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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice%20Hansen
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Berneice Edna Hansell (July 11, 1897 – April 16, 1981), known as Bernice Hansen, was an American voice actress. She was best known for providing the voices for both female and young male characters in the mid to late 1930s for various cartoon studios, most notably Warner Bros. Cartoons, where she played Little Kitty in I Haven't Got a Hat (1935).
Because of a lack of on-screen voice credits on cartoons throughout the 1930s, identifying many actors has been a challenge to historians, resulting in incorrect guesses, especially with many female voices portraying young animals that sound very similar. She has, for example, been incorrectly identified as providing the voice of Sniffles.
Early life and career
Hansell was born in Los Angeles, California on July 11, 1897 to Edward and T. Belle (Carey) Hansell. Her father was an Englishman who arrived in the United States in 1877. Her mother was from Iowa. Edward Hansell worked as a jeweller and then an optician during the 1920s, and as an elevator operator during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Hansell found work as a stenographer and then as a dressmaker on the Warner Bros. lot. She managed to find work in cartoons at the Walt Disney Studios and provided squeaks for Mickey Mouse. That same year, she found work in the Leon Schlesinger Productions and Walter Lantz Productions.
Her animation career ended in the early 1940s. By this point, the small, "cutesy" style characters that had been popular in the 1930s (in which Hansen had
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcom
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Broadcom Inc. is an American multinational designer, developer, manufacturer, and global supplier of a wide range of semiconductor and infrastructure software products. Broadcom's product offerings serve the data center, networking, software, broadband, wireless, storage, and industrial markets. As of 2022, some 78 percent of Broadcom's revenue was coming from its semiconductor-based products and 22 percent from its infrastructure software products and services.
Tan Hock Eng is the company's president and CEO. The company is headquartered in San Jose, California. Avago Technologies Limited took the Broadcom part of the Broadcom Corporation name after acquiring it in January 2016. The ticker symbol AVGO which represented old Avago now represents the newly merged entity. The Broadcom Corporation ticker symbol BRCM was retired. At first the merged entity was known as Broadcom Ltd., before assuming the present name.
Broadcom has a long history of corporate transactions (or attempted transactions) with other prominent corporations mainly in the high-technology space.
In October 2019, the European Union issued an interim antitrust order against Broadcom concerning anticompetitive business practices which allegedly violate European Union competition law.
History
Origin in Hewlett-Packard
The company that would later become Broadcom Inc. was established in 1961 as HP Associates, a semiconductor products division of Hewlett-Packard.
The division separated from Hewlett-Packard a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galbeni
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Galbeni may refer to several villages in Romania:
Galbeni, a village in Filipești Commune, Bacău County
Galbeni, a village in Nicolae Bălcescu Commune, Bacău County
Galbeni, a village in Havârna Commune, Botoșani County
Galbeni, a village in Tănăsoaia Commune, Vrancea County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzenite
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Lorenzenite is a rare sodium titanium silicate mineral with the formula Na2Ti2Si2O9 It is an orthorhombic mineral, variously found as colorless, grey, pinkish, or brown crystals.
It was first identified in 1897 in rock samples from Narsarsuk, Greenland. In 1947 it was discovered to be the same as the mineral ramsayite (now a synonym of lorenzenite), discovered in the 1920s in the Kola peninsula of Russia. It is also found in northern Canada.
It occurs in nepheline syenites and pegmatites in association with aegirine, nepheline, microcline, arfvedsonite, elpidite, loparite, eudialyte, astrophyllite, mangan-neptunite, lavenite, rinkite, apatite, titanite and ilmenite.
It was named in honor of Danish mineralogist Johannes Theodor Lorenzen (1855–1884).
References
Titanium minerals
Inosilicates
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 60
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari%C8%9Ba
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Marița may refer to several entities in Romania:
Marița (river), a tributary of the Cerna in Vâlcea County
Marița, a village in Călinești Commune, Teleorman County
Marița, a village in Vaideeni Commune, Vâlcea County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyadenosine%20triphosphate
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Deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) is a nucleotide used in cells for DNA synthesis (or replication), as a substrate of DNA polymerase.
Deoxyadenosine triphosphate is produced from DNA by the action of nuclease P1, adenylate kinase, and pyruvate kinase.
Health effects
High levels of dATP can be toxic and result in impaired immune function, since dATP acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor for the DNA synthesis enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. Patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA) tend to have elevated intracellular dATP concentrations because adenosine deaminase normally curbs adenosine levels by converting it into inosine. Deficiency of this deaminase also causes immunodeficiency.
In cardiac myosin, dATP is an alternative to ATP as an energy substrate for facilitating cross-bridge formation.
See also
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA)
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
References
Further reading
External links
KEGG entry on dATP
Nucleotides
Phosphate esters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osoi
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Osoi may refer to several villages in Romania:
Osoi, a village in Recea-Cristur Commune, Cluj County
Osoi, a village in Comarna Commune, Iaşi County
Osoi, a village in Sineşti Commune, Iaşi County
Osoi, a village in Vultureşti Commune, Suceava County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pog%C4%83ne%C8%99ti
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Pogănești may refer to the following places:
Romania
Pogănești, a village in Zam, Hunedoara Commune, Hunedoara County
Pogănești, a village in Bârna Commune, Timiș County
Pogănești, a village in Stănilești Commune, Vaslui County
Moldova
Pogănești, a village in Hîncești District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSP%20algorithm
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GSP algorithm (Generalized Sequential Pattern algorithm) is an algorithm used for sequence mining. The algorithms for solving sequence mining problems are mostly based on the apriori (level-wise) algorithm. One way to use the level-wise paradigm is to first discover all the frequent items in a level-wise fashion. It simply means counting the occurrences of all singleton elements in the database. Then, the transactions are filtered by removing the non-frequent items. At the end of this step, each transaction consists of only the frequent elements it originally contained. This modified database becomes an input to the GSP algorithm. This process requires one pass over the whole database.
GSP algorithm makes multiple database passes. In the first pass, all single items (1-sequences) are counted. From the frequent items, a set of candidate 2-sequences are formed, and another pass is made to identify their frequency. The frequent 2-sequences are used to generate the candidate 3-sequences, and this process is repeated until no more frequent sequences are found. There are two main steps in the algorithm.
Candidate Generation. Given the set of frequent (k-1)-frequent sequences Fk-1, the candidates for the next pass are generated by joining F(k-1) with itself. A pruning phase eliminates any sequence, at least one of whose subsequences is not frequent.
Support Counting. Normally, a hash tree–based search is employed for efficient support counting. Finally non-maximal frequent sequen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPH
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UPH may refer to:
Unpenthexium, an unsynthesized chemical element with atomic number 156 and symbol Uph
Uridine phosphorylase, an enzyme
University of Perpetual Help System DALTA, a private university system
Pelita Harapan University (Universitas Pelita Harapan), a private Christian university in Indonesia
Upper Halliford railway station, Surrey, National Rail station code UPH
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varni%C8%9Ba
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Varnița may refer to:
Varnița, Anenii Noi, Moldova
Varnița, a village in Șiștarovăț commune, Arad County, Romania
Varnița, a village in Șirna commune, Prahova County, Romania
Varnița, a village in Răcoasa commune, Vrancea County, Romania
Varnița (Miletin), a tributary of the Miletin in Botoșani County, Romania
Varnița, a tributary of the Lozna in Caraș-Severin County, Romania
Varnița, a tributary of the Șușița in Vrancea County, Romania
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topla
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Topla may refer to:
Topla, Nadia a village of Nadia District, West Bengal , India
Topla, Črna na Koroškem, a village in the Municipality of Črna na Koroškem, northern Slovenia
Topla Landscape Park, a landscape park in northern Slovenia
Topla, a village in Bor District in Serbia
Topla monastery, near Herceg Novi, Montenegro
Topla, a village in Cornereva Commune, Caraș-Severin County, Romania
Topla, a village in Mănăștiur Commune, Timiș County, Romania
Topľa, river in eastern Slovakia
Topla (river), river in western Romania
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83riceni
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Tăriceni may refer to several villages in Romania:
Tăriceni, a village in Frăsinet Commune, Călărași County
Tăriceni, a village in Șirna Commune, Prahova County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept%20mining
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Concept mining is an activity that results in the extraction of concepts from artifacts. Solutions to the task typically involve aspects of artificial intelligence and statistics, such as data mining and text mining. Because artifacts are typically a loosely structured sequence of words and other symbols (rather than concepts), the problem is nontrivial, but it can provide powerful insights into the meaning, provenance and similarity of documents.
Methods
Traditionally, the conversion of words to concepts has been performed using a thesaurus, and for computational techniques the tendency is to do the same. The thesauri used are either specially created for the task, or a pre-existing language model, usually related to Princeton's WordNet.
The mappings of words to concepts are often ambiguous. Typically each word in a given language will relate to several possible concepts. Humans use context to disambiguate the various meanings of a given piece of text, where available machine translation systems cannot easily infer context.
For the purposes of concept mining, however, these ambiguities tend to be less important than they are with machine translation, for in large documents the ambiguities tend to even out, much as is the case with text mining.
There are many techniques for disambiguation that may be used. Examples are linguistic analysis of the text and the use of word and concept association frequency information that may be inferred from large text corpora. Recently,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Thomas%20%28Canadian%20scientist%29
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David Thomas is the Chair of Biochemistry at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. His research interests include cell signaling pathways and their role in infectious diseases and molecular chaperone systems in the endoplasmic reticulum.
References
External links
http://www.mcgill.ca/biochemistry/about-us/department/faculty-members/thomas
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of McGill University
Canadian biochemists
Alumni of University College London
Canadian geneticists
Scientists from Montreal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grif
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Grif may refer to:
Dexter Grif, a character in Red vs. Blue
Grifball a Halo gametype named after the character
Grif Italia, an Italian hang glider manufacturer
O-aminophenol oxidase, an enzyme referred to as GriF
Grif Teller (1899–1993), artist famous for his paintings for the Pennsylvania Railroad
See also
Griff (disambiguation)
Gryph (disambiguation)
Gryf
Gryffe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20calculus%20and%20cohomological%20physics
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In mathematics, secondary calculus is a proposed expansion of classical differential calculus on manifolds, to the "space" of solutions of a (nonlinear) partial differential equation. It is a sophisticated theory at the level of jet spaces and employing algebraic methods.
Secondary calculus
Secondary calculus acts on the space of solutions of a system of partial differential equations (usually non-linear equations). When the number of independent variables is zero, i.e. the equations are algebraic ones, secondary calculus reduces to classical differential calculus.
All objects in secondary calculus are cohomology classes of differential complexes growing on diffieties. The latter are, in the framework of secondary calculus, the analog of smooth manifolds.
Cohomological physics
Cohomological physics was born with Gauss's theorem, describing the electric charge contained inside a given surface in terms of the flux of the electric field through the surface itself. Flux is the integral of a differential form and, consequently, a de Rham cohomology class. It is not by chance that formulas of this kind, such as the well known Stokes formula, though being a natural part of classical differential calculus, have entered in modern mathematics from physics.
Classical analogues
All the constructions in classical differential calculus have an analog in secondary calculus. For instance, higher symmetries of a system of partial differential equations are the analog of vector field
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accommodative%20convergence
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Accommodative convergence is that portion of the range of inward rotation of both eyes (i.e., convergence) that occurs in response to an increase in optical power for focusing by the crystalline lens (i.e., accommodation). When the human eye engages the accommodation system to focus on a near object, signal is automatically sent to the extraocular muscles that are responsible for turning their eyes inward. This is helpful for maintaining single, clear, and comfortable vision during reading or similar near tasks. However, errors in this relationship can cause problems, such as hyperopic individuals having a tendency for crossed eyes because of the over exertion of their accommodation system.
