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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia%20of%20Statistical%20Sciences | The Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences is an encyclopaedia of statistics published by John Wiley & Sons.
The first edition, in nine volumes, was published in 1982; it was edited by Norman Lloyd Johnson and Samuel Kotz. The second edition, in 16 volumes, was published in 2006; the senior editor was Samuel Kotz.
See also
International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science
References
External links
Wiley page
Statistical Sciences
Statistics books |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rynersonite | Rynersonite is an oxide mineral. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system. It is dull, translucent mineral, fibrous in nature. Usually off-white to pale pink in color. It occurs in granitic pegmatites and was first described for an occurrence in San Diego County, California in 1978.
Besides the San Diego, California area, Rynersonite is also found in Colorado and Kampala, Uganda.
References
Niobium minerals
Tantalum minerals
Oxide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Minerals described in 1978 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscommon%20High%20School | Roscommon High School is located in Roscommon, Michigan. It is the secondary institution for the Roscommon Area Public School District. Roscommon, or RHS, is a class C/Division 3 School.
Statistics
2009
Enrollment: 440
ACT Average Score: 21.0
ACT Participation Rate: 44%
2005
Drop Out Rate: 3.43%
Graduation Rate: 87.22%
Demographics (2009)
White: 97.9%
Hispanic: 0.95%
Asian/Pacific Islander: 1.13%
Black: 0.38%
American Indian/Alaskan: 0.95%
Two or more races: 0%
Athletics
Highlights
2013 MHSAA Class B Volleyball Districts Runner-Up
2013 Jack Pine Conference Volleyball Champions
2006 MHSAA Division 3 Boys' Soccer State Runner-Up
2006 MHSAA Division 3 Wrestling State Runner-Up
1989 MHSAA Class C Boys Basketball Regional Champions
1989 MHSAA Clas C Baseball State Semi-Finalists
1988 MHSAA Class C Boys' Basketball State Runner-Up
2001 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2002 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2003 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2004 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2005 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2006 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2007 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2008 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2009 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2010 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2011 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2012 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2013 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2012 Division 3 Regional Wrestling Champions
Teams
Boys |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa%2C%20Botswana | Goa is a small town in Botswana. It lies near the Namibian border, near the Caprivi Strip, and about 11 kilometres from Shakawe which is also the nearest airport.
Statistics
Elevation = 999m
References
North-West District (Botswana)
Villages in Botswana |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZJB | LZJB is a lossless data compression algorithm invented by Jeff Bonwick to compress crash dumps and data in ZFS. The software is CDDL license licensed. It includes a number of improvements to the LZRW1 algorithm, a member of the Lempel–Ziv family of compression algorithms. The name LZJB is derived from its parent algorithm and its creator—Lempel Ziv Jeff Bonwick. Bonwick is also one of two architects of ZFS, and the creator of the Slab Allocator.
References
External links
LZJB python binding
Javascript port of the LZJB algorithm
Lossless compression algorithms
Sun Microsystems software
Free software
Software using the CDDL license |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20deprivation%20test | A fluid or water deprivation test is a medical test which can be used to determine whether the patient has diabetes insipidus as opposed to other causes of polydipsia (a condition of excessive thirst that causes an excessive intake of water). The patient is required, for a prolonged period, to forgo intake of water completely, to determine the cause of the thirst.
This test measures changes in body weight, urine output, and urine composition when fluids are withheld. Sometimes measuring blood levels of ADH (a synonym for vasopressin) during this test is also necessary.
If there is no change in the water loss despite fluid deprivation, desmopressin may be administered to distinguish between the two types of diabetes insipidus which are central & nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
The time of deprivation may vary from 4 to 18 hours.
The serum osmolality and urine osmolality are both measured in the test.
Interpretation of WDT
The conditions can be distinguished in the following way:
References
External links
Water deprivation test protocol
Medical tests
Thirst
Dynamic endocrine function tests |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential%20alignment | The preferential alignment is a criterion of an orientation of a molecule or atom. The preferential alignment can be related to the formation of the crystal structure of an amorphous structure.
For a polymer material with liquid crystals, the liquid crystals are molecules shaped like rigid rods. Just as logs being floated down a river tend to travel parallel to the direction of the river, liquid crystals have a preferential alignment with each other. At high temperatures, this alignment is disrupted and the material is said to be in the isotropic state. At lower temperatures, the alignment will take place and the liquid crystals are said to be in the pneumatic state [Hoong.C.C].
Crystallography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rado%20graph | In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Rado graph, Erdős–Rényi graph, or random graph is a countably infinite graph that can be constructed (with probability one) by choosing independently at random for each pair of its vertices whether to connect the vertices by an edge. The names of this graph honor Richard Rado, Paul Erdős, and Alfréd Rényi, mathematicians who studied it in the early 1960s; it appears even earlier in the work of . The Rado graph can also be constructed non-randomly, by symmetrizing the membership relation of the hereditarily finite sets, by applying the BIT predicate to the binary representations of the natural numbers, or as an infinite Paley graph that has edges connecting pairs of prime numbers congruent to 1 mod 4 that are quadratic residues modulo each other.
Every finite or countably infinite graph is an induced subgraph of the Rado graph, and can be found as an induced subgraph by a greedy algorithm that builds up the subgraph one vertex at a time. The Rado graph is uniquely defined, among countable graphs, by an extension property that guarantees the correctness of this algorithm: no matter which vertices have already been chosen to form part of the induced subgraph, and no matter what pattern of adjacencies is needed to extend the subgraph by one more vertex, there will always exist another vertex with that pattern of adjacencies that the greedy algorithm can choose.
The Rado graph is highly symmetric: any isomorphism of its finite induc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Petchey | George W. Petchey (24 June 1931 – 23 December 2019) was an English footballer and manager who made 400 appearances in the Football League for West Ham United, Queens Park Rangers and Crystal Palace, playing at wing half (defensive midfield). He was well known for being a hard tackling, midfield general or enforcer, whilst also being one of the first of his generation to play an attractive, keep ball style of play at the same time.
Playing career
Petchey was born in Whitechapel, London. He joined West Ham in 1948 and transferred to QPR in 1953. He made his Rangers debut against Brighton in August 1953 and over the next seven seasons, played 255 league games for Rangers scoring 22 goals.
Petchey signed for Crystal Palace in May 1960. He went on to play 143 league games for Palace scoring 12 goals. In season 1960–61, he was ever present as Palace achieved promotion. Subsequently, he suffered a serious eye injury which ultimately hastened his retirement. He returned from the injury in a home FA Cup quarter final tie against Leeds United, in March 1965, and made one further appearance, in the league, the following month. He retired to become coach at Crystal Palace and later manager at Orient, Millwall and Brighton, whilst also having roles at Chelsea. Following these stints as manager he then became first team coach at Brighton, moving on to manager whilst at the Goldstone ground in Hove. Petchey was well known for being an excellent coach of young players (he was the first Eng |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20linear%20array%20model | In statistics, the generalized linear array model (GLAM) is used for analyzing data sets with array structures. It based on the generalized linear model with the design matrix written as a Kronecker product.
Overview
The generalized linear array model or GLAM was introduced in 2006. Such models provide a structure and a computational procedure for fitting generalized linear models or GLMs whose model matrix can be written as a Kronecker product and whose data can be written as an array. In a large GLM, the GLAM approach gives very substantial savings in both storage and computational time over the usual GLM algorithm.
Suppose that the data is arranged in a -dimensional array with size ; thus, the corresponding data vector has size . Suppose also that the design matrix is of the form
The standard analysis of a GLM with data vector and design matrix proceeds by repeated evaluation of the scoring algorithm
where represents the approximate solution of , and is the improved value of it; is the diagonal weight matrix with elements
and
is the working variable.
Computationally, GLAM provides array algorithms to calculate the linear predictor,
and the weighted inner product
without evaluation of the model matrix
Example
In 2 dimensions, let , then the linear predictor is written where is the matrix of coefficients; the weighted inner product is obtained from and is the matrix of weights; here is the row tensor function of the matrix given by
where m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattens | Wattens is a market town of the Innsbruck-Land District in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It is chiefly known as home of the Swarovski crystal glass company.
Geography
Wattens is located in the Lower Inn Valley of North Tyrol, about east of Innsbruck. The municipal area stretches from the southern shore of the Inn River into the Wattental side valley, leading to the Wattentaler Lizum head within the Tux Alps range.
It has access to the Inn Valley Autobahn (A 12) and is served by ÖBB trains at Fritzens-Wattens station on the Lower Inn Valley Railway line.
History
Archaeological settlement traces date back to the La Tène era; the name Wattens was first mentioned as Vuattanes in a 930 deed, when the area was part of the German stem duchy of Bavaria. The region was held by the Counts of Tyrol from the 12th century onwards and acquired by the Austrian House of Habsburg in 1363.
In 1559 a paper mill was established at Wattens, the first in the Austrian lands. The local economy was further promoted, when in 1895 Daniel Swarovski (1862–1956), a glass cutter from Jiřetín pod Bukovou in Bohemia, settled here to start the production of crystal jewelry. Wattens received market rights in 1895.
Population
Economy
The Swarovski company is Wattens' main employer. In 1995, it celebrated its one-hundred-years jubilee by the establishment of the Swarovski Kristallwelten museum. André Heller designed several cabinets of curiosities modelled on the historic chambers of Ambras Castle. The m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20porosity | Effective porosity is most commonly considered to represent the porosity of a rock or sediment available to contribute to fluid flow through the rock or sediment, or often in terms of "flow to a borehole". Porosity that is not considered "effective porosity" includes water bound to clay particles (known as bound water) and isolated "vuggy" porosity (vugs not connected to other pores). The effective porosity is of great importance in considering the suitability of rocks or sediments as oil or gas reservoirs, or as aquifers.
The term lacks a single or straightforward definition. Even some of the terms used in its mathematical description ("” and “”) have multiple definitions.
Background for multiple definitions
Quartz
"Quartz" (more aptly termed “non-clay minerals”) forms part of the matrix, or in core analysis terms, part of the grain volume.
Clay layers
"Clay layers" are dry clay (Vcl) which also form part of the grain volume. If a core sample is dried in a normal dry oven (non-humidified atmosphere) the clay layers and quartz together form the grain volume, with all other components constituting core analysis “total porosity” (notwithstanding comments in ). This core total porosity will generally be equivalent to the total porosity derived from the density log when representative values for matrix and fluid density are used.
The clay layers contain groups (often termed “structural water”). This structural water is never part of the pore volume. However, since neutro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonelli | Tonelli is a surname, and may refer to:
Tonelli (surname)
Arts
Tonelli (film), a 1943 German film
Science
Tonelli's theorem (functional analysis)
Tonelli's theorem
Tonelli–Shanks algorithm
Tonelli–Hobson test
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20military%20engineering | Roman military engineering was of a scale and frequency far beyond that of its contemporaries. Indeed, military engineering was in many ways endemic in Roman military culture, as demonstrated by each Roman legionary having as part of his equipment a shovel, alongside his gladius (sword) and pila (spears).
Fabri were workers, craftsmen, or artisans in Roman society. Descriptions of early Roman army structure (initially by phalanx, later by legion) attributed to king Servius Tullius state that two centuriae of fabri served under an officer, the praefectus fabrum.
Roman military engineering took both routine and extraordinary forms, the former a part of standard military procedure, and the latter of an extraordinary or reactive nature.
Proactive and routine military engineering
The Roman legionary fortified camp
Each Roman legion had a legionary fort as its permanent base. However, when on the march, particularly in enemy territory, the legion would construct a fortified camp or castra, using only earth, turf and timber. Camp construction was the responsibility of engineering units to which specialists of many types belonged, officered by architecti (engineers), from a class of troops known as immunes who were excused from regular duties. These engineers would requisition manual labour from the soldiers at large as required. A legion could throw up a camp under enemy attack in a few hours. The names of the different types of camps apparently represent the amount of investme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Rubin | Donald Bruce Rubin (born December 22, 1943) is an Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Harvard University, where he chaired the department of Statistics for 13 years. He also works at Tsinghua University in China and at Temple University in Philadelphia.
He is most well known for the Rubin causal model, a set of methods designed for causal inference with observational data, and for his methods for dealing with missing data.
In 1977 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.
Biography
Rubin was born in Washington, D.C. into a family of lawyers. As an undergraduate Rubin attended the accelerated Princeton University PhD program where he was one of a cohort of 20 students mentored by the physicist John Wheeler (the intention of the program was to confer degrees within 5 years of freshman matriculation). He switched to psychology and graduated in 1965. He began graduate school in psychology at Harvard with a National Science Foundation fellowship, but because his statistics background was considered insufficient, he was asked to take introductory statistics courses.
