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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20echo | In magnetic resonance, a spin echo or Hahn echo is the refocusing of spin magnetisation by a pulse of resonant electromagnetic radiation. Modern nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) make use of this effect.
The NMR signal observed following an initial excitation pulse decays with time due to both spin relaxation and any inhomogeneous effects which cause spins in the sample to precess at different rates. The first of these, relaxation, leads to an irreversible loss of magnetisation. But the inhomogeneous dephasing can be removed by applying a 180° inversion pulse that inverts the magnetisation vectors. Examples of inhomogeneous effects include a magnetic field gradient and a distribution of chemical shifts. If the inversion pulse is applied after a period t of dephasing, the inhomogeneous evolution will rephase to form an echo at time 2t. In simple cases, the intensity of the echo relative to the initial signal is given by e–2t/T2 where T2 is the time constant for spin–spin relaxation. The echo time (TE) is the time between the excitation pulse and the peak of the signal.
Echo phenomena are important features of coherent spectroscopy which have been used in fields other than magnetic resonance including laser spectroscopy and neutron scattering.
History
Echoes were first detected in nuclear magnetic resonance by Erwin Hahn in 1950, and spin echoes are sometimes referred to as Hahn echoes. In nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resona |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20Armstrong%20%28footballer%29 | Steven Craig Armstrong (born 23 May 1975) is an English former professional footballer, manager and academy recruitment manager Premier League side Crystal Palace.
As a player, he was a defender and midfielder from 1992 to 2012 and represented Nottingham Forest, Burnley, Bristol Rovers, Gillingham, Watford, Huddersfield Town, Sheffield Wednesday, Grimsby Town, Bradford City, Cheltenham Town, Burton Albion, Kidderminster Harriers, Mansfield Town, Forest Green Rovers, Boston United and Hucknall Town. In 2011, he briefly held the position of player-manager of Eastwood Town and later had a spell as manager of Quorn.
Playing career
Nottingham Forest
Born in South Shields, Armstrong started his career at Nottingham Forest in graduating from their youth system in 1992. Lack of first team action meant in December 1994 he moved on loan to Burnley. He made his debut for the Lancashire club in the 5–1 win over Southend United on 31 December 1994, playing in place of the injured Chris Vinnicombe. Armstrong appeared in three more league matches for Burnley before being recalled by Forest. In January 1996, he joined Bristol Rovers on another loan deal, again making four appearances. However, he was recalled a month later to play a further nine matches at Twerton Park. In October 1996, Armstrong was loaned to Gillingham for whom he played 13 matches as a defensive midfielder. In January 1997, he was loaned to Watford for a month, but his loan deal was cut short through injury. However, h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2200-meter%20band | The 2200-meter or 136 kHz band is the lowest frequency band in which amateur radio operators are licensed to transmit. It was formally allocated to amateurs at the 2007 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-07). The band is available on a secondary basis in all ITU regions with the limitation that amateur stations have maximum radiated power of 1 watt effective isotropic radiated power.
The 2200-meter band is within the low frequency (LF) band, just below the 153–279 kHz longwave broadcast band.
History
The International Telecommunication Union's 2007 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-07) in Geneva agreed a secondary allocation of 135.7–137.8 kHz to the Amateur Service on Friday 9 November 2007. Prior to the ITU formal allocation some countries did have access or predecessors. For example, in the UK, operation on the even lower frequency of 73 kHz had been allowed from 1996 until 2003. A small number of countries also have limited license-exempt use (LowFER).
International frequency allocation
A number of European countries have already allocated the 135.7–137.8 kHz band to amateur radio use based on CEPT / ERC Recommendation 62-01 E ("Use of the band 135.7–137.8 kHz by the Amateur Service", Mainz 1997). The allocation is on a secondary basis, with a maximum ERP of 1 W. Otherwise the band 130–148.5 kHz is allocated on a primary base to the Maritime Mobile Service and the Fixed Service. The main users are naval one-way transmissions and radio-location systems.
T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammotoxin | Grammotoxin is a toxin in the venom of the tarantula Grammostola spatulata. It is a protein toxin that inhibits P-, Q- and N-type voltage-gated calcium channels (Ca 2+ channels) in neurons. Grammotoxin is also known as omega-grammotoxin SIA.
Chemistry
Grammotoxin is a 36 amino acid protein toxin, with the sequence Asp-Cys-Val-Arg-Phe-Trp-Gly-Lys-Cys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Ser-Asp-Cys-Cys-Pro-His-Leu-Ala-Cys-Lys-Ser-Lys-Trp-Pro-Arg-Asn-Ile-Cys-Val-Trp-Asp-Gly-Ser-Val (DCVRFWGKCSQTSDCCPHLACKSKWPRNICVWDGSV), and disulfide bridges between Cys2-Cys16, Cys9-Cys21 and Cys15-Cys30.
It forms an inhibitor cystine knot motif, common in spider toxins.
Its chemical formula is: C177H268N52O50S6
Grammotoxin can be purified from Grammostola spatulata venom by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography.
Mode of action
The toxin binding site on the channels has high affinity for the toxins when they are closed and low affinity when channels are activated. As a result, the toxin preferentially binds to the closed channels. It binds at a region which contains the voltage-sensing domains. When bound, the toxin makes it more difficult for channels to be opened by depolarization, so much larger depolarizations are required for channel activation. Grammotoxin also binds to potassium channels but with lower affinity than to the calcium channels.
References
Neurotoxins
Ion channel toxins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupts%20in%2065xx%20processors | The 65xx family of microprocessors, consisting of the MOS Technology 6502 and its derivatives, the WDC 65C02, WDC 65C802 and WDC 65C816, and CSG 65CE02, all handle interrupts in a similar fashion. There are three hardware interrupt signals common to all 65xx processors and one software interrupt, the instruction. The WDC 65C816 adds a fourth hardware interrupt—, useful for implementing virtual memory architectures—and the software interrupt instruction (also present in the 65C802), intended for use in a system with a coprocessor of some type (e.g., a floating point processor).
Interrupt types
The hardware interrupt signals are all active low, and are as follows:
RESETa reset signal, level-triggered
NMIa non-maskable interrupt, edge-triggered
IRQa maskable interrupt, level-triggered
ABORTa special-purpose, non-maskable interrupt (65C816 only, see below), level-triggered
The detection of a signal causes the processor to enter a system initialization period of six clock cycles, after which it sets the interrupt request disable flag in the status register and loads the program counter with the values stored at the processor initialization vector (–) before commencing execution. If operating in native mode, the 65C816/65C802 are switched back to emulation mode and stay there until returned to native mode under software control.
The detection of an or signal, as well as the execution of a instruction, will cause the same overall sequence of events, which are, in order: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisspeptin | Kisspeptins (including kisspeptin-54 (KP-54), formerly known as metastin) are proteins encoded by the KISS1 gene in humans. Kisspeptins are ligands of the G-protein coupled receptor, GPR54. Kiss1 was originally identified as a human metastasis suppressor gene that has the ability to suppress melanoma and breast cancer metastasis. Kisspeptin-GPR54 signaling has an important role in initiating secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) at puberty, the extent of which is an area of ongoing research. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is released from the hypothalamus to act on the anterior pituitary triggering the release of luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). These gonadotropic hormones lead to sexual maturation and gametogenesis. Disrupting GPR54 signaling can cause hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in rodents and humans. The Kiss1 gene is located on chromosome 1. It is transcribed in the brain, adrenal gland, and pancreas.
History
In 1996, Danny Welch's lab in Hershey, Pennsylvania, isolated a cDNA from a cancer cell that was not able to undergo metastasis after the human chromosome 6 was added to the cell. This gene was named KISS1 because of the location of where it was discovered (Hershey, Pennsylvania, home of Hershey's Kisses). Introduction of this chromosome into the once active cancer cell inhibited it from spreading and the cDNA responsible was taken from that cell. The fact that KISS1 was responsible for this was proved when it w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPG | IPG may refer to:
Immobilized pH gradient, a method used in isoelectric focusing
Impedance phlebography, a medical test
Implanted pulse generator (neurostimulator), a battery-powered device designed to deliver electrical stimulation to the brain
Independent Publishers Group, a book distributor
Interactive program guide, another name for an electronic program guide, a graphical user interface for cable TV boxes, satellite TV boxes, VCRs, DVRs and televisions which displays programming information
Internet Press Guild an invitation-only group of journalists, editors and industry analysts
Interpacket gap (interframe gap), a networking term describing a part of total latency on a link
The Interpublic Group of Companies, a marketing and communications group
Intertape Polymer Group, a packaging products manufacturer
IPG Photonics, a fiber laser manufacturer
iPod games file extension |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamed%20Behdad | Hamed Behdad (; born November 17, 1973) is an Iranian actor and singer. He has received various accolades, including a Crystal Simorgh, a Hafez Award, an Iran Cinema Celebration Award and two Iran's Film Critics and Writers Association Awards. He has won the Golden Goblet Award for Best Actor at the 2019 Shanghai International Film Festival for his role in Castle of Dreams (2019).
Early life
Hamed Behdad was born on 17 November 1973 in Mashhad, Iran. He has lived his childhood and youth in Mashhad, Tehran, and Nishabur in a row.
Behdad has returned to his hometown, Mashhad, again with his family when he was a high school freshman. He holds a bachelor's degree in Fine Arts Acting from Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Iran.
Career
Behdad was first introduced to Iran's Cinema with the movie, End of Game. He was then, nominated for Crystal Simorgh in the Fajr Film Festival for the Best First Actor for this movie.
In continue, he has been performing many memorable strong supporting roles in Iran's Cinema.
Behdad played as an Iraqi army officer in the movie Third Day in 2006. In this role, he is falling in love with an Iranian girl who lived in Khoramshahr, where it was in the siege of Iraq at that time. He again, for the second time, was nominated for Crystal Simorgh award in 25th Fajr Film Festival. He played his role in this movie that impressive that it drew a lot of attention from everyone of the contemporaneous filmmakers and critics.
Behdad's success in movie No |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostatic%20plasticity | In neuroscience, homeostatic plasticity refers to the capacity of neurons to regulate their own excitability relative to network activity. The term homeostatic plasticity derives from two opposing concepts: 'homeostatic' (a product of the Greek words for 'same' and 'state' or 'condition') and plasticity (or 'change'), thus homeostatic plasticity means "staying the same through change".
Comparison with Hebbian plasticity
Homeostatic synaptic plasticity is a means of maintaining the synaptic basis for learning, respiration, and locomotion, in contrast to the Hebbian plasticity associated with learning and memory. Although Hebbian forms of plasticity, such as long-term potentiation and long-term depression occur rapidly, homeostatic plasticity (which relies on protein synthesis) can take hours or days. TNF-α and microRNAs are important mediators of homeostatic synaptic plasticity.
Homeostatic plasticity is thought to balance Hebbian plasticity by modulating the activity of the synapse or the properties of ion channels. Homeostatic plasticity in neocortical circuits has been studied in depth by Gina G. Turrigiano and Sacha Nelson of Brandeis University, who first observed compensatory changes in excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) after chronic activity manipulations.
Mechanism
Synaptic scaling has been proposed as a potential mechanism of homeostatic plasticity. Homeostatic plasticity can be used to describe a process that maintains the stability of neuronal functi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20Markov%20chain | In mathematics, the quantum Markov chain is a reformulation of the ideas of a classical Markov chain, replacing the classical definitions of probability with quantum probability.
Introduction
Very roughly, the theory of a quantum Markov chain resembles that of a measure-many automaton, with some important substitutions: the initial state is to be replaced by a density matrix, and the projection operators are to be replaced by positive operator valued measures.
Formal statement
More precisely, a quantum Markov chain is a pair with a density matrix and a quantum channel such that
is a completely positive trace-preserving map, and a C*-algebra of bounded operators. The pair must obey the quantum Markov condition, that
for all .
See also
Quantum walk
References
Gudder, Stanley. "Quantum Markov chains." Journal of Mathematical Physics 49.7 (2008): 072105.
Exotic probabilities
Quantum information science
Markov models |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund%20v.%20Commonwealth | Lund v. Commonwealth (Va. 1977) 232 S.E.2d 745 is a Supreme Court of Virginia case involving theft of services.
Facts
Charles Walter Lund was a statistics graduate student at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. While working on his Ph.D. research in the 1970s, Lund utilized the resources of Virginia Tech's computer lab.