Clinically, accommodative convergence is measured as a ratio of convergence, measured in prism diopters, to accommodation, measured in diopters of near demand. The patient is instructed to make a near target perfectly clear and their phoria is measured as the focusing demand on the eye is changed with lenses.
To determine stimulus AC/A, the denominator refers to the value of the stimulus, whereas to determine response
AC/A, the actual accommodation elicited is the denominator. Determination of response AC/A an increase in AC/A mainly after 40 years of age,
whereas assessment of the stimulus AC/A does not show change in AC/A with increasing age. Whether
there is a significant increase in the response AC/A
before age 40 is unclear. Research on convergence
accommodation (CA) shows a de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20informatics
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Biodiversity informatics is the application of informatics techniques to biodiversity information, such as taxonomy, biogeography or ecology. It is defined as the application of Information technology technologies to management, algorithmic exploration, analysis and interpretation of primary data regarding life, particularly at the species level organization. Modern computer techniques can yield new ways to view and analyze existing information, as well as predict future situations (see niche modelling). Biodiversity informatics is a term that was only coined around 1992 but with rapidly increasing data sets has become useful in numerous studies and applications, such as the construction of taxonomic databases or geographic information systems. Biodiversity informatics contrasts with "bioinformatics", which is often used synonymously with the computerized handling of data in the specialized area of molecular biology.
Overview
Biodiversity informatics (different but linked to bioinformatics) is the application of information technology methods to the problems of organizing, accessing, visualizing and analyzing primary biodiversity data. Primary biodiversity data is composed of names, observations and records of specimens, and genetic and morphological data associated to a specimen. Biodiversity informatics may also have to cope with managing information from unnamed taxa such as that produced by environmental sampling and sequencing of mixed-field samples. The term biodiver
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Spanish%20motorcycle%20Grand%20Prix
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The 2006 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix was the first race of the 2006 Motorcycle Grand Prix season. It took place on the weekend of 24–26 March 2006 at the Jerez circuit.
MotoGP classification
250 cc classification
125 cc classification
Championship standings after the race (MotoGP)
Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round one has concluded.
Riders' Championship standings
Constructors' Championship standings
Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
References
Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix
Spain
Motorcycle Grand Prix
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm%20characterizations
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Algorithm characterizations are attempts to formalize the word algorithm. Algorithm does not have a generally accepted formal definition. Researchers are actively working on this problem. This article will present some of the "characterizations" of the notion of "algorithm" in more detail.
The problem of definition
Over the last 200 years, the definition of the algorithm has become more complicated and detailed as researchers have tried to pin down the term. Indeed, there may be more than one type of "algorithm". But most agree that algorithm has something to do with defining generalized processes for the creation of "output" integers from other "input" integers – "input parameters" arbitrary and infinite in extent, or limited in extent but still variable—by the manipulation of distinguishable symbols (counting numbers) with finite collections of rules that a person can perform with paper and pencil.
The most common number-manipulation schemes—both in formal mathematics and in routine life—are: (1) the recursive functions calculated by a person with paper and pencil, and (2) the Turing machine or its Turing equivalents—the primitive register-machine or "counter-machine" model, the random-access machine model (RAM), the random-access stored-program machine model (RASP) and its functional equivalent "the computer".
When we are doing "arithmetic" we are really calculating by the use of "recursive functions" in the shorthand algorithms we learned in grade school, for example,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLEAN
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CLEAN may refer to:
Component Validator for Environmentally Friendly Aero Engine
CLEAN (algorithm), a computational algorithm used in astronomy to perform a deconvolution on dirty images
Commonwealth Law Enforcement Assistance Network, a system used by law enforcement and other criminal justice agencies in Pennsylvania which interfaces NCIC, Penndot and other sources beneficial to law enforcement personnel. Operated by the Pennsylvania State Police.
Cryogenic Low-Energy Astrophysics with Noble gases, a liquid argon dark matter detector under construction at SNOLAB.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyguanosine%20triphosphate
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Deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) is a nucleoside triphosphate, and a nucleotide precursor used in cells for DNA synthesis. The substance is used in the polymerase chain reaction technique, in sequencing, and in cloning. It is also the competitor of inhibition onset by acyclovir in the treatment of HSV virus.
References
Nucleotides
Phosphate esters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHC%20restriction
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MHC-restricted antigen recognition, or MHC restriction, refers to the fact that a T cell can interact with a self-major histocompatibility complex molecule and a foreign peptide bound to it, but will only respond to the antigen when it is bound to a particular MHC molecule.
When foreign proteins enter a cell, they are broken into smaller pieces called peptides. These peptides, also known as antigens, can derive from pathogens such as viruses or intracellular bacteria. Foreign peptides are brought to the surface of the cell and presented to T cells by proteins called the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). During T cell development, T cells go through a selection process in the thymus to ensure that the T cell receptor (TCR) will not recognize MHC molecule presenting self-antigens, i.e that its affinity is not too high. High affinity means it will be autoreactive, but no affinity means it will not bind strongly enough to the MHC. The selection process results in developed T cells with specific TCRs that might only respond to certain MHC molecules but not others. The fact that the TCR will recognize only some MHC molecules but not others contributes to "MHC restriction". The biological reason of MHC restriction is to prevent supernumerary wandering lymphocytes generation, hence energy saving and economy of cell-building materials.
T-cells are a type of lymphocyte that is significant in the immune system to activate other immune cells. T-cells will recognize foreign pepti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachitomi
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The Rachitomi were a group of extinct Palaeozoic labyrinthodont amphibians, according to an earlier classification system. They are defined by the structure of the vertebrae, having large semi-circular intercentra below the notochord and smaller paired though prominent pleurocentra on each side above and behind, forming anchoring points for the ribs.
This form of complex backbone was found in some crossopterygian fish, the Ichthyostegalia, most Temnospondyli and some Reptiliomorpha. Primitive reptiles kept the complex rachitomous vertebrae, but with the pleurocentra being the more dominant. As a phylogenetic unit, the Rachitomi thus are a paraphyletic unit.
References
Prehistoric amphibians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield%20Ski%20Club
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Mansfield Ski Club is a ski resort near the village of Mansfield, Ontario, northwest of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Statistics
Vertical drop:
Number of runs: 15
Number of lifts: 7
Snowmaking coverage: 100%
Number of eateries: 4
Number of bars: 2
Lifts
Handle Tow
Chalet Magic Carpet (longest in North America)
Javelin Chairlift
Low's Chairlift
Devil's Staircase t-bar "Banana Bar" (actually two t-bars side by side)
Summit Chairlift
Runs
Awesome (green)
Chalet Run (green)
Hemlock (green)
Hector's Hill (blue)
Javelin (blue)
Boomerang (blue)
Gilly's Glades (blue)
Glades (black)
Low's Run (blue)
Big Tree (black)
Devil's Staircase (black)
Breenger (black)
Mouse Trap (black)
Shortcut Glades (blue)
Sully's Dream (black)
Outer Limits (black)
External links
Mansfield Ski Club
Ski areas and resorts in Ontario
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20beam-induced%20current
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Electron-beam-induced current (EBIC) is a semiconductor analysis technique performed in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). It is most commonly used to identify buried junctions or defects in semiconductors, or to examine minority carrier properties. EBIC is similar to cathodoluminescence in that it depends on the creation of electron–hole pairs in the semiconductor sample by the microscope's electron beam. This technique is used in semiconductor failure analysis and solid-state physics.
Physics of the technique
If the semiconductor sample contains an internal electric field, as will be present in the depletion region at a p-n junction or Schottky junction, the electron–hole pairs will be separated by drift due to the electric field. If the p- and n-sides (or semiconductor and Schottky contact, in the case of a Schottky device) are connected through a picoammeter, a current will flow.
EBIC is best understood by analogy: in a solar cell, photons of light fall on the entire cell, thus delivering energy and creating electron hole pairs, and cause a current to flow. In EBIC, energetic electrons take the role of the photons, causing the EBIC current to flow. However, because the electron beam of an SEM or STEM is very small, it is scanned across the sample and variations in the induced EBIC are used to map the electronic activity of the sample.
By using the signal from the picoammeter as the imaging signal, an EBIC image
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CWG
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CWG may refer to:
CWG (repurposing company), New York State-based, recycles cell phones
CWG Markets, a British financial trading company
Conversations with God, a series of books by Neale Donald Walsch
Campaign for World Government, international organization advocating for the establishment of a democratic federal world government
Commonwealth Games, sports event involving countries that generally were in the British Empire
Croatian World Games, multi-sport international sports event
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformational%20entropy
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In chemical thermodynamics, conformational entropy is the entropy associated with the number of conformations of a molecule. The concept is most commonly applied to biological macromolecules such as proteins and RNA, but also be used for polysaccharides and other molecules. To calculate the conformational entropy, the possible conformations of the molecule may first be discretized into a finite number of states, usually characterized by unique combinations of certain structural parameters, each of which has been assigned an energy. In proteins, backbone dihedral angles and side chain rotamers are commonly used as parameters, and in RNA the base pairing pattern may be used. These characteristics are used to define the degrees of freedom (in the statistical mechanics sense of a possible "microstate"). The conformational entropy associated with a particular structure or state, such as an alpha-helix, a folded or an unfolded protein structure, is then dependent on the probability of the occupancy of that structure.
The entropy of heterogeneous random coil or denatured proteins is significantly higher than that of the tertiary structure of its folded native state. In particular, the conformational entropy of the amino acid side chains in a protein is thought to be a major contributor to the energetic stabilization of the denatured state and thus a barrier to protein folding. However, a recent study has shown that side-chain conformational entropy can stabilize native structures
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanin
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Amanin is a cyclic peptide. It is one of the amatoxins, all of which are found in several members of the mushroom genus Amanita.
Toxicology
Like other amatoxins, amanin is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II. Upon ingestion, it binds to the RNA polymerase II enzyme which completely prevents mRNA synthesis, effectively causing cytolysis of hepatocytes (liver cells) and kidney cells.
See also
Mushroom poisoning
References
Peptides
Amatoxins
Hepatotoxins
Tryptamines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAR%20domain
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In molecular biology, BAR domains are highly conserved protein dimerisation domains that occur in many proteins involved in membrane dynamics in a cell. The BAR domain is banana-shaped and binds to membrane via its concave face. It is capable of sensing membrane curvature by binding preferentially to curved membranes. BAR domains are named after three proteins that they are found in: Bin, Amphiphysin and Rvs.
BAR domains occur in combinations with other domains
Many BAR family proteins contain alternative lipid specificity domains that help target these protein to particular membrane compartments. Some also have SH3 domains that bind to dynamin and thus proteins like amphiphysin and endophilin are implicated in the orchestration of vesicle scission.
N-BAR domain
Some BAR domain containing proteins have an N-terminal amphipathic helix preceding the BAR domain. This helix inserts (like in the epsin ENTH domain) into the membrane and induces curvature, which is stabilised by the BAR dimer. Amphiphysin, endophilin, BRAP1/bin2 and nadrin are examples of such proteins containing an N-BAR. The Drosophila amphiphysin N-BAR (DA-N-BAR) is an example of a protein with a preference for negatively charged surfaces.
Human proteins containing this domain
AMPH; ARHGAP17; ARHGAP44; BIN1; BIN2; BIN3;
SH3BP1; SH3GL1; SH3GL2; SH3GL3; SH3GLB1; SH3GLB2.
F-BAR (EFC) domain
F-BAR domains (for FCH-BAR, or EFC for Extended FCH Homology) are BAR domains that are extensions of the already establ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANTH%20domain
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The ANTH domain is a membrane binding domain that shows weak specificity for PtdIns(4,5)P2. It was found in AP180 (homologous to CALM) endocytotic accessory protein that has been implicated in the formation of clathrin-coated pits. The domain is involved in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate binding and is a universal adaptor for nucleation of clathrin coats.