Rubin became a PhD student again, this time in Statistics under William Cochran at the Harvard Statistics Department. After graduating from Harvard in 1970, he began working at the Educational Testing Service in 1971, and served as a visiting faculty member at Princeton's new statistics department. He published his major papers on the Rubin causal model in 1974–1980, seminal papers on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA%20display | mRNA display is a display technique used for in vitro protein, and/or peptide evolution to create molecules that can bind to a desired target. The process results in translated peptides or proteins that are associated with their mRNA progenitor via a puromycin linkage. The complex then binds to an immobilized target in a selection step (affinity chromatography). The mRNA-protein fusions that bind well are then reverse transcribed to cDNA and their sequence amplified via a polymerase chain reaction. The result is a nucleotide sequence that encodes a peptide with high affinity for the molecule of interest.
Puromycin is an analogue of the 3’ end of a tyrosyl-tRNA with a part of its structure mimics a molecule of adenosine, and the other part mimics a molecule of tyrosine. Compared to the cleavable ester bond in a tyrosyl-tRNA, puromycin has a non-hydrolysable amide bond. As a result, puromycin interferes with translation, and causes premature release of translation products.
All mRNA templates used for mRNA display technology have puromycin at their 3’ end. As translation proceeds, ribosome moves along the mRNA template, and once it reaches the 3’ end of the template, the fused puromycin will enter ribosome’s A site and be incorporated into the nascent peptide. The mRNA-polypeptide fusion is then released from the ribosome (Figure 1).
To synthesize an mRNA-polypeptide fusion, the fused puromycin is not the only modification to the mRNA template. Oligonucleotides and other s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsort | Spreadsort is a sorting algorithm invented by Steven J. Ross in 2002. It combines concepts from distribution-based sorts, such as radix sort and bucket sort, with partitioning concepts from comparison sorts such as quicksort and mergesort. In experimental results it was shown to be highly efficient, often outperforming traditional algorithms such as quicksort, particularly on distributions exhibiting structure and string sorting. There is an open-source implementation with performance analysis and benchmarks, and HTML documentation
.
Quicksort identifies a pivot element in the list and then partitions the list into two sublists, those elements less than the pivot and those greater than the pivot. Spreadsort generalizes this idea by partitioning the list into n/c partitions at each step, where n is the total number of elements in the list and c is a small constant (in practice usually between 4 and 8 when comparisons are slow, or much larger in situations where they are fast). It uses distribution-based techniques to accomplish this, first locating the minimum and maximum value in the list, and then dividing the region between them into n/c equal-sized bins.
Where caching is an issue, it can help to have a maximum number of bins in each recursive division step, causing this division process to take multiple steps. Though this causes more iterations, it reduces cache misses and can make the algorithm run faster overall.
In the case where the number of bins is at least the nu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKK | IKK may refer to:
IκB kinase, an enzyme
Greater Kankakee Airport
Ikk (film), a 2021 Indian film |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocher%27s%20point | Kocher's point is a common entry point through the frontal bone for an intraventricular catheter to drain cerebrospinal fluid from the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle. It is located 2–3 centimeters lateral to the midline (at approximately the mid-pupillary line) and approximately 11 cm posterior to the nasion, or 10 cm posterior from the glabella. During cannulation of the lateral ventricle, Kocher's point is landmarked as a point of entry, and care must be taken to be at least 1 cm anterior to the coronal suture to avoid damaging the primary motor cortex. It is most often used to remove cerebrospinal fluid for the treatment of hydrocephalus.
See also
Ventriculostomy
References
Human head and neck
Neurosurgery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar | Petar (, ) is a South Slavic masculine given name, their variant of the Biblical name Petros cognate to Peter.
Derivative forms include Pero, Pejo, Pera, Perica, Petrica, Periša. Feminine equivalent is Petra.
People mononymously known as Petar include:
Petar of Serbia ( – 917), early Prince of the Serbs
Petar of Duklja (), early archont in Dioclea
Petar Krešimir (died 1074/1075), King of Croatia and Dalmatia
Notable people with the name are numerous:
See also
Sveti Petar (disambiguation)
Petrić
Petričević
References
Serbian masculine given names
Bulgarian masculine given names
Croatian masculine given names
Masculine given names |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily%20Butterfield | Lily Butterfield (also Burrows) is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera Emmerdale, played by Anne Charleston. She made her first appearance on 3 November 2006. Lily is Edna Birch's (Shirley Stelfox) estranged sister and the biological mother to Edna's son, Peter Birch (Philip Bird). Charleston quit her role in April 2009 and the character departed on 3 August 2009.
Casting
In September 2006, it was announced that former Neighbours actress Charleston had joined the cast of Emmerdale as Edna Birch's (Shirley Stelfox) estranged sister, Lily. Charleston was due to appear in three episodes in November of that year with a potential longer run to follow. Charleston said that she was "over the moon" to be joining the cast. Lily first appears at her great niece, Eve Jenson's (Raine Davison) wedding. Charleston said "I am over the moon to be joining one of my favourite soaps and I am delighted to be playing such a fantastic character." Charleston and Davison began filming on 25 September 2006 and their scenes were broadcast on 3 November.
In March 2007, Charleston was asked to return to the show after her first appearance was deemed a success. Of her return, Charleston said "I'm thrilled to have been asked back and am looking forward to working with Shirley Stelfox again. It will be interesting to discover more about Lily’s background and character this time around, and I am excited to see where writers take me." Charleston began filming her new scenes in the Summer. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrase%20inhibitor | Integrase inhibitors (INIs) are a class of antiretroviral drug designed to block the action of integrase, a viral enzyme that inserts the viral genome into the DNA of the host cell. Since integration is a vital step in retroviral replication, blocking it can halt further spread of the virus. Integrase inhibitors were initially developed for the treatment of HIV infection, but have been applied to other retroviruses. The class of integrase inhibitors called integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are in established medical use. Other classes, such as integrase binding inhibitors (INBIs), are still experimental.
The development of integrase inhibitors led to a first approval for the class by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on October 12, 2007, for raltegravir (brand name Isentress). Research published at the time supported the conclusion that "[for people living with HIV,] raltegravir plus optimized background therapy provided better viral suppression than optimized background therapy alone for at least 48 weeks."
Since integrase inhibitors target a distinct step in the retroviral life cycle, they may be taken in combination with other types of HIV drugs to minimize adaptation by the virus. They are also useful in salvage therapy for patients whose virus has mutated and acquired resistance to other drugs.
Drugs in use and under development
In use
Raltegravir (Isentress), developed by Merck & Co., was the first INSTI approved by the FDA in October 2007.
E |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20bin%20Hasan%20al-Baghdadi | Muḥammad bin al-Ḥasan bin Muḥammad bin al-Karīm al-Baghdadi, usually called al-Baghdadi (d. 1239 AD), was the compiler of an early Arab cookbook of the Abbasid period, كتاب الطبيخ Kitab al-Ṭabīḫ (The Book of Dishes), written in 1226. The original book contained 160 recipes, and 260 recipes were later added.
Manuscripts and Turkish translations
The only original manuscript of Al-Baghdadi's book survives at Süleymaniye Library in Istanbul, Turkey, and according to Charles Perry, "for centuries, it had been the favorite cook-book of the Turks". Further recipes had been added to the original by Turkish compilers at an unknown date and retitled as Kitâbü’l-Vasfi’l-Et‘ime el-Mu‘tâde, with two of its known three copies found at the Topkapı Palace Library. Eventually, Muhammad ibn Mahmud al-Shirwani, the physician of Murad II, prepared a Turkish translation of the book adding around 70 contemporary recipes. This translation was published in modern Turkish in 2005, whereas a modern Turkish translation of the original book (co-edited by Charles Perry) was published in 2009.
See also
Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq, author of a 10th-century Arabic cookbook by the same name
References
Bibliography
A.J. Arberry, "A Baghdad cookery-book", Islamic Culture 13 (1939), pp. 21–47 and 189–214. A translation of al-Kitab al-Ṭabīḫ.
Charles Perry, A Baghdad Cookery Book (Petits Propos Culinaires), Prospect Books, 2006. . A new translation.
Iraqi male writers
1239 deaths
Arab cuisine
13th-century Ara |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle%20routing%20problem | The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a combinatorial optimization and integer programming problem which asks "What is the optimal set of routes for a fleet of vehicles to traverse in order to deliver to a given set of customers?" It generalises the travelling salesman problem (TSP). It first appeared in a paper by George Dantzig and John Ramser in 1959, in which the first algorithmic approach was written and was applied to petrol deliveries. Often, the context is that of delivering goods located at a central depot to customers who have placed orders for such goods. The objective of the VRP is to minimize the total route cost. In 1964, Clarke and Wright improved on Dantzig and Ramser's approach using an effective greedy algorithm called the savings algorithm.
Determining the optimal solution to VRP is NP-hard, so the size of problems that can be optimally solved using mathematical programming or combinatorial optimization may be limited. Therefore, commercial solvers tend to use heuristics due to the size and frequency of real world VRPs they need to solve.
VRP has many direct applications in industry. Vendors of VRP routing tools often claim that they can offer cost savings of 5%–30%.
Setting up the problem
The VRP concerns the service of a delivery company. How things are delivered from one or more depots which has a given set of home vehicles and operated by a set of drivers who can move on a given road network to a set of customers. It asks for a determination of a set |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20photovoltage | Surface photovoltage (SPV) measurements are a widely used method to determine the minority carrier diffusion length of semiconductors. Since the transport of minority carriers determines the behavior of the p-n junctions that are ubiquitous in semiconductor devices, surface photovoltage data can be very helpful in understanding their performance. As a contactless method, SPV is a popular technique for characterizing poorly understood compound semiconductors where the fabrication of ohmic contacts or special device structures may be difficult.
Theory
As the name suggests, SPV measurements involve monitoring the potential of a semiconductor surface while generating electron-hole pairs with a light source. The surfaces of semiconductors are often depletion regions (or space charge regions) where a built-in electric field due to defects has swept out mobile charge carriers. A reduced carrier density means that the electronic energy band of the majority carriers is bent away from the Fermi level. This band-bending gives rise to a surface potential. When a light source creates electron-hole pairs deep within the semiconductor, they must diffuse through the bulk before reaching the surface depletion region. The photogenerated minority carriers have a shorter diffusion length than the much more numerous majority carriers, with which they can radiatively recombine. The change in surface potential upon illumination is therefore a measure of the ability of minority carrier |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales%20of%20the%20Crystals | Tales of the Crystals is an interactive children's fantasy role playing game, aimed mostly towards young girls (ages 8 and up). It was published in 1993 by Milton Bradley Company.
The game contains an audio cassette that gives the players certain tasks to do to guide them through four different adventures. There are also cards that list various tasks as well. The game also contains a few props to add to the excitement of the game such as "magic" crystals and a journal that the players can use to write about their adventures.
The game requires the players to co-operate and interact together. It is required of the players to act, recite, and perform tasks. As opposed to remaining seated and inactive during gameplay, players must move around their physical environment and are encouraged to use their imagination to recreate a fantasy world around them.
External links
Tales of the Crystals rules on Hasbro's website
Milton Bradley Company games
Fantasy board games |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2015 | Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL15 gene. IL-15 is an inflammatory cytokine with structural similarity to Interleukin-2 (IL-2). Like IL-2, IL-15 binds to and signals through a complex composed of IL-2/IL-15 receptor beta chain (CD122) and the common gamma chain (gamma-C, CD132). IL-15 is secreted by mononuclear phagocytes (and some other cells) following infection by virus(es). This cytokine induces the proliferation of natural killer cells, i.e. cells of the innate immune system whose principal role is to kill virally infected cells.
Expression
IL-15 was discovered in 1994 by two different laboratories, and characterized as T cell growth factor. Together with Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-7 (IL-7), Interleukin-9 (IL-9), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-15 belongs to the four α-helix bundle family of cytokines.
IL-15 is constitutively expressed by a large number of cell types and tissues, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), keratinocytes, fibroblasts, myocyte and nerve cells. As a pleiotropic cytokine, it plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunity.
Gene
IL-15 is 14–15 kDa glycoprotein encoded by the 34 kb region of chromosome 4q31 in humans, and at the central region of chromosome 8 in mice. The human IL-15 gene comprises nine exons (1–8 and 4A) and eight introns, four of which (exons 5 throug |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2018 | Interleukin-18 (IL-18), also known as interferon-gamma inducing factor is a protein which in humans is encoded by the IL18 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a proinflammatory cytokine. Many cell types, both hematopoietic cells and non-hematopoietic cells, have the potential to produce IL-18. It was first described in 1989 as a factor that induced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production in mouse spleen cells. Originally, IL-18 production was recognized in Kupffer cells, liver-resident macrophages. However, IL-18 is constitutively expressed in non-hematopoietic cells, such as intestinal epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells. IL-18 can modulate both innate and adaptive immunity and its dysregulation can cause autoimmune or inflammatory diseases.
