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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonidas%20Alaoglu | Leonidas (Leon) Alaoglu (; March 19, 1914 – August 1981) was a mathematician, known for his result, called Alaoglu's theorem on the weak-star compactness of the closed unit ball in the dual of a normed space, also known as the Banach–Alaoglu theorem.
Life and work
Alaoglu was born in Red Deer, Alberta to Greek parents. He received his BS in 1936, Master's in 1937, and PhD in 1938 (at the age of 24), all from the University of Chicago. His thesis, written under the direction of Lawrence M. Graves was entitled Weak topologies of normed linear spaces. His doctoral thesis is the source of Alaoglu's theorem. The Bourbaki–Alaoglu theorem is a generalization of this result by Bourbaki to dual topologies.
After some years teaching at Pennsylvania State College, Harvard University and Purdue University, in 1944 he became an operations analyst for the United States Air Force. In his last position, from 1953 to 1981 he worked as a senior scientist in operations research at the Lockheed Corporation in Burbank, California. In this latter period he wrote numerous research reports, some of them classified.
During the Lockheed years he took an active part in seminars and other mathematical activities at Caltech, UCLA and USC. After his death in 1981 a Leonidas Alaoglu Memorial Lecture Series was established at Caltech. Speakers have included Paul Erdős, Irving Kaplansky, Paul Halmos and Hugh Woodin.
See also
Axiom of Choice – The Banach–Alaoglu theorem is not provable from ZF withou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-dependent%20RNA%20polymerase | RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) or RNA replicase is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template. Specifically, it catalyzes synthesis of the RNA strand complementary to a given RNA template. This is in contrast to typical DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, which all organisms use to catalyze the transcription of RNA from a DNA template.
RdRp is an essential protein encoded in the genomes of most RNA-containing viruses with no DNA stage including SARS-CoV-2. Some eukaryotes also contain RdRps, which are involved in RNA interference and differ structurally from viral RdRps.
History
Viral RdRps were discovered in the early 1960s from studies on mengovirus and polio virus when it was observed that these viruses were not sensitive to actinomycin D, a drug that inhibits cellular DNA-directed RNA synthesis. This lack of sensitivity suggested that there is a virus-specific enzyme that could copy RNA from an RNA template and not from a DNA template.
Distribution
RdRps are highly conserved throughout viruses and are even related to telomerase, though the reason for this is an ongoing question as of 2009. The similarity has led to speculation that viral RdRps are ancestral to human telomerase.
The most famous example of RdRp is that of the polio virus. The viral genome is composed of RNA, which enters the cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. From there, the RNA is able to act as a template for complementary RNA synthesis, immediately. The comple |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Missouri%20Amendment%202 | Missouri Constitutional Amendment 2 (The Missouri Stem Cell Research and Cures Initiative) was a state constitutional amendment initiative that concerned stem cell research and human cloning. It allows any stem cell research and therapy in the U.S. state of Missouri that is legal under federal law, including somatic cell nuclear transfer to produce human embryos for stem cell production. It prohibits cloning or attempting to clone a human being, which is defined to mean "to implant in a uterus or attempt to implant in a uterus anything other than the product of fertilization of an egg of a human female by a sperm of a human male for the purpose of initiating a pregnancy that could result in the creation of a human fetus, or the birth of a human being". Commercials supporting and opposing the amendment aired during the 2006 World Series, in which the St. Louis Cardinals participated. The issue became especially intertwined with the 2006 U.S. Senate election in Missouri, with the Republican and Democratic candidates on opposite sides of the issue.
Missouri Constitutional Amendment 2 appeared on the ballot for the November 2006 general election and passed with 51% of the vote.
Support
The organization that led the movement to get the initiative on the ballot and later supported its adoption was called the Missouri Coalition for Lifesaving Cures. The measure was proposed to stop repeated attempts by the Missouri Legislature to ban certain types of stem cell research, namely SCN |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas%20Odell | Jonas Odell (born 10 November 1962 in Stockholm) is a Swedish music video and film director and founder of FilmTecknarna. Odell, who specializes in a mix of animation and live action, has directed a number of short films, music videos and commercials. His short film Never Like the First Time! (Aldrig som första gången!) was awarded the Golden Bear for best short film in the Berlin International Film Festival 2006. He has won two Swedish Guldbagge Awards for Best Short Film, for Never Like the First Time! (2006) and Lies (Lögner) (2008). Lies also received the Jury Prize for International Short Filmmaking at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival.
Videos
"Groovies" (1998) shorts for Cartoon Network
"Come Up and See Me" (2003) video for Erasure
"Strict Machine" (2003) video for Goldfrapp
"Take Me Out" (2004) video for Franz Ferdinand
"Smile" (2004) video for Mad Action
"Rocket" (2004) video for El Presidente
"Changes" (2004) video for Tahiti 80
"Feeling a Moment" (2005) video for Feeder
"Shot You Down" (2005) video for Audiobullys
"Smile" (2006) video for The Cobbs
"Window in the Skies" (2006) video for U2
"Ali in the Jungle" (2007) video for The Hours
"Paper Planes" (2008) video for I'm From Barcelona
"I Like You So Much Better When You're Naked" (2009) video for Ida Maria
"Plundered My Soul" (2010) video for The Rolling Stones
"Right Action" (2013) video for Franz Ferdinand
"Heart and Soul" (2014) video for Twin Atlantic
Selected films
Exit (1990) codirected wi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics%20%28disambiguation%29 | Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining to the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.
Statistic may also refer to:
Statistic, the result of applying a statistical algorithm to a set of data
Statistic (role-playing games), a piece of data which represents a particular aspect of a fictional character
Statistics (band), an American rock band
"Statistics" (song), by Lyfe Jennings, 2010 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20protein-related%20articles | Proteins are a class of biomolecules composed of amino acid chains.
Biochemistry
Antifreeze protein, class of polypeptides produced by certain fish, vertebrates, plants, fungi and bacteria
Conjugated protein, protein that functions in interaction with other chemical groups attached by covalent bonds
Denatured protein, protein which has lost its functional conformation
Matrix protein, structural protein linking the viral envelope with the virus core
Protein A, bacterial surface protein that binds antibodies
Protein A/G, recombinant protein that binds antibodies
Protein C, anticoagulant
Protein G, bacterial surface protein that binds antibodies
Protein L, bacterial surface protein that binds antibodies
Protein S, plasma glycoprotein
Protein Z, glycoprotein
Protein catabolism, the breakdown of proteins into amino acids and simple derivative compounds
Protein complex, group of two or more associated proteins
Protein electrophoresis, method of analysing a mixture of proteins by means of gel electrophoresis
Protein folding, process by which a protein assumes its characteristic functional shape or tertiary structure
Protein isoform, version of a protein with some small differences
Protein kinase, enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them
Protein ligands, atoms, molecules, and ions which can bind to specific sites on proteins
Protein microarray, piece of glass on which different molecules of protein have been affixed at sepa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmosops | Marmosops is a genus of Neotropical opossums of the family Didelphidae. The genus was originally treated as a subgenus from the genus Marmosa rather than having their own classification. This was changed in 1989 by Gardner and Crieghton, who officially separated the group and made them their own genus. The mix-up between to genera Marmosa and Marmosops was common due to the similar appearances including size and other external features. However, the two groups differ significantly in their integument and in the arrangement of their skull and dentition. The dentition is similar in morphology between the two groups, with the exception of the deciduous lower third premolar varying from one genus to the next. The similarity between the two continues to cause the genus Marmosops to be frequently misidentified due to the lack of knowledge regarding the species along with the overlooked traits that help separate them from other opossums. The Marmosops are also commonly confused with the genus Gracilinanus, but this is quickly ruled out by a large number of differing characteristics. These differences include the arrangement of their digits, caudal (anatomical term) scales, and the central hair on the scales changing from a three hairs per follicle to many more. This causes the hair of the Gracilinanus to be thicker and has also found to be heavily pigmented. The last group commonly confused with Marmosops is known as the genus Thylamys. These animals have a contrasting dorsal body |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott%20Tittensor | Elliott John Tittensor (born 3 November 1989) is an English actor, best known for playing the role of Carl Gallagher in the Channel 4 comedy-drama series Shameless (2004–2013).
Career
Elliott Tittensor and his twin brother, Luke, appeared in the soap Brookside.
In the first series of Channel 4 series Shameless, the Tittensor twins shared the role of Carl Gallagher. Elliott continued playing the role of Carl after Luke left the show.
He currently stars as Ser Erryk Cargyll in HBO's House of the Dragon, alongside his twin brother who plays the role of Ser Arryk Cargyll.
Personal life
Elliott Tittensor is the identical twin brother of Luke Tittensor. They are both from Heywood, Greater Manchester and attended Heywood Community High School. He was in a relationship with Kaya Scodelario from late 2009 to early 2014. Their relationship was publicised when Scodelario supported Tittensor after his arrest for an incident where he almost killed someone while driving an uninsured car and causing the victim serious injuries and blindness. Tittensor pleaded guilty to driving without insurance and was successfully sued for damages arising out of his role in the incident.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
British identical twins
English male child actors
Identical twin male actors
People from Heywood, Greater Manchester
English twins
English male soap opera actors
Male actors from Manchester
English male film actors
English male telev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are%20You%20Sleepy%3F | Are You Sleepy? is the debut album of The Gerbils.
Track listing
Personnel
Scott Spillane - Vocals, Guitar, Bass
Will Westbrook - Vocal, Guitars, Crystal Calibrator, Tape Manipulation, Bells
Jeremy Barnes - Drums, Vocals
John D'Azzo - Vocals, Guitar, Bass, Piano, Air Organ, Drums
References
The Gerbils albums
1998 debut albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20watch | Electronic watch may refer to:
Electric watch, pre-quartz watches powered electronically
Quartz watch, watches whose timekeeping element is quartz crystal
Horology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nen%C3%AA%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201975%29 | Fábio Camilo de Brito, nicknamed "Nenê", (born 6 June 1975 in São Paulo, Brazil), is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a central defender.
Club statistics
Honours
Hertha BSC
DFB-Ligapokal: 2003
Vitória
Campeonato Baiano: 2004, 2005
Urawa Reds
J. League: 2006
Emperor's Cup: 2006
AFC Champions League: 2007
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Urawa Red Diamonds players
Clube Atlético Juventus players
Guarani FC players
Sporting CP footballers
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Esporte Clube Vitória players
Esporte Clube Bahia players
Coritiba Foot Ball Club players
Hertha BSC players
Footballers at the 1995 Pan American Games
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Primeira Liga players
Bundesliga players
J1 League players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Footballers from São Paulo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones%20High%20School%20%28Orlando%2C%20Florida%29 | Jones High School is located in the Parramore/Lorna Doone neighborhood in the urban heart of Orlando, Florida at 801 S. Rio Grande Avenue. It is a public school in the Orange County School District. The school mascot is the Tiger and the colors are orange and green.
In May 2008, Newsweek named Jones to its annual America's Top Public High Schools list.
History
The first public school for African Americans in Orlando was formed in 1895 and housed in a building on the corner of Garland Avenue and Church Street. The school was renamed Johnson Academy for principal Lymus Johnson and moved to a new building on the corner of Parramore Avenue and Jefferson Street. In 1921, a brick Colonial Revival building was constructed on the corner of Parramore Avenue and Washington Street at a cost of $34,000. In 1931 the school's first 12th grade class graduated.
The school was renamed for the final time in honor of L. C. Jones, a longtime school principal and donor of the property.
It was a member of the Florida Interscholastic Athletic Association.
In 1952, the school moved west of downtown to its current location on Rio Grande Avenue. In 1988, as part of a schoolwide project, Jones entered the Guinness Book of World Records for creating the World's Largest Box of Popcorn. Aided by a propane-powered air popper designed by engineering students from the University of Central Florida, Jones students popped of popcorn. Orville Redenbacher, whose company donated the unpopped corn, mentione |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Wigan%20Warriors%20season | The Wigan Warriors played in the Super League and Challenge Cup in the 2006 season.
Statistics
Tries
Goals
Points
Appearances
2006 squad
Key players
Key players for Wigan Warriors in 2006 were:
Chris Ashton was brought in to the Wigan squad at the start of 2006 as replacement for the injured Kris Radlinski. Ashton had impressed on his debut for Wigan in 2005, scoring two tries against Huddersfield Giants but in 2006 he showed good skill, pace and talent and impressed many Wigan fans and people within rugby league. He finished the 2006 season as the leading try scorer at Wigan and his support play throughout the season was excellent. Although some criticism was made about his defensive abilities, he did earn a call into the England squad at the end of the year. Ashton was one of the most consistent players for Wigan through the 2006 and was a contender for the Young Player of the Year award.
Michael Dobson was signed by Wigan after his loan finished with Catalans Dragons as a replacement for Denis Moran, who had been released by Wigan a week earlier. Dobson had impressed for Catalans Dragons, but when he signed for Wigan, they were at the bottom of the league and facing relegation at the end of the season. His talents, organisation skills and goal kicking were a big factor in Wigan surviving relegation. In 2006 Michael Dobson was the most consistent goal kicker in Rugby League.