Its structure is a solenoid of 9 helices. The PtdIns(4,5)P2 binding residues are spread over several helices at the tip of the structure. The PtdIns(4,5)P2 binding sequence is Kx9Kx(K/R)(H/Y).
An ANTH domain is also found in HIP1 and HIP1R, and the PtdIns(4,5)P2 binding sequence is conserved. More information is found on endocytosis.org.
Human proteins containing this domain
HIP1; HIP1R; PICALM; SNAP91;
References
Further reading
External links
- Calculated spatial position of ANTH domain of CALM protein in membrane
Protein domains
Peripheral membrane proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENTH%20domain
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The epsin N-terminal homology (ENTH) domain is a structural domain that is found in proteins involved in endocytosis and cytoskeletal machinery.
Structure
This domain is approximately 150 amino acids in length and is always found located at the N-termini of proteins. The domain forms a compact globular structure, composed of nine alpha-helices connected by loops of
varying length. The general topology is determined by three helical hairpins that are stacked consecutively with a right hand twist. An N-terminal helix folds back, forming a deep basic groove that forms the binding pocket for the Ins(1,4,5)P3 ligand. The lipid ligand is coordinated by residues from surrounding alpha-helices and all three phosphates are multiply coordinated.
Interactions with the lipid bilayer
Proteins containing this domain have been found to bind PtdIns(4,5)P2 and Ins(1,4,5)P3 suggesting that the domain is a membrane-interacting module. The main function of proteins containing this domain appears to be to act as accessory clathrin adaptors in endocytosis, epsin is able to recruit and promote clathrin polymerisation on a lipid monolayer, but may have additional roles in signalling and actin regulation. Epsin causes a strong degree of membrane curvature and tubulation, even fragmentation of membranes with a high PtdIns(4,5)P2 content. Epsin binding to membranes facilitates their deformation by insertion of the N-terminal helix into the inner leaflet of the bilayer, pushing the head groups apart.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Qatar%20motorcycle%20Grand%20Prix
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The 2006 Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix was the second race of the 2006 Motorcycle Grand Prix season. It took place on the weekend of 6–8 April 2006 at the Losail Circuit.
MotoGP classification
250 cc classification
125 cc classification
Championship standings after the race (MotoGP)
Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round two has concluded.
Riders' Championship standings
Constructors' Championship standings
Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
References
Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix
Qatar
Motorcycle Grand Prix
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCHS
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NCHS may refer to:
National Center for Health Statistics, a center of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Nan Chiau High School, Singapore
Naperville Central High School
Natrona County High School in Casper, Wyoming
Nebraska City High School in Nebraska City, Nebraska
New Canaan High School in New Canaan, Connecticut
New Castle High School (disambiguation), a disambiguation page listing multiple High Schools of that name.
Newcomer Charter High School, now Liberty High School (Houston, Texas)
Newton-Conover High School, in Newton, North Carolina
Normal Community High School in Normal, Illinois
North County High School (disambiguation), a disambiguation page listing multiple High Schools of that name.
Northwest Christian High School (Lacey, Washington)
North Central High School (disambiguation), a disambiguation page listing multiple High Schools of that name.
The Northern California Herpetological Society
North Cobb High School
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Shavit
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Edna Shavit (; April 25, 1935 – 14 June 2015) was an Israeli professor affiliated with the theater department of Tel Aviv University.
She was married to Yoram Gal between 1994 and 2003.
In the 1960s, Shavit played Lucky in a local production of Waiting for Godot and went on to direct the play in the 1970s
Shavit was the director of You and Me and the Next War, a satirical cabaret by Hanoch Levin with songs set to music by Alex Kagan and Beni Nagari.
In 2006, she was awarded the Levi Prize for life achievement.
References
Israeli Jews
Israeli theatre directors
Jewish theatre directors
Academic staff of Tel Aviv University
1935 births
2015 deaths
Tel Aviv University alumni
Educators from Haifa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampoorna%20Grameen%20Rozgar%20Yojana
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The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (English: Universal Rural Employment Programme) was a scheme launched by the Government of India to gain the objective of providing gainful employment for the rural poor. From 21 February 2003, EAS became an allocation-based scheme. The programme was implemented through the Panchayati Raj institutions.
The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana was launched on 25 September 2001 by merging the provisions of Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY). The programme is self-targeting in nature and aims to provide employment and food to people in rural areas who lived below the poverty line.
Origin
Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana is a combination of the provisions under Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY).
The Food For Work Programme was restructured and renamed as National Rural Employment Programme in October 1980 by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and it became a regular Programme from April 1981. The Programme was launched during the Sixth Five Year Plan. It aims the implementation of additional employment to under employed persons. Central-state contribution was on the basis of 50:50 ratio. In 1989 NREP was merged with Jawahar Rozgar Yojana.
Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) was launched on April 1, 1989 by merging National Rural Employment Programme and Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. The urban version of this program was Ne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Last%20Theorem
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The Last Theorem is a 2008 science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke and Frederik Pohl. It was first published in the United Kingdom by HarperVoyager in July 2008, and in the United States by Del Rey Books in August 2008. The book is about a young Sri Lankan mathematician who finds a short proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, while an alien invasion of Earth is in progress.
The novel began as Clarke's, but when ill health and a psychological (or possibly neurological) form of writer's block prevented him from making progress, he handed over his notes and the incomplete manuscript to Pohl, who, in close consultation with Clarke, completed the novel. Clarke reviewed the final manuscript in early March 2008, just days before he died.
In general The Last Theorem was not well received by critics. Entertainment Weekly in their review of the novel said that "uneven pacing and tone mar an intriguing cautionary tale." The Los Angeles Times wondered how stable the manuscript was when it was published, adding that it does nothing to "burnish the legacy of either of its authors." The San Francisco Chronicle, however, described the novel as a "fitting valedictory for Clarke, ... and a reminder of Pohl's great relevance to a genre he has championed for more than 70 years."
Background
Science fiction Grand Masters Arthur C. Clarke and Frederik Pohl collaborated for the first time on The Last Theorem. The novel initially was Clarke's, and he began working on it in early 2004. But in 2006, at t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm%20%28C%2B%2B%29
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In the C++ Standard Library, algorithms are components that perform algorithmic operations on containers and other sequences.
The C++ standard provides some standard algorithms collected in the <algorithm> standard header. A handful of algorithms are also in the <numeric> header. All algorithms are in the namespace.
Categories of algorithms
The algorithms in the C++ Standard Library can be organized into the following categories.
Non-modifying sequence operations (e.g. , , )
Modifying sequence operations (e.g. , , )
Sorting (e.g. sort, , )
Binary search (e.g. , )
Heap (e.g. , )
Min/max (e.g. , )
Examples
(returns an iterator the found object or , if the object isn't found)
returns the greater of the two arguments
finds the maximum element of a range
returns the smaller of the two arguments
finds the minimum element of a range
References
External links
C++ reference for standard algorithms
C++ Standard Library
Articles with example C++ code
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band%20diagram
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In solid-state physics of semiconductors, a band diagram is a diagram plotting various key electron energy levels (Fermi level and nearby energy band edges) as a function of some spatial dimension, which is often denoted x. These diagrams help to explain the operation of many kinds of semiconductor devices and to visualize how bands change with position (band bending). The bands may be coloured to distinguish level filling.
A band diagram should not be confused with a band structure plot. In both a band diagram and a band structure plot, the vertical axis corresponds to the energy of an electron. The difference is that in a band structure plot the horizontal axis represents the wave vector of an electron in an infinitely large, homogeneous material (a crystal or vacuum), whereas in a band diagram the horizontal axis represents position in space, usually passing through multiple materials.
Because a band diagram shows the changes in the band structure from place to place, the resolution of a band diagram is limited by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle: the band structure relies on momentum, which is only precisely defined for large length scales. For this reason, the band diagram can only accurately depict evolution of band structures over long length scales, and has difficulty in showing the microscopic picture of sharp, atomic scale interfaces between different materials (or between a material and vacuum). Typically, an interface must be depicted as a "black box", thoug
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsin
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Epsins are a family of highly conserved membrane proteins that are important in creating membrane curvature. Epsins contribute to membrane deformations like endocytosis, and block vesicle formation during mitosis.
Structure
Epsin contains various protein domains that aid in function. Starting at the N-terminus is the ENTH domain. ENTH stands for Epsin N-Terminal Homolog. The ENTH domain is approximately 150 amino acids long and is highly conserved across species. It is composed of seven α-helices and an eighth helix that is not aligned with the seven helices that make up a superhelical fold. The role of the ENTH domain is to bind membrane lipids which is currently thought to aid in the invagination of the plasma membrane to form clathrin-coated vesicles. Additionally, located toward the C-terminus of the ENTH domain are two to three ubiquitin interacting motifs which aids in ubiquitin dependent recruitment.
Following the ENTH domain there is not as much conservation in structure across species. However, in higher eukaryotes there are several conserved motifs such as the clathrin-binding motifs which bind clathrin heavy chain, these motifs flank a cluster of up to eight DP repeats which bind to AP2.
Function
In general, most vertebrates contain at least two epsin paralogs. The two paralogs, epsin-1 and epsin-2 are members that contribute to the clathrin coated endocytotic machinery and are localized at the plasma membrane. In mammals, the two main classes of Epsins are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20of%20Puerto%20Rico
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The climate of Puerto Rico in the Köppen climate classification is predominantly tropical rainforest. Temperatures throughout the year are warm to hot, averaging near in lower elevations and in the mountains. Easterly trade winds pass across the island year round while the rainy season stretches from April into November. The relatively cool trade winds are blocked by the mountains of the Cordillera Central which causes rain shadows and sharp variations in the temperature and wind speed over short distances. About a quarter of the average annual rainfall for Puerto Rico occurs during tropical cyclones, which are more frequent during La Niña years.
Temperature
Temperatures range from in the lower elevations, while higher elevations in the central part of the island experience temperatures between year round. The temperature in the south is a few degrees higher than the north. Between winter and summer, there is only a temperature swing of around . Coastal water temperatures average between in February to in August. The highest temperature ever recorded was at San Lorenzo, while the lowest temperature ever recorded was at Aibonito. Frost and freezes have occurred in the highest mountains at almost twice the elevation of Aibonito, where the low temperature in winter is in the low 40s (5C).
The average temperature in San Juan is over 80°F (27C). It is the only location in plant hardiness zone 13b on the USDA map, with temperatures rarely falling to the low 60s.
Tempera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matricity
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Matricity is the interaction of a matrix with its environment. This word is used particularly of protein interactions, where a polymerised protein (a matrix) interacts with a membrane or another polymer.
Protein interactions can normally be described by their affinities for each other. The interactions of clustered proteins for multivalent ligands are described by avidities (avidity), while matricity describes a semisolid state interaction of a matrix with its environment. As an example matricity has been used to describe the interaction of polymerised clathrin with adaptor complexes bound to the membrane.
References
Matrices (biology)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotaria
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Rotaria is a genus of asexual, microscopic animal known as a bdelloid rotifer. Analysis published in 2007 of morphology and DNA sequence data of species from the genus confirmed that despite their asexual mechanism of reproduction, two fundamental properties of species, independent evolution and ecological divergence by natural selection occurred. This demonstrates that sex is not a necessary condition for speciation.
References
Bdelloidea
Rotifer genera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interspecific%20competition
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Interspecific competition, in ecology, is a form of competition in which individuals of different species compete for the same resources in an ecosystem (e.g. food or living space). This can be contrasted with mutualism, a type of symbiosis. Competition between members of the same species is called intraspecific competition.