The workings of the lab were complex. The computers were leased from IBM computers and the cost was distributed through various departments that used the computer facilities. Student who wished to use the computers were required to obtain the approval of the department head. Access keys were required to gain access to the lab, and a key was required to use PO boxes used to receive materials printed out on the computers. The student would ask for an item to be printed. The department would print the item and it would be placed in the PO box for retrieval. If the printed projects were too large to fit in the PO box a note would be placed there instead so the student could pick it up at the computer center main window.
Lund was put under surveillance on October 12, 1974, because departments were noticing unauthorized charges being made to their accounts. When asked about his activities on the computers, Lund initially denied any use of the computers. Later he admitted that he had been using it and turned over seven PO box keys to the investigator. Mr. Lund claimed that other students had given him those keys. Upon searching Lund's apart |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C4%B1yaman%20Airport | Adıyaman Airport is an airport located at Adıyaman, Adıyaman Province, Turkey.
Airlines and destinations
Traffic Statistics
(*)Source: DHMI.gov.tr
The airport was closed for runway works for part of 2011.
References
External links
Airports in Turkey
Buildings and structures in Adıyaman Province
Transport in Adıyaman Province |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonte%20Aleixo | Fonte Aleixo is a settlement in the southern part of the island of Fogo, Cape Verde. It is situated 3 km south of Achada Furna and 16 km southeast of the island capital São Filipe. In 2010 its population was 401.
See also
List of villages and settlements in Cape Verde
References
Villages and settlements in Fogo, Cape Verde
Santa Catarina do Fogo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%20214 | The Bell 214 is a medium-lift helicopter derived from Bell Helicopter's ubiquitous UH-1 Huey series. The Bell 214ST shares the same model number, but is a larger, much-modified twin-engine derivative.
Design and development
The original development of the Model 214 was announced by Bell in 1970 under the name "Huey Plus". The first prototype was based on a Bell 205 airframe equipped with a Lycoming T53-L-702 engine of 1,900 shp.
The first Bell 214A demonstration prototype followed and was evaluated in Iran during field exercises with the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces. The trial was judged successful and an order for 287 214A helicopters followed. The intention was that these aircraft would be constructed by Bell in their Dallas-Fort Worth facility and that a further 50 214As and 350 Bell 214ST helicopters would then be built in Iran. In the event, 296 214A and 39 214C variants were delivered, before the Iranian Revolution in 1979 ended the plans for Iranian production.
Similar in size and appearance to the Bell 205 and Bell 212, the Bell 214 uses a single, more powerful Lycoming LTC4B-8 engine (2,930 shp; 2,185 kW) and upgraded rotor system, giving it a high lifting capacity and good performance at high temperatures and high altitudes. It can be identified by the single large exhaust duct and wide chord rotor blades without stabilizer bars.
Bell offered the Bell 214B "BigLifter" for civil use. It received certification in 1976. The 214B was produced until 1981. Powered |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient%20enhanced%20NMR%20spectroscopy | Gradient enhanced NMR is a method for obtaining high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectra without the need for phase cycling. Gradient methodology is used extensively for two purposes, either rephasing (selection) or dephasing (elimination) of a particular magnetization transfer pathway. It includes the application of magnetic field gradient pulses to select specific coherences. By using actively shielded gradients, a gradient pulse is applied during the evolution period of the selected coherence to dephase the transverse magnetization and another gradient pulse refocuses the desired coherences remaining during the acquisition period.
Advantages
Significant reduction in measuring time
Reduced T1 artifacts
Elimination of phase cycling and difference methods
Possibility for three and four-quantum editing
The ability to detect resonances at the same chemical shift as a strong solvent resonance
Drawbacks
A need for field-frequency-lock blanking during long runs.
Examples
Selection of transverse magnetization (Ix, Sx, Iy etc.):
(+)gradient 180°(x) (+)gradient
Suppression of transverse magnetization (Ix, Sx, Iy etc.):
(+)gradient 180°(x) (-)gradient
References
*Ralph E. Hurd, Gradient-Enhanced Spectroscopy, Journal of magnetic resonance. 87, 422-428 (1990)
Nuclear magnetic resonance |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Squire%27s%20Crystal | The Squire's Crystal is a novel by Jacqueline Rayner, featuring Bernice Summerfield, a character from the spin-off media based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who.
External links
Big Finish Productions - Bernice Summerfield: The Squire's Crystal
2001 British novels
Bernice Summerfield novels
British science fiction novels
Novels by Jacqueline Rayner |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded%20bed%20adsorption | Expanded bed adsorption (EBA) is a preparative chromatographic technique which makes processing of viscous and particulate liquids possible.
Principle
The protein binding principles in EBA are the same as in classical column chromatography and the common ion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction and affinity chromatography ligands can be used. After the adsorption step is complete, the fluidized bed is washed to flush out any remaining particulates. Elution of the adsorbed proteins was commonly performed with the eluent flow in the reverse direction; that is, as a conventional packed bed, in order to recover the adsorbed solutes in a smaller volume of eluent. However, a new generation of EBA columns has been developed, which maintain the bed in the expanded state during this phase, producing high-purity, high yields of e.g. MAbs [monoclonal antibodies] in even smaller volumes of eluent. Process duration at manufacturing scale has also been cut considerably (under 7 hours in some cases).
EBA may be considered to combine both the "Removal of Insolubles" and the "Isolation" steps of the 4-step downstream processing heuristic. The major limitations associated with EBA technology is biomass interactions and aggregations onto adsorbent during processing.
Where classical column chromatography uses a solid phase made by a packed bed, EBA uses particles in a fluidized state, ideally expanded by a factor of 2. Expanded bed adsorption is, however, different from fluidised bed chromatogra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed%20field%20gradient | A pulsed field gradient is a short, timed pulse with spatial-dependent field intensity. Any gradient is identified by four characteristics: axis, strength, shape and duration.
Pulsed field gradient (PFG) techniques are key to magnetic resonance imaging, spatially selective spectroscopy and studies of diffusion via diffusion ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DOSY). PFG techniques are widely used as an alternative to phase cycling in modern NMR spectroscopy.
Common field gradients in NMR
The effect of a uniform magnetic field gradient in the z-direction on spin I, is considered to be a rotation around z-axis by an angle = γIGz; where Gz is the gradient magnitude (along the z-direction) and γI is the gyromagnetic ratio of spin I. It introduces a phase factor to the magnetizations:
Φ (z,τ) = (γI)(Gz)(τ)
The time duration τ is in the order of milliseconds.
See also
Gradient enhanced NMR spectroscopy
References
Nuclear magnetic resonance |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rprop | Rprop, short for resilient backpropagation, is a learning heuristic for supervised learning in feedforward artificial neural networks. This is a first-order optimization algorithm. This algorithm was created by Martin Riedmiller and Heinrich Braun in 1992.
Similarly to the Manhattan update rule, Rprop takes into account only the sign of the partial derivative over all patterns (not the magnitude), and acts independently on each "weight". For each weight, if there was a sign change of the partial derivative of the total error function compared to the last iteration, the update value for that weight is multiplied by a factor η−, where η− < 1. If the last iteration produced the same sign, the update value is multiplied by a factor of η+, where η+ > 1. The update values are calculated for each weight in the above manner, and finally each weight is changed by its own update value, in the opposite direction of that weight's partial derivative, so as to minimise the total error function. η+ is empirically set to 1.2 and η− to 0.5.
Rprop can result in very large weight increments or decrements if the gradients are large, which is a problem when using mini-batches as opposed to full batches. RMSprop addresses this problem by keeping the moving average of the squared gradients for each weight and dividing the gradient by the square root of the mean square.
RPROP is a batch update algorithm. Next to the cascade correlation algorithm and the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm, Rprop is o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934%20Isle%20of%20Man%20TT | For the 1934 Isle of Man TT Races, despite the winning of four TT Races in two years, Stanley Woods parted with Norton motorcycles over the issue of prize money and race tactics and joined Husqvarna alongside Ernie Nott.
The 1934 Junior TT Race was won by Jimmie Guthrie riding for Norton at an average race speed of 79.16 mph from Jimmie Simpson and Ernie Nott a distant third riding for the Swedish Husqvarna marque.
During the first lap of the 1934 Lightweight Race, Syd Crabtree, the winner of the 1929 Lightweight Race, crashed at the Stonebreakers Hut on the Mountain Section and was killed. The 1934 Lightweight TT Race was won by Jimmie Simpson riding a Rudge motorcycle in 3 hours, 23 minutes and 10 seconds at an average race speed of 70.81 mph. The 1934 Lightweight TT Race provided Rudge with another 1-2-3 win since the 1930 Junior TT Race and Jimmie Simpson's only TT Race victory winning from team-mates Ernie Nott and Graham Walker taking 2nd and 3rd places.
The 1934 Senior TT Race was led by Stanley Woods riding for Husqvarna but retired on the Mountain Section on the last lap after running out of fuel. This handed a Junior/Senior double win to Jimmie Guthrie riding the works Norton at an average speed of 78.01 mph from Jimmie Simpson riding a Norton in his last TT Race and Walter Rusk with a Velocette.
Senior TT (500cc)
7 laps (264.11 miles) Mountain Course.
Junior TT (350cc)
7 laps (264.11 miles) Mountain Course.
Lightweight TT (250cc)
7 laps (264.11 miles) Mountai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeu%20%28footballer%29 | Romeu Pereira dos Santos (born 13 February 1985), known as Romeu, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who last played as a defensive midfielder for Greek club Levadiakos.
Career statistics
(correct as of 1 October 2013)
Honours
Club
Fluminense
Copa do Brasil: 2007
External links
CBF
sambafoot
zerozero.pt
1985 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Fluminense FC players
Athlitiki Enosi Larissa F.C. players
Levadiakos F.C. players
Panthrakikos F.C. players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Super League Greece players
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Footballers from Bahia
Men's association football midfielders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benshaw | Benshaw is a company that specializes in solid state reduced voltage electric motor controls, motor protection and variable frequency drives. Benshaw manufactures and engineers motor controls from 208 V through 15 kV, with horsepower ranges from fractional to .
History
Benshaw was incorporated in 1974 as a small sideline for four men: Bob Schaltenbrand, Rich Benko, Pramodh Nijawan and Louis Posa. The name "Benshaw" came from Benko and Schaltenbrand. The men planned to work part-time until the company was able to financially support each of them. During its early years, most of the company's efforts were in panel manufacturing and sub-assembly. After a time, the men parted ways following different career paths. Benshaw Inc. was left to Bob Schaltenbrand alone.
Bob Schaltenbrand worked for a number of companies, but was unfulfilled and had ideas of his own. In 1979 Bob and Sandy Schaltenbrand were approached by Saftronics Ltd. in Canada to start Saftronics Inc. in the United States. The Schaltenbrands would own 40% of the company and operate the motor control manufacturing company in the United States. Within a year, the operation was moved out of their home and a couple of employees were hired. Operational and technical problems arose which ended the Schaltenbrand-Saftronics business relationship.
In 1983 Bob Schaltenbrand revitalized Benshaw, Inc. as a manufacturer of solid state motor controls.
After developing a strong business relationship with Ron Vines in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating%20function%20%28physics%29 | In physics, and more specifically in Hamiltonian mechanics, a generating function is, loosely, a function whose partial derivatives generate the differential equations that determine a system's dynamics. Common examples are the partition function of statistical mechanics, the Hamiltonian, and the function which acts as a bridge between two sets of canonical variables when performing a canonical transformation.
In canonical transformations
There are four basic generating functions, summarized by the following table:
Example
Sometimes a given Hamiltonian can be turned into one that looks like the harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian, which is
For example, with the Hamiltonian
where p is the generalized momentum and q is the generalized coordinate, a good canonical transformation to choose would be
This turns the Hamiltonian into
which is in the form of the harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian.
