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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Hamdoud | Mohamed "Moha" Hamdoud (born June 9, 1976 in El Biar, Alger, Algeria) is an Algerian former football player.
Club career
International career
Career statistics
Club
Honours
Won the Algerian League four times with USM Alger in 1996, 2002, 2003 and 2005
Won the Algerian Cup five times with USM Alger in 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003 and 2004
Semi-finalist in the African Champions League twice with USM Alger in 1997 and 2003
Runner-up in the Algerian League three times with USM Alger in 1998, 2001 and 2004
Finalist in the Algerian Cup two times with USM Alger in 2006 and 2007
Has 5 caps for the Algerian National Team
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Algerian men's footballers
Algeria men's international footballers
USM Alger players
Paradou AC players
JS El Biar players
People from El Biar
Footballers from Algiers
Algeria men's under-23 international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Competitors at the 1997 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games competitors for Algeria
21st-century Algerian people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains%20of%20Southwest%20China | The Mountains of Southwest China is a biodiversity hotspot designated by Conservation International which includes several temperate coniferous forests in southwestern China, which lie in the river valleys on the southeastern corner of the Tibetan plateau, between the alpine scrublands and steppes of the Tibetan Plateau and the temperate broadleaf and mixed and subtropical moist broadleaf forests of central and southeastern China and northern Myanmar. The hotspot is mostly in China, in the provinces of Tibet, Sichuan, Qinghai, and Gansu, and extending into the northwestern Myanmar.
The ecoregions in the hotspot include:
Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests
Nujiang Lancang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests
Qionglai-Minshan conifer forests (in the Qionglai and Min mountains of central and northern Sichuan; home to Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries)
See also
Zomia (geography)
External links
Mountains of Southwest China (Conservation International)
Biodiversity of the Hengduan Mountains and Adjacent Areas of South-Central China (Harvard University Herbaria; Institute of Botany, Beijing; Kunming Institute of Botany; Field Museum of Natural History)
Forests of China
Montane forests
Palearctic realm
Temperate coniferous forests |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Burma | Indo-Burma is a biodiversity hotspot designated by Conservation International.
Geography
Indo-Burma encompasses of tropical Asia, east of the Ganges-Brahmaputra lowlands. Formerly including the Himalaya chain and the associated foothills in Nepal, Bhutan, and India, Indo-Burma has now been more narrowly redefined as the Indo-Chinese subregion. The area contains the Lower Mekong catchment. It begins in eastern Bangladesh and then extends across north-eastern India, south of the Brahmaputra River, to encompass nearly all of Myanmar, part of southern and western Yunnan Province in China, all of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Cambodia and Vietnam, the vast majority of Thailand and a small part of Peninsular Malaysia. In addition, the hotspot covers the coastal lowlands of southern China (in southern Guangxi and Guangdong), as well as several offshore islands, such as Hainan Island (of China) in the South China Sea and the Andaman Islands (of India) in the Andaman Sea. The hotspot contains the Lower Mekong catchment.
The hotspot encompasses 33 terrestrial ecoregions, which include tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, tropical and subtropical coniferous forests, temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, and mangroves.
The transition to the Sundaland Hotspot in the south occurs on the Thai-Malay Peninsula, the boundary between the two hotspots is represented by the Kangar-Pattani Line, which cuts across the Thaila |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MC6 | British NVC community MC6 (Atriplex prostrata - Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima sea-bird cliff community) is one of the maritime cliff communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of two communities associated with sea-bird cliffs.
This community is found in a number of coastal areas. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
Four constant species are found in this community:
Spear-leaved Orache (Atriplex prostata agg.)
Sea Beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima)
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
Sea Mayweed (Matricaria maritima)
No rare species are associated with this community.
Distribution
This community is found in coastal areas on the west coast of Britain from southwest Scotland to Devon, along the English south coast from Cornwall to Sussex, and at single site in Suffolk.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
MC06 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theaflavin | Theaflavin (TF) and its derivatives, known collectively as theaflavins, are antioxidant polyphenols that are formed from the condensation of flavan-3-ols in tea leaves during the enzymatic oxidation (sometimes erroneously referred to as fermentation) of black tea. Theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3'-gallate, and theaflavin-3-3'-digallate are the main theaflavins. Theaflavins are types of thearubigins, and are therefore reddish in color.
See also
Theaflavin 3-gallate
References
Phenol antioxidants
Cancer research
Antiviral drugs
Thearubigins
Catechols
Resorcinols
Tropolones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20H7 | NVC community H7 (Calluna vulgaris - Scilla verna heath) is one of the heath communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of two communities categorised as maritime heaths.
It is a fairly widespread coastal community. There are five subcommunities.
Community composition
The following eleven constant species are found in this community:
Heather (Calluna vulgaris)
Bell Heather (Erica cinerea)
Sheep's Fescue (Festuca ovina)
Yorkshire-fog (Holcus lanatus)
Common Cat's-ear (Hypochaeris radicata)
Bird's-foot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)
Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolata)
Sea Plantain (Plantago maritima)
Tormentil (Potentilla erecta)
Spring Squill (Scilla verna)
Wild Thyme (Thymus praecox)
The following rare species are associated with the community:
Chives (Allium schoenoprasum)
Purple Milk-vetch (Astragalus danicus)
Cornish Heath (Erica vagans)
Portland Spurge (Euphorbia portlandica)
Hairy Greenweed (Genista pilosa)
Fringed Rupturewort (Herniaria ciliolata)
Land Quillwort (Isoetes histrix)
Spring Sandwort (Minuartia verna)
Scottish Primrose (Primula scotica)
Autumn Squill (Scilla autumnalis)
Spring Squill (Scilla verna)
Autumn Ladies'-tresses (Spiranthes spiralis)
Twin-headed Clover (Trifolium bocconei)
Western Clover (Trifolium occidentale)
Distribution
This community is found all around the coasts of Scotland, western Wales, Devon and Cornwall.
Subcommunities
There are five subcommunities:
the Armeria mariti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barred%20moray | The barred moray (Echidna polyzona), also known as the banded moray, the dark-banded eel, the girdled moray, the girdled reef eel, the many banded moray eel, the ringed moray, the ringed reef moray, the striped moray and the zebra eel,) is a moray eel of the family Muraenidae. It was described by John Richardson in 1845, originally under the genus Muraena. It is a marine, tropical eel which is known from the Indo-Pacific, including the Red Sea, East Africa, the Hawaiian Islands, the Marquesan Islands, the Tuamotus Islands, the Ryukyu Islands, and the Great Barrier Reef. It dwells at a depth range of , and leads a benthic lifestyle in reefs and shallow lagoons. Males can reach a maximum total length of .
The barred moray's diet consists of shrimp such as Saron marmoratus, crabs, isopods, and polychaetes, which it feeds on during both day and night. It is of commercial interest to both subsistence fisheries and the aquarium trade.