If a tree species in a dense forest grows taller than surrounding tree species, it is able to absorb more of the incoming sunlight. However, less sunlight is then available for the trees that are shaded by the taller tree, thus interspecific competition. Leopards and lions can also be in interspecific competition, since both species feed on the same prey, and can be negatively impacted by the presence of the other because they will have less food.
Competition is only one of many interacting biotic and abiotic factors that affect community structure. Moreover, competition is not always a straightforward, direct, interaction. Interspecific competition may occur when individuals of two separate species share a limiting resource in the same area. If the resource cannot support both populations, then lowered fecundity, growth, or survival may result in at least one species. Interspecific competition has the potential to alter populations, communities and the evolution of interacting species. On an individual organism level, competition can occur as interference or exploitative competition.
Types
All of the types described here can also apply to intraspecif
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Lee%20Booker
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Edna Lee Booker was an American journalist who authored several books about China during the 1930s and 1940s.
Career
She arrived in Shanghai in 1922 as foreign correspondent for the International News Service of New York City and as, in her own words, a "girl reporter" for the China Press, then the leading American daily in China. She had previously worked on the Los Angeles Herald and the San Francisco Call-Bulletin, and became the first foreign woman correspondent ever to interview the two Chinese warlords, Zhang Zuolin and Wu Pei-fu.
Family
Booker was married to her husband John Potter who was a businessman. Together they raised their family in Shanghai while the Japanese invaded and occupied China. Just days before the relocation of citizens to Japanese internment camps, Booker and her children fled to the United States. However, her husband was interned for years. Her daughter, Patricia Luce Chapman, wrote a memoir of the family's China years entitled "Tea On The Great Wall," published in 2014.
Works
News is my job; a correspondent in war-torn China. 1940. New York, The Macmillan Company.
Flight from China. with John S. Potter. Decorations by Peggy Bacon. 1945. New York, The Macmillan Company.
See also
Agnes Smedley
Anna Louise Strong
References
External links
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
American newspaper reporters and correspondents
American women journalists
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20composers%20by%20name
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This is a list of composers by name, alphabetically sorted by surname, then by other names. The list of composers is by no means complete. It is not limited by classifications such as genre or time period; however, it includes only music composers of significant fame, notability or importance who also have current Wikipedia articles. For lists of music composers by other classifications, see lists of composers.
This list is not for arrangers or lyricists (see list of music arrangers and lyricists), unless they are also composers. Likewise, songwriters are listed separately, for example in a list of singer-songwriters and list of Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
See also
Lists of composers
List of operas by composer which lists more than 700 opera composers, their dates and works.
References
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullet%20Key
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Mullet Key is a historic island near Crystal River, Florida. It is located 3 miles south of the main mouth of the Crystal River, and was inhabited by Native Americans in pre-Columbian times. The island was occupied from roughly 500 to 1500 and was inhabited by the Deptford and Safety Harbor cultures. Oyster shell middens have been found at the site. On July 3, 1986, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
In popular culture
Mullet Key is referenced in the movie The Punisher.
References
External links
Citrus County listings at National Register of Historic Places
Archaeological sites in Florida
Islands of Citrus County, Florida
Islands of Florida
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
Shell middens in Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Citrus County, Florida
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Kiani
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Mary Kiani (born Mary McKloskey on 27 March 1964), usually spelled Märy Kiani on her records, is a Scottish singer who first had hit songs as vocalist for dance music act the Time Frequency (TTF) in the early 1990s and later a solo career. Before TTF, Kiani was a session musician and has toured with Donny Osmond and performed vocals on The Simpsons Yellow Album.
The Time Frequency
"Real Love", featuring Kiani, the group's only top 10 hit on the UK Singles Chart, peaked at No. 8 in November 1993. Other charting singles with Kiani were "New Emotion" No. 36, and "The Ultimate High" / "Power Zone" No. 17. Hit singles for the group without Kiani were "Such a Phantasy" No. 25 and "Dreamscape '94" No. 32.
Solo career
After leaving the Time Frequency, Kiani signed a solo recording contract with Mercury Records. She topped numerous club charts and her early singles all made the UK chart. "When I Call Your Name" made No. 18, the double A-side release "I Give It All To You" / "I Imagine" peaked at No. 35, and was followed into the charts by the cover of "Let the Music Play" which reached No. 19. Her fourth release "100%", her last single to be remixed by Motiv8 was another hit at No. 23, and "With or Without You" (a U2 cover) peaked at No. 46. All the singles were taken off her album Long Hard Funky Dreams, which was commercially less successful.
Kiani then disappeared from the music scene for a while resurfacing with an Australian only single "Wrap You Up" in 1999, released on Jam R
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20River%20Old%20City%20Hall
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The Crystal River Old City Hall is a historic building in Crystal River, Florida, in the United States. It is located at 532 North Citrus Avenue, off U.S. 19/98. On May 29, 1998, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
The building now houses the Coastal Heritage Museum, operated by the Citrus County Historical Society. Exhibits focus on the early history of the west side of Citrus County, Florida and include a 1929 diorama of downtown Citrus Avenue, a fish house facade, and an original jail cell. Admission is free.
References
External links
Coastal Heritage Museum - Citrus County Historical Society
Coastal Heritage Museum - City of Crystal River information
City and town halls in Florida
Buildings and structures in Citrus County, Florida
Museums in Citrus County, Florida
City and town halls on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
History museums in Florida
Works Progress Administration in Florida
Former seats of local government
National Register of Historic Places in Citrus County, Florida
1939 establishments in Florida
Government buildings completed in 1939
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3A
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E3A may refer to:
Y-DNA haplogroup E3a
Ubiquitin protein ligase E3A
Boeing E-3 Sentry, an American military aircraft
Minamikyushu Expressway, route E3A in Japan.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebullioscopic%20constant
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In thermodynamics, the ebullioscopic constant relates molality to boiling point elevation. It is the ratio of the latter to the former:
is the van 't Hoff factor, the number of particles the solute splits into or forms when dissolved.
is the molality of the solution.
A formula to compute the ebullioscopic constant is:
is the ideal gas constant.
is boiling point of the solvent.
is the molar mass of the solvent.
is the molar enthalpy of vaporization.
Through the procedure called ebullioscopy, a known constant can be used to calculate an unknown molar mass. The term ebullioscopy comes from the Latin language and means "boiling measurement". This is related to cryoscopy, which determines the same value from the cryoscopic constant (of freezing point depression).
This property of elevation of boiling point is a colligative property. It means that the property, in this case , depends on the number of particles dissolved into the solvent and not the nature of those particles.
Values for some solvents
See also
Ebullioscope
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
Boiling-point elevation
Colligative properties
References
External links
Ebullioscopic constant calculator AD
Phase transitions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneous%20ribonucleoprotein%20particle
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Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are complexes of RNA and protein present in the cell nucleus during gene transcription and subsequent post-transcriptional modification of the newly synthesized RNA (pre-mRNA). The presence of the proteins bound to a pre-mRNA molecule serves as a signal that the pre-mRNA is not yet fully processed and therefore not ready for export to the cytoplasm. Since most mature RNA is exported from the nucleus relatively quickly, most RNA-binding protein in the nucleus exist as heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles. After splicing has occurred, the proteins remain bound to spliced introns and target them for degradation.
hnRNPs are also integral to the 40s subunit of the ribosome and therefore important for the translation of mRNA in the cytoplasm. However, hnRNPs also have their own nuclear localization sequences (NLS) and are therefore found mainly in the nucleus. Though it is known that a few hnRNPs shuttle between the cytoplasm and nucleus, immunofluorescence microscopy with hnRNP-specific antibodies shows nucleoplasmic localization of these proteins with little staining in the nucleolus or cytoplasm. This is likely because of its major role in binding to newly transcribed RNAs. High-resolution immunoelectron microscopy has shown that hnRNPs localize predominantly to the border regions of chromatin, where it has access to these nascent RNAs.
The proteins involved in the hnRNP complexes are collectively known as heterogeneous ri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capping%20enzyme
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A capping enzyme (CE) is an enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of the 5' cap to messenger RNA molecules that are in the process of being synthesized in the cell nucleus during the first stages of gene expression. The addition of the cap occurs co-transcriptionally, after the growing RNA molecule contains as little as 25 nucleotides. The enzymatic reaction is catalyzed specifically by the phosphorylated carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II. The 5' cap is therefore specific to RNAs synthesized by this polymerase rather than those synthesized by RNA polymerase I or RNA polymerase III. Pre-mRNA undergoes a series of modifications - 5' capping, splicing and 3' polyadenylation before becoming mature mRNA that exits the nucleus to be translated into functional proteins and capping of the 5' end is the first of these modifications. Three enzymes, RNA triphosphatase, guanylyltransferase (or CE), and methyltransferase are involved in the addition of the methylated 5' cap to the mRNA.
Formation of the cap
Capping is a three-step process that utilizes the enzymes RNA triphosphatase, guanylyltransferase, and methyltransferase. Through a series of three steps, the cap is added to the first nucleotide's 5' hydroxyl group of the growing mRNA strand while transcription is still occurring. First, RNA 5' triphosphatase hydrolyzes the 5' triphosphate group to make diphosphate-RNA. Then, the addition of GMP by guanylyltransferase produces the guanosine cap. Last, RNA methyl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudobulweria
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Pseudobulweria is a genus of seabirds in the family Procellariidae. They have long been retained with the gadfly petrel genus Pterodroma despite morphological differences. Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequence analysis has confirmed the split out of Pterodroma and places the genus closer to shearwaters. They thus represent either a plesiomorphic lineage still sharing some traits of the ancestral Procellariidae with the gadfly petrels, or convergent evolution of a shearwater to the ecological niche of gadfly petrels.
They are a poorly known and highly endangered group: 3 of the 4 extant species are listed by the IUCN as critically endangered. The Tahiti petrel (Pseudobulweria rostrata) is the most familiar and the best studied.
Description and ecology
They are generally largish darkish petrels, but may have white undersides. They are long-winged and fly about with rather leisurely wingbeats and soar a lot. Though they are attracted by chum, Pseudobulweria petrels are not particularly prone to following ships. They often approach floating prey from downwind, picking it up without landing on the water or during a brief landing in which the wings are kept raised.
The breeding range of Pseudobulweria is limited essentially by the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn, and possibly always has been. Non-breeding birds range more widely, but in general they are rarely met with in the Northern Hemisphere or outside tropical regions. Today, the genus inhabits only the Indo-Pacifi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PABPII
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PABPII, or polyadenine binding protein II, is a protein involved in the assembly of the polyadenine tail added to newly synthesized pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules during the process of gene transcription. It is a regulatory protein that controls the rate at which polyadenine polymerase (PAP) adds adenine nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing tail within the nucleus of the cell. In the absence of PABPII, PAP adds adenines slowly, typically about 12. PABPII then binds to the short polyadenine tail and induces an acceleration in the rate of addition by PAP until the tail has grown to about 200 adenines long. The mechanism by which PABPII signals the termination of the polymerization reaction once the tail has reached its required length is not clearly understood.
PABPII is distinct from the related protein PABPI in being localized to the cell nucleus rather than the cytoplasm.
See also
PABPN1
References
Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Zipursky SL, Darnell J. (2004). Molecular Cell Biology. WH Freeman: New York, NY. 5th ed.
Gene expression
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramachandra%20%28disambiguation%29
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Ramachandra is the seventh avatar of the god Vishnu in Hinduism.