The generating function F for this transformation is of the third kind,
To find F explicitly, use the equation for its derivative from the table above,
and substitute the expression for P from equation (), expressed in terms of p and Q:
Integrating this with respect to Q results in an equation for the generating function of the transformation given by equation ():
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|
|}
To confirm that this is the correct generating function, verify that it matches ():
See also
Hamilton–Jacobi equation
Poisson bracket
References
Further reading
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern%20search | Pattern search may refer to:
Pattern search (optimization)
Pattern recognition (computing)
Pattern recognition (psychology)
Pattern mining
String searching algorithm
Fuzzy string searching
Bitap algorithm
K-optimal pattern discovery
Nearest neighbor search
Eyeball search |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerized%20classification%20test | A computerized classification test (CCT) refers to, as its name would suggest, a Performance Appraisal System that is administered by computer for the purpose of classifying examinees. The most common CCT is a mastery test where the test classifies examinees as "Pass" or "Fail," but the term also includes tests that classify examinees into more than two categories. While the term may generally be considered to refer to all computer-administered tests for classification, it is usually used to refer to tests that are interactively administered or of variable-length, similar to computerized adaptive testing (CAT). Like CAT, variable-length CCTs can accomplish the goal of the test (accurate classification) with a fraction of the number of items used in a conventional fixed-form test.
A CCT requires several components:
An item bank calibrated with a psychometric model selected by the test designer
A starting point
An item selection algorithm
A termination criterion and scoring procedure
The starting point is not a topic of contention; research on CCT primarily investigates the application of different methods for the other three components. Note: The termination criterion and scoring procedure are separate in CAT, but the same in CCT because the test is terminated when a classification is made. Therefore, there are five components that must be specified to design a CAT.
An introduction to CCT is found in Thompson (2007) and a book by Parshall, Spray, Kalohn and Davey |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush%20discharge | A brush discharge is an electrical disruptive discharge similar to a corona discharge that takes place at an electrode with a high voltage applied to it, embedded in a nonconducting fluid, usually air. It is characterized by numerous luminous writhing sparks, plasma streamers composed of ionized air molecules, which repeatedly strike out from the electrode into the air, often with a crackling sound. The streamers spread out in a fan shape, giving it the appearance of a "brush".
Corona and brush discharges are sometimes called one-electrode discharges because they occur in the vicinity of a single electrode, and don't extend as far as the electrode carrying opposite polarity voltage in the circuit, as an electric arc (a two-electrode discharge) does.
Corona discharge — occurs at sharp points and edges (radius < 1 mm). It is a uniform ionization (glow discharge) visible as a dim stationary blue glow, fading out as it extends from the conductor.
Brush discharge — occurs at a curved electrode (radius between 5 and 50 mm) in the vicinity of a flat electrode. It consists of a short ionization channel which breaks up into a fan of multiple moving streamers which strike toward the other electrode. If the electrode is too sharp, a corona discharge will usually occur instead of a brush discharge.
Arc or spark discharge — A "two electrode" discharge that occurs when an ionized channel extends all the way from one electrode to the other. This allows a large current to flow, relea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAP | DNAP may refer to:
DNA polymerase, a class of enzymes
DnaP, a bacterial DNA replication enzyme
Doctor of Nurse Anesthesia Practice, an academic degree
Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific, a subsidiary of Dyno Nobel
DNA Plant Technology (stock exchange abbreviation: DNAP), an American company
Deutschnational Arbeiterband, one of the a Weimar political parties |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutta |
Dutta, also spelled Datta (), is an Indian family name Its variation is Dutt.
The surname is found primarily among Bengali Kayasthas, Assamese Kalitas (Baro-Bhuyans) and also among Suvarna Baniks and Gandhabaniks in Bengal. The surname is also used by the Mohyal Brahmins of Punjab.
Datta means "given" or "granted" in Sanskrit and is also an alternative name for the Hindu deity Dattatreya.
Notable people with the name include:
Surname
Aishwarya Dutta (born 1995), Tamil actress
Akshay Kumar Datta (1820–1886), writer
Anandita Dutta Tamuly, record holder in Limca Book of Records
Aloke Dutta, musician
Amal Dutta, footballer and coach.
Anik Dutta, Bengali film director
Arpita Singh, born Arpita Dutta, painter
Aswini Kumar Dutta (1856–1923), nationalist leader and philanthropist
Bhabatosh Datta (1911–1997), economist and academic
Bhaktivinoda Thakur (1838–1914), born Kedarnath Datta, Hindu religious leader
Birendra Nath Datta, writer
Bhupendranath Datta, revolutionary and sociologist.
Chitra Singh, born Chitra Shome, singer.
Debasish Dutta, Indian origin mechanical engineer and higher education administrator
Dhirendranath Datta (1886–1971), Bengali lawyer and politician
Divya Dutta (born 1977), film actress.
Durjoy Datta, writer
Himangshu Dutta (1908–1944), composer
Indrani Dutta, Bengali television actress
Jyotirmoy Datta, writer, journalist, poet and essayist
J. P. Dutta (born 1949), film producer, writer and director
Jyoti Prakash Dutta, Bangladeshi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Alembert%E2%80%93Euler%20condition | In mathematics and physics, especially the study of mechanics and fluid dynamics, the d'Alembert-Euler condition is a requirement that the streaklines of a flow are irrotational. Let x = x(X,t) be the coordinates of the point x into which X is carried at time t by a (fluid) flow. Let be the second material derivative of x. Then the d'Alembert-Euler condition is:
The d'Alembert-Euler condition is named for Jean le Rond d'Alembert and Leonhard Euler who independently first described its use in the mid-18th century. It is not to be confused with the Cauchy–Riemann conditions.
References
See sections 45–48.
d'Alembert–Euler conditions on the Springer Encyclopedia of Mathematics
Fluid mechanics
Mechanical engineering
Vector calculus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic%20cascade | Trophic cascades are powerful indirect interactions that can control entire ecosystems, occurring when a trophic level in a food web is suppressed. For example, a top-down cascade will occur if predators are effective enough in predation to reduce the abundance, or alter the behavior of their prey, thereby releasing the next lower trophic level from predation (or herbivory if the intermediate trophic level is a herbivore).
The trophic cascade is an ecological concept which has stimulated new research in many areas of ecology. For example, it can be important for understanding the knock-on effects of removing top predators from food webs, as humans have done in many places through hunting and fishing.
A top-down cascade is a trophic cascade where the top consumer/predator controls the primary consumer population. In turn, the primary producer population thrives. The removal of the top predator can alter the food web dynamics. In this case, the primary consumers would overpopulate and exploit the primary producers. Eventually there would not be enough primary producers to sustain the consumer population. Top-down food web stability depends on competition and predation in the higher trophic levels. Invasive species can also alter this cascade by removing or becoming a top predator. This interaction may not always be negative. Studies have shown that certain invasive species have begun to shift cascades; and as a consequence, ecosystem degradation has been repaired.
For exampl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapley%E2%80%93Sawyer%20Concentration%20Class | The Shapley–Sawyer Concentration Class is a classification system on a scale of one to twelve using Roman numerals for globular clusters according to their concentration. The most highly concentrated clusters such as M75 are classified as Class I, with successively diminishing concentrations ranging to Class XII, such as Palomar 12. (The class is sometimes given with numbers [Class 1–12] rather than with Roman numerals.)
History
From 1927–1929, Harlow Shapley and Helen Sawyer Hogg began categorizing clusters according to the degree of concentration the system has toward the core using this scale. This became known as the Shapley–Sawyer Concentration Class.
Classes
References
Astronomical classification systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamline%20diffusion | Streamline diffusion, given an advection-diffusion equation, refers to all diffusion going on along the advection direction.
References
Diffusion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal%20columns | Anal columns (Columns of Morgagni or less commonly Morgagni's columns) are a number of vertical folds, produced by an infolding of the mucous membrane and some of the muscular tissue in the upper half of the lumen of the anal canal. They are named after Giovanni Battista Morgagni, who has several other eponyms named after him.
References
External links
— "The Female Pelvis: The Rectum"
()
Digestive system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85smund%20Fr%C3%A6gdegjevar | Åsmund Frægdegjevar is a medieval Norwegian legend and ballad (classification: TSB E 145) with several variations all detailing the adventures of a hero by the same name who is hired by the king to rescue a princess. It is based on a fornaldarsaga.
Summary
The story starts as many fairytales do: the fair princess has been captured and imprisoned in a faraway castle, and the King commissions a hero, in this case Åsmund, to rescue her. He and his brothers take the King's flagship Ormin Lange to the castle of the ogre Skomegyvri, where the princess is imprisoned. However, his brothers will not enter with him, so he goes alone.
He finds the princess with relative ease walking through the castle, and immediately falls in love with her. But she is under a spell of the ogre, and believing that Skomegyvri is her mother, will not leave with him. He then takes her by force.
On his way out, the ogre appears. They fight a long battle both physically and with curses and spells, but Åsmund eventually kills Skomegyvri. The princess being free from the spell, they plunder the castle and return home with all the ogre's treasure.
Parallels
The ballad tells a similar story to an Icelandic saga (Ásmundar saga flagðagæfu, extant only as the fragmentary Ásmundar rímur flagðagæfu), where the hero is known as Ásmundur Flagðagæfa.
Recordings
Åsmund Frægdegjevar by Lumsk is a concept album based on the ballad.
Jan Inge Rasmussen recount the ballad in his version of the song "Åsmund Frægdegjæva" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic%20delay%20diversity | Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) is a diversity scheme used in OFDM-based telecommunication systems, transforming spatial diversity into frequency diversity and thus avoiding intersymbol interference.
CDD was introduced in 2001 and can gain frequency diversity at the receiver without changing the SISO receiver structure.
The idea of CDD for OFDM had previously also been submitted as a patent application in September 2000.
References
Louay M.A. Jalloul and Sam. P. Alex, "Evaluation Methodology and Performance of an IEEE 802.16e System", Presented to the IEEE Communications and Signal Processing Society, Orange County Joint Chapter (ComSig), December 7, 2006. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20110414143801/http://chapters.comsoc.org/comsig/meet.html
A. Dammann and S. Kaiser. Performance of low complex antenna diversity techniques for mobile OFDM systems. In Proceedings 3rd International Workshop on Multi-Carrier Spread-Spectrum & Related Topics (MC-SS 2001), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, pages 53–64, Sept. 2001. .
P. Larsson, US-6842487 B1, WO/2002/025857, "Cyclic Delay Diversity for Mitigating ISI in OFDM systems", filed 22 September 2000 First filed patent application, PCT Biblio. data from WIPO.
See also
OFDM
diversity scheme
Radio resource management |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested%20sampling%20algorithm | The nested sampling algorithm is a computational approach to the Bayesian statistics problems of comparing models and generating samples from posterior distributions. It was developed in 2004 by physicist John Skilling.
Background
Bayes' theorem can be applied to a pair of competing models and for data , one of which may be true (though which one is unknown) but which both cannot be true simultaneously. The posterior probability for may be calculated as:
The prior probabilities and are already known, as they are chosen by the researcher ahead of time. However, the remaining Bayes factor is not so easy to evaluate, since in general it requires marginalizing nuisance parameters. Generally, has a set of parameters that can be grouped together and called , and has its own vector of parameters that may be of different dimensionality, but is still termed . The marginalization for is
and likewise for . This integral is often analytically intractable, and in these cases it is necessary to employ a numerical algorithm to find an approximation. The nested sampling algorithm was developed by John Skilling specifically to approximate these marginalization integrals, and it has the added benefit of generating samples from the posterior distribution . It is an alternative to methods from the Bayesian literature such as bridge sampling and defensive importance sampling.
Here is a simple version of the nested sampling algorithm, followed by a description of how it compute |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saber%20Mirghorbani | Seyed Saber Mirghorbani (, born September 17, 1983, in Babolsar, Iran) is an Iranian football player.
Club career
Club career statistics
Assist Goals
International career
Saber Mirghorbani was called up to the Iran national football team in June 2007 for the West Asian Football Federation Championship 2007. He made his debut for Iran in a match vs Palestine.
References
External links
Iranian men's footballers
Iran men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
Sanat Mes Kerman F.C. players
Sanat Naft Abadan F.C. players
People from Babolsar
1983 births
Living people
PAS Hamedan F.C. players
Fajr Sepasi Shiraz F.C. players
Saipa F.C. players
Persian Gulf Pro League players
Azadegan League players
Footballers from Mazandaran province |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HaeIII | HaeIII is one of many restriction enzymes (endonucleases) a type of prokaryotic DNA that protects organisms from unknown, foreign DNA. It is a restriction enzyme used in molecular biology laboratories. It was the third endonuclease to be isolated from the Haemophilus aegyptius bacteria. The enzyme's recognition site—the place where it cuts DNA molecules—is the GGCC nucleotide sequence which means it cleaves DNA at the site 5′-GG/CC-3. The recognition site is usually around 4-8 bps.This enzyme's gene has been sequenced and cloned. This is done to make DNA fragments in blunt ends. HaeIII is not effective for single stranded DNA cleavage.
