters
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The book series The Saga of Darren Shan features humans, vampires and fantasy characters of other types.
Overview
A dark grey cell indicates that the character was not in the property or that the character's presence in the property has yet to be announced.
A Main indicates that a character had a starring role in the property.
A Recurring indicates the character appeared in two or more times within the property.
A Guest indicates the character appeared once in the property.
Vampires
Darren Shan
Darren Shan is the main character of his diary, which is expressed from his point of view. As explained in the last book, "Sons of Destiny", the diary was supposedly transferred from Mr. Tall to the author.
In the first book, Cirque Du Freak/Cirque Du Freak: A Living Nightmare, "Darren" says he used no real names in the books. These are just the names used by him in substitution of the real names of the key players in his life (he does this for their protection and in fear of being discovered for his true self).
Darren became enamored with Larten Crepsley's spider Madam Octa when he went to the Cirque du Freak, where he also learned vampires were real, Mr. Crepsley was one, and his best friend Steve Leonard wanted to become one. However, when Steve was bitten by Madam Octa, Darren was forced to seek the help of Mr. Crepsley, who agreed on the condition that Darren become his vampire assistant instead. Forced to leave his family, Darren died with his master's help, and joined
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclol
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The cyclol hypothesis is the now discredited first structural model of a folded, globular protein, formulated in the 1930s. It was based on the cyclol reaction of peptide bonds proposed by physicist Frederick Frank in 1936, in which two peptide groups are chemically crosslinked. These crosslinks are covalent analogs of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds between peptide groups and have been observed in rare cases, such as the ergopeptides.
Based on this reaction, mathematician Dorothy Wrinch hypothesized in a series of five papers in the late 1930s a structural model of globular proteins. She postulated that, under some conditions, amino acids will spontaneously make the maximum possible number of cyclol crosslinks, resulting in cyclol molecules and cyclol fabrics. She further proposed that globular proteins have a tertiary structure corresponding to Platonic solids and semiregular polyhedra formed of cyclol fabrics with no free edges. In contrast to the cyclol reaction itself, these hypothetical molecules, fabrics and polyhedra have not been observed experimentally. The model has several consequences that render it energetically implausible, such as steric clashes between the protein sidechains. In response to such criticisms J. D. Bernal proposed that hydrophobic interactions are chiefly responsible for protein folding, which was indeed borne out.
Historical context
By the mid-1930s, analytical ultracentrifugation studies by Theodor Svedberg had shown that proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF-Tu
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EF-Tu (elongation factor thermo unstable) is a prokaryotic elongation factor responsible for catalyzing the binding of an aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome. It is a G-protein, and facilitates the selection and binding of an aa-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome. As a reflection of its crucial role in translation, EF-Tu is one of the most abundant and highly conserved proteins in prokaryotes. It is found in eukaryotic mitochondria as TUFM.
As a family of elongation factors, EF-Tu also includes its eukaryotic and archaeal homolog, the alpha subunit of eEF-1 (EF-1A).
Background
Elongation factors are part of the mechanism that synthesizes new proteins through translation in the ribosome. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) carry the individual amino acids that become integrated into a protein sequence, and have an anticodon for the specific amino acid that they are charged with. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic information that encodes the primary structure of a protein, and contains codons that code for each amino acid. The ribosome creates the protein chain by following the mRNA code and integrating the amino acid of an aminoacyl-tRNA (also known as a charged tRNA) to the growing polypeptide chain.
There are three sites on the ribosome for tRNA binding. These are the aminoacyl/acceptor site (abbreviated A), the peptidyl site (abbreviated P), and the exit site (abbreviated E). The P-site holds the tRNA connected to the polypeptide chain being synthesized, and the A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping%20%28statistics%29
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Bootstrapping is any test or metric that uses random sampling with replacement (e.g. mimicking the sampling process), and falls under the broader class of resampling methods. Bootstrapping assigns measures of accuracy (bias, variance, confidence intervals, prediction error, etc.) to sample estimates. This technique allows estimation of the sampling distribution of almost any statistic using random sampling methods.