Processing
Cytokines usually contain the signal peptide which is necessary for their extracellular release. In this case, IL18 gene, similar to other IL-1 family members, lacks this signal peptide. Furthermore, similar to IL-1β, IL-18 is produced as a biologically inactive precursor. IL-18 gene encodes for a 193 amino acids precursor, first synthesized as an inactive 24 kDa precursor with no signal peptide, which accumulates in cell cytoplasm. Similarly to IL-1β, the IL-18 precursor is processed intracellularly by caspase 1 in the NLRP3 inflammasome into its mature biologically active molecule of 18 kDa.
Receptor and signaling
IL-18 receptor consists of the inducible component IL-18Rα, which binds the mature IL-18 wi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2016 | Interleukin 16 is a pro-inflammatory pleiotropic cytokine. It's precursor, pro-interleukin-16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL16 gene. This gene was discovered in 1982 at Boston University by Dr. David Center and Dr. William Cruikshank.
Function
The cytokine encoded by this gene is a pleiotropic cytokine that functions as a chemoattractant, a modulator of T cell activation, and an inhibitor of HIV replication. The signaling process of this cytokine is mediated by CD4. The product of this gene undergoes proteolytic processing, which is found to yield two functional proteins. The cytokine function is exclusively attributed to the secreted C-terminal peptide, while the N-terminal product may play a role in cell cycle control. Caspase 3 is reported to be involved in the proteolytic processing of this protein. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. Interleukin 16 (IL-16) is released by a variety of cells (including lymphocytes and some epithelial cells) that has been characterized as a chemoattractant for certain immune cells expressing the cell surface molecule CD4. IL-16 was originally described as a factor that could attract activated T cells in humans, it was previously called lymphocyte chemoattractant factor (LCF). Since then, this interleukin has been shown to recruit and activate many other cells expressing the CD4 molecule, including monocytes, eosinophils, and dendritic cells.
The structure of IL- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20Tycoon | Fish Tycoon is a casual game created and developed by Last Day of Work. One of the top-selling downloadable games of 2004, 2005, and 2006, Fish Tycoon was later ported to cell phone, retail, and Nintendo DS.
Gameplay
Players take on the role of a fish store owner who must breed and care for hundreds of different kinds of exotic fish, all the while attempting to keep the fish store economically viable long enough to achieve the ultimate objective: breeding the Seven Magic Fish of Isola. The story for this game is that on the mysterious island of Isola there was a lagoon where the most magnificent fish swam. These fish were held together by the 7 magic fish but one day all of the fish have disappeared. Thus, the player has to cross-breed fish to rediscover the 7 magic fish, solve the genetic puzzle, and "restore the island to its former glory."
Awards
Parents' Choice Award 2004
iParenting Media Award 2006
Handango Champion Award 2005
PocketPC Magazine Best Software Award Nominee edeedxerStar Award 2005
References
External links
The Official Website of Fish Tycoon
Fish Tycoon Breeding Guide
Fish Tycoon Google Play
2004 video games
Android (operating system) games
Big Fish Games games
Business simulation games
IOS games
Last Day of Work games
MacOS games
Majesco Entertainment games
Mobile games
Nintendo DS games
Palm OS games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows Mobile Professional games |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near%20East%20Broadcasting%20Station | The Near East Broadcasting Station (also Sharq-el-Adna إذاعة الشرق الأدنى, Voice of Britain) started broadcasting in Arabic in 1941/1942 from Jaffa, Mandate of Palestine. It was fully financed and run by the British government. The goal of the broadcasts were to "entice Arabs to join British and British-backed military forces, as well as to maintain political and economic stability in Palestine". The broadcasts were also started as an answer to similar propaganda radio stations broadcasting in Arabic set up first by Mussolini, later the German Nazi regime. The British also looked beyond World War II, as they wanted to remain an influence in the Middle East, where oil had been discovered in the early 1930s.
The station first started operation under the name Freedom Broadcasting Station, using Royal Air Force equipment in Jaffa. It was under the full control of the British Special Operations Executive and initially concerned itself with broadcasting to the Balkans. However, from an early point, it also broadcast in Arabic. The material broadcast at SOE's direction sometimes clashed with material broadcast by more official British stations and caused disputes within the British Directorate of Propaganda. In March 1943, the station was handed over to the Political Warfare Executive. After the war, it became a Foreign Office responsibility and, although its legal status was changed into that of a commercial broadcaster, the British government kept firm control.
From the b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling%20mathematics | The mathematics of gambling is a collection of probability applications encountered in games of chance and can get included in game theory. From a mathematical point of view, the games of chance are experiments generating various types of aleatory events, and it is possible to calculate by using the properties of probability on a finite space of possibilities.
Experiments, events, and probability spaces
The technical processes of a game stand for experiments that generate aleatory events. Here are a few examples:
The occurrences could be defined; however, when formulating a probability problem, they must be done extremely carefully. From a mathematical point of view, the events are nothing more than subsets, and the space of events is a Boolean algebra. We find elementary and compound events, exclusive and nonexclusive events, and independent and non-independent events.
In the experiment of rolling a die:
Event {3, 5} (whose literal definition is the occurrence of 3 or 5) is compound because {3, 5}= {3} U {5};
Events {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {5}, {6} are elementary;
Events {3, 5} and {4} are incompatible or exclusive because their intersection is empty; that is, they cannot occur simultaneously;
Events {1, 2, 5} and {2, 5} are nonexclusive, because their intersection is not empty;
In the experiment of rolling two dice one after another, the events obtaining "3" on the first die and obtaining "5" on the second die are independent because the occurrence of the first does not |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcicludine | Calcicludine (CaC) is a protein toxin from the venom of the green mamba that inhibits high-voltage-activated calcium channels, especially L-type calcium channels.
Sources
Calcicludine is a toxin in the venom of the green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps).
Chemistry
Calcicludine is a 60-amino acid polypeptide with six cysteines forming three disulfide bridges. Calcicludine structurally resembles dendrotoxin, but works differently, since even at high concentrations, calcicludine has no effect on dendrotoxin-sensitive potassium channels in chicken and rat neurons.
Target
Calcicludine is a blocker of high-voltage-activated calcium channels (L-, N- and P-type channels). It has highest affinity to the L-type calcium channel (IC50 = 88nM[2]). However, sensitivity of the drug on the channel depends on the species and the tissue. For example, the IC50 for block of L-type calcium channels on a cerebellar granule cell is 0.2 nM, but the IC50 of the block of rat peripheral DRG neuronal L-type channels is around 60-80 nM.
Mode of Action
Calcicludine has a unique mode of action, which is still incompletely understood. It has been suggested to act by a partial pore block or an effect on channel gating.
Toxicity
Calcicludine has been shown to work on rat cardiac cells and rat cerebellum granule cells.
References
Dendroaspis
Neurotoxins
Snake toxins
Ion channel toxins
Calcium channel blockers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pai%20%28surname%29 | Pai is a surname from coastal Karnataka, Kerala and Goa in India. It is found among Hindus of the Goud Saraswat Brahmin community, especially of Madhwa Section following either Kashi Math or Gokarna Matha.
The name is also in use among some Konkani Catholics who trace their ancestry to the Goud Saraswat Brahmins of Karnataka, Kerala and Goa.
Notable people
The following is a list of notable people with last name Pai.
Ajit Pai, Indian cricketer, not to be confused with former FCC chairman with the same name
Ajit Varadaraj Pai, American lawyer; Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission (2017–2021)
Ammembal Subba Rao Pai, lawyer and founder of Canara Bank
Anant Pai (1937–2011), noted Indian educationist and creator of comics ( also known as Uncle Pai )
G. Vasantha Pai (1921–2009), Senior Advocate – Madras High Court and Indian Supreme Court, Member of Legislative Council (MLC), Freedom Fighter
Kuldeep M Pai, Musician, Music Guru, Ashtavadhani
Laxman Pai (1926–2021), Artist. Winner of Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan Govt of India.
M. Govinda Pai (1883–1963), poet
Mukundrao Pai (1883–1948), Indian cricketer, member of the first Indian cricket team to tour England in 1911
P. Ananth Pai, First batch 1947 IAS, GM Indian Railways, Born Panemangalore 1923–1990
M. Kesava Pai(1879–1965), doctor, Rao Bahadur, OBE (Order of the British Empire awarded in 1932)
M. Purushotham Pai (1906–1991), ICS, Chief Secretary of Andhra Pradesh, Chairman of SCCL, Board Member-Larsen & T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested%20loop%20join | A nested loop join is a naive algorithm that joins two relations by using two nested loops. Join operations are important for database management.
Algorithm
Two relations and are joined as follows:
algorithm nested_loop_join is
for each tuple r in R do
for each tuple s in S do
if r and s satisfy the join condition then
yield tuple <r,s>
This algorithm will involve nr*bs+ br block transfers and nr+br seeks, where br and bs are number of blocks in relations R and S respectively, and nr is the number of tuples in relation R.
The algorithm runs in I/Os, where and is the number of tuples contained in and respectively and can easily be generalized to join any number of relations ...
The block nested loop join algorithm is a generalization of the simple nested loops algorithm that takes advantage of additional memory to reduce the number of times that the relation is scanned. It loads large chunks of relation R into main memory. For each chunk, it scans S and evaluates the join condition on all tuple pairs, currently in memory. This reduces the number of times S is scanned to once per chunk.
Index join variation
If the inner relation has an index on the attributes used in the join, then the naive nest loop join can be replaced with an index join.
algorithm index_join is
for each tuple r in R do
for each tuple s in S in the index lookup do
yield tuple <r,s>
The time complexity for this variation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20nested%20loop | A block-nested loop (BNL) is an algorithm used to join two relations in a relational database.
This algorithm is a variation of the simple nested loop join and joins two relations and (the "outer" and "inner" join operands, respectively). Suppose . In a traditional nested loop join, will be scanned once for every tuple of . If there are many qualifying tuples, and particularly if there is no applicable index for the join key on , this operation will be very expensive.
The block nested loop join algorithm improves on the simple nested loop join by only scanning once for every group of tuples. Here groups are disjoint sets of tuples in and the union of all groups has the same tuples as . For example, one variant of the block nested loop join reads an entire page of tuples into memory and loads them into a hash table. It then scans , and probes the hash table to find tuples that match any of the tuples in the current page of . This reduces the number of scans of that are necessary.
algorithm block_nested_loop_join is
for each page pr in R do
for each page ps in S do
for each tuple r in pr do
for each tuple s in ps do
if r and s satisfy the join condition then
yield tuple <r,s>
A more aggressive variant of this algorithm loads as many pages of as can be fit in the available memory, loading all such tuples into a hash table, and then repeatedly scans . This further reduces the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2021 | Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL21 gene.
Interleukin-21 is a cytokine that has potent regulatory effects on cells of the immune system, including natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells that can destroy virally infected or cancerous cells. This cytokine induces cell division/proliferation in its target cells.
Gene
The human IL-21 gene is about 8.43kb, mapped to chromosome 4 and 180kb from IL-2 gene, and the mRNA product is 616 nucleotides long.
Tissue and cell distribution
IL-21 is expressed in activated human CD4+ T cells but not in most other tissues. In addition, IL-21 expression is up-regulated in Th2 and Th17 subsets of T helper cells, as well as T follicular cells. In fact, it was shown that IL-21 can be used to identify peripheral T follicular helper cells. Furthermore, IL-21 is expressed in NK T cells regulating the function of these cells.
Interleukin-21 is also produced by Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) cancer cells (which is surprising because IL-21 was thought to be produced only in T cells). This observation may explain a great deal of the behavior of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma including clusters of other immune cells gathered around HL cells in cultures. Targeting IL-21 may be a potential treatment or possibly a test for HL.
Receptor
The IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) is expressed on the surface of T, B and NK cells. IL-21r is similar in structure to the receptors for other type I cytokines like IL-2R or IL-15 an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2033 | Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL33 gene.
Interleukin 33 is a member of the IL-1 family that potently drives production of T helper-2 (Th2)-associated cytokines (e.g., IL-4). IL33 is a ligand for ST2 (IL1RL1), an IL-1 family receptor that is highly expressed on Th2 cells, mast cells and group 2 innate lymphocytes.
IL-33 is expressed by a wide variety of cell types, including fibroblasts, mast cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, osteoblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells.