Stuart Fielden signed for Wigan from Bradford Bulls on 22 June 2006 for a Super League |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libythea | Libythea is a widespread genus of nymphalid butterflies commonly called beaks or snouts. They are strong fliers and may even be migratory.
Classification
Source: The higher classification of Nymphalidae, at Nymphalidae.net
Note: Names preceded by an equal sign (=) are synonyms, homonyms, rejected names or invalid names.
Subfamily Libytheinae Boisduval, 1833
Libythea Fabricius, 1807 (= Hecaerge Ochsenheimer, 1816; = Chilea Billberg, 1820; = Hypatus Hübner, 1822; = Libythaeus Boitard, 1828; = Dichora Scudder, 1889)
Libythea geoffroy Godart, 1824
Libythea geoffroy geoffroy Godart, 1824
Libythea geoffroy alompra Moore, 1901 (= Libythea hauxwelli Moore, 1901)
Libythea geoffroy antipoda Boisduval, 1859 (= Libythea quadrinotata Butler, 1877)
Libythea geoffroy bardas Fruhstorfer, 1914
Libythea geoffroy batchiana Wallace, 1869
Libythea geoffroy celebensis Staudinger, 1859
Libythea geoffroy ceramensis Wallace, 1869
Libythea geoffroy deminuta Fruhstorfer, 1910
Libythea geoffroy genia Waterhouse, 1938
Libythea geoffroy howarthi Peterson, 1968
Libythea geoffroy maenia Fruhstorfer, 1902 (= Libythea geoffroy eugenia Fruhstorfer, 1910)
Libythea geoffroy nicevillei Olliff, 1891
Libythea geoffroy orientalis Godman & Salvin, 1888
Libythea geoffroy philippina Staudinger, 1889
Libythea geoffroy pulchra Butler, 1882 (= Libythea neopommerana Pagenstecher, 1896)
Libythea geoffroy sumbensis Pagenstecher, 1896
Libythea collenettei Poulton & Riley, 1928
Libythea narina Goda |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AELC | AELC may refer to:
Adaptive Equal Loudness Compensation, an audio algorithm to enhance sound effect, MalleusTek
American Evangelical Lutheran Church, a predecessor church of the Lutheran Church in America, United States
Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church, India
Associació d'Escriptors en Llengua Catalana, Association of Catalan Language Writers, a non-profit professional organisation, Spain.
Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, a predecessor church body of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical%20fluid%20chromatography | Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a form of normal phase chromatography that uses a supercritical fluid such as carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. It is used for the analysis and purification of low to moderate molecular weight, thermally labile molecules and can also be used for the separation of chiral compounds. Principles are similar to those of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), however SFC typically utilizes carbon dioxide as the mobile phase; therefore the entire chromatographic flow path must be pressurized. Because the supercritical phase represents a state whereby bulk liquid and gas properties converge, supercritical fluid chromatography is sometimes called convergence chromatography. The idea of liquid and gas properties convergence was first envisioned by Giddings.
Applications
SFC has been used primarily for separation of chiral molecules, mainly those which required Normal Phase conditions. While the mobile phase is a fluid in the supercritical state, the stationary phase is packed inside columns similar to those used in liquid chromatography. Since the use of Normal Phase mode of chromatography remained less common, so did SFC, therefore it is now commonly used for selected chiral and achiral separations and purification in the pharmaceutical industry.
Apparatus
Instrumentation of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography SFC has a similar setup to an HPLC instrument. The stationary phases are similar, and are packed inside similar column t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerin | Emerin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EMD gene, also known as the STA gene. Emerin, together with LEMD3, is a LEM domain-containing integral protein of the inner nuclear membrane in vertebrates. Emerin is highly expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. In cardiac muscle, emerin localizes to adherens junctions within intercalated discs where it appears to function in mechanotransduction of cellular strain and in beta-catenin signaling. Mutations in emerin cause X-linked recessive Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, cardiac conduction abnormalities and dilated cardiomyopathy.
It is named after Alan Emery.
Structure
Emerin is a 29.0 kDa (34 kDa observed MW) protein composed of 254 amino acids. Emerin is a serine-rich protein with an N-terminal 20-amino acid hydrophobic region that is flanked by charged residues; the hydrophobic region may be important for anchoring the protein to the membrane, with the charged terminal tails being cytosolic. In cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle, emerin localizes to the inner nuclear membrane; expression of emerin is highest in skeletal and cardiac muscle. In cardiac muscle specifically, emerin also resides at adherens junctions within intercalated discs.
Function
Emerin is a serine-rich nuclear membrane protein and a member of the nuclear lamina-associated protein family. It mediates membrane anchorage to the cytoskeleton. Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy is an X-linked inherited degenerative myopathy resulting from mutat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Tamm%20formula | The Frank–Tamm formula yields the amount of Cherenkov radiation emitted on a given frequency as a charged particle moves through a medium at superluminal velocity. It is named for Russian physicists Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm who developed the theory of the Cherenkov effect in 1937, for which they were awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1958.
When a charged particle moves faster than the phase speed of light in a medium, electrons interacting with the particle can emit coherent photons while conserving energy and momentum. This process can be viewed as a decay. See Cherenkov radiation and nonradiation condition for an explanation of this effect.
Equation
The energy emitted per unit length travelled by the particle per unit of frequency is:
provided that . Here and are the frequency-dependent permeability and index of refraction of the medium respectively, is the electric charge of the particle, is the speed of the particle, and is the speed of light in vacuum.
Cherenkov radiation does not have characteristic spectral peaks, as typical for fluorescence or emission spectra. The relative intensity of one frequency is approximately proportional to the frequency. That is, higher frequencies (shorter wavelengths) are more intense in Cherenkov radiation. This is why visible Cherenkov radiation is observed to be brilliant blue. In fact, most Cherenkov radiation is in the ultraviolet spectrum; the sensitivity of the human eye peaks at green, and is very low in the violet po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20Data%20Bank%20of%20Japan | The DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) is a biological database that collects DNA sequences. It is located at the National Institute of Genetics (NIG) in the Shizuoka prefecture of Japan. It is also a member of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration or INSDC. It exchanges its data with European Molecular Biology Laboratory at the European Bioinformatics Institute and with GenBank at the National Center for Biotechnology Information on a daily basis. Thus these three databanks contain the same data at any given time.
History
DDBJ began data bank activities in 1987 at NIG and remains the only nucleotide sequence data bank in Asia.
Organisation
Although DDBJ mainly receives its data from Japanese researchers, it can accept data from contributors from any other country. DDBJ is primarily funded by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). DDBJ has an international advisory committee which consists of nine members, 3 members each from Europe, US, and Japan. This committee advises DDBJ about its maintenance, management and future plans once a year. Apart from this, DDBJ also has an international collaborative committee which advises on various technical issues related to international collaboration and consists of working-level participants.
See also
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI)
References
External links
Official site
DDBJ entry in MetaBase.
Genomics
Ge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Barden | Dennis Barden is a mathematician at the University of Cambridge working in the fields of geometry and topology. He is known for his classification of the simply connected compact 5-manifolds and, together with Barry Mazur and John R. Stallings, for having proved the s-cobordism theorem. Barden received his Ph.D. from Cambridge in 1964 under the supervision of C. T. C. Wall.
Academic Positions
Barden is a Life Fellow of Girton College, Cambridge and emeritus fellow of Pembroke College. In 1991, he became Director of Studies for mathematics at Pembroke College, succeeding Raymond Lickorish. He held the position until Michaelmas 2003, and in his time saw a great increase in the number of applicants for mathematics, with consistently high performances in Tripos exams. He remains an active supervisor at Pembroke and Girton College.
Selected publications
References
1936 births
Living people
21st-century British mathematicians
20th-century British mathematicians
Topologists
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Cambridge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383%20Serie%20A | The 1982–83 Serie A season was won by Roma.
Teams
Hellas Verona, Sampdoria and Pisa had been promoted from Serie B.
Final classification
Results
Top goalscorers
References and sources
Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005
External links
:it:Classifica calcio Serie A italiana 1983 - Italian version with pictures and info.
- All results on RSSSF Website.
A collection of goals
Serie A seasons
Italy
1982–83 in Italian football leagues |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego%20Murillo%20Bejarano | Diego Fernando Murillo Bejarano (born 23 February 1961), also known as Don Berna or Adolfo Paz, is a former leader of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia paramilitary group, as well as the leader of The Office of Envigado cartel.
His squad was involved with the kidnapping of a drug lord who in revenge killed every squad member except Murillo, who managed to escape to the city of Itagüí. In this city he became acquainted with the Galeano family, partners of Pablo Escobar and members of the Medellín Cartel. The Galeanos controlled then what was called the Oficina de Envigado. Murillo became one of the top aides of the family, and it was as such that he received the gun injury that would give him a permanent limp. The Galeanos, however, fell out of favor with Escobar, who ordered them killed in 1992. Murillo managed to survive and then joined Los Pepes, an organization headed by the Castaño brothers, Carlos and Fidel to counter Escobar. He also managed to gain control over the illegal businesses controlled by the Galeanos in Itagüí, including the Oficina de Envigado.
Soon, Murillo had become the leader of the many criminal and hitmen gangs in Medellín, particularly the fearsome La Terraza, which was involved in theft, blackmail, extortion, assassination, kidnapping, and drug traffic. Around the year 2000, however, members of La Terraza rebelled against Murillo and started a war against him. By then, Murillo had become well acquainted with the Castaño brothers and had |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume%20expansion | Volume expansion may refer to:
Thermal expansion
Hypervolemia, an abnormally high level of fluid in the blood |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20construction%20grammar | Fluid construction grammar (FCG) is an open-source computational construction grammar formalism that allows computational linguists to formally write down the inventory of lexical and grammatical constructions as well as to do experiments in language learning and language evolution. FCG is an open instrument that can be used by construction grammarians who want to formulate their intuitions and data in a precise way and who want to test the implications of their grammar designs for language parsing, production and learning. The formalism can be tested through an interactive web interface at the FCG website.
FCG integrates many notions from contemporary computational linguistics such as feature structure and unification-based language processing, but uses them in a novel way to operationalize insights from construction grammar theory. Constructions are considered bi-directional and hence usable both for parsing and production. Processing is flexible in the sense that FCG provides meta-layer processing for coping with novelty, partially ungrammatical or incomplete sentences. FCG is called 'fluid' because it acknowledges the premise that language users constantly change and update their grammars. The research on FCG is primarily carried out by Luc Steels and his teams at the VUB AI Lab in Brussels and the Language Evolution Lab in Barcelona, and the Sony Computer Science Laboratories in Paris. Besides Steels, current and former contributors to the FCG formalism include Katrien |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Salisbury%20Dana | Edward Salisbury Dana (November 16, 1849 – June 16, 1935) was an American mineralogist and physicist. He made important contributions to the study of minerals, especially in the field of crystallography.
Life and career
E. S. Dana was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of the geologist and mineralogist James Dwight Dana. He graduated from Yale College in 1870, where he had been a member of Scroll and Key, and then after two years with George J. Brush at the Sheffield Scientific School, spent another two years studying in Heidelberg and Vienna, specializing in crystal optics and crystallography. He then returned to Yale to take his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees. He was a member of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.
He was appointed assistant professor of natural philosophy and astronomy at Yale in 1879 and then became professor of physics. His research and publishing was mainly in the field of mineralogy.
Dana became an editor of the American Journal of Science in 1875 and continued to direct it until 1926. In 1884 was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1885 he was made a trustee of the Peabody Museum of Yale. He was an elected member of scientific societies in Austria, Mexico, Russia, England, Scotland, and across the United States.
Personal memoir
From the Memorial by William F. Ford, published in American Mineralogist, 1936
Many American mineralogists at one time or another came into personal contact with Dana. They were familiar with hi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20for%20a%20While | "Music for a While" is a da capo aria for voice (usually soprano or tenor), harpsichord and bass viol by the English Baroque composer Henry Purcell.
Based on a repeating ground bass pattern, it is the second of four movements from his incidental music (Z 583) to Oedipus, a version of Sophocles' play by John Dryden and Nathaniel Lee, published in 1679. It was composed for a revival of the work in 1692. The aria was published posthumously in Orpheus Britannicus, book 2, 1702.
Music
The voice is accompanied by an instrumental part featuring an ascending ground bass. Harmonies and suitable counterpoint would have been supplied by the musician playing continuo on the harpsichord or other keyboard. Interestingly, the principal ground bass phrase, played before the entrance of the voice, is three bars long instead of the far more usual four.
Text
Music for a while
Shall all your cares beguile.
Wond'ring how your pains were eas'd
And disdaining to be pleas'd
Till Alecto free the dead
From their eternal bands,
Till the snakes drop from her head,
And the whip from out her hands.
Music for a while
Shall all your cares beguile.
The text is part of a longer musical interlude in act 3, scene 1 of Oedipus.
Recordings
The song is identified with Alfred Deller, the first modern countertenor. He seems to have first recorded it in the 1940s. It also appeared in an extended play compilation in the 1950s.