Bootstrapping estimates the properties of an estimand (such as its variance) by measuring those properties when sampling from an approximating distribution. One standard choice for an approximating distribution is the empirical distribution function of the observed data. In the case where a set of observations can be assumed to be from an independent and identically distributed population, this can be implemented by constructing a number of resamples with replacement, of the observed data set (and of equal size to the observed data set).
It may also be used for constructing hypothesis tests. It is often used as an alternative to statistical inference based on the assumption of a parametric model when that assumption is in doubt, or where parametric inference is impossible or requires complicated formulas for the calculation of standard errors.
History
The bootstrap was published by Bradley Efron in "Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife" (1979), inspired by earlier work on the jackknife. Improved estimates of the variance were developed later. A Ba
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separable%20partial%20differential%20equation
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A separable partial differential equation is one that can be broken into a set of separate equations of lower dimensionality (fewer independent variables) by a method of separation of variables. This generally relies upon the problem having some special form or symmetry. In this way, the partial differential equation (PDE) can be solved by solving a set of simpler PDEs, or even ordinary differential equations (ODEs) if the problem can be broken down into one-dimensional equations.
The most common form of separation of variables is simple separation of variables in which a solution is obtained by assuming a solution of the form given by a product of functions of each individual coordinate. There is a special form of separation of variables called -separation of variables which is accomplished by writing the solution as a particular fixed function of the coordinates multiplied by a product of functions of each individual coordinate. Laplace's equation on is an example of a partial differential equation which admits solutions through -separation of variables; in the three-dimensional case this uses 6-sphere coordinates.
(This should not be confused with the case of a separable ODE, which refers to a somewhat different class of problems that can be broken into a pair of integrals; see separation of variables.)
Example
For example, consider the time-independent Schrödinger equation
for the function (in dimensionless units, for simplicity). (Equivalently, consider the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruton%27s%20tyrosine%20kinase
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Bruton's tyrosine kinase (abbreviated Btk or BTK), also known as tyrosine-protein kinase BTK, is a tyrosine kinase that is encoded by the BTK gene in humans. BTK plays a crucial role in B cell development.
Structure
BTK contains five different protein interaction domains. These domains include an amino terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a proline-rich TEC homology (TH) domain, SRC homology (SH) domains SH2 and SH3, as well as a kinase domain with enzymatic activity.
Function
BTK plays a crucial role in B cell development as it is required for transmitting signals from the pre-B cell receptor that forms after successful immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangement. It also has a role in mast cell activation through the high-affinity IgE receptor.
Btk contains a PH domain that binds phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 binding induces Btk to phosphorylate phospholipase C, which in turn hydrolyzes PIP2, a phosphatidylinositol, into two second messengers, inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG), which then go on to modulate the activity of downstream proteins during B-cell signalling.
Clinical significance
Mutations in the BTK gene are implicated in the primary immunodeficiency disease X-linked agammaglobulinemia (Bruton's agammaglobulinemia); sometimes abbreviated to XLA and selective IgM deficiency. Patients with XLA have normal pre-B cell populations in their bone marrow but these cells fail to mature and enter the circulation. The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilution%20cloning
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Dilution cloning or cloning by limiting dilution describes a procedure to obtain a monoclonal cell population starting from a polyclonal mass of cells.
This is achieved by setting up a series of increasing dilutions of the parent (polyclonal) cell culture. A suspension of the parent cells is made. Appropriate dilutions are then made, depending on cell number in the starting population, as well as the viability and characteristics of the cells being cloned.
After the final dilutions are produced, aliquots of the suspension are plated or placed in wells and incubated. If all works correctly, a monoclonal cell colony will be produced. Applications for the procedure include cloning of parasites, T cells, transgenic cells, and macrophages.
References
External links
Robert Staszewski "Cloning by Limiting Dilution: an improved estimate that an interesting culture is monoclonal"
John A. Ryan "Cell Cloning by Serial Dilution in 96 Well Plates".