References
External links
barred moray
Fish of China
Fish of Hawaii
Fish of the Indian Ocean
Fish of the Pacific Ocean
barred moray
Taxa named by John Richardson (naturalist) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowflake%20moray | The snowflake moray (Echidna nebulosa), also known as the clouded moray among many vernacular names, is a species of marine eel of the family Muraenidae. It has blunt teeth ideal for its diet of crustaceans, a trait it shares with the zebra moray (Gymnomuraena zebra).
Its Hawaiian name is puhi-kapa, which originates from King Kamehameha I’s nickname. The genus name is derived from the Greek word echidna meaning "viper", and the species name, nebulosa, originates from the Latin word nebulosus meaning "misty" or "cloudy".
It is widespread throughout the Indo-Pacific area from the eastern coast of Africa throughout Micronesia including the Red Sea and to Hawaii. The species is also found in the eastern Central Pacific from southern Baja California, Mexico, and from Costa Rica to northern Colombia.
This species reaches a length of but its common size is . They live at depths ranging from 1 and 48 meters.
Description and biology
The snowflake moray has a blunt white snout that goes into a yellowish, brown, and black striped speckled pattern. They have a dorsal fin that runs the length of its body. Protruding out of their snout, they have two yellow tubular nostrils angled down and another pair closer to their eyes. Moray eels' eyesight is poor, and their heightened sense of smell compensates for this. They have small blunt teeth rather than sharp teeth. Their diet consists mainly of crustaceans. The snowflake moray, along with other species of morays, have pharyngeal jaws, w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MC10 | British NVC community MC10 (Festuca rubra - Plantago spp. maritime grassland) is one of the maritime cliff communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of five communities categorised as maritime sea-cliff grasslands.
This community is found widely in coastal areas. There are three subcommunities.
Community composition
Five constant species are found in this community:
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
Buck's-horn Plantain (Plantago coronopus)
Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolata)
Sea Plantain (Plantago maritima)
Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera)
Five rare species are associated with this community:
Purple Milk-vetch (Astragalus danicus)
Purple Oxytropis (Oxytropus halleri)
Scottish Primrose (Primula scotica)
Spring Squill (Scilla verna)
Western Clover (Trifolium occidentale)
Distribution
This community is found in coastal areas on the west coast of Britain from Devon and Cornwall north to Shetland, with outlying examples in southeast Scotland and Northumberland.
Subcommunities
There are three subcommunities:
the Armeria maritima subcommunity
the Carex panicea subcommunity
the Schoenus nigricans subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
MC10 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional%20and%20behavioral%20disorders | Emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD; also known as behavioral and emotional disorders) refer to a disability classification used in educational settings that allows educational institutions to provide special education and related services to students who have displayed poor social and/or academic progress.
The classification is often given to students after conducting a Functional Behavior Analysis. These students need individualized behavior supports such as a Behavior Intervention Plan, to receive a free and appropriate public education. Students with EBD may be eligible for an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) and/or accommodations in the classroom through a 504 Plan.
History
Early history
Before any studies were done on the subject, mental illnesses were often thought to be a form of demonic possession or witchcraft. Since much was unknown, there was little to no distinction between the different types of mental illness and developmental disorders that we refer to today. Most often, they were dealt with by performing an exorcism on the person exhibiting signs of any mental illness. In the early to mid-1800s, asylums were introduced to America and Europe. There, patients were treated cruelly and often referred to as lunatics by doctors in the professional fields. The main focus of asylums were to shun people with mental illnesses from the public. In 1963, the Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act (Public Law 88–164), was passed by Congress and signed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MC3 | British NVC community MC3 (Rhodiola rosea - Armeria maritima maritime cliff-ledge community) is one of the maritime cliff communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of five communities categorised as maritime cliff crevice and ledge communities.
This community is confined to Scotland. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
Four constant species is found in this community:
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
Thrift (Armeria maritima)
Roseroot (Rhodiola rosea)
Common Sorrel (Rumex acetosa)
No rare species are associated with this community.
Distribution
This community is found on western and northern coasts of Scotland, in the Shetland Isles, and in Aberdeenshire.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
MC03 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halorhodopsin | Halorhodopsin is a seven-transmembrane retinylidene protein from microbial rhodopsin family. It is a chloride-specific light-gated ion pump found in archaea known as halobacteria. It is activated by green light wavelengths of approximately 578nm. Halorhodopsin also shares sequence similarity to channelrhodopsin, another light-driven ion channel.
Halorhodopsin contains the essential light-isomerizable vitamin A derivative all-trans-retinal. Due to the dedication towards discovering the structure and function of this moleculc, halorhodopsin is one of the few membrane proteins whose crystal structure is known. Halorhodopsin uses the energy of green/yellow light to move chloride ions into the cell, overcoming the membrane potential. Beside chlorides it transports other halides and nitrates into the cell. Potassium chloride uptake by cells helps to maintain osmotic balance during cell growth. By performing the same task, light-driven anion pumps can considerably reduce the use of metabolic energy. Halorhodopsin has been the subject of much study and its structure is accurately known. Its properties are similar to those of bacteriorhodopsin, and these two light-driven ion pumps transport cations and anions in opposite directions.
Halorhodopsin isoforms can be found in multiple species of halobacteria, including Halobacterium salinarum, and Natronobacterium pharaonis. Much ongoing research is exploring these differences, and using them to parse apart the photocycle and pump prop |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric%20array | A parametric array, in the field of acoustics, is a nonlinear transduction mechanism that generates narrow, nearly side lobe-free beams of low frequency sound, through the mixing and interaction of high frequency sound waves, effectively overcoming the diffraction limit (a kind of spatial 'uncertainty principle') associated with linear acoustics. The main side lobe-free beam of low frequency sound is created as a result of nonlinear mixing of two high frequency sound beams at their difference frequency. Parametric arrays can be formed in water, air, and earth materials/rock.
History
Priority for discovery and explanation of the parametric array owes to Peter J. Westervelt, winner of the Lord Rayleigh Medal (currently Professor Emeritus at Brown University), although important experimental work was contemporaneously underway in the former Soviet Union.
According to Muir and Albers, the concept for the parametric array occurred to Dr. Westervelt while he was stationed at the London, England, branch office of the Office of Naval Research in 1951.
According to Albers, he (Westervelt) there first observed an accidental generation of low frequency sound in air by Captain H.J. Round (British pioneer of the superheterodyne receiver) via the parametric array mechanism.
The phenomenon of the parametric array, seen first experimentally by Westervelt in the 1950s, was later explained theoretically in 1960, at a meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. A few years after this, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Cave%20%28Sequoia%20National%20Park%29 | Crystal Cave is a marble karst cave within Sequoia National Park, in the western Sierra Nevada of California. It is one of at least 240 known caves in Sequoia National Park but the only one accessible to the public. Crystal Cave is in the Giant Forest area, between the Ash Mountain entrance of the park and the Giant Forest museum.
The cave is a constant . It is accessible by Sequoia Park Conservancy guided tours only. Tickets are not sold on-site, but must be bought on Recreation.Gov https://www.recreation.gov/ticket/facility/251898
References
External links
Caves and Karst Management, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park
Caves Biology, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park
Caves of California
Sequoia National Park
Limestone caves
Landforms of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Landforms of Tulare County, California
Show caves in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromophobe%20cell | A chromophobe is a histological structure that does not stain readily, and thus appears relatively pale under the microscope.