Structure
IL-33 is a member of the IL-1 superfamily of cytokines, a determination based in part on the molecules β-trefoil structure, a conserved structure type described in other IL-1 cytokines, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1Ra and IL-18. In this structure, the 12 β-strands of the β-trefoil are arranged in three pseudorepeats of four β-strand units, of which the first and last β-strands are antiparallel staves in a six-stranded β-barrel, while the second and third β-strands of each repeat form a β-hairpin sitting atop the β-barrel. IL-33 is a ligand that binds to a high-affinity receptor family member ST2. The complex of these two molecules with IL-1RAcP indicates a ternary complex formation. The binding area appears to be a mix of polar and non-polar regions that create a specific binding between ligand and receptor. The interface between the molecules has been shown to be extensive. Structural data on the IL-33 molecule was determined by solution NMR |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbus%20%28cipher%29 | In cryptography, Nimbus is a block cipher invented by Alexis Machado in 2000. It was submitted to the NESSIE project, but was not selected.
The algorithm uses a 128-bit key. It operates on blocks of 64 bits and consists of 5 rounds of
encryption. The round function is exceedingly simple. In each round the block is XORed with a subkey, the order of its bits is reversed, and then it is multiplied mod 264 by another subkey, which is forced to be odd.
Nimbus was broken by Vladimir Furman; he found a differential attack using only 256 chosen plaintexts.
References
Broken block ciphers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basu%27s%20theorem | In statistics, Basu's theorem states that any boundedly complete minimal sufficient statistic is independent of any ancillary statistic. This is a 1955 result of Debabrata Basu.
It is often used in statistics as a tool to prove independence of two statistics, by first demonstrating one is complete sufficient and the other is ancillary, then appealing to the theorem. An example of this is to show that the sample mean and sample variance of a normal distribution are independent statistics, which is done in the Example section below. This property (independence of sample mean and sample variance) characterizes normal distributions.
Statement
Let be a family of distributions on a measurable space and a statistic maps from to some measurable space . If is a boundedly complete sufficient statistic for , and is ancillary to , then conditional on , is independent of . That is, .
Proof
Let and be the marginal distributions of and respectively.
Denote by the preimage of a set under the map . For any measurable set we have
The distribution does not depend on because is ancillary. Likewise, does not depend on because is sufficient. Therefore
Note the integrand (the function inside the integral) is a function of and not . Therefore, since is boundedly complete the function
is zero for almost all values of and thus
for almost all . Therefore, is independent of .
Example
Independence of sample mean and sample variance of a normal distribution
Let X1, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%20%28cipher%29 | In cryptography, Q is a block cipher invented by Leslie McBride. It was submitted to the NESSIE project, but was not selected.
The algorithm uses a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits. It operates on blocks of 128 bits using a substitution–permutation network structure. There are 8 rounds for a 128-bit key and 9 rounds for a longer key. Q uses S-boxes adapted from Rijndael (also known as AES) and Serpent. It combines the nonlinear operations from these ciphers, but leaves out all the linear transformations except the permutation. Q also uses a constant derived from the golden ratio as a source of "nothing up my sleeve numbers".
Q is vulnerable to linear cryptanalysis; Keliher, Meijer, and Tavares have an attack that succeeds with 98.4% probability using 297 known plaintexts.
References
Broken block ciphers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer%20hunting | Deer hunting is hunting for deer for meat and sport, an activity which dates back tens of thousands of years. Venison, the name for deer meat, is a nutritious and natural food source of animal protein that can be obtained through deer hunting. There are many different types of deer around the world that are hunted for their meat. For sport, often hunters try to kill deer with the largest and most antlers to score them using inches. There are two different categories of antlers. They are typical and nontypical. They measure tine length, beam length, and beam mass by each tine. They will add all these measurements up to get a score. This score is the score without deductions. Deductions occur when the opposite tine is not the same length as it is opposite. That score is the deducted score.
Hunting deer is a regulated activity in many territories. In the United States, a state government agency such as a Department of Fish and Wildlife (DFW) or Department of Natural Resources (DNR) oversees the regulations. In the United Kingdom, it is illegal to use bows or rifles chambered in bores smaller than .243 caliber (6mm) for hunting.
New Zealand
New Zealand has had 10 species of deer (Cervidae) introduced. From the 1850s, red deer were liberated, followed by fallow, sambar, wapiti, sika, rusa, and whitetail. The introduced herds of axis and moose failed to grow, and have become extinct. In the absence of predators to control populations, deer were thought to be a pest due to their |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianchi%20classification | In mathematics, the Bianchi classification provides a list of all real 3-dimensional Lie algebras (up to isomorphism). The classification contains 11 classes, 9 of which contain a single Lie algebra and two of which contain a continuum-sized family of Lie algebras. (Sometimes two of the groups are included in the infinite families, giving 9 instead of 11 classes.) The classification is important in geometry and physics, because the associated Lie groups serve as symmetry groups of 3-dimensional Riemannian manifolds. It is named for Luigi Bianchi, who worked it out in 1898.
The term "Bianchi classification" is also used for similar classifications in other dimensions and for classifications of complex Lie algebras.
Classification in dimension less than 3
Dimension 0: The only Lie algebra is the abelian Lie algebra R0.
Dimension 1: The only Lie algebra is the abelian Lie algebra R1, with outer automorphism group the multiplicative group of non-zero real numbers.
Dimension 2: There are two Lie algebras:
(1) The abelian Lie algebra R2, with outer automorphism group GL2(R).
(2) The solvable Lie algebra of 2×2 upper triangular matrices of trace 0. It has trivial center and trivial outer automorphism group. The associated simply connected Lie group is the affine group of the line.
Classification in dimension 3
All the 3-dimensional Lie algebras other than types VIII and IX can be constructed as a semidirect product of R2 and R, with R acting on R2 by some 2 by 2 matr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synuclein | Synucleins are a family of soluble proteins common to vertebrates, primarily expressed in neural tissue and in certain tumors.
The name is a blend of the words "synapse" and "nucleus", as it was first found in the synapses in the electromotor nucleus of the electric ray.
Family members
The synuclein family includes three known proteins: alpha-synuclein, beta-synuclein, and gamma-synuclein. Interest in the synuclein family began when alpha-synuclein was found to be mutated in several families with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease.
All synucleins have in common a highly conserved alpha-helical lipid-binding motif with similarity to the class-A2 lipid-binding domains of the exchangeable apolipoproteins. Synuclein family members are not found outside vertebrates, although they have some conserved structural similarity with plant 'late-embryo-abundant' proteins.
Alpha-synuclein
Beta-synuclein
Gamma-synuclein
Function
Normal cellular functions have not been determined for any of the synuclein proteins. Some data suggest a role in the regulation of membrane stability and/or turnover. Mutations in alpha-synuclein are associated with early-onset familial Parkinson's disease and the protein aggregates abnormally in Parkinson's disease, Lewy body disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases. The gamma-synuclein protein's expression in breast tumors is a marker for tumor progression.
Human proteins containing this domain
SNCA; SNCB; SNCG;
References
Exte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20solution | In chemistry, a regular solution is a solution whose entropy of mixing is equal to that of an ideal solution with the same composition, but is non-ideal due to a nonzero enthalpy of mixing. Such a solution is formed by random mixing of components of similar molar volume and without strong specific interactions, and its behavior diverges from that of an ideal solution by showing phase separation at intermediate compositions and temperatures (a miscibility gap). Its entropy of mixing is equal to that of an ideal solution with the same composition, due to random mixing without strong specific interactions. For two components
where is the gas constant, the total number of moles, and the mole fraction of each component. Only the enthalpy of mixing is non-zero, unlike for an ideal solution, while the volume of the solution equals the sum of volumes of components.
Features
A regular solution can also be described by Raoult's law modified with a Margules function with only one parameter :
where the Margules function is
Notice that the Margules function for each component contains the mole fraction of the other component. It can also be shown using the Gibbs-Duhem relation that if the first Margules expression holds, then the other one must have the same shape. A regular solutions internal energy will vary during mixing or during process.
The value of can be interpreted as W/RT, where W = 2U12 - U11 - U22 represents the difference in interaction energy between like and unli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Aspnes | James Aspnes is a professor in Computer Science at Yale University. He earned his Ph.D. in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University in 1992. His main research interest is distributed algorithms.
In 1989, he wrote and operated TinyMUD, one of the first "social" MUDs that allowed players to build a shared virtual world.
He is the son of David E. Aspnes, Distinguished University Professor at North Carolina State University.
Awards
Dijkstra Prize, 2020.
Dylan Hixon '88 Prize for Teaching Excellence in the Natural Sciences, Yale College, 2000.
IBM Graduate Fellowship, 1991–1992.
NSF Graduate Fellowship, 1987–1990.
Phi Beta Kappa, 1987.
References
External links
James Aspnes's Home Page at Yale
Year of birth missing (living people)
MUD developers
Living people
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Yale University faculty |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20Concert%2C%20Z%C3%BCrich%2C%20October%2028%2C%201979 | In Concert, Zürich, October 28, 1979 is a jazz album by pianist Chick Corea and vibraphonist Gary Burton. It features live versions of instrumental pieces that the duo played on the albums Crystal Silence and Duet.
Technical details
In Concert was recorded live, as the title suggests, and released in 1980 as a double LP set. The original release contains 10 tracks with a total length of 79:59. The album was subsequently reissued on a single CD and in the process shortened to 8 tracks for a length of 61:16.
In 2009 the 4-CD set Crystal Silence, The ECM Recordings 1972-79 was released, containing the three albums: Crystal Silence (1973), Duet (1979) and the full LP-edition of In Concert (1980).
Track listing
Awards
In Concert won the 1982 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group.
Chart performance
Sources
Chick Corea, Gary Burton, and Steve Swallow. In Concert, Zürich, October 28, 1979 (LP recording, 1980). Burbank, California: ECM, distributed by Warner Bros. Records. .
References
Gary Burton live albums
Instrumental duet albums
Chick Corea live albums
Collaborative albums
1980 live albums
ECM Records live albums
Albums produced by Manfred Eicher
Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhisiart%20ap%20Rhys | Rhisiart ap Rhys (fl. c. 1495 – c. 1510) was a Welsh-language poet from the cwmwd of Tir Iarll, Glamorgan.
He was the son of Rhys Brydydd and nephew, in all probability, to the poet Gwilym Tew. 36 of his poems are extant.
Bibliography
Eurys I. Roland (ed.), Gwaith Rhys Brydydd a Rhisiart ap Rhys (Cardiff, 1976)
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death unknown
15th-century Welsh poets
16th-century Welsh poets
Welsh male poets |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20and%20life | Research concerning the relationship between the thermodynamic quantity entropy and both the origin and evolution of life began around the turn of the 20th century. In 1910, American historian Henry Adams printed and distributed to university libraries and history professors the small volume A Letter to American Teachers of History proposing a theory of history based on the second law of thermodynamics and on the principle of entropy.
The 1944 book What is Life? by Nobel-laureate physicist Erwin Schrödinger stimulated further research in the field. In his book, Schrödinger originally stated that life feeds on negative entropy, or negentropy as it is sometimes called, but in a later edition corrected himself in response to complaints and stated that the true source is free energy. More recent work has restricted the discussion to Gibbs free energy because biological processes on Earth normally occur at a constant temperature and pressure, such as in the atmosphere or at the bottom of the ocean, but not across both over short periods of time for individual organisms.
Ideas about the relationship between entropy and living organisms have inspired hypotheses and speculations in many contexts, including psychology, information theory, the origin of life, and the possibility of extraterrestrial life.
Early views
In 1863, Rudolf Clausius published his noted memoir On the Concentration of Rays of Heat and Light, and on the Limits of Its Action, wherein he outlined a preliminary re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated%20optical%20inspection | Automated optical inspection (AOI) is an automated visual inspection of printed circuit board (PCB) (or LCD, transistor) manufacture where a camera autonomously scans the device under test for both catastrophic failure (e.g. missing component) and quality defects (e.g. fillet size or shape or component skew). It is commonly used in the manufacturing process because it is a non-contact test method. It is implemented at many stages through the manufacturing process including bare board inspection, solder paste inspection (SPI), pre-reflow and post-re-flow as well as other stages.
Historically, the primary place for AOI systems has been after solder re-flow or "post-production." Mainly because, post-re-flow AOI systems can inspect for most types of defects (component placement, solder shorts, missing solder, etc.) at one place in the line with one single system. In this way the faulty boards are reworked and the other boards are sent to the next process stage.