Vilma Maldonado,Jorge Meléndez-Zajgla "A modified method for cloning adherent mammalian cells".
"Cloning by Limiting Dilution".
"Cloning by limiting dilution".
Nanci Donacki "Cloning by Limiting Dilution of Hybridoma".
Biochemical separation processes
Cell culture techniques
Cloning
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shovelhead
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Shovelhead may refer to:
Harley-Davidson Shovelhead engine, an engine produced by Harley-Davidson from 1966 to 1984
Bonnethead, the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302%20in%20Portuguese%20football
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List of Portuguese football statistics for the 2001 to 2002 Season.
Primeira Liga
References
Portuguese League Association website
Seasons in Portuguese football
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenophyllaceae
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The Hymenophyllaceae, the filmy ferns and bristle ferns, are a family of two to nine genera (depending on classification system) and about 650 known species of ferns, with a subcosmopolitan distribution, but generally restricted to very damp places or to locations where they are wetted by spray from waterfalls or springs. A recent fossil find shows that ferns of Hymenophyllaceae have existed since at least the Upper Triassic.
Description
They often appear as very dark green or even black clumps and may be mistaken for a robust moss or liverwort. The rhizome is usually thin and wiry and the fronds variously pinnate with a single strand ("nerve") of vascular tissue. As in most ferns, young fronds have circinate vernation. In most species, the frond, apart from the vascular tissue, is only a single cell thick, and they do not have any stomata. The cuticle is also greatly reduced or absent, leaving filmy ferns very susceptible to desiccation where a reliable water supply is not present. The leaves occasionally bear hairs, but scales are generally not present. The sori are borne at the leaf margins at the end of the nerve. They are protected by conical, bivalvate, or tubular indusia. Within the sori, sporangia mature starting at the apex of the sorus and progressing to the base. They have a continuous, oblique annulus and release round, green trilete spores. The spores grow into thread- or ribbon-like gametophytes; in many species, the gametophyte has an extended, independent lif
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosgenin
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Diosgenin, a phytosteroid sapogenin, is the product of hydrolysis by acids, strong bases, or enzymes of saponins, extracted from the tubers of Dioscorea wild yam species, such as the Kokoro. The sugar-free (aglycone) product of such hydrolysis, diosgenin is used for the commercial synthesis of cortisone, pregnenolone, progesterone, and other steroid products.
Sources
It is present in detectable amounts in Costus speciosus, Smilax menispermoidea, Helicteres isora, species of Paris, Aletris, Trigonella, and Trillium, and in extractable amounts from many species of Dioscorea – D. althaeoides, D. colletti, D. composita, D. floribunda, D. futschauensis, D. gracillima, D. hispida, D. hypoglauca, D. mexicana, D. nipponica, D. panthaica, D. parviflora, D. septemloba, and D. zingiberensis.
Industrial uses
Diosgenin is a chemical precursor for several hormones, starting with the Marker degradation process, which includes synthesis of progesterone. The process was used in the early manufacturing of combined oral contraceptive pills. Diosgenin in dietary supplements is not a physiological precursor to estradiol or progesterone, and the use of such products as wild yam has no hormonal activity in the human body.
See also
List of neurosteroids
Spirostanes
References
External links
Estrogens
Hormonal contraception
Progestogens
Spiro compounds
Steroids
Tetrahydrofurans
Tetrahydropyrans
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDOP
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MDOP may refer to:
Malicious Destruction of Property
Microsoft Desktop Optimization Pack
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20pop
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An ice pop is a liquid/cream-based frozen dessert on a stick. Unlike ice cream or sorbet, which are whipped while freezing to prevent ice crystal formation, an ice pop is frozen while at rest, becoming a solid block of ice. The stick is used as a handle to hold it. Without a stick, the frozen product would be a freezie.