Chromophobe cells are one of three cell stain types present in the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland, the others being basophils and acidophils. One type of chromophobe cell is known as amphophils. Amphophils are epithelial cells found in the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary. Together, these epithelial cells are responsible for producing the hormones of the anterior pituitary and releasing them into the bloodstream. Melanotrophs (also, Melanotropes) are another type of chromophobe which secrete melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH).
Clinical significance
"Chromophobe" also refers to a type of renal cell carcinoma (distinct from "clear cell"). Chromophobe renal cancer is part of a rare, genetic disorder known as Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome. While renal cell carcinoma is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers, chromophobe renal cancer only accounts for five percent of renal cancer cases. Furthermore, 30% of patients with Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome will also develop chromophobe renal cancer. One of the only treatments for this type of cancer is to have surgery to remove any tumors that may be present.
See also
Melanotroph
Chromophil
Acidophil cell
Basophil cell
Oxyphil cell
Oxyphil cell (parathyroid)
Pituitary gland
Neuroendocrine cell
References
Staining |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basophil%20cell | An anterior pituitary basophil is a type of cell in the anterior pituitary which manufactures hormones.
It is called a basophil because it is basophilic (readily takes up bases), and typically stains a relatively deep blue or purple.
These basophils are further classified by the hormones they produce. (It is usually not possible to distinguish between these cell types using standard staining techniques.)
*Produced only in pregnancy by the developing embryo.
See also
Chromophobe cell
Melanotroph
Chromophil
Acidophil cell
Oxyphil cell
Oxyphil cell (parathyroid)
Pituitary gland
Neuroendocrine cell
Basophilic
References
External links
Histology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20M4 |
NVC community M4 (Carex rostrata - Sphagnum recurvum mire) is one of the mire communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
It is a localised community of northern and western Britain. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Bottle Sedge (Carex rostrata)
Common Haircap (Polytrichum commune)
Feathery Bog-moss (Sphagnum cuspidatum)
Flat-topped / Flexuous Bog-mosses S. recurvum
Two rare species are associated with the community:
String Sedge (Carex chordorrhiza)
Tufted Loosestrife (Lysimachia thrysiflora)
Distribution
This community is found in Cornwall and in various locations in Wales, northern England and Scotland.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 2 - Mires and heaths (hardback), (paperback)
M04 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblast | A glioblast is a type of cell derived from neuroectoderm and with the ability to differentiate into several different types of neuroglia.
It comes from a precursor (spongioblast). However, the latter may also differentiate into an ependymoblast.
Glioblasts differentiate into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Its tumor is called a glioblastoma, and is the most common type of central nervous system malignancy.
See also
Glioblastoma multiforme
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
References
Embryology of nervous system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate%20turn-off%20thyristor | A gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) is a special type of thyristor, which is a high-power (e.g. 1200 V AC) semiconductor device. It was invented by General Electric. GTOs, as opposed to normal thyristors, are fully controllable switches which can be turned on and off by their gate lead.
Device description
Normal thyristors (silicon-controlled rectifiers) are not fully controllable switches (a fully controllable switch can be turned on and off at will). Thyristors can only be turned on using the gate lead, but cannot be turned off using the gate lead. Thyristors are switched on by a gate signal, but even after the gate signal is de-asserted (removed, reverse biased), the thyristor remains in the on state until a turn-off condition occurs (which can be the application of a reverse voltage to the terminals or a decrease of the forward current below a certain threshold value known as the holding current). Thus, a thyristor behaves like a normal semiconductor diode after it is turned on, or fired.
The GTO can be turned on by a gate signal and can also be turned off by a gate signal of negative polarity.
Turn on is accomplished by a positive current pulse between the gate and cathode terminals. As the gate-cathode behaves like PN junction, there will be some relatively small voltage between the terminals. The turn-on phenomenon in GTO is, however, not as reliable as an SCR (thyristor), and a small positive gate current must be maintained even after turn on to improve reliability.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20precipitation | Protein precipitation is widely used in downstream processing of biological products in order to concentrate proteins and purify them from various contaminants. For example, in the biotechnology industry protein precipitation is used to eliminate contaminants commonly contained in blood. The underlying mechanism of precipitation is to alter the solvation potential of the solvent, more specifically, by lowering the solubility of the solute by addition of a reagent.
General principles
The solubility of proteins in aqueous buffers depends on the distribution of hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acid residues on the protein's surface. Hydrophobic residues predominantly occur in the globular protein core, but some exist in patches on the surface. Proteins that have high hydrophobic amino acid content on the surface have low solubility in an aqueous solvent. Charged and polar surface residues interact with ionic groups in the solvent and increase the solubility of a protein. Knowledge of a protein's amino acid composition will aid in determining an ideal precipitation solvent and methods.
Repulsive electrostatic force
Repulsive electrostatic forces form when proteins are dissolved in an electrolyte solution. These repulsive forces between proteins prevent aggregation and facilitate dissolution. Upon dissolution in an electrolyte solution, solvent counterions migrate towards charged surface residues on the protein, forming a rigid matrix of counterions on the protein's surface. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum%20amyloid%20A | Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are a family of apolipoproteins associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma. Different isoforms of SAA are expressed constitutively (constitutive SAAs) at different levels or in response to inflammatory stimuli (acute phase SAAs). These proteins are produced predominantly by the liver.
Acute-phase serum amyloid A proteins
Acute-phase serum amyloid A proteins (A-SAAs) are secreted during the acute phase of inflammation. These proteins have several roles, including the transport of cholesterol to the liver for secretion into the bile, the recruitment of immune cells to inflammatory sites, and the induction of enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix. A-SAAs are implicated in several chronic inflammatory diseases, such as amyloidosis, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Three acute-phase SAA isoforms have been reported in mice, called SAA1, SAA2, and SAA3. During inflammation, SAA1 and SAA2 are expressed and induced principally in the liver, whereas SAA3 is induced in many distinct tissues. SAA1 and SAA2 genes are regulated in liver cells by the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. Both SAA1 and SAA2 are induced up to a 1000-fold in mice under acute inflammatory conditions following exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Three A-SAA genes have also been identified in humans, although the third gene, SAA3, is believed to represent a pseudogene that does not generate messenger RNA or protein. Molecular we |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20modeling | Plasma modeling refers to solving equations of motion that describe the state of a plasma. It is generally coupled with Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic fields or Poisson's equation for electrostatic fields. There are several main types of plasma models: single particle, kinetic, fluid, hybrid kinetic/fluid, gyrokinetic and as system of many particles.
Single particle description
The single particle model describes the plasma as individual electrons and ions moving in imposed (rather than self-consistent) electric and magnetic fields. The motion of each particle is thus described by the Lorentz Force Law.
In many cases of practical interest, this motion can be treated as the superposition of a relatively fast circular motion around a point called the guiding center and a relatively slow drift of this point.