During the coronavirus lockdown in 2020, The King's Singers invited Polish counterten |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20bubbler | A gas bubbler is a piece of laboratory glassware which consists of a glass bulb filled with a small amount of fluid—usually mineral or silicone oil, less commonly mercury. The inlet to the bulb is connected to a ground glass joint, while the outlet is vented to the air.
Gas bubblers are used to exclude air from a reaction or a system. In the former case, the gas bubbler is fitted on the condenser of the reaction set-up. In the latter case, an oil bubbler is usually installed at the end of the inert gas manifold on a Schlenk line to prevent contamination by atmospheric oxygen and water.
A gas bubbler acts as a one-way valve—gases (hot air, evolved gases, solvent vapors) from the inlet will bubble through the fluid before being vented to the atmosphere.
If there were an underpressure in the reaction vessel (such as when heat is removed, and the gases within contract), some fluid is sucked into a sump to equalize the pressure, instead of air. Wherever possible, such "suck back" should be avoided by filling the reaction apparatus with inert gas because an excessively low pressure will cause oil to be sucked into the reaction vessel, contaminating it.
The bubbles allow the worker to visibly confirm that the system is being flushed with inert gas; the rate at which bubbles form allow the worker to adjust the inlet pressure.
Oil bubblers
Oil bubblers are filled with mineral or silicone oil. These are both quite resistant to chemical attack. Oil bubblers are predominantly used; |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit%20Semiconductor | Rabbit Semiconductor is an American company which designs and sells the Rabbit family of microcontrollers and microcontroller modules.
For development, it provides Dynamic C, a non-standard dialect of C with proprietary structures for multitasking.
Rabbit Semiconductor was purchased in 2006 by Digi International for $49 million. Before the purchase, Rabbit Semiconductor was a division of Z-World, Inc. Z-World developed and manufactured embedded controller products as well as embedded software development environments.
Microcontroller architecture
The Rabbit processor family shares many features with the Zilog Z80/Z180 processors. For example, the registers of a Rabbit 2000/3000 processor are almost the same as the registers of a Z80/Z180 processor. The Rabbit 4000 processor expands to include the use of 32-bit registers. The instruction set of Rabbit processors also closely resembles the instruction set of the Z80/Z180 family. While the opcodes of many instructions are the same between the Rabbit 2000/3000 processors and Z80/Z180 processors, the two families of processors are not binary compatible.
As with the Z80/Z180 family, the Rabbit processors are CISC processors.
The Rabbit processor family has unique features. For example, the Z80/Z180 family disables interrupts once an interrupt is serviced by an interrupt service routine. However, the Rabbit processors permit interrupts to interrupt service routines according to priorities (a total of 4).
Rabbit Semiconductor cla |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMR%20tube | An NMR tube is a thin glass walled tube used to contain samples in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Typically NMR tubes come in 5 mm diameters but 10 mm and 3 mm samples are known. It is important that the tubes are uniformly thick and well-balanced to ensure that NMR tube spins at a regular rate (i.e., they do not wobble), usually about 20 Hz in the NMR spectrometer.
Construction
NMR tubes are typically made of borosilicate glass. They are available in seven and eight inch lengths; a 5 mm tube outer diameter is most common, but 3 mm and 10 mm outer diameters are available as well. Where boron NMR is desired, quartz NMR tubes containing low concentrations of boron (as opposed to borosilicate glass) are available. Specialized closures such as J. Young valves and screwcap closures are available aside from more common polyethylene caps.
Two common specifications for NMR tubes are concentricity and camber. Concentricity refers to the variation in the radial centers, measured at the inner and outer walls. Camber refers to the "straightness" of the tube. Poor values for either may cause poorer quality spectra by reducing the homogeneity of the sample. In particular, an NMR tube which has poor camber may wobble when rotated, giving rise to spinning side bands. With modern manufacturing techniques even cheap tubes give good spectra for routine applications.
Sample preparation
Usually, only a small sample is dissolved in an appropriate solvent. For 1H NMR experiments, this |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20D.%20Gill | Richard David Gill (born 1951) is a British-Dutch mathematician. He has held academic positions in the Netherlands. As a probability theorist and statistician, Gill has researched counting processes. He is also known for his consulting and advocacy on behalf of alleged victims of statistical misrepresentation, including the reversal of the murder conviction of a Dutch nurse who had been jailed for six years.
Education
Gill studied mathematics at the University of Cambridge (1970–1973), and subsequently followed the Diploma of Statistics course there (1973–1974). He obtained a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1979, with the thesis Censoring and Stochastic Integrals, which was supervised by Jacobus Oosterhoff of the Vrije Universiteit, which awarded the doctorate.
Gill has said that he was "not much of an activist" as a student, but now feels guilty about not speaking up more at the time about perceived injustices, saying that this is partly because of an incident when working as a statistician in the 1970s when he helped on an experiment that severed the front legs of rats to investigate whether it would lead to the reshaping of their skulls. Gill said that this incident has stayed with him, as "what upset me most is that I didn’t have the strength of character to refuse to do that job".
Career
In 1974 Gill was appointed at the Mathematical Centre (later renamed Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, or CWI) of Amsterdam. After receiving his Ph.D., he continued to collaborate with Danish |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%20Technology | Ross Technology, Inc. was a semiconductor design and manufacturing company, specializing in SPARC microprocessors. It was founded in Austin, Texas in August 1988 by Dr. Roger D. Ross, a leading computer scientist who headed Motorola's Advanced Microprocessor Division and directed the developments of Motorola's MC68030 and RISC-based 88000 microprocessor families.
Dr. Ross was accompanied by Carl Dobbs, Janet Sooch, Steve Goldstein and Travor Smith, who were from Motorola's High-end Microprocessor Division, and were involved in the development of the 88000 microprocessor. He was later joined by Am29000 engineer Raju Vegesna from AMD, who was originally hired by Dr. Ross at Motorola.
Cypress Semiconductor provided initial funding. Original board members included Dr. Ross and well-known figures as Dr. T. J. Rodgers of Cypress Semiconductor, John Doerr of Kleiner Perkins Venture Capital, and L. J. Sevin of Sevin Rosen Venture Capital, who also served as Board Chairman. Ross eventually became a subsidiary of Cypress.
Lawsuits
In September 1988, the company was tied up in a lawsuit launched by Motorola. Motorola alleged that Ross and the other former Motorola staff had proprietary marketing material as well as all the 68000 and 88000 technical data, and sought a temporary injunction and $8 million in compensation and punitive damages. Motorola offered to settle the lawsuit without litigation if the former Motorola staff agreed not to work on modern computer architecture for 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncus | Suncus is a genus of shrews in the family Soricidae.
Classification
Genus Suncus
Taita shrew, Suncus aequatorius
Black shrew, Suncus ater
Day's shrew, Suncus dayi
Etruscan shrew, Suncus etruscus
Sri Lankan shrew, Suncus fellowesgordoni
Bornean pygmy shrew, Suncus hosei
Hutu-Tutsi dwarf shrew, Suncus hututsi
Least dwarf shrew, Suncus infinitesimus
Greater dwarf shrew, Suncus lixa
Madagascan pygmy shrew, Suncus madagascariensis
Malayan pygmy shrew, Suncus malayanus
Climbing shrew, Suncus megalurus
Flores shrew, Suncus mertensi
Asian highland shrew, Suncus montanus
Asian house shrew, Suncus murinus
Remy's pygmy shrew, Suncus remyi
Anderson's shrew, Suncus stoliczkanus
Lesser dwarf shrew, Suncus varilla
Jungle shrew, Suncus zeylanicus
References
Mammal genera
Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Thor%20and%20Delta%20launches%20%281990%E2%80%931999%29 | Between 1990 and 1999, there were 89 Thor-based rockets launched, of which 85 were successful, giving a 95.5% success rate.
Notable missions
Mars Pathfinder
Mars Climate Orbiter
Launch statistics
Rocket configurations
Launch sites
Launch outcomes
Launch history
1990
There were 13 Thor missiles launched in 1990. All 13 launches were successful.
1991
There were 6 Thor missiles launched in 1991. All 6 launches were successful.
1992
There were 12 Thor missiles launched in 1992. All 12 launches were successful.
1993
There were 7 Thor missiles launched in 1993. All 7 launches were successful.
1994
There were 3 Thor missiles launched in 1994. All 3 launches were successful.
1995
There were 3 Thor missiles launched in 1995. 2 of the 3 launches were successful, giving a 66.7% success rate.
1996
There were 10 Thor missiles launched in 1996. All 10 launches were successful.
1997
There were 11 Thor missiles launched in 1997. 10 of the 11 launches were successful, giving a 90.9% success rate.
1998
There were 13 Thor missiles launched in 1998. 12 of the 13 launches were successful, giving a 92.3% success rate.
1999
There were 11 Thor missiles launched in 1999. 10 of the 11 launches were successful, giving a 90.9% success rate.
References
Lists of Thor and Delta launches
Lists of Delta launches |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9l%C3%A9%2C%20Cameroon | Lélé is a town in southern Cameroon, near the junction of the borders of Cameroon, Gabon and Congo-Brazzaville.
Statistics
Population = 794
See also
Lélé River
References
External links
Populated places in South Region (Cameroon) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Abelson | Robert Paul Abelson (September 12, 1928 – July 13, 2005) was a Yale University psychologist and political scientist with special interests in statistics and logic.
Biography
He was born in New York City and attended the Bronx High School of Science. He did his undergraduate work at MIT and his Ph.D. in psychology at Princeton University's Department of Psychology under John Tukey and Silvan Tomkins.
From Princeton, Abelson went to Yale, where he stayed for the subsequent five decades of his career. Arriving during the Yale Communication Project, Abelson contributed to the foundation of attitudes studies as co-author of Attitude Organization and Change: An Analysis of Consistency Among Attitude Component, (1960, with Rosenberg, Hovland, McGuire, & Brehm). While at Yale, Abelson was briefly a bass in the Yale Russian Chorus. Abelson also played an instrumental role in the founding of computer science at Yale, chairing a 1967 University Committee that recommended establishing a computer science department.
With Milton J. Rosenberg, he developed the notion of “symbolic psycho-logic," an early attempt, using an idiosyncratic kind of adjacency matrix of a signed graph, at a descriptive (rather than prescriptive) psychological organization of attitudes and attitude consistency, which was key to the development of the field of social cognition.
The notion that beliefs, attitudes, and ideology were deeply connected knowledge structures was contained in Scripts, Plans, Goals, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P16 | p16 (also known as p16INK4a, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, CDKN2A, multiple tumor suppressor 1 and numerous other synonyms), is a protein that slows cell division by slowing the progression of the cell cycle from the G1 phase to the S phase, thereby acting as a tumor suppressor. It is encoded by the CDKN2A gene. A deletion (the omission of a part of the DNA sequence during replication) in this gene can result in insufficient or non-functional p16, accelerating the cell cycle and resulting in many types of cancer.
p16 can be used as a biomarker to improve the histological diagnostic accuracy of grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). p16 is also implicated in the prevention of melanoma, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, cervical cancer, vulvar cancer and esophageal cancer.
p16 was discovered in 1993. It is a protein with 148 amino acids and a molecular weight of 16 kDa that comprises four ankyrin repeats. The name of p16 is derived from its molecular weight, and the alternative name p16INK4a refers to its role in inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase CDK4.
Nomenclature
p16 is also known as:
p16INK4A
p16Ink4
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A)
CDKN2
CDK 4 Inhibitor
Multiple Tumor Suppressor 1 (MTS1)
TP16
ARF
MLM
P14
Gene
In humans, p16 is encoded by the CDKN2A gene, located on chromosome 9 (9p21.3). This gene generates several transcript variants that differ in their first exons. At least three alternatively spliced variants encoding |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exisulind | Exisulind (tentative trade name Aptosyn) is an antineoplastic agent. It acts by inhibiting the enzyme cyclic guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase type 5 (). It is the sulfone derivative of sulindac, an NSAID. Unlike sulindac, it has known effects on prostaglandin synthesis. It was developed as the potential treatment of several conditions including familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), precancerous sporadic colonic polyps, cervical dysplasia and the prevention of tumor recurrence in prostate and breast cancer. Exisulind inhibits the enzyme cGMP-PDE, overexpressed in precancerous and cancerous colorectal cells, and induces apoptosis in such cells with minimal effects on normal cells. This apoptotic effect is independent of COX-1 or COX-2 inhibition, p53, Bcl-2, or cell cycle arrest. Preclinical evidence suggests that exisulind also inhibits angiogenesis.
See also
Sulindac
References
Antineoplastic drugs
Benzosulfones
Carboxylic acids
Indenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillium%20crustosum | Penicillium crustosum is a blue-green or blue-grey mold that can cause food spoilage, particularly of protein-rich foods such as meats and cheeses. It is identified by its complex biseriate conidiophores on which phialides produce asexual spores. It can grow at fairly low temperatures (it is a psychrophile), and in low water activity environments.