Ramachandra may also refer to:
Ramachandran plot, in biochemistry, a diagram visualization of protein angles
A fictional alien space ship in Rendezvous with Rama, a book by Arthur C. Clarke
People with the name
C. Ramchandra (1918–1982), Indian music director
Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao (born 1934), an Indian chemist
Goparaju Ramachandra Rao (1902–1975), Indian social reformer, atheist, and independence activist
Kanakanahalli Ramachandra (1933–2011), Indian mathematician
Ogirala Ramachandra Rao (1905–1957), Indian music director
Vilayanur S. Ramachandran (born 1951), Indian-American neurologist
Ramachandra of Devagiri (r. c. 1271–1311), Indian king from the Seuna (Yadava) dynasty
Ramachandra Raya (1422–1422), emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty
See also
Ramchandra (disambiguation)
Rama (disambiguation)
Chandra (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage%20stimulation%20factor
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Cleavage stimulatory factor or cleavage stimulation factor (CstF or CStF) is a heterotrimeric protein, made up of the proteins CSTF1 (55kDa), CSTF2 (64kDa) and CSTF3 (77kDa), totalling about 200 kDa. It is involved in the cleavage of the 3' signaling region from a newly synthesized pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. CstF is recruited by cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) and assembles into a protein complex on the 3' end to promote the synthesis of a functional polyadenine tail, which results in a mature mRNA molecule ready to be exported from the cell nucleus to the cytosol for translation.
The amount of CstF in a cell is dependent on the phase of the cell cycle, increasing significantly during the transition from G0 phase to S phase in mouse fibroblast and human splenic B cells.
Genes
CSTF1, CSTF2 or CSTF2T, CSTF3
References
Further reading
Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Zipursky SL, Darnell J. (2004). Molecular Cell Biology. WH Freeman: New York, NY. 5th ed.
External links
Protein complexes
Gene expression
RNA-binding proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage%20and%20polyadenylation%20specificity%20factor
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Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) is involved in the cleavage of the 3' signaling region from a newly synthesized pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) molecule in the process of gene transcription. It is the first protein to bind to the signaling region near the cleavage site of the pre-mRNA, to which the poly(A) tail will be added by polynucleotide adenylyltransferase. The upstream signaling region has the canonical nucleotide sequence AAUAAA, which is highly conserved across the vast majority of pre-mRNAs. A second downstream signaling region, located on the portion of the pre-mRNA that is cleaved before polyadenylation, consists of a GU-rich region required for efficient processing.
Structure
CPSF is a protein complex, consisting of four proteins: CPSF-73, CPSF-100, CPSF-30 and CPSF-160.
CPSF-73 is a zinc-dependent hydrolase which cleaves the mRNA precursor just downstream the polyadenylation signal sequence AAUAAA.
CPSF-160 is the largest subunit of CPSF and directly binds to the AAUAAA polyadenylation signal.
CPSF recruits proteins to the 3' region. Identified proteins that are coordinated by CPSF activity include: cleavage stimulatory factor and the two poorly understood cleavage factors. The binding of the polynucleotide adenylyltransferase responsible for actually synthesizing the tail is a necessary prerequisite for cleavage, thus ensuring that cleavage and polyadenylation are tightly coupled processes.
Genes
CPSF1, CPSF2, CPSF3, CPSF4, CPSF6
Ref
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage%20factor
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Cleavage factors are two closely associated protein complexes involved in the cleavage of the 3' untranslated region of a newly synthesized pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule in the process of gene transcription. The cleavage is the first step in adding a polyadenine tail to the pre-mRNA, which is one of the necessary post-transcriptional modifications necessary for producing a mature mRNA molecule.
In mammals, the two cleavage factors are known as CFIm and CFIIm. The proteins that constitute these complexes are recruited to the cleavage site by cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor and cleavage stimulatory factor, and form a larger complex that also includes polyadenine polymerase, which performs the polyadenylation reaction.
The CFIm complex
Involved in the earliest step for the formation of the active cleavage complex, the CFIm complex is formed by three proteins of 25, 59 and 68 kDa, respectively:
CFIm25 (or CPSF5/NUDT21)
CFIm59 (or CPSF7)
CFIm68 (or CPSF6)
CFIm25 and CFIm68 are sufficient for the activity of the complex, proving the expected redundancy of CFIm68 and CFIm59, which share great sequence similarity.
The CFIIm complex
The CFIIm complex is responsible for transcription termination and triggering the disassembly of the elongation complex. It is composed of only two proteins:
PCF11
CLP1
References
Further reading
Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Zipursky SL, Darnell J. (2004). Molecular Cell Biology. WH Freeman: Ne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Fulhame
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Elizabeth Fulhame (fl. 1794) was an early British chemist who invented the concept of catalysis and discovered photoreduction. She was described as 'the first solo woman researcher of modern chemistry'.
Although she only published one text, she describes catalysis as a process at length in her 1794 book An Essay On Combustion with a View to a New Art of Dying and Painting, wherein the Phlogistic and Antiphlogistic Hypotheses are Proved Erroneous. The book relates in painstaking detail her experiments with oxidation-reduction reactions, and the conclusions she draws regarding phlogiston theory, in which she disagrees with both the Phlogistians and Antiphlogistians.
In 1798, the book was translated into German by Augustin Gottfried Ludwig Lentin as Versuche über die Wiederherstellung der Metalle durch Wasserstoffgas. In 1810, it was published in the United States, to much critical acclaim. That same year, Fulhame was made an honorary member of the Philadelphia Chemical Society. Thomas P. Smith applauded her work, stating that "Mrs. Fulhame has now laid such bold claims to chemistry that we can no longer deny the sex the privilege of participating in this science also."
Personal life
Elizabeth Fulhame published under her married name, as Mrs. Fulhame. She was married to Thomas Fulhame, an Irish-born physician who had attended the University of Edinburgh and studied puerperal fever as a student of Andrew Duncan (1744–1828). Dr Thomas Fulhame was listed in Edinburgh directorie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence%20Cushman
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Florence Cushman (1860-1940) was an American astronomer specializing in stellar classification at the Harvard College Observatory who worked on the Henry Draper Catalogue.
Life
Florence was born in Boston, Massachusetts in 1860 and received her early education at Charlestown High School, where she graduated in 1877. In 1888, she began work at the Harvard College Observatory as an employee of Edward Pickering. Florence was one of the "Harvard Computers" who worked under Pickering and, following his death in 1919, Annie Jump Cannon. Her classifications of stellar spectra contributed to Henry Draper Catalogue between 1918 and 1934. She stayed as an astronomer at the Observatory until 1937 and died in 1940 at the age of 80.
Career at the Harvard College Observatory
Florence Cushman worked at the Harvard College Observatory from 1918 to 1937. Over the course of her nearly fifty-year career, she employed the objective prism method to analyze, classify, and catalog the optical spectra of hundreds of thousands of stars. In the 19th century, the photographic revolution enabled more detailed analysis of the night sky than had been possible with solely eye-based observations. In order to obtain optical spectra for measurement, male astronomers at the Observatory worked at night, exposing glass photographic plates to capture the astronomical images.
During the daytime, female assistants like Florence analyzed the resultant spectra by reducing values, computing magnitudes, and cat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna%20Lewis
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Lorna Lewis is the name of:
Lorna Lewis (writer) (died 1962), British writer
Lorna Lewis (actress) (died 2013), American actress
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna%20Lewis%20%28writer%29
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Lorna Lewis (died 1962) was a British writer who published a number of popular children's books during the middle part of the 20th century. Among these, the best known is perhaps Leonardo the Inventor, which was included in the New Windmill Series of children's books under the Heinemann imprint.
Selected works
The Little French Poodle (1934)
The Children's Holiday Book of Verse (1935) (editor)
Jubilee and Her Mother (1936)
Zoo Roundabout (1937)
The Children's Zoo (1939)
Holiday Luck (1939)
Nine Dogs (1940)
Feud in the Factory (1944)
Marriotts Go North (1949)
June Grey: Fashion Student (1953)
Hotel Doorway (1953)
1962 deaths
British writers
Year of birth missing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20F
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Haplogroup F may refer to:
Haplogroup F (mtDNA), a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup
Haplogroup F* (Y-DNA), a human Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroup
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20%C5%BDivanovi%C4%87%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201981%29
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Ivan Živanović (; born 10 December 1981) is a Serbian former football defender.
Živanović made one appearance in the Coppa Italia while playing for Sampdoria in the 2006–07 season.
Career statistics
External links
1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Šabac
Serbian men's footballers
Serbian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
FK Mačva Šabac players
FK Smederevo 1924 players
UC Sampdoria players
FC Rostov players
Russian Premier League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saha
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Saha may refer to:
People
Saha (surname), a Bengali Hindu surname
Meghnad Saha, an Indian astrophysicist and discoverer of the Saha ionization equation, relating to relating the densities of atoms, ions, and electrons in a plasma
Arthur W. Saha, Science Fiction and Fantasy editor
Louis Saha, French former footballer
Wriddhiman Saha, Indian cricketer
Ranadaprasad Saha, Bengali Businessman, Social activist
Gopinath Saha, Bengali activist for Indian independence
Arun Saha, Bangladeshi actor and musician
Surjit Saha, Indian television actor and model
Arati Saha (1940–1994), Indian long distance swimmer
Other
Saha ionization equation, relating the densities of atoms, ions, and electrons in a plasma
Saha Airlines, an Iranian airline
Saha District, a district of the city of Busan, South Korea
Saha Station, a station of the Busan Metro Line 1
Saha, Estonia, village in Estonia
Saha, Iran, village in Zanjan Province, Iran
Saha, Ambala, a village in India
Saha (crater), a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon
Sahā world, a concept in Buddhism
Acronym
SAHA (Iran aviation), an Iranian aviation company
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, Vorinostat), an anticancer agent
San Antonio Housing Authority, a housing authority in Texas
Saha ionization equation, also known as Saha-Langmuir equation
Saskatchewan Amateur Hockey Association, now known as Hockey Saskatchewan
South African Hockey Association, the governing body of field hockey in South Africa
See also
Sakha (disambi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early%20prostate%20cancer%20antigen-2
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Early prostate cancer antigen-2 (EPCA-2) is a protein of which blood levels are elevated in prostate cancer. It appears to provide more accuracy in identifying early prostate cancer than the standard prostate cancer marker, PSA.
"EPCA-2" is not the name of a gene. EPCA-2 gets its name because it is the second prostate cancer marker identified by the research team. This earlier marker was previously known as "EPCA", but is now called "EPCA-1".
EPCA-2 versus PSA
Leman, Getzenberg and colleagues describe, in the April 2007 issue of Urology, the performance characteristic of EPCA-2, a novel nuclear protein marker for prostate cancer cells. This paper has since been retracted by the publisher.
A study was initiated which suggested that the EPCA-2 protein serum assay exhibits favorable performance characteristics which are potentially superior to serum PSA. However more studies are necessary to see if this test will retain its sensitivity when used in a screening population.
In September 2008 the industry sponsor of EPCA-2, Onconome sued Dr Robert Getzenberg, JHU, and the University of Pittsburgh, his previous institution, claiming that Getzenberg misrepresented and falsified data related to EPCA-2 after Onconome sponsored 13 million dollars of research over five years in Getzenberg's labs at University of Pittsburgh and Johns Hopkins for a blood test for prostate cancer. Onconome claimed that the test was "essentially as reliable as flipping a coin". Robert H. Getzenberg (P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyllin
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Chlorophyllin refers to any one of a group of closely related water-soluble salts that are semi-synthetic derivatives of chlorophyll, differing in the identity of the cations associated with the anion. Its most common form is a sodium/copper derivative used as a food additive and in alternative medicine. As a food coloring agent, copper complex chlorophyllin is known as natural green 3 and has the E number E141.