Properties
HaeIII has a molecular weight of 37126. After a 2-10-fold of HaeIII takes place, there is overdigestion of a DNA substrate. This results in 100% being cut, more than 50% of fragments being ligated, and more than 95% being recut. Heat inactivation comes at about 80 °C for 20 minutes. The locus of the HaeIII enzyme is on AF05137, and is linear with 957 base pairs.
History
HaeIII along with other restriction enzymes were discovered in 1970 by Werner Arber and Matthew Meselson. The HaeIII methyltransferase also known as MTase gene from Haemophilus aegyptius (recognition sequence: 5′-GGCC-3′) was made into Escherichia coli (E.coli) in the plasmid vector pBR322. The gene was extracted from a single EcoRI fragment and a single HindIII enzyme fragment. Clones carrying additional adjacent fragments were found to code for the HaeIII restrict |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk%20%28magazine%29 | Risk magazine provides news and analysis covering the financial industry, with a particular focus on risk management, derivatives and complex finance. It includes articles and papers on credit risk, market risk, risk systems, swap option pricing, derivatives risk and pricing, regulation and asset management. Articles include news, features, comment, analysis and mathematical papers. Risk has a tradition of covers featuring pieces of abstract modern art.
The magazine was founded by Peter Field in 1987. It was owned by Risk Waters Group, then acquired by Incisive Media, and is now owned by Infopro Digital. Editors include: Helen Bartholomew, Philip Alexander, Lukas Becker, Rob Mannix, Tom Osborn and Mauro Cesa, with Kris Devasabai as editor-in-chief. The editorial director is Duncan Wood.
Risk magazine has a sister publication – Asia Risk – focusing on the Asia-Pacific region.
Risk also runs industry-specific events, including the annual Risk awards, and has an extensive global conferences and training program. In 2003, Risk magazine launched a financial risk management website that provides news updates as a digital subscription.
The final print edition of Risk magazine was published in June 2022. The magazine now exists in digital form, via website and app.
Risk.net
Risk.net is a news and analysis website covering the financial industry, with a particular focus on regulation, derivatives, risk management asset management and commodities. Risk.net publishes on widely re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subacute%20thyroiditis | Subacute thyroiditis refers to a temporal classification of the different forms of thyroiditis based on onset of symptoms. The temporal classification of thyroiditis includes presentation of symptoms in an acute, subacute, or chronic manner. There are also other classification systems for thyroiditis based on factors such as clinical symptoms and underlying etiology.
Broadly, there are three categories of thyroiditis that can present in a subacute fashion, including subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis, and drug-induced thyroiditis. In all three categories, there is inflammation of the thyroid gland causing damage to the thyroid follicular cells which produce and secrete thyroid hormone. This often results in three phases of thyroid dysfunction beginning with initial thyrotoxicosis followed by hypothyroidism before resolution back to normal thyroid function. In the thyrotoxic stage, individuals usually complain of fever, myalgia, and may have associated anterior neck pain among other symptoms. In the hypothyroid stage, they may be asymptomatic or experience mild symptoms. In most cases, the thyroid dysfunction is transient and people recover with symptomatic treatment.
Etiology
Among the different classification systems for thyroiditis, the onset of symptoms can be used to classify thyroiditis as acute, subacute, or chronic. The three types of thyroiditis that can occur in a subacute manner include subacute granulomatous thyroiditis, subacut |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%27s%20Makin%27%20Changes%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Best%20of%20Tesla | Time's Makin' Changes – The Best of Tesla is the first greatest hits album for the rock band Tesla. It includes songs from their first four studio albums, Mechanical Resonance, The Great Radio Controversy, Psychotic Supper, and Bust a Nut, as well as their first live album, Five Man Acoustical Jam as well as one new song, "Steppin' Over".
Track listing
"Modern Day Cowboy" – 5:18 (From Mechanical Resonance)
"Gettin' Better" – 3:20 (From Mechanical Resonance)
"Little Suzi" – 4:02 (From Mechanical Resonance)
"Heaven's Trail (No Way Out)" – 4:33 (From The Great Radio Controversy)
"The Way It Is" – 5:09 (From The Great Radio Controversy)
"Love Song" – 5:21 (From The Great Radio Controversy)
"Signs" – 3:14 (Live) (From Five Man Acoustical Jam)
"Paradise" – 5:09 (Live) (From Five Man Acoustical Jam)
"Edison's Medicine" – 4:48 (From Psychotic Supper)
"Song & Emotion" – 5:55 (From Psychotic Supper)
"What You Give" – 7:18 (From Psychotic Supper)
"Mama's Fool" – 6:11 (From Bust a Nut)
"A lot to Lose" – 5:11 (From Bust a Nut)
"Steppin' Over" (Hannon, Keith, Luccketta, Wheat) – 4:22 (Previously unreleased)
"Changes" – 5:03 (From Mechanical Resonance)
Charts
Album
Singles
Certifications
References
1995 greatest hits albums
Geffen Records compilation albums
Tesla (band) compilation albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fab%C3%A3o%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201976%29 | José Fábio Alves Azevedo (born June 15, 1976 in Vera Cruz), or simply Fabão, is a Brazilian centre back currently playing for Sobradinho.
Club statistics
Honors
Club
FIFA Club World Cup: 2005
Copa Libertadores: 2005
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2006
J. League: 2007
Individual
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year: 2006
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Paraná Clube players
Esporte Clube Bahia players
CR Flamengo footballers
Real Betis players
Córdoba CF players
Goiás Esporte Clube players
São Paulo FC players
Kashima Antlers players
Santos FC players
Guarani FC players
Henan F.C. players
Comercial Futebol Clube (Ribeirão Preto) players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Segunda División players
J1 League players
Copa Libertadores-winning players
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in China
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Chinese Super League players
People from Vera Cruz, Bahia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical%20Resonance%20%28album%29 | Mechanical Resonance is the debut studio album by the American hard rock band Tesla. It was released on December 8, 1986, by Geffen Records.
The album peaked at No. 32 on the Billboard 200 on April 3, 1987, and was certified platinum by the RIAA on October 5, 1989.
Track listing
Personnel
Band members
Jeff Keith – lead vocals
Frank Hannon – acoustic & electric guitars, keyboards, mandolin, backing vocals
Tommy Skeoch – acoustic & electric guitars, backing vocals
Brian Wheat – bass, backing vocals
Troy Luccketta – drums, percussion
Production
Steve Thompson – producer
Michael Barbiero – producer, engineer
Michael Beyer – engineer and mixing on "Little Suzi" acoustic intro
George Marino – mastering at Sterling Sound, New York
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Singles
Certifications
Accolades
See also
List of glam metal albums and songs
References
1986 debut albums
Tesla (band) albums
Geffen Records albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ppc64 | ppc64 is an identifier commonly used within the Linux, GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and LLVM open-source software communities to refer to the target architecture for applications optimized for 64-bit big-endian PowerPC and Power ISA processors.
ppc64le is a pure little-endian mode that has been introduced with the POWER8 as the prime target for technologies provided by the OpenPOWER Foundation, aiming at enabling porting of the x86 Linux-based software with minimal effort.
Details
These two identifiers are frequently used when compiling source code to identify the target architecture.
64-bit Power and PowerPC processors are the following:
PowerPC 620
RS64 – Apache, RS64-II Northstar, RS64-III Pulsar/IStar, and RS64-IV SStar
POWER3 and POWER3-II
POWER4 and POWER4+
PowerPC 970, 970FX, 970MP and 970GX
POWER5 and POWER5+
PPE in Cell BE, PowerXCell 8i and Xenon.
PWRficient
POWER6 and POWER6+
POWER7 and POWER7+
A2, A2I (used in the Blue Gene/Q) and A2O
PowerPC e5500 core based
PowerPC e6500 core based
POWER8 – P8-6c Murano, P8-12c Turismo and Venice, P8E (with NVLink) and CP1
POWER9 – P9C Cumulus, P9N Nimbus and P9 AIO Axone
Power10
Microwatt, open source soft core
Chiselwatt, open source soft core
Defunct 64-bit PowerPC processors are the Motorola G5 and PowerPC e700.
References
External links
Linux Standard Base Specification for the PPC64 Architecture 2.1, 2003
Computer-related introductions in 1997
64-bit computers
PowerPC microprocessors
Instructi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential%20probability%20ratio%20test | The sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) is a specific sequential hypothesis test, developed by Abraham Wald and later proven to be optimal by Wald and Jacob Wolfowitz. Neyman and Pearson's 1933 result inspired Wald to reformulate it as a sequential analysis problem. The Neyman-Pearson lemma, by contrast, offers a rule of thumb for when all the data is collected (and its likelihood ratio known).
While originally developed for use in quality control studies in the realm of manufacturing, SPRT has been formulated for use in the computerized testing of human examinees as a termination criterion.
Theory
As in classical hypothesis testing, SPRT starts with a pair of hypotheses, say and for the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis respectively. They must be specified as follows:
The next step is to calculate the cumulative sum of the log-likelihood ratio, , as new data arrive: with , then, for =1,2,...,
The stopping rule is a simple thresholding scheme:
: continue monitoring (critical inequality)
: Accept
: Accept
where and () depend on the desired type I and type II errors, and . They may be chosen as follows:
and
In other words, and must be decided beforehand in order to set the thresholds appropriately. The numerical value will depend on the application. The reason for being only an approximation is that, in the discrete case, the signal may cross the threshold between samples. Thus, depending on the penalty of making an error and the sampling fre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUN%20buffer | NUN buffer is a solution that makes it possible to purify proteins located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Although other procedures are available they result in loss of albumin D-box binding protein (DBP) which is unwanted if nuclear signal pathways are to be investigated. Therefore, a new extraction procedure was developed in 1993 to increase recovery of nonhistone proteins using a (NUN) solution containing 0.3 M NaCl, 1 M urea, and 1% nonionic detergent Nonidet P-40, which destabilize salt bridges, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions, respectively; resulting in a disruption of interaction between proteins and DNA. By incubating nuclei in NUN buffer and centrifuging the solution, the supernatant will therefore contain nuclear proteins.
NUN buffer contains: HEPES [pH 7.6], Urea, NaCl, DDT, PIC 1 & 2, 1.1% NP-40, Sodium orthovanadate, β-glycerol phosphate and water.
References
Cell biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive%20medicine | Predictive medicine is a field of medicine that entails predicting the probability of disease and instituting preventive measures in order to either prevent the disease altogether or significantly decrease its impact upon the patient (such as by preventing mortality or limiting morbidity).
While different prediction methodologies exist, such as genomics, proteomics, and cytomics, the most fundamental way to predict future disease is based on genetics. Although proteomics and cytomics allow for the early detection of disease, much of the time those detect biological markers that exist because a disease process has already started. However, comprehensive genetic testing (such as through the use of DNA arrays or full genome sequencing) allows for the estimation of disease risk years to decades before any disease even exists, or even whether a healthy fetus is at higher risk for developing a disease in adolescence or adulthood. Individuals who are more susceptible to disease in the future can be offered lifestyle advice or medication with the aim of preventing the predicted illness.
Current genetic testing guidelines supported by the health care professionals discourage purely predictive genetic testing of minors until they are competent to understand the relevancy of genetic screening so as to allow them to participate in the decision about whether or not it is appropriate for them. Genetic screening of newborns and children in the field of predictive medicine is deemed appr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfinsen%27s%20dogma | Anfinsen's dogma, also known as the thermodynamic hypothesis, is a postulate in molecular biology. It states that, at least for a small globular protein in its standard physiological environment, the native structure is determined only by the protein's amino acid sequence. The dogma was championed by the Nobel Prize Laureate Christian B. Anfinsen from his research on the folding of ribonuclease A. The postulate amounts to saying that, at the environmental conditions (temperature, solvent concentration and composition, etc.) at which folding occurs, the native structure is a unique, stable and kinetically accessible minimum of the free energy. In other words, there are three conditions for formation of a unique protein structure:
Uniqueness – Requires that the sequence does not have any other configuration with a comparable free energy. Hence the free energy minimum must be unchallenged.