Kinetic description
The kinetic model is the most fundamental way to describe a plasma, resultantly producing a distribution function
where the independent variables and are position and velocity, respectively.
A kinetic description is achieved by solving the Boltzmann equation or, when the correct description of long-range Coulomb interaction is necessary, by the Vlasov equation which contains self-consistent collective electromagnetic field, or by the Fokker–Planck equation, in which approximations have been used to derive manageable collision terms. The charges and currents produced by the distribution functions self-consistently determine the electromagnet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20separation%20by%20silica%20adsorption | DNA separation by silica adsorption is a method of DNA separation that is based on DNA molecules binding to silica surfaces in the presence of certain salts and under certain pH conditions.
Operations
In order to conduct DNA separation by silica adsorption, a sample (this may be anything from purified cells to a tissue specimen) is lysed, releasing proteins, DNA, phospholipids, etc. from the cells. The remaining tissue is discarded. The supernatant containing the DNA is then exposed to silica in a solution with high ionic strength. The highest DNA adsorption efficiencies occur in the presence of buffer solution with a pH at or below the pKa of the surface silanol groups.
The mechanism behind DNA adsorption onto silica is not fully understood; one possible explanation involves reduction of the silica surface's negative charge due to the high ionic strength of the buffer. This decrease in surface charge leads to a decrease in the electrostatic repulsion between the negatively charged DNA and the negatively charged silica. Meanwhile, the buffer also reduces the activity of water by formatting hydrated ions. This leads to the silica surface and DNA becoming dehydrated. These conditions lead to an energetically favorable situation for DNA to adsorb to the silica surface.
A further explanation of how DNA binds to silica is based on the action of guanidinium chloride (GuHCl), which acts as a chaotrope. A chaotrope denatures biomolecules by disrupting the shell of hydration around |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin-activating%20enzyme | Ubiquitin-activating enzymes, also known as E1 enzymes, catalyze the first step in the ubiquitination reaction, which (among other things) can target a protein for degradation via a proteasome. This covalent bond of ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins to targeted proteins is a major mechanism for regulating protein function in eukaryotic organisms. Many processes such as cell division, immune responses and embryonic development are also regulated by post-translational modification by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins.
Ubiquitination (ubiquitylation)
Ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) starts the ubiquitination process (Figure 1). The E1 enzyme, along with ATP, binds to the ubiquitin protein. The E1 enzyme then passes the ubiquitin protein to a second protein, called ubiquitin carrier or conjugation protein (E2). The E2 protein complexes with a ubiquitin protein ligase (E3). This ubiquitin protein ligase recognizes which protein needs to be tagged and catalyzes the transfer of ubiquitin to that protein. This pathway repeats itself until the target protein has a full chain of ubiquitin attached to itself.
Structure and mechanism
At the start of the ubiquitination cascade, the E1 enzyme (Figure 2) binds ATP-Mg2+ and ubiquitin and catalyses ubiquitin C-terminal acyl adenylation. In the next step a catalytic cysteine (Figure 3) on the E1 enzyme attacks the ubiquitin-AMP complex through acyl substitution, simultaneously creating a thioester bond and an AMP leaving group. Fi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin-conjugating%20enzyme | Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, also known as E2 enzymes and more rarely as ubiquitin-carrier enzymes, perform the second step in the ubiquitination reaction that targets a protein for degradation via the proteasome. The ubiquitination process covalently attaches ubiquitin, a short protein of 76 amino acids, to a lysine residue on the target protein. Once a protein has been tagged with one ubiquitin molecule, additional rounds of ubiquitination form a polyubiquitin chain that is recognized by the proteasome's 19S regulatory particle, triggering the ATP-dependent unfolding of the target protein that allows passage into the proteasome's 20S core particle, where proteases degrade the target into short peptide fragments for recycling by the cell.
Relationships
A ubiquitin-activating enzyme, or E1, first activates the ubiquitin by covalently attaching the molecule to its active site cysteine residue. The activated ubiquitin is then transferred to an E2 cysteine. Once conjugated to ubiquitin, the E2 molecule binds one of several ubiquitin ligases or E3s via a structurally conserved binding region. The E3 molecule is responsible for binding the target protein substrate and transferring the ubiquitin from the E2 cysteine to a lysine residue on the target protein.
A particular cell usually contains only a few types of E1 molecule, a greater diversity of E2s, and a very large variety of E3s. In humans, there are about 30 E2s which can bind with one of the 600+ E3s. The E3 molecules re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin%20receptor | Melatonin receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) which bind melatonin. Three types of melatonin receptors have been cloned. The MT1 (or Mel1A or MTNR1A) and MT2 (or Mel1B or MTNR1B) receptor subtypes are present in humans and other mammals, while an additional melatonin receptor subtype MT3 (or Mel1C or MTNR1C) has been identified in amphibia and birds. The receptors are crucial in the signal cascade of melatonin. In the field of chronobiology, melatonin has been found to be a key player in the synchrony of biological clocks. Melatonin secretion by the pineal gland has circadian rhythmicity regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) found in the brain. The SCN functions as the timing regulator for melatonin; melatonin then follows a feedback loop to decrease SCN neuronal firing. The receptors MT1 and MT2 control this process. Melatonin receptors are found throughout the body in places such as the brain, the retina of the eye, the cardiovascular system, the liver and gallbladder, the colon, the skin, the kidneys, and many others. In 2019, X-ray crystal and cryo-EM structures of MT1 and MT2 were reported.
History
Melatonin has been known about since the beginning of the 20th century with experiments led by Carey P. McCord and Floyd P. Allen. The two scientists obtained extracts of the pineal gland from bovines and noticed its blanching effects on the skin of tadpoles. The melatonin chemical was found and isolated in the pineal gland in 1958 by physician Aaron |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglia%20%28disambiguation%29 | The term ganglia may refer to:
Plural form of ganglion, a cluster of neurons
Lymph node
Ganglion cyst
Ganglia (software), a scalable distributed monitoring system for high-performance computing systems
See also
Ganglion (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitermination | Antitermination is the prokaryotic cell's aid to fix premature termination of RNA synthesis during the transcription of RNA. It occurs when the RNA polymerase ignores the termination signal and continues elongating its transcript until a second signal is reached. Antitermination provides a mechanism whereby one or more genes at the end of an operon can be switched either on or off, depending on the polymerase either recognizing or not recognizing the termination signal.
Antitermination is used by some phages to regulate progression from one stage of gene expression to the next. The lambda gene N, codes for an antitermination protein (pN) that is necessary to allow RNA polymerase to read through the terminators located at the ends of the immediate early genes. Another antitermination protein, pQ, is required later in phage infection. pN and pQ act on RNA polymerase as it passes specific sites. These sites are located at different relative positions in their respective transcription units.
Antitermination may be a regulated event
Antitermination was discovered in bacteriophage infections. A common feature in the control of phage infection is that very few of the phage genes can be transcribed by the bacterial host RNA polymerase. Among these genes, however, are regulators whose products allow the next set of phage genes to be expressed. One of these types of regulator is an antitermination protein. In the absence of the antitermination protein, RNA polymerase terminates at |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20common%20shading%20algorithms | This article lists common shading algorithms used in computer graphics.