An ice pop is also referred to as a popsicle in Canada and the United States, a paleta in Mexico, the Southwestern United States and parts of Latin America, an ice lolly or lolly ice in the United Kingdom and Ireland, an ice block in New Zealand and Australia, an ice drop in the Philippines, an ice gola in India, ice candy in the Philippines, India and Japan, ai tim tang or ice cream tang in Thailand, and a kisko in the Caribbean. The term icy pole is often used in Australia, but is a brand name.
History
As far back as 1872, two men, doing business as Ross and Robbins, sold a frozen-fruit confection on a stick, which they called the Hokey-Pokey.
Francis William "Frank" Epperson of Oakland, California, popularized ice pops after patenting the concept of "frozen ice on a stick" in 1923.
Epperson claimed to have first created an ice pop in 1905, at the age of 11, when he accidentally left a glass of powdered lemonade soda and water with a mixing stick in it on his porch during a cold night, a story still printed on the back of Popsicle treat boxes.
Epperson lived in Oakland and worked as a lemonade salesman.
In 1922, Epperson, a realtor with Realty Syndica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna%20High%20School%20%28Tennessee%29
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Smyrna High School is a high school in the Rutherford County school district located in Smyrna, Tennessee, United States.
History
Smyrna High was founded in 1919. In 1988, it was split into the current La Vergne High School and Smyrna High School in order to provide adequate room for student enrollment. In 2000, Smyrna went through yet another split with the building of Blackman High School. The current Smyrna Middle School building was the previous home of Smyrna High. In June 2011, Robert Raikes retired as principal of Smyrna High School after 37 years at the position, and over 50 years of being with the school. His replacement was named a month later when Rick Powell, a longtime assistant principal at Smyrna, was promoted to head principal. In May 2018, Dr. Sherri Southerland was announced as Powell's replacement after his retirement.
Academics
Smyrna High offers AP and Cambridge classes. The school offers specialized elective focuses in many areas:
Architecture & Construction
Audio and Visual Production
Banking & Finance
Business Management
Criminal Justice
Culinary Arts
Design Communications
Horticulture Science
Interior Design
JROTC I-IV
MEP Systems
Marketing Management
Sport & Human Performance
Teaching as a Profession
Technology
Therapeutic Services
Veterinary & Animal Science
Activities
Smyrna High has a variety of extracurricular activities, like archery, art, band, Beta Club, Beta Epsilon, Philanthropic Society, book club, Bulldog Bank, Bulldo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna%20Studios
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Annapurna Studios is an Indian film production company, founded in 1976 by the actor Akkineni Nageswara Rao (ANR). Located in the heart of Hyderabad, India the studio mainly provides services for films including sound stages for set construction, outdoor sets, floors, back-lots, data storage, editing, dubbing, foley/SFX, visual effects, digital intermediate, Dolby Vision/HDR, stereo and near field mixing, Dolby Atmos sound mixing, 5.1/7.1/9.1 sound mixing, conforming and mastering, HD/UHD/DCP mastering, screening theatres among other amenities.
In 2011, the Akkineni Family launched a non-profitable educational institute called the Annapurna International School of Film and Media. ANR's family serve as directors on the company board.
Foundation
The studio was inaugurated by the then President of India Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed on 14 January 1976.
Studio floors and backlots
Annapurna Studios built its first studio floor in 1976 which spans an area of . The second studio was built in 1978.
Located in the heart of Hyderabad, India the studio mainly provides services for films including sound stages for set construction, outdoor sets, floors, back-lots, data storage, editing, dubbing, foley/SFX, visual effects, digital intermediate, Dolby Vision/HDR, stereo and near field mixing, Dolby Atmos sound mixing, 5.1/7.1/9.1 sound mixing, conforming and mastering, HD/UHD/DCP mastering, screening theatres among other amenities.
In 2011, Annapurna Studios invested in building five new flo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feller%20process
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In probability theory relating to stochastic processes, a Feller process is a particular kind of Markov process.
Definitions
Let X be a locally compact Hausdorff space with a countable base. Let C0(X) denote the space of all real-valued continuous functions on X that vanish at infinity, equipped with the sup-norm ||f ||. From analysis, we know that C0(X) with the sup norm is a Banach space.