Stability – Small changes in the surrounding environment cannot give rise to changes in the minimum configuration. This can be pictured as a free energy surface that looks more like a funnel (with the native state in the bottom of it) rather than like a soup plate (with several closely related low-energy states); the free energy surface around the native state must be rather steep and high, in order to provide stability.
Kinetical accessibility – Means that the path in the free energy surface from the unfolded to the folded state must be reasonably smooth or, in other words, that the foldin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandetanib | Vandetanib, sold under the brand name Caprelsa, is an anti-cancer medication that is used for the treatment of certain tumours of the thyroid gland. It acts as a kinase inhibitor of a number of cell receptors, mainly the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and the RET-tyrosine kinase. The drug was developed by AstraZeneca who later sold the rights to Sanofi in 2015.
Medical use
Vandetanib is used to treat medullary thyroid cancer in adults who are ineligible for surgery.
Contraindications
The V804M mutation in RET confers resistance to Vandetanib anti-RET activity.
In people with moderate and severe hepatic impairment, no dosage for vandetanib has been recommended, as its safety and efficacy has not been established yet. Vandetanib is contraindicated in people with congenital long QT syndrome.
Adverse effects
Very common (present in greater than 10% of people) adverse effects include colds, bronchitis, upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, decreased appetite, low calcium absorption, insomnia, depressed mood, Headache, tingling sensations, weird, painful sensations, dizziness, blurred vision, damage to the cornea, long QT syndrome, high blood pressure, stomach pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, sensitivity to sunlight, rash, acne, dry and itchy skin, nail disorders, protein in urine, kidney stones, weakness, fatigue, pain, and edema.
Common (present in between 1% and 10% of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5%20lugnare%20vatten | På lugnare vatten is a 1990 studio album from Kikki Danielsson & Roosarna. "Vägg i vägg" is a lyrics version in Swedish of the song "Eitt lag enn", which when performed by Stjórnin finished 4th for Iceland at the Eurovision Song Contest 1990. "Cliff medley" is a combination of Cliff Richard hits. The album also contains cover versions on artists and groups as Ted Gärdestad, ABBA and Tanita Tikaram.
Track listing
References
1990 albums
Roosarna albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vet%20du%20vad%20jag%20vet | Vet du vad jag vet is a 1994 studio album from Kikki Danielsson & Roosarna. In 1995 the album was awarded a Grammis for best dansband album of 1994. At Svensktoppen, the songs "Långt bortom bergen" and "Vet du vad jag vet" managed to enter the chart.
Track listing
References
1994 albums
Roosarna albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity%20theorem | In mathematics and statistics, the continuity theorem may refer to one of the following results:
the Lévy continuity theorem on random variables;
the Kolmogorov continuity theorem on stochastic processes.
See also
Continuity (disambiguation)
Continuous mapping theorem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf%20forest | Dwarf forest, elfin forest, or pygmy forest is an uncommon ecosystem featuring miniature trees, inhabited by small species of fauna such as rodents and lizards. They are usually located at high elevations, under conditions of sufficient air humidity but poor soil. There are two main dwarf forest ecosystem types, involving different species and environmental characteristics: coastal temperate and montane tropical regions. Temperate coastal dwarf forest is common for parts of Southern California. Montane tropical forests are found across tropical highlands of Central America, northern South America and Southeast Asia. There are also other isolated examples of dwarf forests scattered across the world, while the largest dwarf forest is found in the Philippines.
High-elevation tropical dwarf forest
High-elevation tropical locations in cloud forests contain mossy wet elfin forests due to high-elevation precipitation. These regions are characterized by low rainfall, with most of the water in the form of mist and fog. The water supplied is primarily available during the night, when clouds move from the ocean over the mountains, and are intercepted by the vegetation. During the day, water demands are increased as clouds rise over the mountain peaks without dissipating into available forms of precipitation.
The forests are characterized by small trees (5–8 m), with shallow root systems, and abundant epiphytes. The epiphytes make up a large portion of the canopy, with greater abundan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mighty%201090 | The Mighty 1090 is an on-air slogan for two AM radio stations broadcasting on the 1090 kHz frequency in North America:
KAAY, Little Rock, Arkansas, from the 1960s to mid-1980s
XEPRS-AM, a border blaster licensed to Rosarito, Baja California, Mexico but serving San Diego, California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPPX | DPPX can relate to
IBM DPPX, an operating system introduced by IBM, pre-installed on the IBM 8100 and later ported to the IBM ES/9370
dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein-6 (DPP6), a protein that is abbreviated either as DPPX or DPP6 (an alternative identifier is VF2)
dots per pixel (dppx), a unit for measuring pixel density on the web |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaches%27%20Trophy | The Coaches' Trophy (officially known as the AFCA National Championship Trophy and popularly as "the crystal football") is the trophy awarded annually by the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) to the NCAA Division I FBS college football national champion as determined by the Coaches Poll. The trophy has been presented since 1986 and was contractually given to the winner of the BCS National Championship Game and its predecessors from 1992 to 2013. It will continue to be awarded to the No. 1 ranked team in the final poll of the season.
Patrick and Michael Gerrits came up with the idea for a college football trophy to be awarded to the AFCA national champions along with an academic scholarship award to a non-athlete. The intent was to honor the memory of the patriarch of the Gerrits family, Edward J. Gerrits. The trophy consists of a Waterford Crystal football affixed to an ebony base, and carries a value of over $30,000. The winning school retains permanent possession of the trophy, as a new one is awarded every year. The football portion of the trophy weighs approximately eight pounds and together with the stand, it weighs about and stands tall. It is handmade by master craftspeople at Waterford Crystal and reportedly takes nearly three months to complete.
The trophy has undergone several sponsorship changes over the years. It was sponsored by the Gerrits Foundation during the initial 1986 and 1987 seasons and, through the Gerrits' family Pepsi bottling busin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20system%20of%20soil%20classification | The Canadian System of Soil Classification is more closely related to the American system than any other, but they differ in several ways. The Canadian system is designed to cover only Canadian soils. The Canadian system dispenses with the sub-order hierarchical level. Solonetzic and Gleysolic soils are differentiated at the order level.
History
Before 1955, Canadian soil testing was based on systems of classification which were similar to methods being used in the United States. In 1955, a taxonomic system of soil classification specific to Canadian conditions was introduced. This system was designed to differentiate soils created by pedogenic processes in cool climatic environments.
Classification process
The land area of Canada (excluding inland waters) is approximately 9 180 000 km2, of which about 1 375 000 km2 (15%) is rock land. The remainder is classified according to the Canadian System of Soil Classification. This system differentiates soil types on the basis of measured properties of the profile and uses a hierarchical scheme to classify soils from general to specific. The most recent version of the classification system has five categories in its hierarchical structure. From general to specific, the major categories in this system are: Orders, Great Groups, Subgroups, Families, and Series.
Soil classes are defined as specifically as possible to permit uniformity of classification. Limits between classes are arbitrary as there are few sharp divisions of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurna | Kurna (also Gourna, Gurna, Qurna, Qurnah or Qurneh; ) are various spelling for a group of three closely related villages (New Qurna, Qurna and Sheikh ‘Adb el-Qurna) located on the West Bank of the River Nile opposite the modern city of Luxor in Egypt near the Theban Hills.
New Qurna was designed and built in the late 1940s and early 1950s by Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy to house people living in Qurna which is now uninhabited. New Qurna was added to the 2010 World Monuments Watch List of Most Endangered Sites to bring attention to the site's importance to modern town planning and vernacular architecture due to the loss of much of the original form of the village since it was built.
Historical use of the name Qurna
The name Kurna signifies "a promontory" or "a point of a mountain".
Émile Amélineau identifies it with ancient Pekolol (). The name Gourna is first mentioned by Protais and Charles François d'Orléans, two Capuchin missionary brothers travelling in Upper Egypt in 1668. Protais’ writing about their travel was published by Melchisédech Thévenot (Relations de divers voyages curieux, 1670s-1696 editions) and Johann Michael Vansleb (The Present State of Egypt, 1678).
References to Qurna, Gurna, Kournou, Gourna, El-Ckoor’neh, Gourne, el Abouab, El-Goor’neh or many other variants in pre-1940s literature refers to a spread out urban sprawl of housings stretching from approximately the Ramesseum (Mortuary Temple of Ramesses II) to the Mortuary Temple of Seti I on the e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leandro%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201980%29 | Leandro Lessa Azevedo (born 13 August 1980), simply known as Leandro, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a striker.
Club statistics
Honours
Corinthians
Brazil Cup: 2002
Tournament Rio - São Paulo: 2002
Fluminense
Rio de Janeiro State League: 2005
São Paulo
Brazilian League: 2006, 2007
Grêmio
Rio Grande do Sul State League: 2010
Vasco da Gama
Brazil Cup: 2011
External links
globoesporte.globo.com
CBF
sambafoot
1980 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Botafogo Futebol Clube (SP) players
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players
FC Lokomotiv Moscow players
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Goiás Esporte Clube players
Fluminense FC players
São Paulo FC players
Tokyo Verdy players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
CR Vasco da Gama players
Fortaleza Esporte Clube players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Russian Premier League players
J1 League players
J2 League players
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Ribeirão Preto |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate%20t-distribution | In statistics, the multivariate t-distribution (or multivariate Student distribution) is a multivariate probability distribution. It is a generalization to random vectors of the Student's t-distribution, which is a distribution applicable to univariate random variables. While the case of a random matrix could be treated within this structure, the matrix t-distribution is distinct and makes particular use of the matrix structure.
Definition
One common method of construction of a multivariate t-distribution, for the case of dimensions, is based on the observation that if and are independent and distributed as and (i.e. multivariate normal and chi-squared distributions) respectively, the matrix is a p × p matrix, and is a constant vector then the random variable has the density
and is said to be distributed as a multivariate t-distribution with parameters . Note that is not the covariance matrix since the covariance is given by (for ).
The constructive definition of a multivariate t-distribution simultaneously serves as a sampling algorithm:
Generate and , independently.
Compute .
This formulation gives rise to the hierarchical representation of a multivariate t-distribution as a scale-mixture of normals: where indicates a gamma distribution with density proportional to , and conditionally follows .
In the special case , the distribution is a multivariate Cauchy distribution.
Derivation
There are in fact many candidates for the multivariate generalization o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatnagar%E2%80%93Gross%E2%80%93Krook%20operator | The Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook operator (abbreviated BGK operator) term refers to a collision operator used in the Boltzmann equation and in the lattice Boltzmann method, a computational fluid dynamics technique. It is given by the following formula:
where is a local equilibrium value for the population of particles in the direction of link The term is a relaxation time, and related to the viscosity.
The operator is named after Prabhu L. Bhatnagar, Eugene P. Gross, and Max Krook, the three scientists who introduced it in a paper in Physical Review in 1954.
References
Statistical mechanics
Computational fluid dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola%20V535 | The V535 is a model of cell phone from Motorola. It has limited
Bluetooth capabilities and a 0.3 megapixel digital camera with 4X digital zoom and video capabilities.
Branded versions were released for Vodafone, T-Mobile and Orange called the V550, E550 and V545 respectively.
See also
Motorola
Cell Phones
References
Connecting a linux system to a Motorola V550 from LinuxPimp
Review with user comments from mobile-phones-uk.org.uk
A New Cell Phone
V550 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose%20intolerance | Sucrose intolerance or genetic sucrase-isomaltase deficiency (GSID) is the condition in which sucrase-isomaltase, an enzyme needed for proper metabolism of sucrose (sugar) and starch (e.g., grains), is not produced or the enzyme produced is either partially functional or non-functional in the small intestine. All GSID patients lack fully functional sucrase, while the isomaltase activity can vary from minimal functionality to almost normal activity. The presence of residual isomaltase activity may explain why some GSID patients are better able to tolerate starch in their diet than others with GSID.