Interpolation techniques
These techniques can be combined with any illumination model:
Flat shading
Gouraud shading
Phong shading
Illumination models
Realistic
The illumination models listed here attempt to model the perceived brightness of a surface or a component of the brightness in a way that looks realistic. Some take physical aspects into consideration, like for example the Fresnel equations, microfacets, the rendering equation and subsurface scattering.
Diffuse reflection
Light that is reflected on a non-metallic and/or a very rough surface gives rise to a diffuse reflection. Models that describe the perceived brightness due to diffuse reflection include:
Lambert
Oren–Nayar (Rough opaque diffuse surfaces)
Minnaert
Specular reflection
Light that is reflected on a relatively smooth surface gives rise to a specular reflection. This kind of reflection is especially strong for metal surfaces. Models that describe the perceived brightness due to specular reflection include:
Phong
Blinn–Phong
Cook–Torrance (microfacets)
Ward anisotropic
Subsurface scattering
Subsurface scattering is an indirect form of reflection where some of the light is transmitted into a semi-transparent material, scattered under the surface and bounced back out again. The light that is not absorbed by the material and bounced out through the surface again gives rise to a diffuse indirect reflection, which will illumin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior%20information | Prior information may refer to
Prior probability
A prior information notice (PIN) issued in advance of procurement actions for the purposes of government procurement in the European Union |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna%20Casselton | Lorna Ann Casselton, (18 July 1938 – 14 February 2014) was a British academic and biologist. She was Professor Emeritus of Fungal Genetics in the Department of Plant Science at the University of Oxford, and was known for her genetic and molecular analysis of the mushroom Coprinus cinereus and Coprinus lagopus.
Early life
Casselton was born on 18 July 1938 in Rochford, Essex to William Charles Henry Smith and Cecile Smith (née Bowman). Her parents' smallholding and her father's interest in natural history and genetics encouraged her and her sister Pauline in the direction of biology. She was educated at Southend High School for Girls, a grammar school in Southend-on-Sea. She studied at University College London, from which she gained a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree in botany and a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1964.
Academic career
Casselton began her career in lecturing and research as an assistant lecturer at Royal Holloway College in London. She was Professor of Genetics at Queen Mary University of London from 1989 to 1991 and was later awarded an AFRC/BBSRC Postdoctoral Fellowship, followed by a BBSRC Senior Research Fellowship in 1995.
Casselton was a Fellow of St Cross College Oxford from 1993 to 2003, and was appointed Professor of Fungal Genetics at Oxford in 1997. Her specialism was sexual development in fungi and she contributed to over 100 publications on this topic. She was a Fellow of St Cross College, Oxford, from 1993 to 2003, and an Honorary Fello |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20United%20States%20men%27s%20international%20soccer%20players | The following tables include various statistics for players on the United States men's national soccer team (featuring all caps, goals, assists and goalkeeper wins and shutouts) from the team's inception in 1916 through the October 17, 2023 game with Ghana.
Appearances
Players capped since 2022 are shown in Bold.
Goals
Active players are shown in Bold.
Assists
Active players are shown in Bold.
USSF did not begin tracking assists until the 1970s. The top twenty are most likely accurate as no players before the mid-1980s amassed more than twenty or thirty caps. For example, Boris Bandov, the player active before 1980 with the highest number of caps, played 33 times between 1976 and 1983, while Perry Van der Beck played 23 times between 1979 and 1985. With the typical low scores of the times, it was unlikely any players before the 1980s assisted on more than a handful of goals.
Wins
Active players are shown in Bold.
Shutouts
Active players are shown in Bold.
See also
List of United States men's national soccer team hat-tricks
List of United States women's international soccer players
Association football player non-biographical articles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL3 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) also known as macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha (MIP-1-alpha) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL3 gene.
Function
CCL3 is a cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is involved in the acute inflammatory state in the recruitment and activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes through binding to the receptors CCR1, CCR4 and CCR5.
Sherry et al. (1988) demonstrated 2 protein components of MIP1, called by them alpha (CCL3, this protein) and beta (CCL4).
CCL3 produces a monophasic fever of rapid onset whose magnitude is equal to or greater than that of fevers produced with either recombinant human tumor necrosis factor or recombinant human interleukin-1. However, in contrast to these two endogenous pyrogens, the fever induced by MIP-1 is not inhibited by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen and CCL3 may participate in the febrile response that is not mediated through prostaglandin synthesis and clinically cannot be ablated by cyclooxygenase.
Interactions
CCL3 has been shown to interact with CCL4.
Attracts macrophages, monocytes and neutrophils.
See also
Macrophage inflammatory proteins
References
External links
Further reading
Cytokines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL4 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligands 4 (also CCL4) previously known as macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1β), is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCL4 gene. CCL4 belongs to a cluster of genes located on 17q11-q21 of the chromosomal region. Identification and localization of the gene on the chromosome 17 was in 1990 although the discovery of MIP-1 was initiated in 1988 with the purification of a protein doublet corresponding to inflammatory activity from supernatant of endotoxin-stimulated murine macrophages. At that time, it was also named as "macrophage inflammatory protein-1" (MIP-1) due to its inflammatory properties.
CCL4 is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokine subfamily. CCL4 is being secreted under mitogenic signals and antigens and hereby acts as a chemoattractant for natural killer cells, monocytes and various other immune cells in the site of inflamed or damaged tissue.
Genomics
In the human genome, CCL4 and many other CC chemokines is encoded by a single gene on chromosome 17 (17q11-q21). The CCL4 gene consists of three exons and two introns which are separated by 14 kb and are organized in a head to head fashion. MIP-1 genes have 3 untranslated gene regions containing a polyadenylation site (AATAAA) and several AT-rich sequences. The CCL4 protein precursor consist of 92 amino acids. In turn, the mature CCL4 protein is 92 amino acids long. The CCL4 predicted Mr weight is 7814.8 Da with no apparent N-linked glycosylation site as in other of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clastogen | A clastogen is a mutagenic agent that disturbs normal DNA related processes or directly causes DNA strand breakages, thus causing the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of entire chromosome sections. These processes are a form of mutagenesis which if left unrepaired, or improperly repaired, can lead to cancer. Known clastogens include acridine yellow, benzene, ethylene oxide, arsenic, phosphine, mimosine, actinomycin D, camptothecin, methotrexate, methyl acrylate, resorcinol and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. Additionally, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine is a known colon carcinogen and shows signs of possessing clastogenic activity. There are many clastogens not listed here and research is ongoing to discover new clastogens. Some known clastogens only exhibit clastogenic activity in certain cell types, such as caffeine which exhibits clastogenic activity in plant cells. Researchers are interested in clastogens for researching cancer, as well as for other human health concerns such as the inheritability of clastogen effected paternal germ cells that lead to fetus developmental defects.