Uses
Alternative medicine
Chlorophyllin is the active ingredient in a number of internally taken preparations intended to reduce odors associated with incontinence, colostomies, and similar procedures, as well as body odor in general. Also in recent years it has been used as a home remedy to treat acne and skin conditions such as pimples or blackheads, thanks to its antimicrobial effect. It is also available as a topical preparation, purportedly useful for both treatment and odor control of wounds, injuries, radiation burns, and other skin conditions.
3D printing
Chlorophyllin has been used as a biocompatible photoblocker for generating green colored hydrogels with complex inner structures.
Chemical properties
Chlorophyllin is water-soluble. In vitro, it binds to some environmental mutagens such as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[a,i]pyrene. Chlorophyllin also binds to acridine orange.
Biological properties
Chlorophyllin has been validated to exhibit ameliorative effects against food additive induced genotoxicity (elevating t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregori%20Aminoff%20Prize
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The Gregori Aminoff Prize is an international prize awarded since 1979 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in the field of crystallography, rewarding "a documented, individual contribution in the field of crystallography, including areas concerned with the dynamics of the formation and dissolution of crystal structures. Some preference should be shown for work evincing elegance in the approach to the problem."
The prize, which is named in memory of the Swedish scientist and artist Gregori Aminoff (1883–1947), Professor of Mineralogy at the Swedish Museum of Natural History from 1923, was endowed through a bequest by his widow Birgit Broomé-Aminoff. The prize can be shared by several winners. It is considered the Nobel prize for crystallography.
Recipients of the Prize
Source: Royal Swedish Academy of Science
See also
List of chemistry awards
List of physics awards
References
Notes
A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to www.kva.se, the official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column.
B. The information in the country column is according to www.kva.se, the official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship.
C. The information in the institution column is according to www.kva.se, the official website of the Royal Swedish
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Lake%20Community%20Consolidated%20School%20District%2047
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Crystal Lake Community Consolidated School District 47 is a school district containing elementary and middle schools. The district serves Crystal Lake, Lakewood, as well as parts of Lake in the Hills, Cary, Woodstock, Huntley, Bull Valley, and McHenry.
District 47 has an area of 44 square miles and a population of about 7,800 students from Pre-K through 8th grade, as well as about 1,100 staff and administrators. The current Superintendent is Dr. Kathy Hinz.
History
The creation of District 47 took place during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Schools
In District 47, there are nine elementary schools, three middle schools, and one early childhood center.
Elementary schools
North Elementary School, established 1954
South Elementary School, established 1952
West Elementary School, established 1963
Husmann Elementary School, established 1949 (as Central Elementary School)
Canterbury Elementary School, established 1971
Coventry Elementary School, established 1967
Woods Creek Elementary School, established 1997
Indian Prairie Elementary School, established 1991
Glacier Ridge Elementary School, established 2001
Middle schools
Richard F. Bernotas Middle School
Richard F. Bernotas Middle School, also referred to as Bernotas Middle School, was established in 1969. Its first name was North Junior High, but in 2002, it was dedicated to Richard F. Bernotas. There are about 1000 students in it. Bernotas's sports teams go under the "Bernotas Vikings". Their mascot is Thor, re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora%20kinase%20A
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Aurora kinase A also known as serine/threonine-protein kinase 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AURKA gene.
Aurora A is a member of a family of mitotic serine/threonine kinases. It is implicated with important processes during mitosis and meiosis whose proper function is integral for healthy cell proliferation. Aurora A is activated by one or more phosphorylations and its activity peaks during the G2 phase to M phase transition in the cell cycle.
Discovery
The aurora kinases were first identified in 1990 during a cDNA screen of Xenopus eggs. The kinase discovered, Eg2, is now referred to as Aurora A. However, Aurora A's meiotic and mitotic significance was not recognized until 1998.
Aurora kinase family
The human genome contains three members of the aurora kinase family: Aurora kinase A, Aurora kinase B and Aurora C kinase. The Xenopus, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans genomes, on the other hand, contain orthologues only to Aurora A and Aurora B.
In all studied species, the three Aurora mitotic kinases localize to the centrosome during different phases of mitosis. The family members have highly conserved C-terminal catalytic domains. Their N-terminal domains, however, exhibit a large degree of variance in the size and sequence.
Aurora A and Aurora B kinases play important roles in mitosis. The Aurora kinase A is associated with centrosome maturation and separation and thereby regulates spindle assembly and stability. The Aurora kinase B is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Coppens%20%28chemist%29
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Philip Coppens (October 24, 1930 – June 21, 2017) was a Dutch-born American chemist and crystallographer known for his work on charge density analysis using X-rays crystallography and the pioneering work in the field of photocrystallography.
Education and career
The Amersfoort-born Coppens received his B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Amsterdam in 1954 and 1960, where he was supervised by Carolina MacGillavry. In 1968, following appointments at the Weizmann Institute and Brookhaven National Laboratory, he was appointed in the chemistry department at the State University of New York at Buffalo. He was a SUNY Distinguished Professor and holder of the Henry M. Woodburn Chair of Chemistry. Among the many 3-dimensional structures Coppens characterized is the nitroprusside ion.
Honours and awards
Coppens was a corresponding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1979 and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science from 1993. Additionally, he was awarded the Gregori Aminoff Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1996, the Ewald Prize of the International Union of Crystallography in 2005, and Kołos Medal in 2013.
Bibliography
References
Further reading
Report on the Symposium honoring Coppens on the occasion of his retirement.
External links
Official website
Biographical sketch, Yale University
1930 births
2017 deaths
21st-century American chemists
20th-century Dutch chemists
Dutch emigrants to the Un
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornal%20Nacional
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; ) is the flagship television newscast of TV Globo. First airing on September 1, 1969, according to IBOPE (Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics), in the week of September 28October 4, 2015, it was the second most watched program in Brazilian television, with an average of 26,007,251 viewers per minute (roughly 12.5% of the Brazilian population) and for 5.5 million people worldwide via Globo International.
History
premiered on September 1, 1969, hosted by Hilton Gomes and Cid Moreira, the first Rio de Janeiro-produced newscast to be shown nationwide. Months later, the program featured the network's first female weekend presenter Márcia Mendes.
During the 1970s, preferred to emphasize international news and sports. The British documentary Beyond Citizen Kane suggests that this happened so that Globo wouldn't have to report the repression of the Brazilian military government, which would have provided a substantial part of the network's growth. Despite this, the program introduced some innovations (color broadcasts in 1970, via satellite reports in 1973, live reports in 1976 and videotape footage in 1977).
Through the 1980s, three episodes involving the program caused controversy. In 1982, coverage of the state elections of Rio de Janeiro was accused of participating in a plot to fraud the elections. According to former Rede Globo employee Roméro da Costa Machado, Leonel Brizola, a candidate of the opposition to the military regime, was a politician hist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAZ-2101
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The VAZ-2101 "Zhiguli", commonly nicknamed "Kopeyka" (for the smallest Soviet coin, 1/100 of the Ruble), is a compact sedan car (small class, passenger car, model 1 in Soviet classification) produced by the Soviet manufacturer AvtoVAZ and introduced in 1970, the company's first product.
The car was a heavily modified and licence-built version of the Fiat 124 tailored for the Soviet Union and much of the Eastern Bloc. Subsequently, it was widely exported to the West under the Lada brand. The station wagon version (correspondingly based on the Fiat 124 Familiare) was known as the VAZ-2102.
Development
The lightweight Italian Fiat 124, which had won the 1967 European Car of the Year, was adapted in order to survive treacherous Russian driving conditions. Among many changes, aluminium brake drums were added to the rear, and the original Fiat engine was dropped in favour of a newer design made by NAMI. This new engine had a modern overhead camshaft design but was never used in Fiat cars. The suspension was raised to clear rough Russian roads and the bodyshell was made from thicker, heavier steel with reinforcement in key chassis areas after cracking was discovered during durability testing. The first Lada models were equipped with a starting handle in case the battery went flat in Siberian conditions, though this was later dropped. Another feature specifically intended to help out in cold conditions was a manual auxiliary fuel pump.
Some of the improvements developed by VAZ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAZ-2103
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The VAZ-2103 Zhiguli is a deluxe compact sedan car (small class, passenger car, model 3 in the Soviet classification), produced by VAZ, introduced in 1972 and produced until 1984. Better known by its export name Lada 1500 outside of its native Soviet Union and popularly nicknamed Тройка (Troika, 'three') in its domestic market. The car was developed jointly by VAZ and FIAT at the same time as Fiat 124 Special, and the two models had the same basis and influenced each other. 2103 was built under license and tailored for the Soviet and Eastern European market. The 2103 externally differs from its predecessor, the VAZ-2101 firstly by its four, that is, double sets of headlights, different grille and direction pointers, moldings on the sides of the body and larger taillights. Its main difference - the more powerful straight-four petrol engine. In addition, this model is distinguished by the presence of vacuum brake booster as well as self-adjusting rear brakes and internally on new, Fiat 125 based, front panel along with its steering wheel and improved dashboard featuring wood imitation, tachometer, oil pressure gauge and front panel clock.
History
Known as the Zhiguli within the Soviet Union, the main differences between the VAZ-2103 and the Fiat 124 Special are the use of thicker-gauge steel for the bodyshell (so the 2103 weighed , the Fiat less), an overhead camshaft engine (in place of the original Fiat OHV unit), and the use of aluminium drum brakes on the rear wheels i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical%20and%20experimental%20justification%20for%20the%20Schr%C3%B6dinger%20equation
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The theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation motivates the discovery of the Schrödinger equation, the equation that describes the dynamics of nonrelativistic particles. The motivation uses photons, which are relativistic particles with dynamics described by Maxwell's equations, as an analogue for all types of particles.
Classical electromagnetic waves
Nature of light
The quantum particle of light is called a photon. Light has both a wave-like and a particle-like nature. In other words, light can appear to be made of photons (particles) in some experiments and light can act like waves in other experiments. The dynamics of classical electromagnetic waves are completely described by Maxwell's equations, the classical description of electrodynamics. In the absence of sources, Maxwell's equations can be written as wave equations in the electric and magnetic field vectors. Maxwell's equations thus describe, among other things, the wave-like properties of light. When "classical" (coherent or thermal) light is incident on a photographic plate or CCD, the average number of "hits", "dots", or "clicks" per unit time that result is approximately proportional to the square of the electromagnetic fields of the light. By formal analogy, the wavefunction of a material particle can be used to find the probability density by taking its absolute-value squared. Unlike electromagnetic fields, quantum-mechanical wavefunctions are complex. (Often in the case of EM
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary%20vacuum-drum%20filter
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A Rotary Vacuum Filter Drum consists of a cylindrical filter membrane that is partly sub-merged in a slurry to be filtered. The inside of the drum is held lower than the ambient pressure. As the drum rotates through the slurry, the liquid is sucked through the membrane, leaving solids to cake on the membrane surface while the drum is submerged. A knife or blade is positioned to scrape the product from the surface.
The technique is well suited to slurries, flocculated suspensions, and liquids with a high solid content, which could clog other forms of filter. It is common to pre-coated with a filter aid, typically of diatomaceous earth (DE) or Perlite. In some implementations, the knife also cuts off a small portion of the filter media to reveal a fresh media surface that will enter the liquid as the drum rotates. Such systems advance the knife automatically as the surface is removed.
Basic fundamentals
Rotary vacuum drum filter
Rotary vacuum drum filter (RVDF), patented in 1872, is one of the oldest filters used in the industrial liquid-solids separation. It offers a wide range of industrial processing flow sheets and provides a flexible application of dewatering, washing and/or clarification.
A rotary vacuum filter consists of a large rotating drum covered by a cloth. The drum is suspended on an axial over a trough containing liquid or solids slurry with approximately 50-80% of the screen area immersed in the slurry.