Signs and symptoms
Abdominal cramps and bloating
Diarrhea and constipation
Vomiting
Hypoglycemia and headaches
Poor weight gain and growth
Upper respiratory tract and viral diseases
Anxiety and heart palpitations
Excess gas production
Cause
Sucrose intolerance can be caused by genetic mutations in which both parents must contain this gene for the child to carry the disease (so-called primary sucrose intolerance). Sucrose intolerance can also be caused by irritable bowel syndrome, aging, or small intestine disease (secondary sucrose intolerance). There are specific tests used to help determine if a person has sucrose intolerance. The most accurate test is the enzyme activity determination, which is done by biopsying the small intestine. This test is a diagnostic for GSID. Other tests which can aid in the diagnosis of GSID but which are not truly diagnostic for the disease are the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal%20synthesis | Hydrothermal synthesis includes the various techniques of crystallizing substances from high-temperature aqueous solutions at high vapor pressures; also termed "hydrothermal method". The term "hydrothermal" is of geologic origin. Geochemists and mineralogists have studied hydrothermal phase equilibria since the beginning of the twentieth century. George W. Morey at the Carnegie Institution and later, Percy W. Bridgman at Harvard University did much of the work to lay the foundations necessary to containment of reactive media in the temperature and pressure range where most of the hydrothermal work is conducted.
Hydrothermal synthesis can be defined as a method of synthesis of single crystals that depends on the solubility of minerals in hot water under high pressure. The crystal growth is performed in an apparatus consisting of a steel pressure vessel called an autoclave, in which a nutrient is supplied along with water. A temperature gradient is maintained between the opposite ends of the growth chamber. At the hotter end the nutrient solute dissolves, while at the cooler end it is deposited on a seed crystal, growing the desired crystal.
Advantages of the hydrothermal method over other types of crystal growth include the ability to create crystalline phases which are not stable at the melting point. Also, materials which have a high vapour pressure near their melting points can be grown by the hydrothermal method. The method is also particularly suitable for the growth o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlobalStem | GlobalStem, Inc. is a biotechnology company based in Rockville, Maryland.
GlobalStem is a provider of laboratory products and services for the stem cell research community. The company is based in Rockville, Maryland and serves an international base of academic, private industry and government customers. The company was founded in 2006 by a team of stem cell researchers who desired to bring to market better quality and more standardized research tools. GlobalStem is engaged in collaborative and strategic partnerships with a number of major companies in the stem cell research field, and is a leading resource center to foster the advancement of human embryonic stem cell research.
Globalstem, Inc. was acquired by Molecular Transfer, Inc. in 2009. In 2015, the newly organized company was rebranded as MTI-GlobalStem.
MTI-GlobalStem was subsequently acquired by Thermo Fisher Scientific in late 2016.
Products
Fully characterized Stem cells
ES-qualified Mouse Feeder Cells and Human Feeder Cells
Proprietary growth media for ES culture
ES-qualified Fetal Bovine Serum and Medium Supplements
iPSC- human induced pluripotent stem cells and culture reagents
Transfection and Protein production Tools
Characterization services
References
External links
Official website
Biotechnology companies of the United States
Companies based in Gaithersburg, Maryland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresia%2C%20Chile | Fresia () is a city and commune in Llanquihue Province, Los Lagos Region, Chile.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Fresia spans an area of and has 12,804 inhabitants (6,580 men and 6,224 women). Of these, 6,144 (48%) lived in urban areas and 6,660 (52%) in rural areas. The population fell by 1.6% (209 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.
Administration
As a commune, Fresia is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Bernardo Espinoza Villalobos (PS).
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Fresia is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Fidel Espinoza (PS) and Carlos Recondo (UDI) as part of the 56th electoral district, together with Puyehue, Río Negro, Purranque, Puerto Octay, Frutillar, Llanquihue, Puerto Varas and Los Muermos. The commune is represented in the Senate by Camilo Escalona Medina (PS) and Carlos Kuschel Silva (RN) as part of the 17th senatorial constituency (Los Lagos Region).
References
External links
Municipality of Fresia
Populated places in Llanquihue Province |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ronnie%20Barker%20Playhouse | The Ronnie Barker Playhouse was a series of six comedy half hours showcasing the talents of Ronnie Barker. All were broadcast by Associated-Rediffusion in 1968.
The series was written by Brian Cooke, Hugh Leonard, Johnnie Mortimer and Alun Owen. The executive producer was David Frost, while the producers were Stella Richman and actress Stella Tanner. All the episodes were directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg.
This series features the first appearance of Barker's character Lost Rustless who features in the episode "Ah! There You Are". The character would go onto appear in subsequent shows Hark at Barker and His Lordship Entertains. Another episode "The Incredible Mister Tanner" written by Brian Cooke and Johnnie Mortimer, would go on to be commissioned for a series with Brian Murphy taking over the title role, which ran for one series in 1981.
Archive status
Of the six shows only Tennyson and The Fastest Guy In Finchley are missing from the archives, after the rediscovery of the other four episodes at the BFI in 2012.
Episode list
References
External links
The Ronnie Barker Playhouse at British Comedy Guide
The Ronnie Barker Playhouse at BFI Database
1968 British television series debuts
1968 British television series endings
1960s British anthology television series
ITV comedy
1960s British comedy television series
English-language television shows |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/8 | PL/8 (or PL.8), is a dialect of PL/I developed by IBM Research in the 1970s by compiler group, under Martin Hopkins, within a major research program that led to the IBM RISC architecture. It was so-called because it was about 80% of PL/I. Written in PL/I and bootstrapped via the PL/I Optimizing compiler, it was an alternative to PL/S for system programming, compiling initially to an intermediate machine-independent language with symbolic registers and machine-like operations. It applied machine-independent program optimization techniques to this intermediate language to produce exceptionally good object code. The intermediate language was mapped by the back-end to the target machine's register architecture and instruction set. Back-ends were written for IBM 801, S/370, Motorola 68000, and POWER/PowerPC. A version was used on IBM mainframes as a development tool for software that was being designed for the IBM AS/400, as well as to write the "i370" internal code for the "Capitol" chipset used in the IBM 9377 processor and some ES/9370 models and the millicode for S/390 and z/Architecture processors.
References
PL/I programming language family |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izod%20Lacoste | Izod Lacoste is a brand name of sportswear that was licensed to Izod by Lacoste from 1952-1993.
History of the partnership
In 1953, David Crystal, the owner of Izod and Haymaker, bought 50% of the rights to market Lacoste in America. The "Izod" and "Haymaker" brands were already established there. "Lacoste" was added to enhance the brands' prestige and introduce the name to American markets. The resulting union of the two companies was the piqué polo/tennis shirt. When the shirts began to sell well, Crystal decided to keep the combined names. The brand hit its peak popularity in the late '70s and early '80s when the "preppy" look became mainstream, with many nationwide department stores featuring separate "Izod/Lacoste" shops, with jackets, sweaters, and a wide variety of other apparel. During this period, annual sales reached $150 million for the shirts alone.
Decline
The "preppy" trend cooled in the late 1980s and the brand became overexposed. The market was also saturated with knock-off replicas. The name was split in the early 1990s when Crystal sought to expand company sales. Lacoste moved upmarket in an attempt to recapture its "elite" status. Meanwhile, Izod was reintroduced as midrange apparel. While this tactic worked for a short period, it could not support Crystal's company, which was heavily in debt due to poor investments in other brands such as Salty Dog and Gant. The marketing license was ended in the mid-1990s after his company became too financially burden |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sight%20word | High frequency sight words (also known simply as sight words) are commonly used words that young children are encouraged to memorize as a whole by sight, so that they can automatically recognize these words in print without having to use any strategies to decode. Sight words were introduced after whole language (a similar method) fell out of favor with the education establishment.
The term sight words is often confused with sight vocabulary, which is defined as each person's own vocabulary that the person recognizes from memory without the need to decode for understanding.
However, some researchers say that two of the most significant problems with sight words are: (1) memorizing sight words is labour intensive, requiring on average about 35 trials per word, and (2) teachers who withhold phonics instruction and instead rely on teaching sight words are making it harder for children to "gain basic word-recognition skills" that are critically needed by the end of grade three and can be used over a lifetime of reading.
Rationale
Sight words account for a large percentage (up to 75%) of the words used in beginning children's print materials. The advantage for children being able to recognize sight words automatically is that a beginning reader will be able to identify the majority of words in a beginning text before they even attempt to read it; therefore, allowing the child to concentrate on meaning and comprehension as they read without having to stop and decode every single |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrodifference%20equation | In mathematics, an integrodifference equation is a recurrence relation on a function space, of the following form:
where is a sequence in the function space and is the domain of those functions. In most applications, for any , is a probability density function on . Note that in the definition above, can be vector valued, in which case each element of has a scalar valued integrodifference equation associated with it. Integrodifference equations are widely used in mathematical biology, especially theoretical ecology, to model the dispersal and growth of populations. In this case, is the population size or density at location at time , describes the local population growth at location and , is the probability of moving from point to point , often referred to as the dispersal kernel. Integrodifference equations are most commonly used to describe univoltine populations, including, but not limited to, many arthropod, and annual plant species. However, multivoltine populations can also be modeled with integrodifference equations, as long as the organism has non-overlapping generations. In this case, is not measured in years, but rather the time increment between broods.
Convolution kernels and invasion speeds
In one spatial dimension, the dispersal kernel often depends only on the distance between the source and the destination, and can be
written as . In this case, some natural conditions on f and k imply that there is a well-defined
spreading speed for waves of in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%20Kovalevski | Anton Volodymyrovych Kovalevski (; born 9 March 1985 in Kiev) is a Ukrainian former competitive figure skater. He won medals at the Crystal Skate of Romania, Golden Spin of Zagreb, Ice Challenge, and Ondrej Nepela Memorial, and is a four-time (2006–07, 2009–10) Ukrainian national champion. He decided to take a break from competitive skating after the 2010-11 season.
Programs
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
References
External links
Ukrainian male single skaters
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for Ukraine
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
1985 births
Living people
Figure skaters from Kyiv
Competitors at the 2003 Winter Universiade
Competitors at the 2005 Winter Universiade |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola%2068HC08 | The 68HC08 (HC08 in short) is a broad family of 8-bit microcontrollers originally from Motorola Semiconductor, later from Freescale Semiconductor.
HC08's are fully code-compatible with their predecessors, the Motorola 68HC05. Like all Motorola processors that share lineage from the 6800, they use the von Neumann architecture as well as memory-mapped I/O. This family has five CPU registers that are not part of the memory. One 8-bit accumulator A, a 16-bit index register H:X, a 16-bit stack pointer SP, a 16-bit program counter PC, and an 8-bit condition code register CCR. Some instructions refer to the different bytes in the H:X index register independently.
Among the HC08's there are dozens of processor families, each targeted to different embedded applications. Features and capabilities vary widely, from 8 to 64-pin processors, from LIN connectivity to USB 1.1. A typical and general purpose device from the HC08 family of units is the microcontroller M68HC908GP32.
The Freescale RS08 core is a simplified, "reduced-resource" version of the HC08.
The Freescale HCS08 core is the next generation of the same processors.
External links
M68HC08 Family Reference Manual - archive.org
HC08 Processor Families
Helium Open-Source RTOS for HCS08 MCUs
Digital Core Design 68HC08 - HDL IP Core
Win/Linux/DOS-based freeware macro cross-assembler (ASM8)
Example assembly language code written for ASM8
Educational material for the HC08
Motorola microcontrollers
Freescale Semicond |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydromethanopterin | Tetrahydromethanopterin (THMPT, ) is a coenzyme in methanogenesis. It is the carrier of the C1 group as it is reduced to the methyl level, before transferring to the coenzyme M.
Tetrahydrosarcinapterin (THSPT, ) is a modified form of THMPT, wherein a glutamyl group linked to the 2-hydroxyglutaric acid terminus.
THMPT is the main platform for C1 transformations
N-Formylmethanofuran donates the C1 group to the N5 site of the pterin to give the formyl- THMPT. The formyl group subsequently condenses intramolecularly to give methenyl- , which is then reduced to methylene- THMPT. Methylene- MPT is subsequently converted, using coenzyme F420 as the electron source, to methyl- THMPT, catalyzed by F420-dependent methylene-THMPT reductase. Methyl- THMPT is the methyl donor to coenzyme M, a conversion mediated by methyl-THMPT:coenzyme M methyltransferase.
Comparison with tetrahydrofolic acid
THMPT is related to the better known tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA, ). The most important difference between THMPT and THFA is that THFA has an electron-withdrawing carbonyl group on the phenyl ring. As a consequence, methenyl- THMPT is more difficult to reduce than methenyl- THFA. Reduction is effected by a so-called iron-sulfur cluster free hydrogenase. The cumbersome name distinguishes this hydrogenase from the so-called Fe-only hydrogenases that do contain Fe-S cluster.