A Feller semigroup on C0(X) is a collection {Tt}t ≥ 0 of positive linear maps from C0(X) to itself such that
||Ttf || ≤ ||f || for all t ≥ 0 and f in C0(X), i.e., it is a contraction (in the weak sense);
the semigroup property: Tt + s = Tt ∘Ts for all s, t ≥ 0;
limt → 0||Ttf − f || = 0 for every f in C0(X). Using the semigroup property, this is equivalent to the map Ttf from t in [0,∞) to C0(X) being right continuous for every f.
Warning: This terminology is not uniform across the literature. In particular, the assumption that Tt maps C0(X) into itself
is replaced by some authors by the condition that it maps Cb(X), the space of bounded continuous functions, into itself.
The reason for this is twofold: first, it allows including processes that enter "from infinity" in finite time. Second, it is more suitable to the treatment of
spaces that are not locally compact and for which the notion of "vanishing at infinity" makes no sense.
A Feller transition function is a probability transition function associated with a Feller semigroup.
A Feller process is a Markov process with a Fell
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuvier%27s%20spiny%20rat
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Cuvier's spiny-rat (Proechimys cuvieri) is a spiny rat species found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru and Suriname.
Phylogeny
Morphological characters and mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequences showed that P. cuvieri belongs to the so-called longicaudatus group of Proechimys species, and shares closer phylogenetic affinities with the other members of this clade: P. longicaudatus and P. brevicauda.
References
Proechimys
Mammals described in 1978
Taxa named by Francis Petter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiff-spine%20spiny%20rat
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The stiff-spine spiny-rat (Proechimys echinothrix) or Tefe spiny rat, is a spiny rat species found in Brazil and Colombia.
Phylogeny
Morphological characters and mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequences showed that P. echinothrix represents one independent evolutionary lineage within the genus Proechimys, without clear phylogenetic affinity for any of the 6 major groups of species.
References
Proechimys
Mammals of Brazil
Mammals of Colombia
Mammals described in 1998
Taxa named by Maria Nazareth Ferreira da Silva
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardner%27s%20spiny%20rat
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Gardner's spiny-rat (Proechimys gardneri) is a spiny rat species found in Bolivia and Brazil.
Phylogeny
Morphological characters and mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequences showed that P. gardneri belongs to the so-called gardneri group of Proechimys species. Within this clade, Proechimys gardneri is more closely related to P. pattoni than to P. kulinae.
References
Proechimys
Mammals described in 1998
Taxa named by Maria Nazareth Ferreira da Silva
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goeldi%27s%20spiny%20rat
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Goeldi's spiny-rat (Proechimys goeldii) is a spiny rat species found in Brazil.
Phylogeny
Morphological characters and mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequences showed that P. goeldii belongs to the so-called goeldii group of Proechimys species, and shares closer phylogenetic affinities with the other members of this clade: P. steerei and P. quadruplicatus.
References
Proechimys
Mammals described in 1905
Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulina%20spiny%20rat
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The Kulina spiny-rat (Proechimys kulinae) or Javari spiny rat, is a spiny rat species found in Brazil and Peru.
Phylogeny
Morphological characters and mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequences showed that P. kulinae belongs to the so-called gardneri group of Proechimys species. Within this clade, Proechimys kulinae is the sister species to P. gardneri and P. pattoni.
References
Proechimys
Mammals described in 1998
Taxa named by Maria Nazareth Ferreira da Silva
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patton%27s%20spiny%20rat
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Patton's spiny-rat (Proechimys pattoni) is a spiny rat species found in Brazil and Peru.
Phylogeny
Morphological characters and mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequences showed that P. pattoni belongs to the so-called gardneri group of Proechimys species. Within this clade, Proechimys pattoni is more closely related to P. gardneri than to P. kulinae.
References
Proechimys
Mammals described in 1998
Taxa named by Maria Nazareth Ferreira da Silva
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napo%20spiny%20rat
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The Napo spiny rat (Proechimys quadruplicatus) is a spiny rat species found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.