As the drum rotates into and out of the trough, the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20sequenced%20eukaryotic%20genomes
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This list of "sequenced" eukaryotic genomes contains all the eukaryotes known to have publicly available complete nuclear and organelle genome sequences that have been sequenced, assembled, annotated and published; draft genomes are not included, nor are organelle-only sequences.
DNA was first sequenced in 1977. The first free-living organism to have its genome completely sequenced was the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae, in 1995. In 1996 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) was the first eukaryote genome sequence to be released and in 1998 the first genome sequence for a multicellular eukaryote, Caenorhabditis elegans, was released.
Protists
Following are the nine earliest sequenced genomes of protists. For a more complete list, see the List of sequenced protist genomes.
Plants
Following are the five earliest sequenced genomes of plants. For a more complete list, see the List of sequenced plant genomes.
Fungi
Following are the five earliest sequenced genomes of fungi. For a more complete list, see the List of sequenced fungi genomes.
Animals
Following are the five earliest sequenced genomes of animals. For a more complete list, see the List of sequenced animal genomes.
See also
Genome project, Human genome
Genomic organization
History of genetics
List of sequenced animal genomes
List of sequenced archaeal genomes
List of sequenced bacterial genomes
List of sequenced fungi genomes
List of sequenced plant genomes
List of sequenced plastomes
List of sequenced prot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashdod%20Sand%20Dune
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Ashdod Sand Dune is a psammosere ecosystem close to the city of Ashdod on the Israeli Coastal Plain near the Mediterranean sea. It is south of Tel Aviv.
Background
Formerly, sand dunes dominated the coast of Israel with of dunes, of which over three-quarters were south of Tel Aviv. Over the last few decades the dunes have been replaced with cities, industrial areas, and power plants, and the dune landscape has gradually disappeared. Thus, one of the most characteristic and important aspects of the Israeli landscape is rapidly vanishing.
The largest remnant of Israel's coastal sand dunes is between Ashdod and Ashkelon. This is the only part of the landscape that still retains its shifting sands with its attendant animal and plant life and marks of bygone civilizations.
The importance of the area derives from its natural and cultural qualities. The dunes contain ecological systems of scientific value. Their function as an open area separating the urban sectors that are rapidly covering the country is of great significance, as is its role as a natural public recreation.
Proposed Sand Dune Park
Because of the importance and uniqueness of this area and its potential for study, hiking, and recreation, the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel (SPNI) has initiated the drive for a Sand Dune Park that would serve to protect the dunes and their properties for research, education, nature hikes, and public use.
The dune park extends over 11 square kilometers between the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroglobin
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Neuroglobin is a member of the vertebrate globin family involved in cellular oxygen homeostasis and reactive oxygen/nitrogen scavenging. It is an intracellular hemoprotein expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system, cerebrospinal fluid, retina and endocrine tissues. Neuroglobin is a monomer that reversibly binds oxygen with an affinity higher than that of hemoglobin. It also increases oxygen availability to brain tissue and provides protection under hypoxic or ischemic conditions, potentially limiting brain damage. Neuroglobin were in the past found only in vertebrate neurons, but recently in 2013, were found in the neurons of unrelated protostomes, like photosynthetic acoel as well as radiata such as jellyfish. In addition to neurons, neuroglobin is present in astrocytes in certain pathologies of the rodent brain and in the physiological seal brain. This is thought to be due to convergent evolution. It is of ancient evolutionary origin, and is homologous to nerve globins of invertebrates. Recent research confirmed the presence of human neuroglobin protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Neuroglobin was first identified by Thorsten Burmester et al. in 2000.
The 3D structure of human neuroglobin was determined in 2003. The next year, murine neuroglobin was determined at a higher resolution.
A practical treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning based on binding of CO by neuroglobin (Ngb) with a mutated distal histidine (H64Q) appears to be possible.
See also
Cytog
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirous%20Dinmohammadi
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Sirous Dinmohammadi (, born 2 July 1970 in Tabriz) is a retired Iranian football player.
Club career
He is most notably for playing for Tractor and Esteghlal.
Career statistics
International career
Dinmohammadi made 40 appearances for the Iran national football team and participated in the 1998 FIFA World Cup.
International goals
Honours
Esteghlal
Iranian Football League: 2000–01
Hazfi Cup: 2001–02
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Footballers from Tabriz
Iranian men's footballers
Iranian expatriate men's footballers
Iran men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Tractor S.C. players
Shahrdari Tabriz F.C. players
Esteghlal F.C. players
1. FSV Mainz 05 players
Pegah F.C. players
Persian Gulf Pro League players
2. Bundesliga players
1996 AFC Asian Cup players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
Iranian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
20th-century Iranian people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Kapnek%20Schachman
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Howard Kapnek Schachman (December 5, 1918 – August 5, 2016) was a graduate school professor in the Department of Molecular & Cell Biology at the University of California, Berkeley.
Early life
Schachman was born in Philadelphia in 1918. In high school, he was interested in sociopolitical issues, inspired by his mother. He initially pursued liberal arts in college while studying to become a rabbi, before switching to chemical engineering in a university. He transferred from the University of Pennsylvania to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he graduated in 1939 with a chemical engineering degree.
Graduate studies
He received a Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1948 and joined the faculty of UC Berkeley. He signed but protested the loyalty oath required by the Regents of the University of California during McCarthyism. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1966) and the United States National Academy of Sciences (1968).
Among many other honors, he received the AAAS Scientific Freedom and Responsibility Award in 2000.
The "Howard K. Schachman Public Service Award" of the ASBMB is named after him.
Teaching career
Each spring, he taught the MCB 293C course on Ethical Conduct of Research required for NIH-funded students. He died at the age of 97 on August 5, 2016.
Personal life
While at Princeton he married Ethel Lazarus.
References
External links
Home page at the Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berke
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20and%20Kisses%20%28TV%20series%29
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Love and Kisses was a black-and-white British sitcom that aired on ITV in 1955. It was written by Glenn Melvyn, who also starred in it. It was made for the ITV network by Associated-Rediffusion and was a spin-off series from the film The Love Match (1955) which was also written by and starred Glenn Melvyn.
Cast
Arthur Askey - Bill Brown
Lally Bowers - Sal Brown
Anthea Askey - Rose Brown
Ian Gardiner - Percy Brown
Glenn Melvyn - Wally Binns
Barbara Miller - Emma Binns
Danny Ross - Alf Hall
Bernard Graham - Terence Steel
Leonard Williams - Mr Seymour
Margaret Anderson - Pam
Plot
Bill Brown is a former engine driver who is now a landlord. His wife is Sal and he has two children, Rose and Percy. His regulars are Alf Hall, a milkman, and Wally Binns, who has a stammer.
Askey himself appears at the beginning and end of each episode.
Episodes
Episode One (4 November 1955)
Episode Two (11 November 1955)
Episode Three (18 November 1955)
Episode Four (25 November 1955)
Episode Five (2 December 1955)
The last two episodes are still missing from ITV's archive, but the other three remain intact, despite the age of the show (most shows from ITV's older rival, the BBC, from this era are lost and likely always will be).
Composite edition
The whole series was cut down for one 2 hour programme, and screened in the North of England on 23 December 1956 by ABC.
See also
Gert and Daisy - 1959 ITV sitcom
References
Mark Lewisohn, "Radio Times Guide to TV Comedy", BBC Worldwide Ltd, 2003
Lo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantooccipital%20membrane
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Atlantooccipital membrane can refer to:
Anterior atlantooccipital membrane
Posterior atlantooccipital membrane
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges%20Friedel
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Georges Friedel (19 July 1865 – 11 December 1933) was a French mineralogist and crystallographer.
Life
Georges was the son of the chemist Charles Friedel. Georges' grandfather was Louis Georges Duvernoy who held the chair in comparative anatomy from 1850 to 1855 at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle.
Georges studied at the École Polytechnique in Paris and the École Nationale des Mines in St. Etienne, and was a student of François Ernest Mallard. In 1893 he obtained a professorship at the École Nationale des Mines, of which he would later become the director. After the First World War, he returned as a professor to the University of Strasbourg in Alsace. Due to ill health, he took early retirement in 1930, and died in 1933. He was married with five children.
Scientific works
Like his teacher Mallard, Friedel concerned himself with the theories of Auguste Bravais, the founder of crystallography. Friedel was able to demonstrate the theoretical ideas of Bravais (the Bravais lattice) with the help of X-ray diffraction experiments on crystals, and so provide the physical basis for these ideas. One of his most important discoveries was the law that now bears his name.
Friedel's salt
In 1897, Georges Friedel synthesised and identified calcium chloroaluminate which received his name. Georges Friedel also synthesised calcium aluminate in 1903 in the framework of his work on the macles theory.
Mesomorphic states of matter
The presumption that solid and liquid are adjace
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondel%27s%20theorem
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Blondel's theorem, named after its discoverer, French electrical engineer André Blondel, is the result of his attempt to simplify both the measurement of electrical energy and the validation of such measurements.
The result is a simple rule that specifies the minimum number of watt-hour meters required to measure the consumption of energy in any system of electrical conductors.
The theorem states that
the power provided to a system of N conductors is equal to the algebraic sum of the power measured by N watt-meters. The N watt-meters are separately connected such that each one measures the current level in one of the N conductors and the potential level between that conductor and a common point. In a further simplification, if that common point is located on one of the conductors, that conductor's meter can be removed and only N-1 meters are required. An electrical energy meter is a watt-meter whose measurements are integrated over time, thus the theorem applies to watt-hour meters as well. Blondel wrote a paper on his results that was delivered to the International Electric Congress held in Chicago in 1893. Although he was not present at the Congress, his paper is included in the published Proceedings.
Instead of using N-1 separate meters, the meters are combined into a single housing for commercial purposes such as measuring energy delivered to homes and businesses. Each pairing of a current measuring unit plus a potential measuring unit is then termed a stator o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specificity
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Specificity may refer to:
Being specific (disambiguation)
Specificity (statistics), the proportion of negatives in a binary classification test which are correctly identified
Sensitivity and specificity, in relation to medical diagnostics
Specificity (linguistics), whether a noun phrase has a particular referent as opposed to referring to any member of a class
Specificity (symbiosis), the taxonomic range an organism associates with in a symbiosis
Particular, as opposed to abstract, in philosophy
Asset specificity, the extent that investments supporting a particular transaction have a higher value than if they were redeployed for any other purpose
Domain specificity, theory that many aspects of cognition are supported by specialized learning devices
Specificity theory, theory that pain is "a specific sensation, with its own sensory apparatus independent of touch and other senses"
, determines which styles are applied to an html element when more than one rule could apply.
Chemical specificity, in chemistry and biochemistry, with regard to enzymes or catalysts and their substrates
See also
Species (disambiguation)
Specification (disambiguation)
Specialty (disambiguation)
Site-specific (disambiguation)
Language for specific purposes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt%20%26%20Whitney%20PW1120
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The Pratt & Whitney PW1120 turbofan is a derivative of the F100 turbofan. It was installed as a modification to a single F-4E fighter jet, and powered the canceled IAI Lavi.
Development
The development of the PW1120, according to Israeli Air Force (IDF/AF) specifications, started in June 1980. It retained the F100 core module, gearbox, fuel pump, forward ducts, as well as the F100 digital electronic control, with only minor modifications. Unique PW1120 components included a wide chord low pressure (LP) compressor, single-stage uncooled low pressure (LP) turbine, simplified single stream augmentor, and a lightweight convergent/divergent nozzle. Full scale testing was initiated in June 1982, and flight clearance of the PW1120 was tested in August 1984. The PW1120 had 70 percent similarity with the F100, so the IDF/AF would not need a special facility for spare parts. It would be built under licence by Bet-Shemesh Engines Limited in Israel.