References
Coenzymes
Pteridines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme%20M | Coenzyme M is a coenzyme required for methyl-transfer reactions in the metabolism of archaeal methanogens, and in the metabolism of other substrates in bacteria. It is also a necessary cofactor in the metabolic pathway of alkene-oxidizing bacteria. CoM helps eliminate the toxic epoxides formed from the oxidation of alkenes such as propylene. The structure of this coenzyme was discovered by CD Taylor and RS Wolfe in 1974 while they were studying methanogenesis, the process by which carbon dioxide is transformed into methane in some anaerobic bacteria. The coenzyme is an anion with the formula . It is named 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate and abbreviated HS–CoM. The cation is unimportant, but the sodium salt is most available. Mercaptoethanesulfonate contains both a thiol, which is the main site of reactivity, and a sulfonate group, which confers solubility in aqueous media.
Biochemical role
Methanogenesis
The coenzyme is the C1 donor in methanogenesis. It is converted to methyl-coenzyme M thioether, the thioether , in the penultimate step to methane formation. Methyl-coenzyme M reacts with coenzyme B, 7-thioheptanoylthreoninephosphate, to give a heterodisulfide, releasing methane:
CH3–S–CoM + HS–CoB → CH4 + CoB–S–S–CoM
This induction is catalyzed by the enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase, which restricts cofactor F430 as the prosthetic group.
Alkene metabolism
Coenzyme M is also used to make acetoacetate from CO2 and propylene or ethylene in aerobic bacteria. Specifically |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme%20B | Coenzyme B is a coenzyme required for redox reactions in methanogens. The full chemical name of coenzyme B is 7-mercaptoheptanoylthreoninephosphate. The molecule contains a thiol, which is its principal site of reaction.
Coenzyme B reacts with 2-methylthioethanesulfonate (methyl-Coenzyme M, abbreviated ), to release methane in methanogenesis:
+ HS–CoB → + CoB–S–S–CoM
This conversion is catalyzed by the enzyme methyl coenzyme M reductase, which contains cofactor F430 as the prosthetic group.
A related conversion that utilizes both HS-CoB and HS-CoM is the reduction of fumarate to succinate, catalyzed by fumarate reductase:
HS–CoM + HS–CoB + − → − + CoB–S–S–CoM
Importance of Coenzyme B in Methanogenesis
Coenzyme B is an important component in the terminal step of methane biogenesis. It acts as a two electron-donor to reduce coenzyme M (methyl-coenzyme) into two molecules a methane and a heterodisulfide. Two separate experiment that were performed, one with coenzyme B and other without coenzyme B, indicated that using coenzyme B before the formation of the methane molecule, results in a more efficient and consistent bond cleavage.
References
Coenzymes
Thiols
Carboxamides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence%20in%20measure | Convergence in measure is either of two distinct mathematical concepts both of which generalize
the concept of convergence in probability.
Definitions
Let be measurable functions on a measure space . The sequence is said to converge globally in measure to if for every ,
,
and to converge locally in measure to if for every and every with
,
.
On a finite measure space, both notions are equivalent. Otherwise, convergence in measure can refer to either global convergence in measure or local convergence in measure, depending on the author.
Properties
Throughout, f and fn (n N) are measurable functions X → R.
Global convergence in measure implies local convergence in measure. The converse, however, is false; i.e., local convergence in measure is strictly weaker than global convergence in measure, in general.
If, however, or, more generally, if f and all the fn vanish outside some set of finite measure, then the distinction between local and global convergence in measure disappears.
If μ is σ-finite and (fn) converges (locally or globally) to f in measure, there is a subsequence converging to f almost everywhere. The assumption of σ-finiteness is not necessary in the case of global convergence in measure.
If μ is σ-finite, (fn) converges to f locally in measure if and only if every subsequence has in turn a subsequence that converges to f almost everywhere.
In particular, if (fn) converges to f almost everywhere, then (fn) converges to f locally in measure. Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula | Copula may refer to:
Copula (linguistics), a word used to link subject and predicate
Copula (music), a type of polyphonic texture similar to organum
Copula (probability theory), a function linking marginal variables into a multivariate distribution
Copula (cnidarian), a genus of box jellyfish
Beatmania IIDX 23: Copula, a video game
See also
Copula linguae, an embryonic structure of the tongue
Copulas in signal processing
Copulation (zoology)
Cupola, an architectural term
Cupola furnace, a foundry device
Cupula (disambiguation)
Cupule (disambiguation)
Indo-European copula
Romance copula |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lango%20language%20%28South%20Sudan%29 | Lango (or Langgo) is an Eastern Nilotic language spoken by an estimated 38,000 people in South Sudan.
Classification
Lango/Lokwa is listed as a member of the Eastern Nilotic branch of Nilotic, in the Eastern Sudanic sub-grouping of Nilo-Saharan. Within Eastern Nilotic, Lango/Lokwa is considered part of the Lotuko language group, in the Lotuko-Maa branch of Teso-Lotuko-Maa (also referred to as the non-Bari languages). Other members of the Lotuko language group include Lotuko, Lopit, Dongotono and Lokoya, all spoken in nearby regions of in South Sudan.
There has been virtually no description of the Lango language, and its relationship to other languages in the Lotuko cluster is unclear, as are the relationships between different dialects of Lango. Lokwa dialects is not listed in the Ethnologue. However, it is also noted that "It is uncertain whether or not the Lokwa dialect is separate language".
Geographic distribution
The Lango language is spoken by the Lango people, who live in mountainous areas of Ikotos County in Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan. According to the Ethnologue, the Lorwama variety is spoken in Losite payam, Lofos and Lotome; the Logir variety is spoken in Ikotos and Lomohidong payams, Kidepo and Ludwera; the Logire (Imatong) variety is spoken in Ikotos payam between Ikotos and Chukudum; the Lokwaa variety is spoken in Kikire and Ikotos, and the Ketebo variety is spoken in Losite payam, Bira.
Grammar
Limited data is available on the Lango language, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment%20transport | Sediment transport is the movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of gravity acting on the sediment, and the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. Sediment transport occurs in natural systems where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles along the sloping surface on which they are resting. Sediment transport due to fluid motion occurs in rivers, oceans, lakes, seas, and other bodies of water due to currents and tides. Transport is also caused by glaciers as they flow, and on terrestrial surfaces under the influence of wind. Sediment transport due only to gravity can occur on sloping surfaces in general, including hillslopes, scarps, cliffs, and the continental shelf—continental slope boundary.
Sediment transport is important in the fields of sedimentary geology, geomorphology, civil engineering, hydraulic engineering and environmental engineering (see applications, below). Knowledge of sediment transport is most often used to determine whether erosion or deposition will occur, the magnitude of this erosion or deposition, and the time and distance over which it will occur.
Mechanisms
Aeolian
Aeolian or eolian (depending on the parsing of æ) is the term for sediment transport by wind. This process results in the formation of ripples and sand dunes. Typically, the size of the transported sediment is fine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidome |
The lipidome refers to the totality of lipids in cells. Lipids are one of the four major molecular components of biological organisms, along with proteins, sugars and nucleic acids. Lipidome is a term coined in the context of omics in modern biology, within the field of lipidomics. It can be studied using mass spectrometry and bioinformatics as well as traditional lab-based methods. The lipidome of a cell can be subdivided into the membrane-lipidome and mediator-lipidome.
The first cell lipidome to be published was that of a mouse macrophage in 2010. The lipidome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been characterised with an estimated 95% coverage; studies of the human lipidome are ongoing. For example, the human plasma lipidome consist of almost 600 distinct molecular species. Research suggests that the lipidome of an individual may be able to indicate cancer risks associated with dietary fats, particularly breast cancer.
See also
Genome
Proteome
Glycome
References
Further reading
External links
Lipidomics gateway
Lipids
Membrane biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORFeome | In, molecular genetics, an ORFeome refers to the complete set of open reading frames (ORFs) in a genome. The term may also be used to describe a set of cloned ORFs. ORFs correspond to the protein coding sequences (CDS) of genes. ORFs can be found in genome sequences by computer programs such as GENSCAN and then amplified by PCR. While this is relatively trivial in bacteria the problem is non-trivial in eukaryotic genomes because of the presence of introns and exons as well as splice variants.
Use in research
The usage of complete ORFeomes reflects a new trend in biology that can be succinctly summarized as omics. ORFeomes are used for the study of protein-protein interactions, protein microarrays, the study of antigens, and other fields of study.
Cloned ORFeomes
Complete ORF sets have been cloned for a number of organisms including Brucella melitensis,
Chlamydia pneumoniae,
Escherichia coli,
Neisseria gonorrhoeae,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Staphylococcus aureus
and human herpesviruses
A partial human ORFeome has also been produced.
References
Molecular genetics
Genomics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speechome | Speechome in linguistics is different from other common biological -omes such as genome, proteome, and expressome in that it is not biological. However, speechome reflects the omics trend in biology and science in general.
The totality of human speech components such as phoneme which is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language.
Academic researchers in speech and hearing science and machine-produced speech from Massachusetts, according to a CNN news story from March 2011, used complex recording devices and microphones to record every aspect of the evolution of their son's speech over the time span of three years; with the use of complex algorithms this enabled them to trace the development and context of individual words and phrases across that time.
See also
Human Speechome Project
References
Linguistic units |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars%20G%C3%A5rding | Lars Gårding (7 March 1919 – 7 July 2014) was a Swedish mathematician. He made notable contributions to the study of partial differential equations and partial differential operators. He was a professor of mathematics at Lund University in Sweden 1952–1984. Together with Marcel Riesz, he was a thesis advisor for Lars Hörmander.
Biography
Gårding was born in Hedemora, Sweden but grew up in Motala, where his father was an engineer at the plant. He began to study mathematics in Lund in 1937 with the first intention of becoming an actuary.
His doctorate thesis, which was written under supervision of Marcel Riesz, was first on group representations in 1944, but in the following years he changed his research focus to the theory of partial differential equations. He held the professorship of mathematics at Lund University from 1952 until retirement in 1984.
His interest was not limited to mathematics, but also in art, literature and music. He played the violin and the piano. Further, he published a book on bird songs and calls in 1987, a result of his interest in bird watching.
Gårding was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1953.
Gårding died on 7 July 2014, aged 95.
Selected works
Books
1977. Encounter with Mathematics, 1st Edition.
2013. Encounter with Mathematics, softcover reprint of the 1st 1977 edition. Springer
Articles
References
External links
1919 births
2014 deaths
20th-century Swedish mathematicians
People connected to Lund Universi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Crystal%20Palace | New York Crystal Palace was an exhibition building constructed for the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations in New York City in 1853, which was under the presidency of the mayor Jacob Aaron Westervelt. The building stood on a site behind the Croton Distributing Reservoir in what is now Bryant Park.
Use in the exhibition
New York City's 1853 Exhibition was held on a site behind the Croton Distributing Reservoir, between Fifth and Sixth Avenues on 42nd Street, in what is today Bryant Park in the borough of Manhattan. The New York Crystal Palace was designed by Georg Carstensen and German architect Charles Gildemeister, and was directly inspired by The Crystal Palace built in London's Hyde Park to house The Great Exhibition of 1851. The New York Crystal Palace had the shape of a Greek cross, and was crowned by a dome in diameter. Like the Crystal Palace of London, it was constructed from iron and glass. Construction was handled by engineer Christian Edward Detmold. Horatio Allen was the consulting engineer, and Edmund Hurry the consulting architect.
President Franklin Pierce spoke at the dedication on July 14, 1853. Theodore Sedgwick was the first president of the Crystal Palace Association. After a year, he was succeeded by Phineas T. Barnum who put together a reinauguration in May 1854 when Henry Ward Beecher and Elihu Burritt were the featured orators. This revived interest in the Palace, but by the end of 1856 it was a dead property.
Elisha Otis demonstrated the sa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoav%20Freund |
Yoav Freund (; born 1961) is an Israeli professor of computer science at the University of California San Diego who mainly works on machine learning, probability theory and related fields and applications.
He is best known for his work on the AdaBoost algorithm, an ensemble learning algorithm which is used to combine many "weak" learning machines to create a more robust one. He and Robert Schapire received the Gödel prize in 2003 for their joint work on AdaBoost.