Phylogeny
Morphological characters and mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequences showed that P. quadruplicatus belongs to the so-called goeldii group of Proechimys species, and shares closer phylogenetic affinities with the other members of this clade: P. steerei and P. goeldii.
References
Proechimys
Mammals of Colombia
Fauna of the Amazon
Mammals described in 1948
Taxa named by Philip Hershkovitz
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steere%27s%20spiny%20rat
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Steere's spiny rat (Proechimys steerei) is a spiny rat species found in Bolivia, Brazil and Peru.
Phylogeny
Morphological characters and mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequences showed that P. steerei belongs to the so-called goeldii group of Proechimys species, and shares closer phylogenetic affinities with the other members of this clade: P. quadruplicatus and P. goeldii.
References
Proechimys
Mammals described in 1911
Taxa named by Edward Alphonso Goldman
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic%20tag
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Acoustic tags are small sound-emitting devices that allow the detection and/or remote tracking of organisms in aquatic ecosystems. Acoustic tags are commonly used to monitor the behavior of fish. Studies can be conducted in lakes, rivers, tributaries, estuaries or at sea. Acoustic tag technology allows researchers to obtain locational data of tagged fish: depending on tag and receiver array configurations, researchers can receive simple presence/absence data, 2D positional data, or even 3D fish tracks in real-time with sub-meter resolutions.
Acoustic tags allow researchers to:
Conduct Survival Studies
Monitor Migration/Passage/Trajectory
Track Behavior in Two or Three Dimensions (2D or 3D)
Measure Bypass Effectiveness at Dams and other Passages
Observe Predator/Prey Dynamics
Serveil movement and activity
Sampling
Acoustic Tags transmit a signal made up of acoustic pulses or "pings" that sends location information about the tagged organism to the hydrophone receiver. By tying the received acoustic signature to the known type of programmed signal code, the specific tagged individual is identified. The transmitted signal can propagate up to 1 km (in freshwater). Receivers can be actively held by a researcher ("Active Tracking") or affixed to specific locations ("Passive Tracking"). Arrays of receivers can allow the triangulation of tagged individuals over many kilometers. Acoustic tags can have very long battery life - some tags last up to four years .
Tags
Acou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusher%20%28robot%29
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Crusher is a autonomous off-road Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicle developed by researchers at the Carnegie Mellon University's National Robotics Engineering Center for DARPA. It is a follow-up on the previous Spinner vehicle. DARPA's technical name for the Crusher is Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicle and Perceptor Integration System, and the whole project is known by the acronym UPI, which stands for Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicle PerceptOR Integration.
Capabilities
The robot can travel over rough terrain, such as vertical walls more than high, wooded slopes, and rocky creekbeds. It can turn 180 degrees in place, raise and lower its suspension by , more than one-half the diameter of the wheels, and lean to the side. The Crusher can carry of combined armor and cargo. According to Stephen Welby, director of DARPA's Tactical Technology Office, "This vehicle can go into places where, if you were following in a Humvee, you'd come out with spinal injuries." The Crusher can see enemy troops from over away with its cameras. The Crusher can climb up slopes of more than 40 degrees and travel with more than 30 degrees of slope to the side. When pushed to its maximum speed, the Crusher can travel at , but it can only sustain that speed for less than seven seconds.
Construction
These robots have space frames (made of aluminum and titanium) and skid plates to protect the robot from heavy blows from objects like boulders. The Crusher also has a hybrid engine capable of travelling severa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding%20funnel
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The folding funnel hypothesis is a specific version of the energy landscape theory of protein folding, which assumes that a protein's native state corresponds to its free energy minimum under the solution conditions usually encountered in cells. Although energy landscapes may be "rough", with many non-native local minima in which partially folded proteins can become trapped, the folding funnel hypothesis assumes that the native state is a deep free energy minimum with steep walls, corresponding to a single well-defined tertiary structure. The term was introduced by Ken A. Dill in a 1987 article discussing the stabilities of globular proteins.