Penicillium crustosum produces mycotoxins, most notoriously the neurotoxic penitrems, including the best known penitrem toxin, penitrem A, and including penitrems A through G. Penitrem G has been shown to have insecticidal activity. In addition, P. crustosum can produce thomitrems A and E, and roquefortine C. Consumption of foods spoiled by this mold can cause transient neurological symptoms such as tremors. In dogs, symptoms can include vomiting, convulsion, tremors, ataxia, and tachycardia.
References
crustosum
Fungi described in 1930
Taxa named by Charles Thom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiescence%20search | Quiescence search is an algorithm typically used to extend search at unstable nodes in minimax game trees in game-playing computer programs. It is an extension of the evaluation function to defer evaluation until the position is stable enough to be evaluated statically, that is, without considering the history of the position or future moves from the position. It mitigates the effect of the horizon problem faced by AI engines for various games like chess and Go.
Human players usually have enough intuition to decide whether to abandon a bad-looking move, or search a promising move to a great depth. A quiescence search attempts to emulate this behavior by instructing a computer to search "volatile" positions to a greater depth than "quiet" ones to make sure there are no hidden traps and to get a better estimate of its value.
Any sensible criterion may be used to distinguish "quiet" positions from "volatile" positions. One common criterion is that moves exist in the position that can dramatically change the valuation of the position, such as captures in chess or Go. As the main motive of quiescence search is to get a stable value out of a static evaluation function, it may also make sense to detect wide fluctuations in values returned by a simple heuristic evaluator over several ply, i.e. a history criterion. The quiescence search continues as long as the position remains volatile according to the criterion. In order to get the quiescence search to terminate, plies are usua |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RUNX2 | Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) also known as core-binding factor subunit alpha-1 (CBF-alpha-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RUNX2 gene. RUNX2 is a key transcription factor associated with osteoblast differentiation.
It has also been suggested that Runx2 plays a cell proliferation regulatory role in cell cycle entry and exit in osteoblasts, as well as endothelial cells. Runx2 suppresses pre-osteoblast proliferation by affecting cell cycle progression in the G1 phase. In osteoblasts, the levels of Runx2 is highest in G1 phase and is lowest in S, G2, and M. The comprehensive cell cycle regulatory mechanisms that Runx2 may play are still unknown, although it is generally accepted that the varying activity and levels of Runx2 throughout the cell cycle contribute to cell cycle entry and exit, as well as cell cycle progression. These functions are especially important when discussing bone cancer, particularly osteosarcoma development, that can be attributed to aberrant cell proliferation control.
Function
Osteoblast differentiation
This protein is a member of the RUNX family of transcription factors and has a Runt DNA-binding domain. It is essential for osteoblastic differentiation and skeletal morphogenesis. It acts as a scaffold for nucleic acids and regulatory factors involved in skeletal gene expression. The protein can bind DNA both as a monomer or, with more affinity, as a subunit of a heterodimeric complex. Transcript variants of the gene th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lim%20kinase | LIM kinase-1 (LIMK1) and LIM kinase-2 (LIMK2) are actin-binding kinases that phosphorylate members of the ADF/cofilin family of actin binding and filament severing proteins. ADF/cofilin are the only substrates yet identified for the LIM kinases. LIM kinases directly phosphorylate and inactivate members of the cofilin family, resulting in stabilization of filamentous (F)-actin. Lim kinases are activated by signaling through small GTPases of the Rho family. Upstream, LIMK1 is regulated by Pak1, and LIMK2 by the Rho-dependent kinase ROCK. Lim Kinases are activated by PAK (p21-activated kinase). Recent work indicates that LIMK activity is also modulated by HIV-1 viral proteins.
There are approximately 40 known eukaryotic LIM proteins, so named for the LIM domains they contain. LIM domains are highly conserved cysteine-rich structures containing 2 zinc fingers. Although zinc fingers usually function by binding to DNA or RNA, the LIM motif probably mediates protein–protein interactions. LIM kinase-1 and LIM kinase-2 belong to a small subfamily with a unique combination of 2 N-terminal LIM motifs and a C-terminal protein kinase domain. LIMK1 is likely to be a component of an intracellular signaling pathway and may be involved in brain development. LIMK1 hemizygosity is implicated in the impaired visuospatial constructive cognition of Williams syndrome.
References
External links
EC 2.7.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R69 | R69 may refer to:
(R)-69, a drug
R69 (South Africa), a road
BMW R69, a motorcycle
, a destroyer of the Royal Navy
Small nucleolar RNA Z157/R69/R10 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive%20T%20cell | In immunology, a naive T cell (Th0 cell) is a T cell that has differentiated in the thymus, and successfully undergone the positive and negative processes of central selection in the thymus. Among these are the naive forms of helper T cells (CD4+) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8+). Any naive T cell is considered immature and, unlike activated or memory T cells, has not encountered its cognate antigen within the periphery. After this encounter, the naive T cell is considered a mature T cell.
Phenotype
Naive T cells are commonly characterized by the surface expression of L-selectin (CD62L) and C-C Chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7); the absence of the activation markers CD25, CD44 or CD69; and the absence of memory CD45RO isoform. They also express functional IL-7 receptors, consisting of subunits IL-7 receptor-α, CD127, and common-γ chain, CD132. In the naive state, T cells are thought to require the common-gamma chain cytokines IL-7 and IL-15 for homeostatic survival mechanisms. While naive T cells are regularly regarded as a developmentally synchronized and fairly homogeneous and quiescent cell population, only differing in T cell receptor specificity, there is increasing evidence that naive T cells are actually heterogeneous in phenotype, function, dynamics and differentiation status, resulting in a whole spectrum of naive cells with different properties. For instance, some non-naive T cells express surface markers similar to naive T cells (Tscm, stem cell memory T cells; Tmp, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20%28order%20and%20disorder%29 | In thermodynamics, entropy is often associated with the amount of order or disorder in a thermodynamic system. This stems from Rudolf Clausius' 1862 assertion that any thermodynamic process always "admits to being reduced [reduction] to the alteration in some way or another of the arrangement of the constituent parts of the working body" and that internal work associated with these alterations is quantified energetically by a measure of "entropy" change, according to the following differential expression:
where = motional energy (“heat”) that is transferred reversibly to the system from the surroundings and = the absolute temperature at which the transfer occurs.
In the years to follow, Ludwig Boltzmann translated these 'alterations of arrangement' into a probabilistic view of order and disorder in gas-phase molecular systems. In the context of entropy, "perfect internal disorder" has often been regarded as describing thermodynamic equilibrium, but since the thermodynamic concept is so far from everyday thinking, the use of the term in physics and chemistry has caused much confusion and misunderstanding.
In recent years, to interpret the concept of entropy, by further describing the 'alterations of arrangement', there has been a shift away from the words 'order' and 'disorder', to words such as 'spread' and 'dispersal'.
History
This "molecular ordering" entropy perspective traces its origins to molecular movement interpretations developed by Rudolf Clausius in the 1850s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SANBI | SANBI may refer to different South African institutions:
South African National Biodiversity Institute - carrying out research and management of South Africa's biodiversity resources
South African National Bioinformatics Institute - carrying out research in bioinformatics, biotechnology and medical genomics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F2c | f2c is a program to convert Fortran 77 to C code, developed at Bell Laboratories. The standalone f2c program was based on the core of the first complete Fortran 77 compiler to be implemented, the "f77" program by Feldman and Weinberger. Because the f77 compiler was itself written in C and relied on a C compiler back end to complete its final compilation step, it and its derivatives like f2c were much more portable than compilers generating machine code directly.
The f2c program was released as free software and subsequently became one of the most common means to compile Fortran code on many systems where native Fortran compilers were unavailable or expensive. Several large Fortran libraries, such as LAPACK, were made available as C libraries via conversion with f2c. The f2c program also influenced the development of the GNU g77 compiler, which uses a modified version of the f2c runtime libraries.
See also
BCX – translates BASIC source code to C/C++ source code
References
S. I. Feldman and P. J. Weinberger. A portable Fortran 77 compiler. In UNIX Time Sharing System Programmer's Manual, volume 2. AT&T Bell Laboratories, tenth edition, 1990.
S. I. Feldman, David M. Gay, Mark W. Maimone, and N. L. Schryer, "A Fortran to C Converter," AT&T Bell Laboratories technical report, 1990. Also the paper of the same title by S. I. Feldman, published in ACM SIGPLAN Fortran Forum, vol. 9, issue 2, p. 21–22 (1990).
The f2c source code and documentation, at Netlib.
Fortran comp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma%20secretase | Gamma secretase is a multi-subunit protease complex, itself an integral membrane protein, that cleaves single-pass transmembrane proteins at residues within the transmembrane domain. Proteases of this type are known as intramembrane proteases. The most well-known substrate of gamma secretase is amyloid precursor protein, a large integral membrane protein that, when cleaved by both gamma and beta secretase, produces a short 37-43 amino acid peptide called amyloid beta whose abnormally folded fibrillar form is the primary component of amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. Gamma secretase is also critical in the related processing of several other type I integral membrane proteins, such as Notch, ErbB4, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, ephrin-B2, or CD44.
Subunits and assembly
The gamma secretase complex consists of four individual proteins: PSEN1 (presenilin-1), nicastrin, APH-1 (anterior pharynx-defective 1), and PEN-2 (presenilin enhancer 2). Recent evidence suggests that a fifth protein, known as CD147, is a non-essential regulator of the complex whose absence increases activity. Presenilin, an aspartyl protease, is the catalytic subunit; mutations in the presenilin gene have been shown to be a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and modulates immune cell activity. In humans, two forms of presenilin and two forms of APH-1 have been identified in the genome; one of the APH homologs can also be expressed in two isoforms via alternative spl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presenilin | Presenilins are a family of related multi-pass transmembrane proteins which constitute the catalytic subunits of the gamma-secretase intramembrane protease protein complex. They were first identified in screens for mutations causing early onset forms of familial Alzheimer's disease by Peter St George-Hyslop. Vertebrates have two presenilin genes, called PSEN1 (located on chromosome 14 in humans) that codes for presenilin 1 (PS-1) and PSEN2 (on chromosome 1 in humans) that codes for presenilin 2 (PS-2). Both genes show conservation between species, with little difference between rat and human presenilins. The nematode worm C. elegans has two genes that resemble the presenilins and appear to be functionally similar, sel-12 and hop-1.
Presenilins undergo cleavage in an alpha helical region of one of the cytoplasmic loops to produce a large N-terminal and a smaller C-terminal fragment that together form part of the functional protein. Cleavage of presenilin 1 can be prevented by a mutation that causes the loss of exon 9, and results in loss of function. Presenilins play a key role in the modulation of intracellular Ca2+ involved in presynaptic neurotransmitter release and long-term potentiation induction.
Structure
Presenilins are transmembrane proteins with nine alpha helices. Structures have been solved of the assembled gamma secretase complex by cryo-electron microscopy, demonstrating significant conformational flexibility in the structure of the presenilin subunit of the c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny%20Farm%20%28TV%20series%29 | Funny Farm was a Canadian television series shown on CTV during the 1974–1975 season.
Blake Emmons was host of the half-hour series, which was derivative of the more successful American Hee Haw series. The first episode was broadcast on 12 September 1974 and only one season was produced. The programme continued to be broadcast on CTV for at least two seasons, and was still airing as late as 1976. The cast included Bruce Gordon (credited as Ben Gordon), John Evans, Monica Parker, Yank Azman (credited as Jank Zajfman), Jayne Eastwood, Valri Bromfield and Linda Rennhoffer.
References
Canadian Communications Foundation: The Funny Farm
TVArchive.ca: The Funny Farm
External links
1974 Canadian television series debuts
1975 Canadian television series endings
CTV Television Network original programming
1970s Canadian sketch comedy television series |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fama%E2%80%93MacBeth%20regression | The Fama–MacBeth regression is a method used to estimate parameters for asset pricing models such as the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The method estimates the betas and risk premia for any risk factors that are expected to determine asset prices. The method works with multiple assets across time (panel data). The parameters are estimated in two steps:
First regress each of n asset returns against m proposed risk factors to determine each asset's beta exposures.
Then regress all asset returns for each of T time periods against the previously estimated betas to determine the risk premium for each factor.
Eugene F. Fama and James D. MacBeth (1973) demonstrated that the residuals of risk-return regressions and the observed "fair game" properties of the coefficients are consistent with an "efficient capital market" (quotes in the original).
Note that Fama MacBeth regressions provide standard errors corrected only for cross-sectional correlation. The standard errors from this method do not correct for time-series autocorrelation. This is usually not a problem for stock trading since stocks have weak time-series autocorrelation in daily and weekly holding periods, but autocorrelation is stronger over long horizons. This means Fama MacBeth regressions may be inappropriate to use in many corporate finance settings where project holding periods tend to be long. For alternative methods of correcting standard errors for time series and cross-sectional correlation in the error t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysyl%20oxidase | Lysyl oxidase (LOX), also known as protein-lysine 6-oxidase, is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the LOX gene. It catalyzes the conversion of lysine residues into its aldehyde derivative allysine. Allysine form cross-links in extracellular matrix proteins. Inhibition of lysyl oxidase can cause osteolathyrism, but, at the same time, its upregulation by tumor cells may promote metastasis of the existing tumor, causing it to become malignant and cancerous.