Mechanism
There is not one all encompassing method by which clastogens damage chromosomal DNA, instead different clastogens have unique ways they interact with DNA, or DNA associated proteins, and disrupt normal function. Broadly these different types of clastogenic activity can be organized into three classes: ‘classic’ breaks theory; ‘mis-repair of breaks’ theory and ‘repair-created breaks’ theory. It may |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20things%20named%20after%20Srinivasa%20Ramanujan | Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887 – 1920) is the eponym of all of the topics listed below.
Mathematics
Brocard–Ramanujan Diophantine equation
Dougall–Ramanujan identity
Landau–Ramanujan constant
Ramanujan's congruences
Hardy–Ramanujan number
Hardy–Ramanujan theorem
Hardy–Ramanujan asymptotic formula
Ramanujan identity
Ramanujan machine
Ramanujan–Nagell equation
Ramanujan–Peterssen conjecture
Ramanujan–Soldner constant
Ramanujan summation
Ramanujan theta function
Ramanujan graph
Ramanujan's tau function
Ramanujan's ternary quadratic form
Ramanujan prime
Ramanujan's constant
Ramanujan's lost notebook
Ramanujan's master theorem
Ramanujan's sum
Rogers–Ramanujan identities
Rogers–Ramanujan continued fraction
Ramanujan–Sato series
Ramanujan magic square
Journals
Hardy–Ramanujan Journal
Journal of the Ramanujan Mathematical Society
Ramanujan Journal
Institutions and societies
Ramanujan College, University of Delhi
Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics
Srinivasa Ramanujan Institute of Technology
Ramanujan Mathematical Society
Srinivasa Ramanujan Centre at Sastra University https://sas.sastra.edu/src/
Srinivasa Ramanujan Concept School
Ramanujan Hostel, Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta
Ramanujan computer centre, Department of Mathematics, Rajdhani College, University of Delhi
Srinivisa Ramanujan Library, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune
Prizes and awards
Srinivasa Ramanujan Medal
SASTRA Ramanujan Prize
DST-ICTP-IMU Ramanujan Prize
Ramanu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuser%20%28sewage%29 | An air diffuser or membrane diffuser is an aeration device typically in the shape of a disc, tube or plate, which is used to transfer air and with that oxygen into the
sewage or industrial wastewater. Oxygen is required by microorganisms/bacteria residents in the water to break down the pollutants. Diffusers use either rubber membranes or ceramic elements typically and produce either fine or coarse bubbles.
Types
Diffusers are generally referred to as either:
Fine Bubble/Fine Pore
Coarse Bubble
Other diffused aeration devices include: jet aerators, aspirators, and U tubes.
Design specifications
Typical efficiency of a full floor coverage diffused aeration system in clean water is 2%/ft submergence or 6.6%/m submergence. When converted to mass transfer into process or dirty water, it is typically closer to about half of those figures. Manufacturers of fine bubble systems have supported claims that the type, number and size of "pores" have a great effect on efficiency of a diffused aeration system.
Types of diffused aeration systems
Diffusers are typically connected to a piping system which is supplied with pressurized air by a blower. This system is commonly referred to as a diffused aeration system or aeration grid.
There are two main types of diffused aeration systems, retrievable and fixed grid, that are designed to serve different purposes. In the case of a plant with a single tank, a retrievable system is desirable, in order to avoid stopping operation of the p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coboglobin | A coboglobin is a synthetic compound, a metalloprotein chemically similar to hemoglobin or myoglobin but using the metal cobalt instead of iron (hence the name). Just like hemoglobin and myoglobin, the coboglobins are able to reversibly bind molecular oxygen (O2) at the metal atom. However, they lose this ability much faster than the natural molecules.
Blood of this type would be uncoloured and clear when in the veins while amber yellow in colour in the arteries.
References
.
Metalloproteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persulfide | In chemistry, persulfide refers to the functional group R-S-S-H. Persulfides are intermediates in the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur proteins and are invoked as precursors to hydrogen sulfide, a signaling molecule.
Nomenclature
The nomenclature used for organosulfur compounds is often non-systematic. Sometimes persulfides are called hydrodisulfides to further avoid confusion with disulfides with the grouping R-S-S-R, by emphasizing the presence of an H at one end of a disulfide bond.
Properties
Compared to thiols (R-S-H), persulfides are uncommon. They are thermodynamically unstable with respect to loss of elemental sulfur:
RSSH → RSH + 1/8 S8
Nonetheless, persulfides are often kinetically stable.
The S-H bond is both more acidic and more fragile than in thiols. This can be seen in the bond dissociation energy of a typical persulfide, which is 22 kcal/mol weaker than a typical thiol, and the lower pKa of about 6.2 for persulfides compared to 7.5 for thiols. Thus, persulfides exist predominantly in the ionized form at neutral pH. This effect is attributed to the stability of the RSS· radical.
Structure and reactions
The structure of trityl persulfide has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The S-S bond length is 204 picometers and the C-S-S-H dihedral angle is 82°. These parameters are unexceptional. (C6H5)3CSSH behaves as a source of sulfur, illustrated by its reaction with triphenylphosphine to give triphenylphosphine sulfide and triphenylmethanethiol:
(C6H5)3C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route%20nationale%2010 | Route nationale 10, or RN 10, is a trunk (route nationale) in France between Paris and the border with Spain via Bordeaux.
Reclassification
Unlike many other routes nationales, the road retains its status along the majority of its route. However, several sections have been downgraded to RD, route départementale (departmental road): the RD 810, RD 910 and RD 911.
Route
Paris-Chartres-Poitiers-Bordeaux-Spain
Paris to Chartres (0 km to 83 km)
The road begins at the Porte de Saint Cloud, southwest of central Paris, as the Avenue du Général Leclerc. It passes the suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt. The road crosses the river Seine. Through traffic then takes the RN 118 dual carriageway. The old RN 10 is now renamed the RD 910 and called Grande Rue through the suburb of Sèvres.
The road then passes Chaville between the Forêt de Fausses Reposses and Forêt de Meudon. It continues west as the Avenue de Paris to the town of Versailles and its palace as the RD 10 (route départementale). The road then turns south in the square past the railway station before turning west again as the Avenue de la Division Leclerc, skirting the domain of the Château de Versailles.
The road crosses the RN 12 before becoming the RN 10 southbound with a junction onto the A 12. The road plunges into the Forêt de Rambouillet and then reaches the town of Rambouilet. At Ablis, it crosses the A 11 and turns west through flat countryside to Chartres.
Chartres to Poitiers (83 km to 320 km)
To the south of Chartre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenic%20amine%20receptor | Biogenic amine receptor are a variety of neurotransmitter receptors that are sensitive to biogenic amine neurotransmitters. They mostly belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family of transmembrane receptors, specifically within GPCR "Family A" (Rhodopsin-like receptors). A notable exception is the serotonin 5-HT3 receptor, which is a ligand-gated ion channel. The biogenic amine receptors include the monoamine receptors.