SMT inspection
AOIs for a PCB board with components may inspect the following features:
Area defects
Billboarding
Component offset
Component polarity
Component presence or absence
Component Skew
Excessive Solder Joints
Flipped component
Height Defects
Insufficient Paste around Leads
Insufficient Solder Joints
Lifted Leads
No Population tests
Paste Registration
Severely Damaged Components
Tombstoning
Volume Defects
Wrong Part
Solder Bridging
Presence of Foreign Material on the board
AOI can be us |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2031 | Interleukin-31 (IL-31) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL31 gene that resides on chromosome 12. IL-31 is an inflammatory cytokine that helps trigger cell-mediated immunity against pathogens. It has also been identified as a major player in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases, including atopic dermatitis.
IL-31 is produced by a variety of cells, namely type 2 helper (TH2) T-cells. IL-31 sends signals through a receptor complex made of IL-31RA and oncostatin M receptor β (OSMRβ) expressed in immune and epithelial cells. These signals activate three pathways: ERK1/2 MAP kinase, PI3K/AKT, and JAK1/2 signaling pathways.
Structure
IL-31 is a cytokine with an anti-parallel four-helix bundle structure in the gp130/IL-6 cytokine family. This family includes IL-6, IL-11, IL-27, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC), and neuropoietin (NP). The anti-parallel bundles that these proteins form have an "up-up-down-down" topology, which is a relevant structure regarding the cytokine binding to their respective receptor complex. The cytokines in the IL-6 family signal through type I cytokine receptors. Type I cytokine receptors are defined by sharing their cytokine binding domain (CBD) with conserved cysteine residues and a conserved WSxWS motif in the extracellular domain. The receptors form heteromeric complexes that usually contain the glycoprotein 130 (gp130 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyloglucan | Xyloglucan is a hemicellulose that occurs in the primary cell wall of all vascular plants; however, all enzymes responsible for xyloglucan metabolism are found in Charophyceae algae. In many dicotyledonous plants, it is the most abundant hemicellulose in the primary cell wall. Xyloglucan binds to the surface of cellulose microfibrils and may link them together. It is the substrate of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase, which cuts and ligates xyloglucans, as a means of integrating new xyloglucans into the cell wall. It is also thought to be the substrate of alpha-expansin, which promotes cell wall enlargement.
Chemistry
Xyloglucan has a backbone of β1→4-linked glucose residues, most of which are substituted with 1-6 linked xylose sidechains. The xylose residues are often capped with a galactose residue sometimes followed by a fucose residue. The specific structure of xyloglucan differs between plant families.
Biosynthesis
Xyloglucan is synthesized in Golgi trans cisternae and in the trans Golgi network (TGN) and is transported to the cell membrane by vesicles, where it is expelled and adsorbs on nascent cellulosic microfibrils.
Metabolism in the human gut
The human genome doesn't contain the genes coding for xyloglucan degradation even though xyloglucans are an important component of most human diets. Recent studies have shown that a discrete genetic locus confers xyloglucan metabolism in selected human gut Bacteroidota. This findings reveals that the metabolism of even highly |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek%20Chrobak | Marek Chrobak is a full professor at University of California, Riverside. He is known for his work competitive analysis of online algorithms, particularly for the k-server problem, on information dissemination in ad-hoc radio networks, and on graph drawing.
In automata theory, Chrobak is known for his contributions to the study of finite automata over a one-letter alphabet. In particular, "Chrobak normal form" for nondeterministic finite automata is known.
Chrobak obtained his PhD in Computer Science from Warsaw University in 1985.
References
External links
Bibliography of papers on online algorithms
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of California, Riverside faculty
University of Warsaw alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package-merge%20algorithm | The package-merge algorithm is an O(nL)-time algorithm for finding an optimal length-limited Huffman code for a given distribution on a given alphabet of size n, where no code word is longer than L. It is a greedy algorithm, and a generalization of Huffman's original algorithm. Package-merge works by reducing the code construction problem to the binary coin collector's problem.
The coin collector's problem
Suppose a coin collector has a number of coins of various denominations, each of which has a numismatic value unrelated to its denomination. The coin collector has run out of money and needs to use some of his coin collection to buy something of cost N. He wishes to select a subset of coins from his collection of minimum numismatic value whose denominations total N.
The binary version of this problem is that all denominations are powers of 2, that is, 1, 1/2, 1/4, etc. dollars.
Description of the package-merge algorithm
Assume that the largest denomination is 1 dollar, and that N is an integer. (The algorithm works even if these assumptions do not hold, by trivial modifications.) The coin collector first separates his coins into lists, one for each denomination, sorted by numismatic value. He then packages the smallest denomination coins in pairs, starting from the pair of smallest total numismatic value. If there is one coin left over, it will be the coin of highest numismatic value of that denomination, and it is set aside and ignored henceforth. These package |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Hirschberg | Daniel S. Hirschberg is a full professor in Computer Science at University of California, Irvine. His research interests are in the theory of design and analysis of algorithms.
He obtained his PhD in Computer Science from Princeton University in 1975. He supervised the PhD dissertation of Lawrence L. Larmore.
He is best known for his 1975 and 1977 work on the longest common subsequence problem: Hirschberg's algorithm for this problem and for the related string edit distance problem solves it efficiently in only linear space. He is also known for his work in several other areas, including Distributed Algorithms. In Nancy Lynch's book Distributed Algorithms she gives details of an algorithm by Hirschberg and J. B. Sinclair for leader election in a synchronous ring. Lynch named this algorithm the HS algorithm, after its authors.
Selected publications
References
External links
Dan Hirschberg's Webpage at UCI
American computer scientists
Living people
Princeton University alumni
University of California, Irvine faculty
Researchers in distributed computing
Theoretical computer scientists
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK%20Telecom%20Open | The SK Telecom Open is an annual professional golf tournament hosted in South Korea and sponsored by the Korean cell phone company SK Telecom. The tournament was inaugurated in June 1997 as "SK Telecom Classic", and renamed in 2001. It is part of the Korean Tour for men, and was co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour from 2001 to 2007. It was co-sanctioned by the OneAsia Tour from 2010 to 2015. Since 2017 it has had prize money of ₩1,200,000,000.
The tenth edition, held 4–7 May 2006, was shortened to 54 holes because of rain. The tournament that year made international headlines when teenage golfer Michelle Wie made the cut, only the second female golfer to do so in a Korean men's tournament after Se Ri Pak in 2003 and the first to do it in an Asian Tour tournament.
It has been staged at five different venues since its inception: Pinx Golf Club, Sky 72 Golf Club, BA Vista, IIdong Lake and the Lakeside Golf Clubs.
Winners
Source:
Notes
References
External links
Korean Tour events
Former Asian Tour events
Golf tournaments in South Korea
Recurring sporting events established in 1997
Spring (season) events in South Korea
1997 establishments in South Korea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirschberg%E2%80%93Sinclair%20algorithm | The Hirschberg–Sinclair algorithm is a distributed algorithm designed for leader election problem in a synchronous ring network. It is named after its inventors, Dan Hirschberg and J. B. Sinclair.
The algorithm requires the use of unique IDs (UID) for each process. The algorithm works in phases and sends its UID out in both directions. The message goes out a distance of 2Phase Number hops and then the message heads back to the originating process. While the messages are heading "out" each receiving process will compare the incoming UID to its own. If the UID is greater than its own UID then it will continue the message on. Otherwise if the UID is less than its own UID, it will not pass the information on. At the end of a phase, a process can determine if it will send out messages in the next round by if it received both of its incoming messages. Phases continue until a process receives both of its out messages, from both of its neighbors. At this time the process knows it is the largest UID in the ring and declares itself the leader.
References
Distributed algorithms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2026 | Interleukin-26 (IL-26) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL26 gene.
IL-26 is the most recently identified member of the IL-20 cytokine subfamily, which was formed according to the usage of common receptor subunits and similarities in target-cell profiles and functions. All cytokines belonging to this subfamily are members of the larger IL-10 family. IL-26 is expressed in certain herpesvirus-transformed T cells but not in primary stimulated T cells. IL-26 signals through a receptor complex comprising two distinct proteins called IL-20 receptor 1 and IL-10 receptor 2. By signaling through this receptor complex, IL-26 induces rapid phosphorylation of the transcription factors STAT1 and STAT3, which enhance IL-10 and IL-8 secretion and as expression of the CD54 molecule on the surface of epithelial cells.
Gene organization and protein structure
The IL26 gene is conserved in various vertebrates, but it is curiously absent in mice and rats. Paralogs of this gene have been identified in several non-mammalian species. The human gene is located on chromosome 12 (12q15), between the genes encoding IL-22 and IFNγ, and composed of five exons separated by three introns. This genomic cluster of genes encoding IL-22, IL-26, and IFNγ is present among all vertebrates.
IL-26 is a 171-amino acid protein that exhibits six alpha helices connected by loops and four conserved cysteine residues. Endogenous IL-26 is expressed as a 36 kDa homodimer. Originally named AK155, IL-26 was ca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid%20equilibrium | In thermodynamics and chemical engineering, the vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) describes the distribution of a chemical species between the vapor phase and a liquid phase.
The concentration of a vapor in contact with its liquid, especially at equilibrium, is often expressed in terms of vapor pressure, which will be a partial pressure (a part of the total gas pressure) if any other gas(es) are present with the vapor. The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is in general strongly dependent on temperature. At vapor–liquid equilibrium, a liquid with individual components in certain concentrations will have an equilibrium vapor in which the concentrations or partial pressures of the vapor components have certain values depending on all of the liquid component concentrations and the temperature. The converse is also true: if a vapor with components at certain concentrations or partial pressures is in vapor–liquid equilibrium with its liquid, then the component concentrations in the liquid will be determined dependent on the vapor concentrations and on the temperature. The equilibrium concentration of each component in the liquid phase is often different from its concentration (or vapor pressure) in the vapor phase, but there is a relationship. The VLE concentration data can be determined experimentally or approximated with the help of theories such as Raoult's law, Dalton's law, and Henry's law.
Such vapor–liquid equilibrium information is useful in designing columns for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2025 | Interleukin-25 (IL-25) – also known as interleukin-17E (IL-17E) – is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL25 gene on chromosome 14. IL-25 was discovered in 2001 and is made up of 177 amino acids.
IL-25 and IL-17 family
IL-25 is a cytokine that belongs to the IL-17 cytokine family together with IL-17A (named also IL-17), IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D and IL-17F. This is why IL-25 has the alternative name IL-17E. All members have homologous amino acid sequence segments and spatially conserved cysteines. It is the IL-25 that differs from other members in its function and structure.
IL-25 signals through a heterohexameric receptor complex containing IL-17RA and IL-17RB. In this complex, IL-25 forms a homodimer with IL-17RB, which then binds to IL-17RA. The IL-17RA subunit is common for IL-17A and IL-17F, and IL-17RB is common for IL-17B. Both IL-17RA and IL-17RB are essential for IL-25 functions. IL-25 does not bind directly to IL-17RA, but this subunit is necessary for its functions - as well as IL-17RB which directly bind IL-25.
Function
IL-25 is produced by many cell types. These cells include T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, epithelial cells and Paneth cells.
This cytokine can induce NF-κB activation, and stimulate the production of IL-8 (named also CXCL8), which is the major chemotactic substance of neutrophils.
Another important function of interleukin 25 is to support the Th2 immune response. IL-25 has been shown to induce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosthenuria | Isosthenuria refers to the excretion of urine whose specific gravity (concentration) is neither greater (more concentrated) nor less (more diluted) than that of protein-free plasma, typically 1.008-1.012. Isosthenuria reflects damage to the kidney's tubules or the renal medulla.
A closely related term is hyposthenuria, where the urine has a relatively low specific gravity "due to inability of the kidney to concentrate the urine normally". This specific gravity is not necessarily equal to that of plasma. Therefore, unlike isosthenuria, this condition is not associated with kidney failure as the kidney tubules have altered the glomerular filtrate.
Clinical significance
Isosthenuria may be seen in disease states as chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury in which the kidneys lack the ability to concentrate or dilute the urine and so the initial filtrate of the blood remains unchanged despite the need to conserve or excrete water based on the body's hydration status.
Sickle-cell trait, the heterozygous form of sickle-cell disease, presents with a normal hematological picture but is associated with hyposthenuria.
See also
Hypersthenuria
References
Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for urine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangau%20District | The Selangau District is a district in Sarawak, Malaysia.
History
Selangau was declared a district on 1 March 2002.
Demographics
According to the Department of Statistics Malaysia, Selangau has a population of 26,100.
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20separation | Frequency separation within astrophysics, is a term used in both Helioseismology and Asteroseismology. It refers to the spacing in frequency between adjacent modes of oscillation, having the same angular degree (l) but different radial order (n).