Structure
In the yeast species Pichia pastoris, lysyl oxidase constitutes a homodimeric structure. Each monomer consists of an active site that includes a Cu(II) atom, coordinated by three histidine residues, as well as 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ), a crucial cofactor.
In humans, the LOX gene is located on chromosome 5 q23.3-31.2. The DNA sequence encodes a polypeptide of 417 amino acids, the first 21 residues of which constitute a signal peptide, with a weight of approximately 32 kDa. The carboxyterminus contains the active copper (II) ion, lysine, tyrosine, and cysteine residues that comprise the catalytically active site. The three-dimensional structure of human lysyl oxidase has not yet been resolved.
Mechanism
Lysyl oxidase the terminal carbon of the side chain of lysyl residue side chain. The enzyme belongsthe category of quinone-containing copper amine oxidases. The reaction requires the cofactor lysyl tyrosylquinone (LTQ). The LTQ cofactor is unique among quinones because it contains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristimulus%20time%20histogram | In neurophysiology, peristimulus time histogram and poststimulus time histogram, both abbreviated PSTH or PST histogram, are histograms of the times at which neurons fire. It is also sometimes called pre event time histogram or PETH. These histograms are used to visualize the rate and timing of neuronal spike discharges in relation to an external stimulus or event. The peristimulus time histogram is sometimes called perievent time histogram, and post-stimulus and peri-stimulus are often hyphenated.
The prefix peri, for through, is typically used in the case of periodic stimuli, in which case the PSTH show neuron firing times wrapped to one cycle of the stimulus. The prefix post is used when the PSTH shows the timing of neuron firings in response to a stimulus event or onset.
To make a PSTH, a spike train recorded from a single neuron is aligned with the onset, or a fixed phase point, of an identical stimulus repeatedly presented to an animal. The aligned sequences are superimposed in time, and then used to construct a histogram.
Construction procedure
Align spike sequences with the onset of a stimulus that is repeated n times. For periodic stimuli, wrap the response sequence back to time zero after each time period T, and count n as the total number of periods of data.
Divide the stimulus period or observation period T into N bins of size .
Count the number of spikes ki from all n sequences that fall in the bin i.
Draw a bar-graph histogram with the bar-height o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylmyo-inositol%20mannosides | Phosphatidylmyo-inositol Mannosides (PIMs) are a family of glycolipids found in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PIMs influence the interaction of the immune system with M. tuberculosis, and mice that develop antibodies for this family of glycolipids are better at sustaining or defeating a M. tuberculosis infection. Thus, PIMs are important glycolipids associated with M. tuberculosis, but are also likely involved with the process by which M. tuberculosis subverts the immune system.
References
Bacteriology
Phospholipids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20tag | Green tag may refer to:
Green tag or color-tagged structure, a classification to represent the severity of damage or the overall condition of a building
Green tag or aviation parts tag, a method used in US aviation industry to indicate a part's serviceability
Green tag as a Renewable Energy Certificate (United States), a tradable, non-tangible energy commodity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldie%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Goldie's theorem is a basic structural result in ring theory, proved by Alfred Goldie during the 1950s. What is now termed a right Goldie ring is a ring R that has finite uniform dimension (="finite rank") as a right module over itself, and satisfies the ascending chain condition on right annihilators of subsets of R.
Goldie's theorem states that the semiprime right Goldie rings are precisely those that have a semisimple Artinian right classical ring of quotients. The structure of this ring of quotients is then completely determined by the Artin–Wedderburn theorem.
In particular, Goldie's theorem applies to semiprime right Noetherian rings, since by definition right Noetherian rings have the ascending chain condition on all right ideals. This is sufficient to guarantee that a right-Noetherian ring is right Goldie. The converse does not hold: every right Ore domain is a right Goldie domain, and hence so is every commutative integral domain.
A consequence of Goldie's theorem, again due to Goldie, is that every semiprime principal right ideal ring is isomorphic to a finite direct sum of prime principal right ideal rings. Every prime principal right ideal ring is isomorphic to a matrix ring over a right Ore domain.
Sketch of the proof
This is a sketch of the characterization mentioned in the introduction. It may be found in .
If R be a semiprime right Goldie ring, then it is a right order in a semisimple ring:
Essential right ideals of R are exactly thos |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity%20tensor | The elasticity tensor is a fourth-rank tensor describing the stress-strain relation in
a linear elastic material. Other names are elastic modulus tensor and stiffness tensor. Common symbols include and .
The defining equation can be written as
where and are the components of the Cauchy stress tensor and infinitesimal strain tensor, and are the components of the elasticity tensor. Summation over repeated indices is implied. This relationship can be interpreted as a generalization of Hooke's law to a 3D continuum.
A general fourth-rank tensor in 3D has 34 = 81 independent components , but the elasticity tensor has at most 21 independent components. This fact follows from the symmetry of the stress and strain tensors, together with the requirement that the stress derives from an elastic energy potential. For isotropic materials, the elasticity tensor has just two independent components, which can be chosen to be the bulk modulus and shear modulus.
Definition
The most general linear relation between two second-rank tensors is
where are the components of a fourth-rank tensor . The elasticity tensor is defined as for the case where and are the stress and strain tensors, respectively.
The compliance tensor is defined from the inverse stress-strain relation:
The two are related by
where is the Kronecker delta.
Unless otherwise noted, this article assumes is defined from the stress-strain relation of a linear elastic material, in the limit of small strain.
Spec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmosine | Desmosine is an amino acid found uniquely in elastin, a protein found in connective tissue such as skin, lungs, and elastic arteries.
Desmosine is a component of elastin and cross links with its isomer, isodesmosine, giving elasticity to the tissue. Detection of desmosine in urine, plasma or sputum samples can be a marker for elastin breakdown due to high elastase activity related to certain diseases.
Structure
Desmosine and its isomer isodesmosine are both composed of four lysine residues, allowing for bonding to multiple peptide chains. The four lysine groups combine to form a pyridinium nucleus, which can be reduced to neutralize positive charge associated, and increase the hydrophobicity. The four lysines form side chains around the pyridinium nucleus with exposed carboxyl groups. The difference between desmosines and isodesmosines are an exchange of a lysine side chain on carbon 1 with a proton on carbon 5. Desmosine is associated with alanine, bonding with it on the N terminal side. It is this alanine association that allows it to bond well with pairs of tropoelastin, to form elastin and elastin networks.
Desmosine and isodesmosine are unable to be differentiated thus far because of the lack of technology. The differentiation would be helpful in order to understand desmosine and its properties better. Currently, mass spectrometry is used and aids in the release of characteristic fragments which would help with differentiation, especially in larger peptides.
Synt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles%20Cross%20Hill | Miles Cross Hill is a large hill that is the sloping gradient up to the landscape of the Lincolnshire Wolds. As it is the first large hill of the Wolds, there are views of the Lincolnshire Fens and Coast. The hill leads to Ulceby Cross Roundabout.
References
Hills of Lincolnshire |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRG | HRG may refer to:
Science
Histidine-rich glycoprotein, a plasma protein
Human reference genome
Hemispherical resonator gyroscope
Horizontal ribbon growth, a method of crystal growth
Organizations
HRG Engineering Company, a British car manufacturer
HRG Group, an American holding company
Healthcare Resource Group, within the English healthcare system
Henley Residents Group, an English political party
Hogg Robinson Group, a defunct corporate travel management company
Home Retail Group, an English company
Hostage Response Group of New South Wales, Australia
People
Branko Hrg (born 1961), Croatian politician
Noah Bennet (aka Horn Rimmed Glasses), a character in the TV series Heroes
Other
Hurghada International Airport, in Egypt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20Monte%20Carlo | The Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modelling method is a variation of the standard Metropolis–Hastings algorithm to solve an inverse problem whereby a model is adjusted until its parameters have the greatest consistency with experimental data. Inverse problems are found in many branches of science and mathematics, but this approach is probably best known for its applications in condensed matter physics and solid state chemistry.
Applications in condensed matter sciences
Basic method
This method is often used in condensed matter sciences to produce atom-based structural models that are consistent with experimental data and subject to a set of constraints.
An initial configuration is constructed by placing atoms in a periodic boundary cell, and one or more measurable quantities are calculated based on the current configuration. Commonly used data include the pair distribution function and its Fourier transform, the latter of which is derived directly from neutron or x-ray scattering data (see small-angle neutron scattering, wide-angle X-ray scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and X-ray diffraction). Other data that are used included Bragg diffraction data for crystalline materials, and EXAFS data. The comparison with experiment is quantified using a function of the form
where and are the observed (measured) and calculated quantities respectively, and is a measure of the accuracy of the measurement. The sum is over all independent measurements, which will include the su |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy%20diffusion | In fluid dynamics, eddy diffusion, eddy dispersion, or turbulent diffusion is a process by which fluid substances mix together due to eddy motion. These eddies can vary widely in size, from subtropical ocean gyres down to the small Kolmogorov microscales, and occur as a result of turbulence (or turbulent flow). The theory of eddy diffusion was first developed by Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor.
In laminar flows, material properties (salt, heat, humidity, aerosols etc.) are mixed by random motion of individual molecules. By a purely probabilistic argument, the net flux of molecules from high concentration area to low concentration area is higher than the flux in the opposite direction. This down-gradient flux equilibrates the concentration profile over time. This phenomenon is called molecular diffusion, and its mathematical aspect is captured by the diffusion equation.
In turbulent flows, on top of mixing by molecular diffusion, eddies stir () the fluid. This causes fluid parcels from various initial positions, and thus various associated concentrations, to penetrate into fluid regions with different initial concentrations. This causes the fluid properties to homogenize on scale larger than that of eddies responsible for stirring, in a very efficient way compared to individual molecular motion. In most macroscopic flows in nature, eddy diffusion is several orders of magnitude stronger than molecular diffusion. This sometimes leads to the latter being neglected when studying turb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartic%20protease | Aspartic proteases (also "aspartyl proteases", "aspartic endopeptidases") are a catalytic type of protease enzymes that use an activated water molecule bound to one or more aspartate residues for catalysis of their peptide substrates. In general, they have two highly conserved aspartates in the active site and are optimally active at acidic pH. Nearly all known aspartyl proteases are inhibited by pepstatin.
Aspartic endopeptidases of vertebrate, fungal and retroviral origin have been characterised. More recently, aspartic endopeptidases associated with the processing of bacterial type 4 prepilin and archaean preflagellin have been described.
Eukaryotic aspartic proteases include pepsins, cathepsins, and renins. They have a two-domain structure, arising from ancestral duplication. Retroviral and retrotransposon proteases (retroviral aspartyl proteases) are much smaller and appear to
be homologous to a single domain of the eukaryotic aspartyl proteases. Each domain contributes a catalytic Asp residue, with an extended active site cleft localized between the two lobes of the molecule. One lobe has probably evolved from the other through a gene duplication event in the distant past. In modern-day enzymes, although the three-dimensional structures are very similar, the amino acid sequences are more divergent, except for the catalytic site motif, which is very conserved. The presence and position of disulfide bridges are other conserved features of aspartic peptidases.
Catalyti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maga%20Maharaju | Maga Maharaju is a 1983 Telugu film directed by Vijaya Bapineedu and produced by Shyam Prasad Arts. Chiranjeevi, Suhasini, Rao Gopal Rao, Udaykumar and Annapurna played main roles. The film was remade in Hindi as Ghar Sansar in 1986.
Plot
Raju (Chiranjeevi) is an unemployed youth. Raju has too many responsibilities and commitments from his family. His unmarried sister and sick parents expect a lot from him. Under these conditions, Raju meets a young girl, Suhasini, from a well-to-do family. She falls in love with him. Raju, in order to earn money, participates in a bicycle race, rides a bicycle, day and night nonstop for 8 days and wins money. Later, Suhasini marries him and solves all his problems.
Cast
Chiranjeevi
Suhasini
Udaykumar
Rallapalli
Nirmallamma
Rao Gopal Rao
Annapurnamma
Rohini
Balaji
Tulasi
Hema Sundar
Nutan Prasad
Dham
Production
Since Moulee could not allocate dates to finish directing the film, the film was completed by Vijaya Bapineedu.
Soundtrack
References
External links
1983 films
1980s Telugu-language films
Films scored by K. Chakravarthy
Telugu films remade in other languages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Inner%20Life%20of%20the%20Cell | The Inner Life of the Cell is an 8.5-minute 3D computer graphics animation illustrating the molecular mechanisms that occur when a white blood cell in the blood vessels of the human body is activated by inflammation (Leukocyte extravasation). It shows how a white blood cell rolls along the inner surface of the capillary, flattens out, and squeezes through the cells of the capillary wall to the site of inflammation where it contributes to the immune reaction.
When teaching biology, professors will often generate 3D animations to demonstrate certain concepts to their students in a much more visual way than would otherwise be possible. In the case of The Inner Life of the Cell the creators aimed for a more cinematic, as opposed to academic, feel.