References
External links
Transmembrane receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Mill%20School%20%28Mill%20Valley%2C%20California%29 | Old Mill School is one of 5 public elementary schools in Mill Valley, California, along with Park, Tamalpais Valley, Edna Maguire, and Strawberry Point Schools. The main building, built in 1921, is the oldest existing public elementary school building in Mill Valley. At the beginning of the 2015 school year, there were 333 students at Old Mill in kindergarten through 5th grades, and 14 grade-level teachers assisted by subject-specific teachers and teacher's aides.
History
In 1918 school trustees purchased a lot bordered by Old Mill Street, Elma Street, Lovell Avenue, and Throckmorton Avenue to build a new school to replace the Summit School.
On November 19, 1921 Old Mill School opened. Total construction cost, including equipment, was $85,000.
In the 1930s Old Mill received a seismic retrofit along with the addition of classrooms 1, 2, and 3 on the Elma Street side of the school.
In the late 1950s classrooms 9, 10, 11, and 12 were added on the Old Mill Street side of the school.
In 1995 Old Mill School underwent a major, 3-year renovation, including the addition of a new library/multimedia center, an art/science facility, a new gymnasium/auditorium, and a new administration core.
In 1997 two new modular classrooms were added on the Elma Street side of the upper yard because of a class size reduction policy adopted by the Mill Valley School District.
Old Mill School celebrated its 100th anniversary Nov 19, 2021.
Trivia
In 1925 Helen Keller, through her long-time |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20M.%20Bingham | Paul Montgomery Bingham (born February 25, 1951) is an American molecular biologist and evolutionary biologist, Associate Professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology at Stony Brook University and Vice President for Research at Rafael Pharmaceuticals. He is known for his work in molecular biology, and has also published recent articles and a book on human evolution.
Biography
Bingham received his undergraduate degree at Blackburn College in Carlinville, Illinois, and then completed his PhD in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Harvard University in 1980 (thesis advisor, Matthew Meselson) after completing an MS in Microbiology at the University of Illinois (with John W. Drake). He spent two years at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) before joining the faculty of the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and the School of Medicine at Stony Brook University in 1982.
Molecular biology
He was part of a collaborative team that discovered the parasitic DNA sequence element, the P element transposon. This enabled a widely used strategy still used today for retrieving genes from animals. It also shed fundamental new light on how evolution shapes the (self-interested) individual genes that collaborate to build organisms.
With his wife (Zuzana Zachar), he demonstrated that transposon insertion mutations were responsible for most of the alleles used in the development of classical genetics. He also collaborated with Carl Wu and S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Bureau%20of%20Investigation%20and%20Statistics | The Central Bureau of Investigation and Statistics (CBIS) (, commonly known as Zhongtong, ), was an intelligence unit under the Organisation Department of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang. It was one of Chiang Kai-shek's two police and military intelligence agencies, the other being the Military Bureau of Investigation and Statistics headed by Dai Li from 1929 until his death in 1946. The CBIS focused on civilian intelligence, while the MBIS targeted military activities.
The CBIS bureau was largely superseded by the Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau in Taiwan after 1949.
History
The previous body of CBIS had its origin in the CC Clique, which was founded in 1927 as a secret spying agency.
In 1931, Chen Lifu was appointed the head of the Kuomintang's Organization Department and he set up the intelligence unit.
In 1935, this intelligence body was re-organized as the Central Bureau of Investigation and Statistics.
See also
Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau
National Security Bureau (Taiwan)
Bureau of Investigation and Statistics
Republic of China (1912–1949)
Kuomintang
References
Further reading
Warlord cliques in Republican China
Taiwanese intelligence agencies
Defunct intelligence agencies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehn%E2%80%93Sommerville%20equations | In mathematics, the Dehn–Sommerville equations are a complete set of linear relations between the numbers of faces of different dimension of a simplicial polytope. For polytopes of dimension 4 and 5, they were found by Max Dehn in 1905. Their general form was established by Duncan Sommerville in 1927. The Dehn–Sommerville equations can be restated as a symmetry condition for the [[h-vector|h-vector]] of the simplicial polytope and this has become the standard formulation in recent combinatorics literature. By duality, analogous equations hold for simple polytopes.
Statement
Let P be a d-dimensional simplicial polytope. For i = 0, 1, ..., d − 1, let fi denote the number of i-dimensional faces of P. The sequence
is called the 'f-vector of the polytope P. Additionally, set
Then for any k = −1, 0, ..., d − 2, the following Dehn–Sommerville equation' holds:
When k = −1, it expresses the fact that Euler characteristic of a (d − 1)-dimensional simplicial sphere is equal to 1 + (−1)d − 1.
Dehn–Sommerville equations with different k are not independent. There are several ways to choose a maximal independent subset consisting of equations. If d is even then the equations with k = 0, 2, 4, ..., d − 2 are independent. Another independent set consists of the equations with k = −1, 1, 3, ..., d − 3. If d is odd then the equations with k = −1, 1, 3, ..., d − 2 form one independent set and the equations with k = −1, 0, 2, 4, ..., d − 3 form another.
Equivalent formulations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forget%20Paris | Forget Paris is a 1995 American romantic comedy film produced, directed, co-written by and starring Billy Crystal as an NBA referee and Debra Winger as an independent working woman whose lives are interrupted by love and marriage.
It also stars Joe Mantegna, Julie Kavner, Cynthia Stevenson, Richard Masur, Cathy Moriarty, and John Spencer. A number of professional basketball players, present and past, appear as themselves.
Plot
At a restaurant in New York City, Andy prepares to introduce his friends to his fiancée, Liz. As the couple waits for the rest of the party to arrive, he tells her the story of how his friends Mickey and Ellen came to fall in love. As each of Andy's friends arrive, more of the story is unfolded.
Mickey Gordon is a National Basketball Association referee who honors his recently deceased father's wishes by burying him with his World War II Army platoon in France, of which he was the sole survivor. The plans are delayed when the airline misplaces the casket.
Ellen Andrews, an airline employee from Wichita working in Paris, assists Mickey in locating and retrieving the casket. She surprises him by attending the burial so he will not be alone. Mickey rides back to Paris with Ellen, and they get to know each other along the way. He decides to delay his return trip to the US to spend time with Ellen. They fall in love, but Mickey is forced to return for the beginning of the NBA season.
Mickey's loneliness leads him to lose his temper during a nationally t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20neural%20network | The random neural network (RNN) is a mathematical representation of an interconnected network of neurons or cells which exchange spiking signals. It was invented by Erol Gelenbe and is linked to the G-network model of queueing networks as well as to Gene Regulatory Network models. Each cell state is represented by an integer whose value rises when the cell receives an excitatory spike and drops when it receives an inhibitory spike. The spikes can originate outside the network itself, or they can come from other cells in the networks. Cells whose internal excitatory state has a positive value are allowed to send out spikes of either kind to other cells in the network according to specific cell-dependent spiking rates. The model has a mathematical solution in steady-state which provides the joint probability distribution of the network in terms of the individual probabilities that each cell is excited and able to send out spikes. Computing this solution is based on solving a set of non-linear algebraic equations whose parameters are related to the spiking rates of individual cells and their connectivity to other cells, as well as the arrival rates of spikes from outside the network. The RNN is a recurrent model, i.e. a neural network that is allowed to have complex feedback loops.