IAI installed one PW1120 in the starboard nacelle of an F-4E-32-MC of the IDF/AF (Number 334/66-0327) to explore the airframe/powerplant combination for an upgrade program of the F-4E, known as Kurnass 2000 ("Heavy Hammer") or Super Phantom and to act as an engine testbed for the Lavi. The powerplant was more powerful, and more fuel efficient than the General Electric J79-GE-17 turbojet normally installed in the F-4E. The structural changes included modifying the air inlet ducts, new powerplant attachment points, new or modified powerplant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20protein
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A nuclear protein is a protein found in the cell nucleus. Proteins are transported inside the nucleus with the help of the nuclear pore complex, which acts a barrier between cytoplasm and nuclear membrane. The import and export of proteins through the nuclear pore complex plays a fundamental role in gene regulation and other biological functions.
References
External links
http://npd.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/user/about
Cell nucleus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle%20arms
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Muscle arms are body wall muscle (BWM) membrane extensions that connect the BWMs to the motor axons of the dorsal and ventral nerve cords in the nematode worm C. elegans. Muscle arms were first described in other nematode species by Anton Schneider (1831 – 1890) in his "Monographie der Nematoden", published in 1866. Subsequent work showed that muscle arms are found in C. elegans and that these structures are abnormal in unc-104, unc-5 and other mutants.
References
Wormatlas - a structural anatomy of muscles, including muscle arms.
Muscular system
Nematode anatomy
Caenorhabditis elegans
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme%20potentiated%20desensitization
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Enzyme potentiated desensitization (EPD), is a treatment for allergies developed in the 1960s by Dr. Leonard M. McEwen in the United Kingdom. EPD uses much lower doses of antigens than conventional desensitization treatment paired with the enzyme β-glucuronidase. EPD is approved in the United Kingdom for the treatment of hay fever, food allergy and intolerance and environmental allergies.
EPD was developed for the treatment of autoimmune disease by the United Kingdom company Epidyme which was owned by Dr. McEwen and had been granted a United Kingdom patent. Despite encouraging results in an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis, the company was placed into liquidation in April 2010.
United States use
EPD was available in the United States until 2001, when the Food and Drug Administration revoked approval for an investigative study which it had previously sanctioned. That study had allowed EPD to be imported into the United States without being licensed. The approval was revoked because the EPD treatments included complex mixtures of allergens that were not allowed under FDA rules. Since 2001, the FDA has banned importation of EPD for the following reasons:
EPD is not licensed.
the labeling of the medicine does not contain adequate directions for use. (EPD is only supplied to doctors who have been through a one-week training course, and instructions supplied with the medicine would not be adequate)
A related treatment, Low Dose Allergens (LDA), was developed in the U
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGAD
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EGAD may refer to:
Embryonic GAD, the GAD25 and GAD44 forms of the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase.
the ICAO code for Newtownards Airport in Northern Ireland.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality%20of%20the%20District%20of%20St.%20Mary%27s
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St. Mary's, officially named the Municipality of the District of St. Mary's, is a district municipality in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, Canada. Statistics Canada classifies the district municipality as a municipal district.
The district municipality occupies the western half of the county and its administrative seat is in the village of Sherbrooke.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Municipality of the District of St. Mary's had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
Electoral districts
The district municipality is divided into seven electoral districts for municipal representation:
Sherbrooke & Area
Ecum Secum & Area
Caledonia & Area
Sonora - Port Hilford
Goshen & Area
Liscomb & Area
Port Bickerton & Area
See also
List of municipalities in Nova Scotia
References
External links
District municipalities in Nova Scotia
Communities in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous%20differential%20equation
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A differential equation can be homogeneous in either of two respects.
A first order differential equation is said to be homogeneous if it may be written
where and are homogeneous functions of the same degree of and . In this case, the change of variable leads to an equation of the form
which is easy to solve by integration of the two members.
Otherwise, a differential equation is homogeneous if it is a homogeneous function of the unknown function and its derivatives. In the case of linear differential equations, this means that there are no constant terms. The solutions of any linear ordinary differential equation of any order may be deduced by integration from the solution of the homogeneous equation obtained by removing the constant term.
History
The term homogeneous was first applied to differential equations by Johann Bernoulli in section 9 of his 1726 article De integraionibus aequationum differentialium (On the integration of differential equations).
Homogeneous first-order differential equations
A first-order ordinary differential equation in the form:
is a homogeneous type if both functions and are homogeneous functions of the same degree . That is, multiplying each variable by a parameter , we find
Thus,
Solution method
In the quotient , we can let to simplify this quotient to a function of the single variable :
That is
Introduce the change of variables ; differentiate using the product rule:
This transforms the original differential equatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota%20Vikings%20statistics
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The Minnesota Vikings is an American football franchise based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The team was established in 1961 and is part of the National Football League's NFC North division. Since then, the team has taken part in the NFL playoffs 31 times, reaching four Super Bowls in 1970, 1974, 1975 and 1977.
This list encompasses the major records set by the team, its coaches and its players. The players section of this page lists the individual records for passing, rushing and receiving, as well as selected defensive records. The team has had three full-time home stadiums since its establishment – Metropolitan Stadium, Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, and U.S. Bank Stadium; attendance records, both home and away, are included on this page.
All-time series
The Vikings have played against every other team in the NFL at least five times each in the regular season. They have a winning record against 20 teams, a losing record against 10 and an even record against one: the Cincinnati Bengals, whom they have played 14 times, winning seven each. The Vikings' best record is against the Houston Texans – they have won each of the five meetings between the two teams – and their worst record is against the New York Jets, whom they have beaten just three times in 11 meetings for a win percentage of .273; that is a team record for the fewest wins against another franchise, tied with their three wins in seven meetings with the Baltimore Ravens (.429). The Vikings have recorded the most wins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20O-M268
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In human genetics, Haplogroup O-M268, also known as O1b (formerly Haplogroup O2), is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-M268 is a primary subclade of haplogroup O-F265, itself a primary descendant branch of Haplogroup O-M175.
Origin
In a paper published in 2011 by a group of Chinese researchers affiliated with Fudan University, it has been suggested that China is the origin of the expansion of haplogroup O-P31 (therein called Haplogroup O2-M268).
Distribution
Haplogroup O-P31 is notable for the peculiarities of its geographical distribution. Like all clades of Haplogroup O-M175, Haplogroup O-P31 is found only among the males of modern Eastern Eurasian populations. However, Haplogroup O-P31 is generally found with high frequency only among certain populations, such as the Austroasiatic peoples of India, Bangladesh and Southeast Asia, the Nicobarese of the Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean, Koreans, and Japanese.
Besides its widespread and patchy distribution, Haplogroup O1b-P31 is also notable for the fact that it can be divided into two primary subclades that show almost completely disjunct distribution: O1b1-M1304/K18 and O1b2-M176/P49. One of these subclades, O1b1-M1304/K18 (also known as O-F2320), can be mainly divided into two subclades, O1b1a1-PK4 (formerly O2a) and O1b1a2-CTS4040 (formerly O2*(xM95,M176)). O1b1a1-PK4 is found mainly among populations of Southeast Asia and some tribal populations of India (such as the Remo, Juang, and Nicobarese), but it
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hajnal
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John Hajnal FBA (born Hajnal-Kónyi, ; 26 November 1924 – 30 November 2008), was a Hungarian-British academic in the fields of mathematics and economics (statistics).
Hajnal is best known for identifying, in a landmark 1965 paper, the historical pattern of marriage of northwest Europe in which people married late and many adults remained single. The geographical boundary of this unusual marriage pattern is now known as the Hajnal line.
Biography
Hajnal was born in Darmstadt, at the time the capital of the People's State of Hesse in Weimar Germany, to a Hungarian Jewish family. In 1936 his parents left Nazi Germany, and placed him in a Quaker school in the Dutch countryside while they arranged to settle in Britain. In 1937, John was reunited with his parents in London, where he attended University College School, Hampstead.
At age 16, he entered Balliol College, Oxford. He gained a first there in economics, philosophy and politics in 1943. His skills in academic-level mathematics were mostly autodidactical.
After the war, Hajnal worked on demography for the United Nations in New York, and later for the Office of Population Research, Princeton University.
He met Berlin-born Nina Lande in New York. They were married from 1950 until her death in 2008 and had three daughters and a son.
Returning to the United Kingdom, he worked at Manchester University as a statistician from 1953. The family moved to London in 1956, when John was assured a lectureship at the London School
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated%20potassium%20channel
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Voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs) are transmembrane channels specific for potassium and sensitive to voltage changes in the cell's membrane potential. During action potentials, they play a crucial role in returning the depolarized cell to a resting state.
Classification
Alpha subunits
Alpha subunits form the actual conductance pore. Based on sequence homology of the hydrophobic transmembrane cores, the alpha subunits of voltage-gated potassium channels are grouped into 12 classes. These are labeled Kvα1-12. The following is a list of the 40 known human voltage-gated potassium channel alpha subunits grouped first according to function and then subgrouped according to the Kv sequence homology classification scheme:
Delayed rectifier
slowly inactivating or non-inactivating
Kvα1.x - Shaker-related: Kv1.1 (KCNA1), Kv1.2 (KCNA2), Kv1.3 (KCNA3), Kv1.5 (KCNA5), Kv1.6 (KCNA6), Kv1.7 (KCNA7), Kv1.8 (KCNA10)
Kvα2.x - Shab-related: Kv2.1 (KCNB1), Kv2.2 (KCNB2)
Kvα3.x - Shaw-related: Kv3.1 (KCNC1), Kv3.2 (KCNC2)
Kvα7.x: Kv7.1 (KCNQ1) - KvLQT1, Kv7.2 (KCNQ2), Kv7.3 (KCNQ3), Kv7.4 (KCNQ4), Kv7.5 (KCNQ5)
Kvα10.x: Kv10.1 (KCNH1)
A-type potassium channel
rapidly inactivating
Kvα1.x - Shaker-related: Kv1.4 (KCNA4)
Kvα4.x - Shal-related: Kv4.1 (KCND1), Kv4.2 (KCND2), Kv4.3 (KCND3)
Outward-rectifying
Kvα10.x: Kv10.2 (KCNH5)
Inwardly-rectifying
Passes current more easily in the inward direction (into the cell, from outside).
Kvα11.x - ether-a-go-go potassium channels: Kv11.1 (KCNH2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-pore%20channel
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Two-pore channels (TPCs) are eukaryotic intracellular voltage-gated and ligand gated cation selective ion channels. There are two known paralogs in the human genome, TPC1s and TPC2s. In humans, TPC1s are sodium selective and TPC2s conduct sodium ions, calcium ions and possibly hydrogen ions. Plant TPC1s are non-selective channels. Expression of TPCs are found in both plant vacuoles and animal acidic organelles. These organelles consist of endosomes and lysosomes. TPCs are formed from two transmembrane non-equivalent tandem Shaker-like, pore-forming subunits, dimerized to form quasi-tetramers. Quasi-tetramers appear very similar to tetramers, but are not quite the same. Some key roles of TPCs include calcium dependent responses in muscle contraction(s), hormone secretion, fertilization, and differentiation. Disorders linked to TPCs include membrane trafficking, Parkinson's disease, Ebola, and fatty liver.
As implied by their name, TPC channels possess two pores and were named for their two Shaker-like repeats, which each have a pore domain. This contrasts with two-pore-domain potassium channels, which confusingly have only one pore and were named for the fact that each subunit has two P (pore) domains in its primary sequence.
History and discovery
Although much is left to be discovered about TPC function, they have been extensively studied thus far. Many questions have been raised about the specific function of TPC channels, as well as the ions and molecules that appear to
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