Production
David Bolinsky, former lead medical illustrator at Yale, lead animator John Liebler, and Mike Astrachan are some of the creators at XVIVO who made the movie. The audio track was composed, recorded, and produced by Matt Berky. They created the animation for Harvard's Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology.
Most of the processes animated were the result of Alain Viel's, Ph.D. work describing the processes to the team. Alain Viel is an associate director of undergraduate research at Harvard University.
The film took 14 months to create for 8.5 minutes of animation. It was first seen by a wide audience at the 2006 SIGGRAPH conference in Boston.
References
External links
,
YouTube video (narrated and much better tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision%20frequency | Collision frequency describes the rate of collisions between two atomic or molecular species in a given volume, per unit time. In an ideal gas, assuming that the species behave like hard spheres, the collision frequency between entities of species A and species B is:
which has units of [volume][time]−1.
Here,
is the number of A molecules in the gas,
is the number of B molecules in the gas,
is the collision cross section, the "effective area" seen by two colliding molecules, simplified to , where the radius of A and the radius of B.
is the Boltzmann constant,
is the temperature,
is the reduced mass of the reactants A and B,
Collision in diluted solution
In the case of equal-size particles at a concentration in a solution of viscosity , an expression for collision frequency where is the volume in question, and is the number of collisions per second, can be written as:
Where:
is the Boltzmann constant
is the absolute temperature (unit K)
is the viscosity of the solution (pascal seconds)
is the concentration of particles per cm3
Here the frequency is independent of particle size, a result noted as counter-intuitive. For particles of different size, more elaborate expressions can be derived for estimating .
References
Chemical kinetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial%20wave | Inertial waves, also known as inertial oscillations, are a type of mechanical wave possible in rotating fluids. Unlike surface gravity waves commonly seen at the beach or in the bathtub, inertial waves flow through the interior of the fluid, not at the surface. Like any other kind of wave, an inertial wave is caused by a restoring force and characterized by its wavelength and frequency. Because the restoring force for inertial waves is the Coriolis force, their wavelengths and frequencies are related in a peculiar way. Inertial waves are transverse. Most commonly they are observed in atmospheres, oceans, lakes, and laboratory experiments. Rossby waves, geostrophic currents, and geostrophic winds are examples of inertial waves. Inertial waves are also likely to exist in the molten core of the rotating Earth.
Restoring force
Inertial waves are restored to equilibrium by the Coriolis force, a result of rotation. To be precise, the Coriolis force arises (along with the centrifugal force) in a rotating frame to account for the fact that such a frame is always accelerating. Inertial waves, therefore, cannot exist without rotation. More complicated than tension on a string, the Coriolis force acts at a 90° angle to the direction of motion, and its strength depends on the rotation rate of the fluid. These two properties lead to the peculiar characteristics of inertial waves.
Characteristics
Inertial waves are possible only when a fluid is rotating, and exist in the bulk of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawsonville%2C%20Kenya | Dawsonville is a railway town and junction in Kenya, lying on the main line to Uganda and the branches to Kisumu and Solai.
See also
Railway stations in Kenya
Statistics
Elevation = 1984m
Population = 49,675
References
Populated places in Nakuru County |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions%20per%20minute%20%28disambiguation%29 | Revolutions per minute is a unit of frequency, commonly used to measure rotational speed.
Revolutions per minute may also refer to:
Revolutions per Minute (Rise Against album), a 2003 album by Rise Against
Revolutions per Minute (Reflection Eternal album), a 2010 album by Reflection Eternal
Revolutions per Minute (Skid Row album), a 2006 album by Skid Row
See also
RPM (disambiguation)
sv:Revolutions Per Minute |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXXB | WXXB, "B102-9" is an FM radio station licensed to the city of Delphi, Indiana. The station operates on the FM radio frequency of 102.9 MHz, FM channel 275. . The studios are located at 3575 McCarty Lane in Lafayette, Indiana. The tower is located in rural Northeastern Tippecanoe County near the town of Buck Creek, Indiana.
History
WXXB signed on the air in early 1989 as WNJY, Joy 103, featuring an oldies format. In the mid-1990s, Joy 103 renamed itself "Oldies 103" and began aiming programming toward the Lafayette market using the top of the hour station identification "WNJY-FM and AM, Delphi/Monticello...Lafayette's New Oldies Station!" followed by an "Oldies 103!" sing. As Oldies 103, the station featured mainly network programming from Jones Radio Networks' Goodtime Oldies format with the exception of Rich Anthony's local midday shift. The station earned respectable ratings in Lafayette, according to Arbitron in the mid-90s, which ultimately lead WASK-A/F to drop their news/talk format in favor of oldies in 1997. When WNJY was sold to RadioWorks in 1999, the station moved to Lafayette and programming from Goodtime Oldies was dropped. Shortly thereafter, RadioWorks requested a construction permit to move the station's tower closer to Lafayette, which got approved.
While the tower was being built, there was speculation around the market as to what RadioWorks would do with their move-in frequency. WASK-FM already had the market cornered in oldies with high school o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldbeater%27s%20skin | Goldbeater's skin is the processed outer membrane of the intestine of an animal, typically cattle, which is valued for its strength against tearing. The term derives from its traditional use as durable layers interleaved between sheets of gold stock during the process of making gold leaf by goldbeating, as a batch process producing many "leaves" at the same time. In the early modern production of airships, application of its high strength-to-weight ratio and reliability were crucial for building at least the largest examples.
Manufacture
To manufacture goldbeater's skin, the gut of oxen (or other cattle) is soaked in a dilute solution of potassium hydroxide, washed, stretched, beaten flat and thin, and treated chemically to prevent putrefaction. A pack of 1,000 pieces of goldbeater's skin requires the gut of about 400 oxen and is thick.
Up to 120 sheets of gold laminated with goldbeater's skin can be beaten at the same time, since the skin is thin and elastic and does not tear under heavy goldbeating. The resultant thickness of gold leaf can be as small as 1 μm-thick.
Applications
Goldbeater's skin is used as the sensitive element in hygrometers, since its hygroscopic behavior includes contraction or expansion in response to atmospheric humidity.
During the invention of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell used a drum of goldbeater's skin with an armature of magnetised iron attached to its middle as a sound receiver.
In 1754, Vatican priest Antonio Piaggio used go |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali%E2%80%93aggregate%20reaction | Alkali–aggregate reaction is a term mainly referring to a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and non-crystalline silicon dioxide, which is found in many common aggregates. This reaction can cause the expansion of the altered aggregate, leading to spalling and loss of strength of concrete.
More accurate terminology
The alkali–aggregate reaction is a general, but relatively vague, expression which can lead to confusion. More exact definitions include the following:
Alkali–silica reaction (ASR, the most common reaction of this type);
Alkali–silicate reaction, and;
Alkali–carbonate reaction.
The alkali–silica reaction is the most common form of alkali–aggregate reaction.
Two other types are:
the alkali–silicate reaction, in which layer silicate minerals (clay minerals), sometimes present as impurities, are attacked, and;
the alkali–carbonate reaction, which is an uncommon attack on certain argillaceous dolomitic limestones, likely involving the expansion of the mineral brucite (Mg(OH)2).
The pozzolanic reaction which occurs in the setting of the mixture of slaked lime and pozzolanic materials has also features similar to the alkali–silica reaction, mainly the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H).
See also
Energetically modified cement (EMC)
Calthemite
Pozzolanic reaction
External links
Cement.org | Alkali-aggregate reaction
Alkali-Aggregate Reactions (AAR) – International Centre of Research and Applied T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd%20Aalen | Odd Olai Aalen (born 6 May 1947, in Oslo) is a Norwegian statistician and a professor at the Department of Biostatistics at the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences at the University of Oslo.
Life
Aalen completed his examen artium in 1966 at Oslo Cathedral School before studying first mathematics and physics and then statistics in which he graduated at the University of Oslo in 1972.
Work
His research work is geared towards applications in biosciences. Aalen's early work on counting processes and martingales, starting with his 1976 Ph.D. thesis at the University of California, Berkeley, has had profound influence in biostatistics. Inferences for fundamental quantities associated with cumulative hazard rates, in survival analysis and models for analysis of event histories, are typically based on the Nelson–Aalen estimator or appropriate related statistics. The Nelson–Aalen estimator is related to the Kaplan-Meier estimator and generalisations thereof.
Aalen is currently professor emeritus at the Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Oslo.
Honors and awards
He is an elected member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.
References
External links
The BMMS Centre
Aalen's home page
1947 births
Living people
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Norwegian statisticians
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Oslo alumni
People educa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnoldo%20Frigessi | Arnoldo Frigessi di Rattalma (born 1959) is an Italian statistician based in Norway, where he is a professor at the Department of Biostatistics (now called Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology) with the Institute of Basic Medical Research at the University of Oslo. He has also a position at the Oslo University Hospital and is affiliated with the Norwegian Computing Centre. He led the centre Statistics for Innovation, which was created in 2007 as one of 14 designated national centres for research-based innovation, funded by the Norwegian Research Council, until 2014. Frigessi succeeded in obtaining funding for a second centre of the same type, BigInsight, which started in 2014 and will operate for 8 years, again under his leadership. Frigessi develops new methods in statistics and machine learning and stochastic models to study principles, dynamics and patterns of complex dependence. His approach is often Bayesian and computationally intensive. He has developed theory for Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods, inferential methods for pair copula constructions, methods for the analysis of multiple genomic data types, the first digital twin of a breast tumor useful for personalised treatment. His work has been central to the national response to the COVID-19 pandemics in Norway, as a key member of the modelling group at the National Intritute of Public Health of Norway.
Frigessi is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences. and was elected member of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leclanch%C3%A9%20cell | The Leclanché cell is a battery invented and patented by the French scientist Georges Leclanché in 1866. The battery contained a conducting solution (electrolyte) of ammonium chloride, a cathode (positive terminal) of carbon, a depolarizer of manganese dioxide (oxidizer), and an anode (negative terminal) of zinc (reductant). The chemistry of this cell was later successfully adapted to manufacture a dry cell.
History
In 1866, Georges Leclanché invented a battery that consisted of a zinc anode and a manganese dioxide cathode wrapped in a porous material, dipped in a jar of ammonium chloride solution. The manganese dioxide cathode had a little carbon mixed into it as well, which improved conductivity and absorption. It provided a voltage of 1.4 volts. This cell achieved very quick success in telegraphy, signalling and electric bell work.
The dry cell form was used to power early telephones—usually from an adjacent wooden box affixed to the wall—before telephones could draw power from the telephone line itself. The Leclanché cell could not provide a sustained current for very long; in lengthy conversations, the battery would run down, rendering the conversation inaudible. This is because certain chemical reactions in the cell increase its internal resistance and, thus, lower its voltage. These reactions reverse themselves when the battery is left idle, making it good for many short periods of use with idle time between them, but not long periods of use.
Construction
The ori |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isola%20Bella | Isolabella or Isola Bella may refer to:
Places
Italy
Isolabella, Turin, an Italian municipality in the Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont
Isolabella, Cisterna di Latina, a village in the town of Cisterna di Latina, Province of Latina, Lazio
Isola Bella (Lago Maggiore), one of the Borromean islands of Lago Maggiore, near Stresa
Isola Bella (Sicily), island off the east coast of Sicily, near Taormina
United States
Isola Bella, popular name for the James Johnston House in Brentwood, Tennessee
Other
Isola Bella (film), a 1961 West German film |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtocell | In telecommunications, a femtocell is a small, low-power cellular base station, typically designed for use in a home or small business. A broader term which is more widespread in the industry is small cell, with femtocell as a subset. It connects to the service provider's network via broadband (such as DSL or cable); current designs typically support four to eight simultaneously active mobile phones in a residential setting depending on version number and femtocell hardware, and eight to sixteen mobile phones in enterprise settings. A femtocell allows service providers to extend service coverage indoors or at the cell edge, especially where access would otherwise be limited or unavailable. Although much attention is focused on WCDMA, the concept is applicable to all standards, including GSM, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA, WiMAX and LTE solutions.
The use of femtocells allows network coverage in places where the signal to the main network cells might be too weak. Furthermore, femtocells lower contention on the main network cells, by forming a connection from the end user, through an internet connection, to the operator's private network infrastructure elsewhere. The lowering of contention to the main cells plays a part in breathing, where connections are offloaded based on physical distance to cell towers.
Consumers and small businesses benefit from greatly improved coverage and signal strength since they have a de facto base station inside their premises. As a result of being relative |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZAP70 | ZAP-70 (Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70) is a protein normally expressed near the surface membrane of lymphocytes (T cells, natural killer cells, and a subset of B cells). It is most prominently known to be recruited upon antigen binding to the T cell receptor (TCR), and it plays a critical role in T cell signaling.
ZAP-70 was initially discovered in TCR-stimulated Jurkat cells, an immortal line of human T lymphocytes, in 1991. Its molecular weight is 70 kDa, and it is a member of the protein-tyrosine kinase family and is a close homolog of SYK. SYK and ZAP70 share a common evolutionary origin and split from a common ancestor in the jawed vertebrates.