For a Sun-like star, the frequency can be further described using the 'large frequency spacing' between modes of different radial order (136 μHz in the Sun), and the 'small frequency spacing' between modes of even and odd angular degree within the same radial order (9.0 μHz in the Sun). The period corresponding to the large frequency spacing can be shown to be approximately the same as the time required for a sound wave to travel to the centre of the Sun and return, confirming the global nature of the oscillations seen.
A further frequency separation, the rotational splitting can be seen in high-resolution solar data between modes of the same angular degree, but different azimuthal order (m). This gives information
References
Seismology measurement
Astrophysics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemarene | Stemarene is a diterpene hydrocarbon can be produced biosynthetically through enzyme extracts from rice.
References
Diterpenes
Cyclopentanes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular%20distribution | In probability, a singular distribution is a probability distribution concentrated on a set of Lebesgue measure zero, where the probability of each point in that set is zero.
Other names
These distributions are sometimes called singular continuous distributions, since their cumulative distribution functions are singular and continuous.
Properties
Such distributions are not absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure.
A singular distribution is not a discrete probability distribution because each discrete point has a zero probability. On the other hand, neither does it have a probability density function, since the Lebesgue integral of any such function would be zero.
In general, distributions can be described as a discrete distribution (with a probability mass function), an absolutely continuous distribution (with a probability density), a singular distribution (with neither), or can be decomposed into a mixture of these.
Example
An example is the Cantor distribution; its cumulative distribution function is a devil's staircase. Less curious examples appear in higher dimensions. For example, the upper and lower Fréchet–Hoeffding bounds are singular distributions in two dimensions.
See also
Singular measure
Lebesgue's decomposition theorem
External links
Singular distribution in the Encyclopedia of Mathematics
Types of probability distributions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BKM%20algorithm | The BKM algorithm is a shift-and-add algorithm for computing elementary functions, first published in 1994 by Jean-Claude Bajard, Sylvanus Kla, and Jean-Michel Muller. BKM is based on computing complex logarithms (L-mode) and exponentials (E-mode) using a method similar to the algorithm Henry Briggs used to compute logarithms. By using a precomputed table of logarithms of negative powers of two, the BKM algorithm computes elementary functions using only integer add, shift, and compare operations.
BKM is similar to CORDIC, but uses a table of logarithms rather than a table of arctangents. On each iteration, a choice of coefficient is made from a set of nine complex numbers, 1, 0, −1, i, −i, 1+i, 1−i, −1+i, −1−i, rather than only −1 or +1 as used by CORDIC. BKM provides a simpler method of computing some elementary functions, and unlike CORDIC, BKM needs no result scaling factor. The convergence rate of BKM is approximately one bit per iteration, like CORDIC, but BKM requires more precomputed table elements for the same precision because the table stores logarithms of complex operands.
As with other algorithms in the shift-and-add class, BKM is particularly well-suited to hardware implementation. The relative performance of software BKM implementation in comparison to other methods such as polynomial or rational approximations will depend on the availability of fast multi-bit shifts (i.e. a barrel shifter) or hardware floating point arithmetic.
Overview
In order to solve t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20pump | Oil pump may refer to:
Hydraulic pump, which pressurizes hydraulic fluid in a hydraulic system
Oil pump (internal combustion engine), a part of the lubrication system that pressurizes motor oil for distribution around the engine
Pumpjack, often used to pump oil out of wells
Submersible pump, often used to pump oil out of wells
Vacuum pump, of a design which uses an oil seal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20state%20machine | A liquid state machine (LSM) is a type of reservoir computer that uses a spiking neural network. An LSM consists of a large collection of units (called nodes, or neurons). Each node receives time varying input from external sources (the inputs) as well as from other nodes. Nodes are randomly connected to each other. The recurrent nature of the connections turns the time varying input into a spatio-temporal pattern of activations in the network nodes. The spatio-temporal patterns of activation are read out by linear discriminant units.
The soup of recurrently connected nodes will end up computing a large variety of nonlinear functions on the input. Given a large enough variety of such nonlinear functions, it is theoretically possible to obtain linear combinations (using the read out units) to perform whatever mathematical operation is needed to perform a certain task, such as speech recognition or computer vision.
The word liquid in the name comes from the analogy drawn to dropping a stone into a still body of water or other liquid. The falling stone will generate ripples in the liquid. The input (motion of the falling stone) has been converted into a spatio-temporal pattern of liquid displacement (ripples).
LSMs have been put forward as a way to explain the operation of brains. LSMs are argued to be an improvement over the theory of artificial neural networks because:
Circuits are not hard coded to perform a specific task.
Continuous time inputs are handled "naturally".
C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoside%20phosphoramidite | Nucleoside phosphoramidites are derivatives of natural or synthetic nucleosides. They are used to synthesize oligonucleotides, relatively short fragments of nucleic acid and their analogs. Nucleoside phosphoramidites were first introduced in 1981 by Beaucage and Caruthers. To avoid undesired side reactions, reactive hydroxy and exocyclic amino groups present in natural or synthetic nucleosides are appropriately protected. As long as a nucleoside analog contains at least one hydroxy group, the use of the appropriate protecting strategy allows one to convert that to the respective phosphoramidite and to incorporate the latter into synthetic nucleic acids. To be incorporated in the middle of an oligonucleotide chain using phosphoramidite strategy, the nucleoside analog must possess two hydroxy groups or, less often, a hydroxy group and another nucleophilic group (amino or mercapto). Examples include, but are not limited to, alternative nucleotides, LNA, morpholino, nucleosides modified at the 2'-position (OMe, protected NH2, F), nucleosides containing non-canonical bases (hypoxanthine and xanthine contained in natural nucleosides inosine and xanthosine, respectively, tricyclic bases such as G-clamp, etc.) or bases derivatized with a fluorescent group or a linker arm.
Preparation
There are three main methods for the preparation of nucleoside phosphoramidites.
The common method involves treatment of a protected nucleoside bearing a single free hydroxy group with phosphorodiamidi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorokhta | Vorokhta (; ) is an urban-type settlement located in the Carpathian Mountains on Prut River and is part of Nadvirna Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. Historically, it is a tourist spa town and later was also turned into a ski resort with several ski-jumping ramps (Avanhard). Vorokhta hosts the administration of Vorokhta settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: due to a constant flow of tourists, its population almost year-round is bigger.
Located at an elevation of 800 metres above sea level, it is known for its close ties to the Hutsuls – an ethno-cultural group of Ukrainians who live in the Carpathians, and is often regarded as a Hutsul capital.
Geography
Vorokhta along with the town of Yaremche and few more villages constitute a series of enclaves within Nadvirna Raion and administered by the Yaremche city municipality. The town is located near the administrative border with Zakarpattia Oblast in the Verkhovyna-Putyla Mountains close to the Yablunytsia Pass and source of the Prut River. Vorokhta is surrounded by the Carpathian National Nature Park and the ethnographic area of Hutsuls. The town is surrounded by such mount peaks as Mahora, Makivka, and others.
History
According to oral legends, Vorokhta was established in the 17th century. So claimed to be the Polish ethnographer Jan Falkowski. Supposedly near village Mykulychyn settled a ranaway from the army of Crown of Poland by name Vorokhta. The main population consisted of peasants who were enga |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Catarina%20Art%20Museum | The Museu de Arte de Santa Catarina (MASC), was created in 1949 as Museu de Arte Moderna de Florianópolis (MAMF), and, since then, is the official institution for fine arts in Santa Catarina. Also known as MASC, it is an institution linked to the Fundação Catarinense de Cultura (FCC) and is currently housed in the building of the Centro Integrado de Cultura (CIC), at Avenida Gov. Irineu Bornhausen, No. 5600, Agronômica, in the city of Florianópolis, State of Santa Catarina. Created by State Decree No. 433 on March 18, 1949 as the Museum of Modern Art of Florianópolis (MAMF), it is, since then, the official organ in the area of plastic arts in the state.
References
External links
Santa Catarina Art Museum
Art museums and galleries in Brazil
Museums in Santa Catarina (state)
Art museums established in 1949
1949 establishments in Brazil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Jordan%20Lloyd | Dorothy Jordan Lloyd (1 May 1889 – 21 November 1946) was an early protein scientist who studied the interactions of water with proteins, particularly gelatin. She was also Director of the British Leather Manufacturers' Research Association. She was the first to propose that the structure of globular proteins was maintained by hydrogen bonds, an idea championed later by Linus Pauling and others.
Early life
She was one of four children, and was born in Birmingham. Her father was George Jordan Lloyd, a surgeon who later became later professor of surgery at the University of Birmingham. Her mother was Marian Hampson Simpson. She went to school at King Edward VI High School for Girls in Birmingham and, in 1908, went on to university at Newnham College, Cambridge. There, in 1910, she was placed in the first class in part one of the natural sciences tripos as well as in part two (zoology) in 1912. She was a Bathurst student, and became the third Newnham fellow (1914–21).
She worked at Cambridge on issues surrounding osmotic phenomena and regeneration of muscle tissue. She subsequently studied osmotic phenomena in simpler, non-living colloidal systems. The First World War interrupted this research, but was asked by the Medical Research Committee to investigate alternative media for the culturing of bacteria, as well as what causes ropiness in bread (i.e. bacterial spoilage and fruity odours in freshly-cooked loaves), and how this can be avoided.
Research and later life
In 1921, R |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsien%20Wu | Hsien Wu (; 24 November 1893 – 8 August 1959) was a Chinese biochemist and geneticist. He was the first to propose that protein denaturation was a purely conformational change, i.e., corresponded to protein unfolding and not to some chemical alteration of the protein. This crucial idea was popularized later by Linus Pauling and Alfred Mirsky.
Wu was born in Fuzhou, Fujian, China. He studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (undergraduate), and then trained at Harvard University (graduate) under Otto Folin, developing the first small-volume (≥ 0.1-mL sample) assay for blood sugar (Folin-Wu method). Wu then returned to China to a position at Peking Union Medical College, becoming head of the biochemistry department in 1924. At the end of that year, he married his research assistant Daisy Yen and would continue collaborating with her until his death in 1959.
Wu left China in 1947 to reside in the United States; his wife and children joined him in 1949.
Wu's son, Ray J. Wu, became the Liberty Hyde Bailey Professor of Molecular Genetics and Biology at Cornell University, and developed the first method for sequencing DNA and studying transgenic plants.
References
Further reading
1893 births
1959 deaths
20th-century American biochemists
American geneticists
Biologists from Fujian
Chemists from Fujian
Chinese biochemists
Chinese Civil War refugees
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Chinese geneticists
Educators from Fujian
Harvard University alumni
Massa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-Grammotoxin%20SIA | omega-Grammotoxin SIA (ω-grammotoxin SIA) is a protein toxin that inhibits P, Q, and N voltage-gated calcium channels (Ca2+ channels) in neurons.
Sources
The source of ω-grammotoxin SIA is the venom of a tarantula spider (Grammostola rosea).
Chemistry
Amino acid sequence: Asp-Cys-Val-Arg-Phe-Trp-Gly-Lys-Cys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Ser-Asp-Cys-Cys-Pro-His-Leu-Ala-Cys-Lys-Ser-Lys-Trp-Pro-Arg-Asn-Ile-Cys-Val-Trp-Asp-Gly-Ser-Val
Molecular formula: C177H268N52O50S6
ω-Grammotoxin SIA can be purified from Grammostola rosea venom by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography.
Target
ω-Grammotoxin SIA is a 36 amino acid residue protein toxin from spider venom that inhibits P, Q, and N-type voltage-gated calcium channels in neurons. It binds to the channels with high affinity (if closed). It also binds to potassium channels but with lower affinity than to the calcium channels.
The toxin binding site has high affinity when channels are in closed states and low affinity when channels are activated. (4)
Mode of action
It is believed that ω-grammotoxin SIA inhibits channel function by binding with high affinity to closed, resting states of the channel and that bound toxin makes it more difficult for channels to be opened by depolarization, so much larger depolarizations are required for channel activation.
References
Spider toxins
Ion channel toxins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20Wisdom | Protein Wisdom may refer to:
Protein Wisdom (blog) – a conservative-libertarian weblog created by Jeff Goldstein
"Protein Wisdom" – a low-protein diet advocated by the London eccentric Stanley Owen Green
Protein WISDOM – a software tool for protein design |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belatacept | Belatacept, sold under the brand name Nulojix, is a fusion protein composed of the Fc fragment of a human IgG1 immunoglobulin linked to the extracellular domain of CTLA-4, which is a molecule crucial in the regulation of T cell costimulation, selectively blocking the process of T-cell activation. It is intended to provide extended graft and transplant survival while limiting the toxicity generated by standard immune suppressing regimens, such as calcineurin inhibitors. It differs from abatacept (Orencia) by only two amino acids.