The folding funnel hypothesis is closely related to the hydrophobic collapse hypothesis, under which the driving force for protein folding is the stabilization associated with the sequestration of hydrophobic amino acid side chains in the interior of the folded protein. This allows the water solvent to maximize its entropy, lowering the total free energy. On the side of the protein, free energy is further lowered by favorable energetic contacts: isolation of electrostatically charged side chains on the solvent-accessible protein surface and neutralization of salt bridges within the protein's core. The molten globule state predicted by the folding funnel theory as an ensemble of folding intermediates thus corresponds to a protein in which hydrophobic collapse has occurred but many native contacts, or close residue-residue interactions r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native%20contact
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In protein folding, a native contact is a contact between the side chains of two amino acids that are not neighboring in the amino acid sequence (i.e., they are more than four residues apart in the primary sequence in order to remove trivial i to i+4 contacts along alpha helices) but are spatially close in the protein's native state tertiary structure. The fraction of native contacts reproduced in a particular structure is often used as a reaction coordinate for measuring the deviation from the native state of structures produced during molecular dynamics simulations or in benchmarks of protein structure prediction methods.
The contact order is a measure of the locality of a protein's native contacts; that is, the sequence distance between amino acids that form contacts. Proteins with low contact order are thought to fold faster and some may be candidates for downhill folding.
Protein structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urocanic%20acid
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Urocanic acid is an intermediate in the catabolism of L-histidine.
Metabolism
It is formed from L-histidine through the action of histidine ammonialyase (also known as histidase or histidinase) by elimination of ammonium.
In the liver, urocanic acid is transformed by urocanate hydratase (or urocanase) to 4-imidazolone-5-propionic acid and subsequently to glutamic acid.
Clinical significance
Inherited deficiency of urocanase leads to elevated levels of urocanic acid in the urine, a condition known as urocanic aciduria.
An important role for the onset of atopic dermatitis and asthma has been attributed to filaggrin, a skin precursor of urocanic acid.
Urocanic acid is thought to be a significant attractant of the nematode parasite Strongyloides stercoralis, in part because of relatively high levels in the plantar surfaces of the feet, the site through which this parasite often enters the body.
Function
Urocanic acid was detected in animal sweat and skin where, among other possible functions, it acts as an endogenous sunscreen or photoprotectant against UVB-induced DNA damage. Urocanic acid is found predominantly in the stratum corneum of the skin and it is likely that most of it is derived from filaggrin catabolism (a histidine-rich protein). When exposed to UVB irradiation, trans-urocanic acid is converted in vitro and in vivo to the cis isomer. The cis form is known to activate regulatory T cells.
Some studies attribute filaggrin an important role in keeping the skin s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstop
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A waterstop is an element of a concrete structure, intended to prevent the passages of fluids (such as water) when embedded in and running continuously through concrete joints.
Waterstops are grouped in two distinct categories. Waterstops for joints without any movement of the adjoint concrete sections (construction cold joints) and waterstops for joints with movement of the adjoint concrete sections (dilation joints).
Types
Waterstops are manufactured from a variety of materials depending on the functionality and their intended use. The most common types are:
Waterstops made from extruded plastics such as flexible polyvinyl chloride PVC, polyethylene (PE) or thermoplastic vulcanized rubber (TPV); formed metal such as stainless steel, copper, or carbon steel - with or without polymeric coatings; extruded thermosets such as natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, or neoprene rubber.
Hydrophobic Polymer waterstops such as PVC, PE, TPV, or rubber are supplied to the construction site in coils (usually 25 m long), and are generally anywhere from 120 mm to 320 mm wide in a variety of profiles that are designed to simultaneously provide an interlock with the concrete they are installed in and to provide for a limited amount of movement within the joint. PVC, PE and TPV waterstops are made continuous for the length of the concrete joint by heat welding, using simple thermoplastic welding equipment. PE and TPV waterstops are generally installed in joints of secondary containm
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