He is an alumnus of the prestigious Talpiot program of the Israeli army.
Selected works
References
External links
Freund's homepage at UCSD
Living people
American computer scientists
Gödel Prize laureates
University of California, San Diego faculty
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
1961 births |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDDG | KDDG (105.5 FM, "BOB-FM") is a commercial radio station in St. Cloud, Minnesota, airing a classic country music format. The station is owned by Lucas Carpenter, through licensee Crystal Media Group, LLC, along with sister station KASM.
History
In March 2006, KDDG changed from oldies as "Fun Lovin 105.5" to a country format, simulcasting KLCI 106.1 "Bob 106", in Elk River, Minnesota. The station previously aired a satellite-fed Alternative Rock format as "105.5 The Edge."
The KDDG call sign was previously used for KRBI-FM in Mankato, Minnesota.
Former logo
External links
Radio stations in St. Cloud, Minnesota
Classic country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 2006 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarate%20reductase | Fumarate reductase is the enzyme that converts fumarate to succinate, and is important in microbial metabolism as a part of anaerobic respiration. The catalyzed reaction is:
succinate + acceptor <=> fumarate + reduced acceptor
Fumarate reductases can be divided into two classes depending on the electron acceptor:
Fumarate reductase (NADH) ()
The enzyme is monomeric and soluble, and can reduce fumarate independently from the electron transport chain. Fumarate reductase is absent from all mammalian cells.
Fumarate reductase (quinol) ()
The membrane-bound enzyme covalently linked to flavin cofactors, which is composed of 3 or 4 subunits, transfers electrons from a quinol to fumarate. This class of enzyme is thus involved in the production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.
References
External links
EC 1.3 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e%20Baud | The Musée Baud is a music-box museum in the Swiss village of L'Auberson in the Jura Mountains in the canton of Vaud.
The museum houses one of the largest collections of music boxes, automatons, musical clocks, and gramophones. It includes unusual examples of singing birds and animated figures.
History
The three Baud brothers were raised in a half-country, half-craft environment, Frédy born in 1915, Robert in 1917 and Auguste in 1924. They joined forces in 1946 and continued to run the small estate until 1956 and to restore the old music rooms.
On October 2, 1955, an old dream became reality with the opening of the museum. The current owners took over in 1995 and prevented the heritage from being dispersed around the world four decades later.
See also
List of music museums
References
External links
Official site
Museums in the canton of Vaud
Music museums in Switzerland
Musical instrument museums
Amusement museums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FS-VDSL | The Full Service-VDSL Committee (FS-VDSL) was founded in July 2000 with the aim of rapidly specifying a low cost, high capability end-to-end multi-service network based on VDSL Frequency Band Plan 998 which can be quickly and economically deployed to enable customers, focusing principally on consumer market, to benefit from competition. It was a non-profit international organization based in Switzerland.
FS-VDSL was closed, according to its statutes, after 3 years of activity. Its specifications, downstreamed to ITU-T Study Group 16 became international standards as Recommendations H.610 and H.611.
At closing time, FS-VDSL was composed of 106 members, including Telcos, Telecommunication manufacturers, chip manufacturers, service providers.
Specifications
The FS-VDSL Specifications are composed of 5 parts :
Operator Requirements Specification (Defining services requirements and infrastructure deployment issues. Protecting digital content is also addressed.)
Architecture (SA) Specification (Defining end-to-end platform architecture and protocols)
Customer Premises Equipment Specification - CPE - (Defining customer equipment configurations and connectivity functions.)
Physical Layer Specification for Interoperable VDSL Systems (Promoting VDSL transceiver interoperability)
Operations, Administration, Maintenance & Provisioning Specification (Defining the operational aspects for economic deployment of VDSL platforms)
FS-VDSL and ITU-T
The Full Service VDSL Specifications were p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trygve%20Nygaard | Trygve Nygaard (born 19 August 1975) is a retired Norwegian footballer.
External links
100% Fotball (Norwegian Premier League statistics)
nifs.no Profile
1975 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Haugesund
Footballers from Rogaland
FK Haugesund players
Viking FK players
Norwegian men's footballers
SK Vard Haugesund players
Eliteserien players
Men's association football midfielders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabellaria | Tabellaria is a genus of freshwater diatoms (Bacillariophyta). They are cuboid in shape, and the frustules (siliceous cell walls) are attached at the corners so that the colonies assume a zigzag shape.
Further reading
References
External links
Protist Images Database:Tabellaria - Micrographs of Tabellaria species, but with only T. fenestrata identified to the species level
- Tabellaria at algaebase.org
Diatom genera
Fragilariophyceae
Cuboids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspace%20class%20%28United%20States%29 | The United States airspace system's classification scheme is intended to maximize pilot flexibility within acceptable levels of risk appropriate to the type of operation and traffic density within that class of airspace – in particular to provide separation and active control in areas of dense or high-speed flight operations.
The Albert Roper (1919-10-13 The Paris Convention) implementation of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) airspace classes defines classes A through G (with the exception of class F which is not used in the United States). The other U.S. implementations are described below. The United States also defines categories of airspace that may overlap with classes of airspace. Classes of airspace are mutually exclusive. Thus, airspace can be "class E" and "restricted" at the same time, but it cannot be both "class E" and "class B" at the same location and at the same time.
Note: All airspace classes except class G require air traffic control (ATC) clearance for instrument flight rules (IFR) operations.
Airspace classes
In the U.S., airspace is categorized as regulatory and non-regulatory. Within these categories exist: controlled (classes A, B, C, D, and E) and uncontrolled (class G) airspace, based on which air traffic control service is provided to IFR flights and some VFR flights. Class F is not used in the U.S. Besides controlled and uncontrolled airspace, other types of airspace include "special use" and "other airspace".
Class A
Class A a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine-protein%20kinase%20SYK | Tyrosine-protein kinase SYK, also known as spleen tyrosine kinase, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the SYK gene.
Function
SYK, along with ZAP70, is a member of the Syk family of tyrosine kinases. These cytoplasmic non-receptor tyrosine kinases share a characteristic dual SH2 domain separated by a linker domain. However, activation of SYK relies less on phosphorylation by Src family kinases than ZAP70. SYK and ZAP70 share a common evolutionary origin and split from a common ancestor in the jawed vertebrates.
While Syk and ZAP70 are primarily expressed in hematopoietic tissues, a variety of tissues express Syk. Within B and T cells, respectively, Syk and ZAP70 transmit signals from the B-cell receptor and T-cell receptor. Syk plays a similar role in transmitting signals from a variety of cell surface receptors including CD74, Fc receptor, and integrins.
Function during development
Mice that lack Syk completely (Syk−/−, Syk-knockout) die during embryonic development around midgestation. They show severe defects in the development of the lymphatic system. Normally, the lymphatic system and the blood system are strictly separated from each other. However, in Syk deficient mice the lymphatics and the blood vessels form abnormal shunts, leading to leakage of blood into the lymphatic system. The reason for this phenotype was identified by a genetic fate mapping approach, showing that Syk is expressed in myeloid cells which orchestrate the proper separation of lympha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafel%20equation | The Tafel equation is an equation in electrochemical kinetics relating the rate of an electrochemical reaction to the overpotential. The Tafel equation was first deduced experimentally and was later shown to have a theoretical justification. The equation is named after Swiss chemist Julius Tafel." It describes how the electrical current through an electrode depends on the voltage difference between the electrode and the bulk electrolyte for a simple, unimolecular redox reaction ".
Where an electrochemical reaction occurs in two half reactions on separate electrodes, the Tafel equation is applied to each electrode separately. On a single electrode the Tafel equation can be stated as:
where
the plus sign under the exponent refers to an anodic reaction, and a minus sign to a cathodic reaction,
: overpotential, V
: "Tafel slope", V
: current density, A/m2
: "exchange current density", A/m2.
A verification plus further explanation for this equation can be found here. The Tafel equation is an approximation of the Butler-Volmer equation in the case of . "[ The Tafel equation ] assumes that the concentrations at the electrode are practically equal to the concentrations in the bulk electrolyte, allowing the current to be expressed as a function of potential only. In other words, it assumes that the electrode mass transfer rate is much greater than the reaction rate, and that the reaction is dominated by the slower chemical reaction rate ". Also, at a given electrode the Ta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%208000 | The IBM 8000 series was a proposed transistor-based successor to the IBM 7000 series. Important engineers on the project included Fred Brooks and Gerry Blaauw. The project plan for the 8000 series was presented by Fred Brooks in January 1961. Despite some technical successes, the project became a political football, amid IBM's search for a unified product line. The project was canceled in 1961 by Bob Evans, supplanted by the successful System/360 series.
The 8000 project may have seen the first use of the term "architecture" in relation to computers.
Problems
Pugh cites a number of reasons for the cancellation of the 8000 line.
Because more integrated technology was not yet available the system was to have been built using discrete transistor (SMS) components.
The proposed systems would have been incompatible with IBM's existing successful 1400 series systems.
The proposed instruction set was too complex.
The systems offered inadequate floating point performance, bolstered only by add-on processors.
8000 components
Unlike System/360, which offered a series of processors with a common architecture, the 8000 was designed with a single main processor to which external components could be added to increase performance.
The components identified were:
8103 Processor
8104 Processor
8106 Processor
8108 High Speed Floating Point Unit
8112 High Speed Floating Point Unit
8103
The 8103 was proposed as a low-end processor "to relieve the larger systems of the series from t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MODELLER | Modeller, often stylized as MODELLER, is a computer program used for homology modeling to produce models of protein tertiary structures and quaternary structures (rarer). It implements a method inspired by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins (protein NMR), termed satisfaction of spatial restraints, by which a set of geometrical criteria are used to create a probability density function for the location of each atom in the protein. The method relies on an input sequence alignment between the target amino acid sequence to be modeled and a template protein which structure has been solved.
The program also incorporates limited functions for ab initio structure prediction of loop regions of proteins, which are often highly variable even among homologous proteins and thus difficult to predict by homology modeling.
Modeller was originally written and is currently maintained by Andrej Sali at the University of California, San Francisco. It runs on the operating systems Unix, Linux, macOS, and Windows. It is freeware for academic use. Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and commercial versions are distributed by Accelrys. The ModWeb comparative protein structure modeling webserver is based on Modeller and other tools for automatic protein structure modeling, with an option to deposit the resulting models into ModBase. Due to Modeller's popularity, several third party GUIs for MODELLER are available:
EasyModeller is freeware and is one of the earliest third party GUIs f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixmaster%20universe | The Mixmaster universe (named after Sunbeam Mixmaster, a brand of Sunbeam Products electric kitchen mixer) is a solution to Einstein field equations of general relativity studied by Charles Misner in an effort to better understand the dynamics of the early universe. He hoped to solve the horizon problem in a natural way by showing that the early universe underwent an oscillatory, chaotic epoch.
Discussion
The model is similar to the closed Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker universe, in that spatial slices are positively curved and are topologically three-spheres . However, in the FRW universe, the can only expand or contract: the only dynamical parameter is overall size of the , parameterized by the scale factor . In the Mixmaster universe, the can expand or contract, but also distort anisotropically. Its evolution is described by a scale factor as well as by two shape parameters . Values of the shape parameters describe distortions of the that preserve its volume and also maintain a constant Ricci curvature scalar. Therefore, as the three parameters assume different values, homogeneity but not isotropy is preserved.
The model has a rich dynamical structure. Misner showed that the shape parameters act like the coordinates of a point mass moving in a triangular potential with steeply rising walls with friction. By studying the motion of this point, Misner showed that the physical universe would expand in some directions and contract in others, with the directions of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFAP | AFAP may refer to:
Actin filament-associated protein
Attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis
Australian Federation of Air Pilots
Internet slang for as far as possible
Artillery fired atomic projectile, a type of tactical nuclear weapon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterius | Paterius (died 606) was a bishop of Brescia. He is known as a compiler, in particular of works of Pope Gregory I, for whom he had worked as a notary.
His sole surviving work is the Liber testimoniorum veteris testamenti, an anthology of Gregory's works of biblical exegesis, arranged in the order of the biblical passages discussed. The work survives in over 120 complete or partial manuscripts.
Notes
References
6th-century births
606 deaths
Bishops of Brescia
6th-century historians
7th-century Italian bishops
6th-century writers in Latin
6th-century Italian writers |
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