The importance of ZAP-70 in T cell activation was determined when comparing ZAP-70 expression in patients with SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency). ZAP-70 deficient individuals were found to have no functioning T cells in their peripheral blood, suggesting that ZAP-70 is a critical component of T cell activation and development.
ZAP-70 expression in B cells is correlated with the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
Function
The T cell receptor has no innate enzymatic activity. Due to this, T cell receptors rely on signaling molecules to transduce a signal from the cell membrane. ZAP-70 is a critical cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that initiates a signal pathway downstream of an activated T cell receptor.
T lymphocytes are activated by engagement of the T cell receptor with processed antigen fragmen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic%20databases%20for%20pure%20substances | Thermodynamic databases contain information about thermodynamic properties for substances, the most important being enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. Numerical values of these thermodynamic properties are collected as tables or are calculated from thermodynamic datafiles. Data is expressed as temperature-dependent values for one mole of substance at the standard pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm), or 100 kPa (1 bar). Both of these definitions for the standard condition for pressure are in use.
Thermodynamic data
Thermodynamic data is usually presented as a table or chart of function values for one mole of a substance (or in the case of the steam tables, one kg). A thermodynamic datafile is a set of equation parameters from which the numerical data values can be calculated. Tables and datafiles are usually presented at a standard pressure of 1 bar or 1 atm, but in the case of steam and other industrially important gases, pressure may be included as a variable. Function values depend on the state of aggregation of the substance, which must be defined for the value to have any meaning. The state of aggregation for thermodynamic purposes is the standard state, sometimes called the reference state, and defined by specifying certain conditions. The normal standard state is commonly defined as the most stable physical form of the substance at the specified temperature and a pressure of 1 bar or 1 atm. However, since any non-normal condition could be chosen as a standard sta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber%20bundle%20construction%20theorem | In mathematics, the fiber bundle construction theorem is a theorem which constructs a fiber bundle from a given base space, fiber and a suitable set of transition functions. The theorem also gives conditions under which two such bundles are isomorphic. The theorem is important in the associated bundle construction where one starts with a given bundle and surgically replaces the fiber with a new space while keeping all other data the same.
Formal statement
Let X and F be topological spaces and let G be a topological group with a continuous left action on F. Given an open cover {Ui} of X and a set of continuous functions
defined on each nonempty overlap, such that the cocycle condition
holds, there exists a fiber bundle E → X with fiber F and structure group G that is trivializable over {Ui} with transition functions tij.
Let E′ be another fiber bundle with the same base space, fiber, structure group, and trivializing neighborhoods, but transition functions t′ij. If the action of G on F is faithful, then E′ and E are isomorphic if and only if there exist functions
such that
Taking ti to be constant functions to the identity in G, we see that two fiber bundles with the same base, fiber, structure group, trivializing neighborhoods, and transition functions are isomorphic.
A similar theorem holds in the smooth category, where X and Y are smooth manifolds, G is a Lie group with a smooth left action on Y and the maps tij are all smooth.
Construction
The proof of the theore |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rademacher%27s%20theorem | In mathematical analysis, Rademacher's theorem, named after Hans Rademacher, states the following: If is an open subset of and is Lipschitz continuous, then is differentiable almost everywhere in ; that is, the points in at which is not differentiable form a set of Lebesgue measure zero. Differentiability here refers to infinitesimal approximability by a linear map, which in particular asserts the existence of the coordinate-wise partial derivatives.
Sketch of proof
The one-dimensional case of Rademacher's theorem is a standard result in introductory texts on measure-theoretic analysis. In this context, it is natural to prove the more general statement that any single-variable function of bounded variation is differentiable almost everywhere. (This one-dimensional generalization of Rademacher's theorem fails to extend to higher dimensions.)
One of the standard proofs of the general Rademacher theorem was found by Charles Morrey. In the following, let denote a Lipschitz-continuous function on . The first step of the proof is to show that, for any fixed unit vector , the -directional derivative of exists almost everywhere. This is a consequence of a special case of the Fubini theorem: a measurable set in has Lebesgue measure zero if its restriction to every line parallel to has (one-dimensional) Lebesgue measure zero. Considering in particular the set in where the -directional derivative of fails to exist (which must be proved to be measurable), the latter conditi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenske%20equation | The Fenske equation in continuous fractional distillation is an equation used for calculating the minimum number of theoretical plates required for the separation of a binary feed stream by a fractionation column that is being operated at total reflux (i.e., which means that no overhead product distillate is being withdrawn from the column).
The equation was derived in 1932 by Merrell Fenske, a professor who served as the head of the chemical engineering department at the Pennsylvania State University from 1959 to 1969.
When designing large-scale, continuous industrial distillation towers, it is very useful to first calculate the minimum number of theoretical plates required to obtain the desired overhead product composition.
Common versions of the Fenske equation
This is one of the many different but equivalent versions of the Fenske equation valid only for binary mixtures:
where:
is the minimum number of theoretical plates required at total reflux (of which the reboiler is one),
is the mole fraction of more volatile component in the overhead distillate,
is the mole fraction of more volatile component in the bottoms,
is the average relative volatility of the more volatile component to the less volatile component.
For a multi-component mixture the following formula holds.
For ease of expression, the more volatile and the less volatile components are commonly referred to as the light key (LK) and the heavy key (HK), respectively. Using that terminology, the abo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20Rain%20Radio | Silver Rain Radio () is a Russian (including post-Soviet countries) FM radio station since July 4, 1995. Radio frequency in Moscow, Russia - 100,1 FM. Initiator of the Silver Galosh Award for the most dubious achievements in show business every year. This prize awarded at the congress-hall of Radisson-Slavyanskaya hotel. It is known for being the most eccentric radio station in Russia. The award can be compared to The Razzies.
History timeline
On February 3, 1996 awarded with the first "Quality Mark" Prize
On March 26, 1996 first Silver Galosh '96 ceremony.
Since October 20, 1996 starts online broadcasting.
Was one of the sponsors of Russian Mars 96 artificial satellite launched on November 16, 1996
On July 4, 1997 first morning show of Vladimir Soloviev aired
On February 27, 1997 introduced the new broadcasting scheme music non-stop
On January 15, 1997 started to transmit the RDS signals for car audio devices.
On 1998 April Fool's Day started a Ukrainian broadcasting instead of the usual Russian. Also in the announcement on the previous day the promotion department constated the closing of Russian Office and the migration to Ukrainian FM space.
On June 6, 1998 the Lowered Ball '98 football match held between the radiostation staff and the audience football teams.
On December 31, 1999 special correspondent Alexander Begak raised a flag of Silver Rain Radio on the highest peak of Antarctica. The other record was in the air of Thailand when 572 paratroopers grouped |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitar%20Dimitrov%20%28football%20manager%29 | Dimitar Petrov Dimitrov (; born 9 June 1959), nicknamed Héro, is a Bulgarian professional football manager, who currently leads Spartak Varna.
Dimitrov represented hometown club Chernomorets Burgas as well Akademik Sofia before a serious injury forced his early retirement.
He has managed Neftochimic Burgas, Litex Lovech, the Bulgaria national team, Levski Sofia, Lokomotiv Plovdiv, Chernomorets Burgas, Amkar Perm, Al-Qadisiya, and Irtysh Pavlodar. Dimitrov is known for his fiery temper and animated manner of coaching. His son, Viktor Dimitrov, has worked as assistant manager.
Honours
Coach
Neftochimic Burgas
Bulgarian A Football Group: Runner-up 1995–96
Cup of PFL Winner: 1996, 1997
Litex Lovech
Bulgarian A Football Group: 1997–98
Levski Sofia
Bulgarian A Football Group: 1999–2000
Bulgarian Cup: 2000
Ludogorets
First League: 2017–18
Career statistics
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
Bulgarian men's footballers
FC Chernomorets Burgas players
PFC Akademik Sofia players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Men's association football defenders
Bulgarian football managers
PFC Litex Lovech managers
PFC Levski Sofia managers
FC Amkar Perm managers
Russian Premier League managers
Bulgaria national football team managers
Al Nassr FC managers
PSFC Chernomorets Burgas managers
Bulgarian expatriate football managers
Bulgarian expatriates in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate football managers in Russia
Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy%C3%A1gite | Nagyágite () is a rare sulfide mineral with known occurrence associated with gold ores. Nagyágite crystals are opaque, monoclinic and dark grey to black coloured.
It was first described in 1845 for an occurrence at the type locality of the Nagyág mine, Săcărâmb, Hunedoara County, Romania.
It occurs in gold–tellurium epithermal hydrothermal veins. Minerals associated with nagyágite include: altaite, petzite, stutzite, sylvanite, tellurantimony, coloradoite, krennerite,
native arsenic, native gold, proustite, rhodochrosite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, calaverite, tellurobismuthite, galena and pyrite.
References
Sulfosalt minerals
Lead minerals
Gold minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 11
Minerals described in 1845 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarray%20analysis%20techniques | Microarray analysis techniques are used in interpreting the data generated from experiments on DNA (Gene chip analysis), RNA, and protein microarrays, which allow researchers to investigate the expression state of a large number of genes - in many cases, an organism's entire genome - in a single experiment. Such experiments can generate very large amounts of data, allowing researchers to assess the overall state of a cell or organism. Data in such large quantities is difficult - if not impossible - to analyze without the help of computer programs.
Introduction
Microarray data analysis is the final step in reading and processing data produced by a microarray chip. Samples undergo various processes including purification and scanning using the microchip, which then produces a large amount of data that requires processing via computer software. It involves several distinct steps, as outlined in the image below. Changing any one of the steps will change the outcome of the analysis, so the MAQC Project was created to identify a set of standard strategies. Companies exist that use the MAQC protocols to perform a complete analysis.
Techniques
Most microarray manufacturers, such as Affymetrix and Agilent, provide commercial data analysis software alongside their microarray products. There are also open source options that utilize a variety of methods for analyzing microarray data.
Aggregation and normalization
Comparing two different arrays or two different samples hybridized t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-server%20problem | The -server problem is a problem of theoretical computer science in the category of online algorithms, one of two abstract problems on metric spaces that are central to the theory of competitive analysis (the other being metrical task systems). In this problem, an online algorithm must control the movement of a set of k servers, represented as points in a metric space, and handle requests that are also in the form of points in the space. As each request arrives, the algorithm must determine which server to move to the requested point. The goal of the algorithm is to keep the total distance all servers move small, relative to the total distance the servers could have moved by an optimal adversary who knows in advance the entire sequence of requests.
The problem was first posed by Mark Manasse, Lyle A. McGeoch and Daniel Sleator (1988). The most prominent open question concerning the k-server problem is the so-called k-server conjecture, also posed by Manasse et al. This conjecture states that there is an algorithm for solving the k-server problem in an arbitrary metric space and for any number k of servers that has competitive ratio exactly k. Manasse et al. were able to prove their conjecture when k = 2, and for more general values of k for some metric spaces restricted to have exactly k+1 points. Chrobak and Larmore (1991) proved the conjecture for tree metrics. The special case of metrics in which all distances are equal is called the paging problem because it models the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amolops%20formosus | Amolops formosus, also known as Assam sucker frog, beautiful stream frog, Assam cascade frog, or hill stream frog, is a species of frog found in high gradient streams of northern India, northern Bangladesh, and Nepal, possibly also Bhutan, although these records may represent confusion between Amolops himalayanus and this species; the latest available IUCN assessment from 2004 treats A. himalayanus as a synonym of A. formosus.
Description
Adult males measure, based on the holotype only, and females measure in snout–vent length. The head is relatively wide. The tympanum is small but distinct. The fingers have no webbing while the toes are fully webbed; both fingers and toes bear discs. Skin is smooth. The dorsum is green with irregular distinct chocolate-coloured blotches with yellow dots. The ventral parts are light with a greenish abdomen.
Habitat and conservation
Amolops formosus is a rare frog associated with streams and riparian vegetation within tropical evergreen forest at elevations of above sea level. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by deforestation and dams. It is present in the Namdapha National Park and Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh (India).
References
formosus
Amphibians of Bangladesh
Frogs of India
Amphibians of Nepal
Amphibians described in 1876
Taxa named by Albert Günther |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fas%20receptor | The Fas receptor, also known as Fas, FasR, apoptosis antigen 1 (APO-1 or APT), cluster of differentiation 95 (CD95) or tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (TNFRSF6), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAS gene. Fas was first identified using a monoclonal antibody generated by immunizing mice with the FS-7 cell line. Thus, the name Fas is derived from FS-7-associated surface antigen.
The Fas receptor is a death receptor on the surface of cells that leads to programmed cell death (apoptosis) if it binds its ligand, Fas ligand (FasL). It is one of two apoptosis pathways, the other being the mitochondrial pathway.
Gene
FAS receptor gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 10 (10q24.1) in humans and on chromosome 19 in mice. The gene lies on the plus (Watson strand) and is 25,255 bases in length organized into nine protein encoding exons. Similar sequences related by evolution (orthologs) are found in most mammals.