Belatacept was developed by Bristol-Myers-Squibb and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 15, 2011.
References
External links
Engineered proteins
Bristol Myers Squibb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrichite | Ulrichite is a rare green uranium phosphate mineral (CaCu(UO2)[PO4]2·4H2O). It crystallizes as monoclinic prisms which occur as apple green acicular radiating clusters. It is radioactive and exhibits strong yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet radiation.
Ulrichite was first described in 1988 for samples from the Lake Boga granite quarry, Lake Boga, Victoria, Australia. It was named for George H. F. Ulrich (1830–1900), a 19th-century government geologist and mines department inspector. The type locality at Lake Boga is the only reported occurrence and the type specimen is located at the Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, as #M38576.
It is of secondary origin in granite pegmatites where it is found in miarolitic cavities. It occurs associated with turquoise, chalcosiderite, cyrilovite, torbernite, libethenite, sampleite, saleeite and fluorapatite.
References
Copper(II) minerals
Uranium(VI) minerals
Phosphate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uricite | Uricite is a rare organic mineral form of uric acid, C5H4N4O3. It is a soft yellowish white mineral which crystallizes in the monoclinic system.
Discovery and occurrence
It was first described in 1973 for an occurrence in bat guano in Dingo Donga Cave, Eucla, Western Australia. The name is for its composition, anhydrous uric acid.
It occurs with biphosphammite, brushite and syngenite at the type locality in Dingo Donga Cave.
References
Organic minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Minerals described in 1973 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabinaite | Sabinaite (Na4Zr2TiO4(CO3)4) is a rare carbonate mineral. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system as colorless to white prisms within cavities. It is more typically found as powdery coatings and masses. It has a specific gravity of 3.36.
It has been found in vugs in a carbonatite sill on Montreal Island and within sodalite syenite in the alkali intrusion at Mont Saint-Hilaire in Quebec, Canada.
It was first described in 1980 for an occurrence in the Francon quarry, Montreal Island. It is named after Ann Sabina (1930–2015), a mineralogist working for the Geological Survey of Canada.
References
Mineral Handbook
Data from Mindat
Webmineral data
See also
Sodium minerals
Zirconium minerals
Titanium minerals
Oxide minerals
Carbonate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 15 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidiuretic | An antidiuretic is a substance that helps to control fluid balance in an animal's body by reducing urination, opposing diuresis. Its effects are opposite that of a diuretic. The major endogenous antidiuretics are antidiuretic hormone (ADH; also called vasopressin) and oxytocin. Both of those are also used exogenously as medications in people whose bodies need extra help with fluid balance via suppression of diuresis. In addition, there are various other antidiuretic drugs, some molecularly close to ADH or oxytocin and others not. Antidiuretics reduce urine volume, particularly in diabetes insipidus (DI), which is one of their main indications.
The antidiuretic hormone class includes vasopressin (ADH), argipressin, desmopressin, lypressin, ornipressin, oxytocin, and terlipressin. Miscellaneous others include chlorpropamide and carbamazepine.
See also
Diuretic
Electrolyte
Water-electrolyte imbalance
References
External links
Drugs acting on the genito-urinary system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloclasite | Alloclasite () is a sulfosalt mineral (IMA symbol: Acl). It is a member of the arsenopyrite group. Alloclasite crystallizes in the monoclinic system and typically forms as columnar to radiating acicular prismatic clusters. It is an opaque steel-gray to silver-white, with a metallic luster and a black streak. It is brittle with perfect cleavage, a Mohs hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 5.91–5.95.
It was first described in 1866 for an occurrence in Romania. Its name is derived from Greek for "other" and "to break," in reference to its distinct cleavage which distinguished it from the similar appearing mineral marcasite.
The mineral is monoclinic in the P21 space group.
References
Cobalt minerals
Iron minerals
Sulfosalt minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baotite | Baotite Ba4Ti4(Ti, Nb, Fe)4(Si4O12)O16Cl is a rare mineral recognized as having a unique four-fold silicate ring. Crystals are tetragonal, though commonly deformed to the extent of appearing monoclinic. Named for the locality of first discovery, Baotou, China, baotite has been found in hydrothermal veins and alkalic rocks in various locations around the world.
Structure
Simonov first determined the crystal structure of baotite in which (Ti, Nb, Fe)-octahedra share edges, forming chains and cross-linking at the corners forming a 4-fold screw axis in the (001); these columns are analogous to those in rutile. Four silicate tetrahedra share corners creating characteristic rings in the plane perpendicular to the c axis. The barium cation is between the rings and rutile columns, while chloride fills the void between each pair of rings. Chlorine's presence is not necessary for the structure to balance electrostatically.
Geologic occurrence
The first sample of baotite was found with galena, pyrite, albite, aegirine and alkali amphiboles in a quartz vein cutting quartzite at the Bayan Obo Mine in China. Grains from Ravalli County, Montana were found in a thin calcite crust on masses of eschynite within a carbonatic vein. Baotite also occurs at Haast River, New Zealand as an accessory phase of carbonatite, fenite and hydrothermal fluid veins associated with a dike swarm. The dike intrusion of mantle-derived magmas can likely be attributed to the close proximity of the Alpine fault p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income%20in%20the%20United%20States |
Income in the United States is measured by the various federal agencies including the Internal Revenue Service, Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Commerce, and the US Census Bureau. Additionally, various agencies, including the Congressional Budget Office compile reports on income statistics. The primary classifications are by household or individual. The top quintile in personal income in 2019 was $103,012 (included in the chart below). The differences between household and personal income are considerable, since 61% of households now have two or more income earners.
Median personal income in 2020 was $56,287 for full time workers.
This difference becomes very apparent when comparing the percentage of households with six figure incomes to that of individuals. Overall, including all households/individuals regardless of employment status, the median household income was $67,521 in 2020 while the median personal income (including individuals aged 15 and over) was $35,805.
While wages for women have increased greatly, median earnings of male wage earners have remained stagnant since the late 1970s. Household income, however, has risen due to the increasing number of households with more than one income earner and women's increased presence in the labor force.
Income Percentiles 2019
Inflation adjusted US Dollars - see IRS for further reading IRS.GOV income statistics
Income at a glance
See also
Compensation in the United States
Economy of the United State |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDHA | Succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein variant is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHA gene. This gene encodes a major catalytic subunit of succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, a complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The complex is composed of four nuclear-encoded subunits and is localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane. SDHA contains the FAD binding site where succinate is deprotonated and converted to fumarate. Mutations in this gene have been associated with a form of mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency known as Leigh Syndrome. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 3q29. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Structure
The SDHA gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 5 at locus 15 and is composed of 16 exons. The SDHA protein encoded by this gene is 664 amino acids long and weighs 72.7 kDA.
SDHA protein has four subdomains, including capping domain, helical domain, C-terminal domain and most notably, β-barrel FAD-binding domain at N-terminus. Therefore, SDHA is a flavoprotein (Fp) due to the prosthetic group flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Crystal structure suggests that FAD is covalently bound to a histidine residue (His99) and further coordinated by hydrogen bonds with number of other amino acid residues within the FAD-binding domain. FAD which is derived from riboflavin (vitamin B2) is thus essential cofactor for SDHA and whole complex II fu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20algorithms%20in%20economics | Genetic algorithms have increasingly been applied to economics since the pioneering work by John H. Miller in 1986. It has been used to characterize a variety of models including the cobweb model, the overlapping generations model, game theory, schedule optimization and asset pricing. Specifically, it has been used as a model to represent learning, rather than as a means for fitting a model.
Genetic algorithm in the cobweb model
The cobweb model is a simple supply and demand model for a good over t periods. Firms (agents) make a production quantity decision in a given period, however their output is not produced until the following period. Thus, the firms are going to have to use some sort of method to forecast what the future price will be. The GA is used as a sort of learning behaviour for the firms. Initially their quantity production decisions are random, however each period they learn a little more. The result is the agents converge within the area of the rational expectations (RATEX) equilibrium for the stable and unstable case. If the election operator is used, the GA converges exactly to the RATEX equilibrium.
There are two types of learning methods these agents can be deployed with: social learning and individual learning. In social learning, each firm is endowed with a single string which is used as its quantity production decision. It then compares this string against other firms' strings. In the individual learning case, agents are endowed with a pool of strin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-rater%20reliability | In statistics, inter-rater reliability (also called by various similar names, such as inter-rater agreement, inter-rater concordance, inter-observer reliability, inter-coder reliability, and so on) is the degree of agreement among independent observers who rate, code, or assess the same phenomenon.
Assessment tools that rely on ratings must exhibit good inter-rater reliability, otherwise they are not valid tests.
There are a number of statistics that can be used to determine inter-rater reliability. Different statistics are appropriate for different types of measurement. Some options are joint-probability of agreement, such as Cohen's kappa, Scott's pi and Fleiss' kappa; or inter-rater correlation, concordance correlation coefficient, intra-class correlation, and Krippendorff's alpha.
Concept
There are several operational definitions of "inter-rater reliability," reflecting different viewpoints about what is a reliable agreement between raters. There are three operational definitions of agreement:
Reliable raters agree with the "official" rating of a performance.
Reliable raters agree with each other about the exact ratings to be awarded.
Reliable raters agree about which performance is better and which is worse.
These combine with two operational definitions of behavior:
Statistics
Joint probability of agreement
The joint-probability of agreement is the simplest and the least robust measure. It is estimated as the percentage of the time the raters agree in a nomina |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Scales%20Avery | John Scales Avery (born in 1933) is a theoretical chemist noted for his research publications in quantum chemistry, thermodynamics, evolution, and history of science. Since the early 1990s, Avery has been an active world peace activist. During these years, he was part of a group associated with the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. In 1995, this group received the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts. Presently, he is an Associate Professor in quantum chemistry at the University of Copenhagen. His 2003 book Information Theory and Evolution set forth the view that the phenomenon of life, including its origin and evolution, that including human cultural evolution, has it background situated over thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and information theory.
Early life
Avery was born in Lebanon to American parents. Avery's parents were both born in the United States, in the state of Michigan, where they studied at the University of Michigan. His father studied medicine while his mother studied bacteriology. After graduation, his parents did research together at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Later, his father did research in a borderline area between physics and medicine with Arthur Holly Compton, discoverer of the "Compton effect", at the University of Chicago.
In 1926, his father moved the family to Beirut, where his father worked as a professor of anatomy at the American University of Beirut. The family stayed in Beirut unti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonferroni%20correction | In statistics, the Bonferroni correction is a method to counteract the multiple comparisons problem.
Background
The method is named for its use of the Bonferroni inequalities.
An extension of the method to confidence intervals was proposed by Olive Jean Dunn.
Statistical hypothesis testing is based on rejecting the null hypothesis if the likelihood of the observed data under the null hypotheses is low. If multiple hypotheses are tested, the probability of observing a rare event increases, and therefore, the likelihood of incorrectly rejecting a null hypothesis (i.e., making a Type I error) increases.
The Bonferroni correction compensates for that increase by testing each individual hypothesis at a significance level of , where is the desired overall alpha level and is the number of hypotheses. For example, if a trial is testing hypotheses with a desired , then the Bonferroni correction would test each individual hypothesis at . Likewise, when constructing multiple confidence intervals the same phenomenon appears.
Definition
Let be a family of hypotheses and their corresponding p-values. Let be the total number of null hypotheses, and let be the number of true null hypotheses (which is presumably unknown to the researcher). The family-wise error rate (FWER) is the probability of rejecting at least one true , that is, of making at least one type I error. The Bonferroni correction rejects the null hypothesis for each , thereby controlling the FWER at . Proof of this c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarized%20membrane | A polarized membrane is a lipid membrane that has a positive electrical charge on one side and a negative charge on another side, which produces the resting potential in living cells. Whether or not a membrane is polarized is determined by the distribution of dissociable protons and permeant ions inside and outside the membrane that travel passively through ion channel or actively via ion pump, creating an action potential.
See also
Membrane transporter
References
Membrane biology
Electrophysiology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neddylation | Neddylation (also NEDDylation) is the process by which the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 is conjugated to its target proteins. This process is analogous to ubiquitination, although it relies on its own E1 and E2 enzymes. No NEDD8-specific E3 has yet been identified and it is possible that the Neddylation system relies on E3 ligases with dual specificity.
NEDD8
NEDD8 (neural-precursor-cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 8) is a protein involved in the regulation of cell growth, viability and development.