Protein
Previous reports have identified as many as eight splice variants, which are translated into seven isoforms of the protein. Apoptosis-inducing Fas receptor is dubbed isoform 1 and is a type 1 transmembrane protein. Many of the other isoforms are rare haplotypes that are usually associated with a state of disease. However, two isoforms, the apoptosis-inducing membrane-bound form and the soluble form, are normal products whose production via alternative splicing is regulated by the cytotoxic RNA binding protein TIA1.
The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death-inducing%20signaling%20complex | The death-inducing signaling complex or DISC is a multi-protein complex formed by members of the death receptor family of apoptosis-inducing cellular receptors. A typical example is FasR, which forms the DISC upon trimerization as a result of its ligand (FasL) binding. The DISC is composed of the death receptor, FADD, and caspase 8. It transduces a downstream signal cascade resulting in apoptosis.
Description
The Fas ligands, or cytotoxicity-dependent APO-1-associated proteins, physically associate with APO-1 (also known as the Fas receptor, or CD95), a tumor necrosis factor containing a functional death domain. This association leads to the formation of the DISC, thereby inducing apoptosis. The entire process is initiated when the cell registers the presence of CD95L, the cognate ligand for APO-1. Upon binding, the CAP proteins and procaspase-8 (composed of FLICE, MACH, and Mch5) bind to CD95 through death domain and death effector domain interactions. Procaspase-8 activation is thought to occur through a dimerization process with other procaspase-8 molecules, known as an induced proximity model.
Forming complex
The CAP proteins associate only with the oligomerized version of APO-1 when forming the complex. The CAP1 are CAP2 proteins are also known as FADD/MORT1, an adaptor molecule with a death domain. CAP4 is also called FLICE, a cysteine protease with two death effector domains. CAP3 is the prodomain of FLICE generated during proteolytic activation. Once the DISC assemb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FADD | FAS-associated death domain protein, also called MORT1, is encoded by the FADD gene on the 11q13.3 region of chromosome 11 in humans.
FADD is an adaptor protein that bridges members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, such as the Fas-receptor, to procaspases 8 and 10 to form the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) during apoptosis. As well as its most well known role in apoptosis, FADD has also been seen to play a role in other processes including proliferation, cell cycle regulation and development.
Structure
FADD is a 23 kDa protein, made up of 208 amino acids. It contains two main domains: a C terminal death domain (DD) and an N terminal death effector domain (DED). Each domain, although sharing very little sequence similarity, are structurally similar to one another, with each consisting of 6 α helices. The DD of FADD binds to receptors such as the Fas receptor at the plasma membrane via their DD. The interaction between the death domains are electrostatic interactions involving α helices 2 and 3 of the 6 helix domain. The DED binds to the DED of intracellular molecules such as procaspase 8. It is thought that this interaction occurs through hydrophobic interactions.
Functions
Extrinsic apoptosis
Upon stimulation by the Fas ligand, the Fas receptor trimerises. Many receptors, including Fas, contain a cytoplasmic DD and are therefore named death receptors. FADD binds to the DD of this trimeric structure via its death domain resulting in unmasking o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterna%2C%20Argolis | Sterna () is a small village in Argolis, Peloponnese, Greece. It is part of the municipal unit Lyrkeia.
Populated places in Argolis
Argos-Mykines
ar:ستيرنا، إفروس |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux%20%28metabolism%29 | Flux, or metabolic flux is the rate of turnover of molecules through a metabolic pathway. Flux is regulated by the enzymes involved in a pathway. Within cells, regulation of flux is vital for all metabolic pathways to regulate the pathway's activity under different conditions. Flux is therefore of great interest in metabolic network modelling, where it is analysed via flux balance analysis and metabolic control analysis.
In this manner, flux is the movement of matter through metabolic networks that are connected by metabolites and cofactors, and is therefore a way of describing the activity of the metabolic network as a whole using a single characteristic.
Metabolic flux
It is easiest to describe the flux of metabolites through a pathway by considering the reaction steps individually. The flux of the metabolites through each reaction (J) is the rate of the forward reaction (Vf), less that of the reverse reaction (Vr):
At equilibrium, there is no flux. Furthermore, it is observed that throughout a steady-state pathway, the flux is determined to varying degrees by all steps in the pathway. The degree of influence is measured by the flux control coefficient.
Control of metabolic flux
Control of flux through a metabolic pathway requires that
The degree to which metabolic steps determine the metabolic flux varies based on the organisms' metabolic needs.
The change in flux that occurs due to the above requirement being communicated to the rest of the metabolic pathway in orde |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External%20spermatic%20fascia | The external spermatic fascia (intercrural or intercolumnar fascia) is a thin membrane, prolonged downward around the surface of the spermatic cord and testis. It is separated from the dartos tunic by loose areolar tissue. It is occasionally referred to as 'Le Fascia de Webster' after an anatomist who once described it.
Structure
The external spermatic fascia is derived from the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique muscle. It is acquired by the spermatic cord at the superficial inguinal ring.
References
External links
- "The inguinal canal and derivation of the layers of the spermatic cord."
()
Scrotum
Fascia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropogenic%20metabolism | Anthropogenic metabolism, also referred to as metabolism of the anthroposphere, is a term used in industrial ecology, material flow analysis, and waste management to describe the material and energy turnover of human society. It emerges from the application of systems thinking to the industrial and other man-made activities and it is a central concept of sustainable development. In modern societies, the bulk of anthropogenic (man-made) material flows is related to one of the following activities: sanitation, transportation, habitation, and communication, which were "of little metabolic significance in prehistoric times". Global man-made stocks of steel in buildings, infrastructure, and vehicles, for example, amount to about 25 Gigatonnes (more than three tonnes per person), a figure that is surpassed only by construction materials such as concrete.
Sustainable development is closely linked to the design of a sustainable anthropogenic metabolism, which will entail substantial changes in the energy and material turnover of the different human activities. Anthropogenic metabolism can be seen as synonymous to social or socioeconomic metabolism. It comprises both industrial metabolism and urban metabolism.
Negative effects
In layman's terms, anthropogenic metabolism indicates the human impact on the world by the modern industrialized world. Much of these impacts include waste management, ecological footprints, water footprints, and flow analysis (i.e., the rate at which each huma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Luis%20Jerez | José Luis Jerez Cerna (born 26 June 1978) is a Chilean former professional football midfielder. In his prime, Jerez was known for his explosiveness and ball skills.
Club career
Chile
Jerez began his career with Chilean club Unión Española. He debuted for Unión Española in 1996. During the 1998 season, Jerez was loaned out to Primera B club Ñublense. He returned the following season to Unión Española where he spent the next six years appearing in 146 games and scoring 30 goals and winning the 2005 Apertura Championship.
In January 2006, Jerez joined Chile's most successful club, Colo-Colo, which was then coached by Claudio Borghi. In his time with Colo-Colo, Jerez won three championships.
Greece
In summer 2007, Jerez joined Ethnikos Piraeus F.C. and immediately became a key player for the club, making 27 starts (29 total appearances) and scoring 6 goals in his first season.
In July 2008 Ethnikos sold Jerez to newly promoted Greek Super League side Panserraikos.
Jerez made just seven league appearances for Panserraikos, and in January 2009 he returned to Ethnikos Piraeus.
Return to Chile
In January 2010, Jerez signed for Cobreloa. His last club was Deportes La Serena in 2012.
International career
He made an appearance for the Chile national team in 2003 in a friendly match versus China.
Post-retirement
After his retirement, he graduated as a football manager and has played football at amateur level in clubs such as Club Deportivo Jadrán. As a football coach, he has wor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk%20synchronous%20parallel | The bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) abstract computer is a bridging model for designing parallel algorithms. It is similar to the parallel random access machine (PRAM) model, but unlike PRAM, BSP does not take communication and synchronization for granted. In fact, quantifying the requisite synchronization and communication is an important part of analyzing a BSP algorithm.
History
The BSP model was developed by Leslie Valiant of Harvard University during the 1980s. The definitive article was published in 1990.
Between 1990 and 1992, Leslie Valiant and Bill McColl of Oxford University worked on ideas for a distributed memory BSP programming model, in Princeton and at Harvard. Between 1992 and 1997, McColl led a large research team at Oxford that developed various BSP programming libraries, languages and tools, and also numerous massively parallel BSP algorithms, including many early examples of high-performance communication-avoiding parallel algorithms
and recursive "immortal" parallel algorithms that achieve the best possible performance and optimal parametric tradeoffs.
With interest and momentum growing, McColl then led a group from Oxford, Harvard, Florida, Princeton, Bell Labs, Columbia and Utrecht that developed and published the BSPlib Standard for BSP programming in 1996.
Valiant developed an extension to the BSP model in the 2000s, leading to the publication of the Multi-BSP model in 2011.
In 2017, McColl developed a major new extension of the BSP model tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-wavelength%20anomalous%20dispersion | Multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction (sometimes Multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion; abbreviated MAD) is a technique used in X-ray crystallography that facilitates the determination of the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules (e.g. DNA, drug receptors) via solution of the phase problem.
MAD was developed by Wayne Hendrickson while working as a postdoctoral researcher under Jerome Karle at the United States Naval Research Laboratory. The mathematics upon which MAD (and progenitor Single wavelength anomalous dispersion) were based were developed by Jerome Karle, work for which he was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (along with Herbert Hauptman).
See also
Single wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD)
Multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR)
Anomalous scattering
Anomalous X-ray scattering
Patterson map
References
Further reading
External links
MAD phasing — an in depth tutorial with examples, illustrations, and references.
HHMI Bio for Wayne Hendrickson
Wayne Hendrickson Home Page
Hendrickson Laboratory Summary of Research
Jerome Karl Nobel Biography
NRL Recognition of Nobel Prize
Computer programs
The SSRL Absorption Package —
CHOOCH —
Shake-and-Bake (SnB) —
SHELX —
Tutorials and examples
Crystallography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Hignett | Mary Hignett (31 March 1916 – 6 July 1980) was a British actress.
In the television series All Creatures Great and Small, she played the role of the cook and housekeeper Edna Hall in the first three series, which ran from 1978 to 1980. Other credits include the Hammer film Prehistoric Women (1967), the horror movie The Corpse (1971), and the 1972 Hammer Horror film Demons of the Mind (in which fellow All Creatures actor Robert Hardy played the role of Zorn).
Personal life
Hignett was born in Madras, British India, to Horace Arthur Du Cane Hignett (c. 1874–1923) and Ellen Kate Allen, who died in childbirth. Her father died in 1923.
Hignett was married to the actor Michael Brennan (1912–1982). They had a daughter.
Hignett died in 1980, aged 64, shortly after the third series of All Creatures was filmed. Scheduled to have a hip replacement, she was convinced by her doctors to have a riskier double hip replacement rather than the single. This is believed to have led to her death. She is buried in Chichester Crematorium and Garden of Remembrance, Chichester, England. Her All Creatures co-stars Robert Hardy, Christopher Timothy and Carol Drinkwater attended the funeral. Her death was written into the script of the 1983 Christmas Special, and her honour was toasted by the four remaining central characters. Her husband was buried alongside her after his death two years later at the age of 69.
Partial filmography
Prehistoric Women (1967) - Mrs. Hammond
The Corpse (1971) - Servant |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabatierite | Sabatierite (Cu6TlSe4) is a mineral found in the Czech Republic. The composition of the mineral is more likely (Cu4TlSe3) that has been chemically and crystalographically characterized having tetragonal symmetry. It is named for the French mineralogist Germain Sabatier (born 1923).
See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people
References
Copper(I,II) minerals
Thallium minerals
Selenide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aheylite | Aheylite is a rare phosphate mineral with formula (Fe2+Zn)Al6[(OH)4|(PO4)2]2·4(H2O). It occurs as pale blue to pale green triclinic crystal masses. Aheylite was made the newest member of the turquoise group in 1984 by International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names.
Composition
The turquoise group has a basic formula of A0-1B6(PO4)4−x(PO3OH)x(OH)8·4H2O. This group contains five other minerals. In addition to aheylite: planerite, turquoise, faustite, chalcosiderite, and an unnamed Fe2+-Fe3+ analogue. Aheylite is distinguished in this group by having Fe2+ dominant in the A-site. The ideal aheylite has a formula of Fe2+Al6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O. Its color is pale blue or green. With turquoise family the blue color is said to come from the octahedral coordination of Cu2+ in the absence of Fe3+.
Name and discovery
It was first described for an occurrence in the Huanuni mine, Huanuni, Oruro Department, Bolivia, and named for Allen V. Heyl (1918–2008), an economic geologist for the United States Geological Survey. It was discovered by Eugene Foord and Joseph Taggart.
Occurrence
In addition to the type locality in Bolivia it has been reported from the Bali Lo prospect in the Capricorn Range, Western Australia and the Les Montmins Mine, Auvergne, France.
It is a turquoise group mineral and occurs as a late hydrothermal phase in a tin deposit associated with variscite, vivianite, wavellite, cassiterite, sphalerite, pyrite and quartz in the type local |
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