Neddylation process
NEDD8 links itself to a protein through an isopeptide linkage between its carboxy-terminal glycine and the lysine of the substrate.
The neddylation of the substrate causes in a structural change, and there are three main biochemical effects that result. First, neddylation can cause a conformational change in the substrate which may restrict molecular movement and the positioning of different binding partners. Second, it can cause the target protein to become incompatible with other proteins that it usually binds with. For example, CAND1 does not bind to neddylated proteins. In addition, neddylation can recruit NEDD8-interacting proteins. When NEDD8 binds to the ubiquitin E2 Ubc4, the interaction stimulates cullin-based ubiquitin ligases, although the exact mechanism is unclear.
Disease association
Neddylation is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease where its activation appears to drive neurons into apoptosis by initiating cel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional%20Data%20Exchange%20System | RDES (the Regional Data Exchange System on food and agricultural statistics in Asia and Pacific countries) is a unitary statistical information system which includes a database on food and agricultural statistics and the web portal of APCAS (Asia and Pacific Commission on Agricultural Statistics) countries under the FAO/Japan cooperative regional project (GCP/RAS/184/JPN). RDES had operated from March 2003 to 2011. The concept of RDES is succeeded to the CountrySTAT project, FAOSTAT.
Database
RDES was designed to contribute to member nations' capacity building and policy analysis through the development of the food and agricultural statistical framework in APCAS countries. It is especially expected to role-play the database on food and agricultural statistics for users, such as policy-makers, decision-makers, researchers, etc.
Time scale
The calendar year is recommended as time scale of the RDES, due to the difference of the crop year in each country.
Definitions
Definitions of the data should be FAO definitions. The unit of the crop production data are production (metric ton), area harvested (hectare), and yield (kilogram per hectare).
Data items
Most data of RDES are crop production and livestock data. Although it depends on the background of food production in each country, the major 19 agricultural products in this region are registered as the basic data items: rice, wheat, maize, cereals, cassava, potatoes, pulses, groundnuts, soybean, seed cotton, sugar cane, tea, c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Ocean%20Ecosystem%20Dynamics | Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) is the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) core project responsible for understanding how global change will affect the abundance, diversity and productivity of marine populations. The programme was initiated by SCOR and the IOC of UNESCO in 1991, to understand how global change will affect the abundance, diversity and productivity of marine populations comprising a major component of oceanic ecosystems.
The aim of GLOBEC is to advance our understanding of the structure and functioning of the global ocean ecosystem, its major subsystems, and its response to physical forcing so that a capability can be developed to forecast the responses of the marine ecosystem to global change.
Structure
GLOBEC encompasses an integrated suite of research activities consisting of Regional Programmes, National Activities and cross-cutting research focal activities. The GLOBEC programme has been developed by the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) and is co-ordinated through the GLOBEC International Project Office (IPO).
Regional Programmes:
Ecosystem Structure of Subarctic Seas (ESSAS)
CLimate Impacts on Oceanic TOp Predators (CLIOTOP)
ICES Cod and Climate Change (CCC)
PICES Climate Change and Carrying Capacity (CCCC)
Southern Ocean GLOBEC (SO GLOBEC)
Small Pelagic Fish and Climate Change (SPACC)
National Programmes:
GLOBEC has several active national programmes and scientists from nearly 30 countries participate in GLOBEC activities |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive%20flow%20machining | Abrasive flow machining (AFM), also known as abrasive flow deburring or extrude honing, is an interior surface finishing process characterized by flowing an abrasive-laden fluid through a workpiece. This fluid is typically very viscous, having the consistency of putty, or dough. AFM smooths and finishes rough surfaces, and is specifically used to remove burrs, polish surfaces, form radii, and even remove material. The nature of AFM makes it ideal for interior surfaces, slots, holes, cavities, and other areas that may be difficult to reach with other polishing or grinding processes. Due to its low material removal rate, AFM is not typically used for large stock-removal operations, although it can be.
Abrasive flow machining was first patented by the Extrude Hone Corporation in 1970.
Process
In abrasive flow machining, the abrasive fluid flows through the workpiece, effectively performing erosion. Abrasive particles in the fluid contact raised features on the surface of the workpiece and remove them. The fluid is forced through the workpiece by a hydraulic ram, where it acts as a flexible file, or slug, molding itself precisely to the shape of the workpiece. The highest amount of material removal occurs in areas where the flow of the fluid is restricted; according to Bernoulli's Principle, the flow speed and pressure of the fluid decrease in these areas, facilitating a higher material removal rate (MRR). The pressure exerted by the fluid on all contacting surfaces also result |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20End%20of%20London%20and%20Crystal%20Palace%20Railway | The West End of London and Crystal Palace Railway (WELCPR) was an early railway company in south London between Crystal Palace station and Wandsworth, which was opened in 1856. The line was extended in 1858 to a station at Battersea Wharf near the bridge to Pimlico. Throughout its brief existence the railway was operated by the London Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) to which it was leased in 1858 and sold in 1859. This relatively short line was of considerable importance to the history of railways of south London as it was the first line to create a corridor from the south and east towards Westminster and led to the development of London Victoria railway station.
History
Opening
To coincide with the reopening of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham Hill on 10 June 1854, the LB&SCR opened a short spur line linking a new Crystal Palace station to Sydenham station on the Brighton Main Line from London Bridge. The WELCPR was an independent company that aimed to create an additional line from Wandsworth to the LB&SCR station at Crystal Palace and thence to Norwood Junction, whence it would have running powers over the LB&SCR to East Croydon railway station. The line would also continue in an easterly direction towards Beckenham and Bromley. The intention was also to link the northern end of the railway to the London and South Western Railway at a point south east of Clapham Junction, whence trains would continue to Waterloo. The first part of the line, from New Wandsworth to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric%20level-index%20arithmetic | The level-index (LI) representation of numbers, and its algorithms for arithmetic operations, were introduced by Charles Clenshaw and Frank Olver in 1984.
The symmetric form of the LI system and its arithmetic operations were presented by Clenshaw and Peter Turner in 1987.
Michael Anuta, Daniel Lozier, Nicolas Schabanel and Turner developed the algorithm for symmetric level-index (SLI) arithmetic, and a parallel implementation of it. There has been extensive work on developing the SLI arithmetic algorithms and extending them to complex and vector arithmetic operations.
Definition
The idea of the level-index system is to represent a non-negative real number as
where and the process of exponentiation is performed times, with . and are the level and index of respectively. is the LI image of . For example,
so its LI image is
The symmetric form is used to allow negative exponents, if the magnitude of is less than 1. One takes or and stores it (after substituting +1 for 0 for the reciprocal sign since for the LI image is and uniquely defines and we can do away without a third state and use only one bit for the two states −1 and +1) as the reciprocal sign . Mathematically, this is equivalent to taking the reciprocal (multiplicative inverse) of a small magnitude number, and then finding the SLI image for the reciprocal. Using one bit for the reciprocal sign enables the representation of extremely small numbers.
A sign bit may also be used to allow negati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trk | TRK or trk may refer to:
Juwata International Airport (IATA code: TRK), an international airport in Tarakan, North Kalimantan, Indonesia
Potassium transport proteins (Trk), a constituent of the protein family bacterial potassium transporter
Trk receptor, a family of tyrosine kinases that regulates synaptic strength and plasticity in the mammalian nervous system
Truckee Tahoe Airport (FAA LID code: TRK), a public airport two miles east of Truckee, California, United States
Turkic languages (ISO 639-5 code: trk), a language family of at least 35 documented languages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2024 | Interleukin 24 (IL-24) is a protein in the interleukin family, a type of cytokine signaling molecule in the immune system. In humans, this protein is encoded by the IL24 gene.
IL-24 is a cytokine belonging to the IL-10 family of cytokines that signals through two heterodimeric receptors: IL-20R1/IL-20R2 and IL-22R1/IL-20R2. This interleukin is also known as melanoma differentiation-associated 7 (mda-7) due to its discovery as a tumour suppressing protein. IL-24 appears to control cell survival and proliferation by inducing rapid activation of particular transcription factors called STAT1 and STAT3. This cytokine is predominantly released by activated monocytes, macrophages and T helper 2 (Th2) cells and acts on skin, lung, and reproductive tissues. IL-24 performs important roles in wound healing, arthritis, psoriasis and cancer. Several studies have shown that cell death occurs in cancer cells/cell lines following exposure to IL-24. The gene for IL-24 is located on chromosome 1 in humans.
Structure
The structure of IL-24 has been found through crystallization by fusing a flexible linker with a ligand to its two receptors, IL-22R1 and IL-20R2. The structure revealed that there is a lack of disulfides, which is present in most cytokines, and is likely the reason why IL-24 is unstable compared to other interleukins.
IL-24 is a secreted protein that is highly conserved throughout evolution with sequence homology between species including yeast, dog, cat, monkey and cow. It |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2022 | Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is protein that in humans is encoded by the IL22 gene.
Structure
IL-22 is an α-helical cytokine. IL-22 binds to a heterodimeric cell surface receptor composed of IL-10R2 and IL-22R1 subunits. IL-22R is expressed on tissue cells, and it is absent on immune cells.
Crystallization is possible if the N-linked glycosylation sites are removed in mutants of IL-22 bound with high-affinity cell-surface receptor sIL-22R1. The crystallographic asymmetric unit contained two IL-22-sIL-22R1 complexes.
Function
IL-22 is produced by several populations of immune cells at a site of inflammation. Producers are αβ T cells classes Th1, Th22 and Th17 along with γδ T cells, NKT, ILC3, neutrophils and macrophages. IL-22 takes effect on non-hematopoietic cells – mainly stromal and epithelial cells. Effects involve stimulation of cell survival, proliferation and synthesis of antimicrobials including S100, Reg3β, Reg3γ and defensins. IL-22 thus participates in both wound healing and in protection against microbes. IL-22 dysregulation takes part in pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.
IL-22 biological activity is initiated by binding to a cell-surface complex composed of IL-22R1 and IL-10R2 receptor chains and further regulated by interactions with a soluble binding protein, IL-22BP, which shares sequence similarity with an extracellular region of IL-22R1 (sIL-22R1). IL-22 and IL-10 receptor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welch%27s%20t-test | In statistics, Welch's t-test, or unequal variances t-test, is a two-sample location test which is used to test the (null) hypothesis that two populations have equal means. It is named for its creator, Bernard Lewis Welch, is an adaptation of Student's t-test, and is more reliable when the two samples have unequal variances and possibly unequal sample sizes. These tests are often referred to as "unpaired" or "independent samples" t-tests, as they are typically applied when the statistical units underlying the two samples being compared are non-overlapping. Given that Welch's t-test has been less popular than Student's t-test and may be less familiar to readers, a more informative name is "Welch's unequal variances t-test" — or "unequal variances t-test" for brevity.
Assumptions
Student's t-test assumes that the sample means being compared for two populations are normally distributed, and that the populations have equal variances. Welch's t-test is designed for unequal population variances, but the assumption of normality is maintained. Welch's t-test is an approximate solution to the Behrens–Fisher problem.
Calculations
Welch's t-test defines the statistic t by the following formula:
where and are the sample mean and its standard error, with denoting the corrected sample standard deviation, and sample size .
Unlike in Student's t-test, the denominator is not based on a pooled variance estimate.
The degrees of freedom associated with this variance estimate is appr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2020 | Interleukin 20 (IL20) is a protein that is in humans encoded by the IL20 gene which is located in close proximity to the IL-10 gene on the 1q32 chromosome. IL-20 is a part of an IL-20 subfamily which is a part of a larger IL-10 family.
IL-20 subfamily also includes other cytokines, including IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, and IL-26. Members of the cytokine IL-20 subfamily form an important link between the immune system and epithelial tissues due to the fact that receptors for these cytokines are highly expressed on epithelial cells and are almost exclusively produced by cells of the immune system.
IL-20 requires an IL-β-subunit receptor (IL-20RB) for signaling, which can form a functional heterodimeric receptor with either the α-subunit of the IL-20 receptor (IL-20RA) or the α1-subunit of the IL-22 receptor (IL-22RA1). Both of these receptor variants allow efficient IL-20 signaling. Receptors for IL-20 are expressed in the skin, lungs, ovary, testes, and placenta. IL-20 is mainly produced by myeloid cells such as monocytes, granulocytes, and dendritic cells but can also be produced by keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The expression of IL-20 is stimulated by IL-1β, IL-17, IL-22, TNF, and LPS. The main cellular targets of IL-20 are keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and adipocytes. IL-20 has been shown to transduce its signal through signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in keratinocytes.
Function
IL-20 has a broad range of functions and is involved in a v |
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