A highly energy-efficient implementation of random neural networks was demonstrated by Krishna Palem et al. using the Probabilistic CMOS or PCMOS technology and was shown to be c. 226–300 times more |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route%20nationale%2011 | The Route nationale 11, or RN11, is a trunk road (nationale) in Southwest France between Poitiers and La Rochelle. It is part of European route E611.
Reclassification
The road has been downgraded along part of its original route and re-numbered the RD611 between Poitiers and Niort.
Route
Poitiers to Niort (0km to 68 Km) (As RD611)
The road begins on the RN10 south west of Poitiers branching west towards the coast. It passes the Abbey of Fontaine-le-Comte and then by-passes the village of Lusignan. The road enters the Foret de Soudan and a junction with the A10 autoroute, afterwards passing through the village of Soudan.
At Saint-Maucent-l'École the road crosses the river Sèvre Niortaise. South of La Crèche the road crosses the A83 autoroute becoming a dual-carriageway. The road enters the town of Niort.
Niort to La Rochelle (68km to 138 km)
The road passes Southwest now designated European Route E601. At Mauze-sur-le-Mignon the road turns north west through Foret de Benon and over the marshes including the Canal de Marane and then reaches the port of La Rochelle on the Atlantic coast.
The road here has a junction with the RN137 which runs along the coast connecting Nantes to Rochefort, designated the European Route E3. The RD11 becomes the Boulevard Andre Sautel as it heads towards the city centre. The RN735 connects the RN11 to the airport and the Pont-Viaduc, a bridge leading to the Île de Ré.
References
Routes nationales in France |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%20Trucks | Tensor Trucks is a skateboarding truck company founded and designed by professional skateboarder, Rodney Mullen, in 2000. Tensor's parent company is Dwindle Distribution. The company offers trucks in three different heights (lo, mid, hi) that are tailored for different wheel diameters—the hi is designed for 58mm wheels and smaller; the mid for 54mm or smaller; and the lo for 52mm and smaller. Mullen holds US patent no. 6,443,471B1 for design features implemented in Tensors. Tensor's trucks are manufactured in China.
History
Mullen explained the origin of the brand in a 2010 interview:
I didn’t feel it was legitimate to just build another truck like an Indy [Independent Truck Co.]. I thought, ‘How can I do it differently?’ The way I skate was flip tricks—setting up your feet and landing ... I wanted to build a truck that would help you do those kind of things better. I wanted to build a truck that doesn’t turn that well because that’s going to help me. If you want that other truck, it’s already there. I don’t feel I deserve a place by copying someone else. That is the value I’ve always got from skateboarding—to be part of something bigger.
Key design features
Baseplate sliders
The most visible feature on a Tensor truck (not including the Response model) is the polymer baseplate slider. Trucks can wear out on the baseplates from nose and tail slides. The slider is replaceable and is touted to slide better than standard aluminum baseplates.
Interlocking bushings
Tensor b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20animals%20by%20number%20of%20neurons | The following are two lists of animals ordered by the size of their nervous system. The first list shows number of neurons in their entire nervous system, indicating their overall neural complexity. The second list shows the number of neurons in the structure that has been found to be representative of animal intelligence. The human brain contains 86 billion neurons, with 16 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex.
Scientists are engaged in counting, quantification, in order to find answers to the question in the strategy of neuroscience and intelligence of "self-knowledge": how the evolution of a set of components and parameters (~1011 neurons, ~1014 synapses) of a complex system could lead to the phenomenon of the appearance of intelligence in the biological species "sapiens".
Overview
Neurons are the cells that transmit information in an animal's nervous system so that it can sense stimuli from its environment and behave accordingly. Not all animals have neurons; Trichoplax and sponges lack nerve cells altogether.
Neurons may be packed to form structures such as the brain of vertebrates or the neural ganglions of insects.
The number of neurons and their relative abundance in different parts of the brain is a determinant of neural function and, consequently, of behavior.
Whole nervous system
All numbers for neurons (except Caenorhabditis and Ciona), and all numbers for synapses (except Ciona) are estimations.
List of animal species by forebrain (cerebrum or pallium |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20Y | In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup Y is a descendant of haplogroup N9.
Distribution
Haplogroup Y has been found with high frequency in many indigenous populations who live around the Sea of Okhotsk, including approximately 66% of Nivkhs, approximately 43% of Ulchs, approximately 40% of Nanais, approximately 21% of Negidals, and approximately 20% of Ainus. It is also fairly common among indigenous peoples of the Kamchatka Peninsula (Koryaks, Itelmens) and among certain Austronesian peoples (especially groups closely related to Native Taiwanese).
The distribution of haplogroup Y in populations of the Malay Archipelago contrasts starkly with the absence or extreme rarity of this clade in populations of continental Southeast Asia in a manner reminiscent of haplogroup E. However, the frequency of haplogroup Y fades more smoothly away from its maximum around the Sea of Okhotsk in Northeast Asia, being found in approximately 2% of Koreans and in South Siberian and Central Asian populations with an average frequency of 1%.
The Y2 subclade has been observed in 40% (176/440) of a large pool of samples from Nias people in western Indonesia, ranging from a low of 25% (3/12) among the Zalukhu subpopulation to a high of 52% (11/21) among the Ho subpopulation.
Table of frequencies of mtDNA haplogroup Y
Subclades
Haplogroup Y has been divided into two primary subclades, Y1 and Y2. In a study published in 2016 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20Q%20%28mtDNA%29 | In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup Q is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup typical for Oceania. It is a subgroup of haplogroup M29'Q.
Origin
Haplogroup Q is a descendant of haplogroup M.
Distribution
Today, mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup Q is found in the southern Pacific region, especially in New Guinea, Melanesia and indigenous Australians. Haplogroup Q is very diverse and frequently occurring among Papuan and Melanesian populations, with an inferred coalescence time of approximately 50,000 years before present. The frequency of this haplogroup among the populations of the islands of Wallacea in eastern Indonesia is quite high, indicating some genetic affinity between the populations of these islands and the indigenous peoples of New Guinea. Haplogroup Q has also been found at higher frequencies, among modern populations of Sundaland but in moderate frequencies Micronesia, and Polynesia. In Southeast Asia it is found in lower frequencies. Malaysians 1.8%, It's also found in Indonesians, Filipinos (especially in Surigaonon people it's 4.17%), Balinese 1.2%, Borneans 1.3%,
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup Q subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
Q
Q1'2
Q1
Q1a
Q1b
Q1c
Q2
Q2a
Q2b
Q3
Q3a
Q3a1
Q3b
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20G%20%28mtDNA%29 | In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup G is a descendant of haplogroup M. Haplogroup G is divided into subclades G1, G2, G3, and G4.
Distribution
It is an East Asian haplogroup. Today, haplogroup G is found at its highest frequency in indigenous populations of the lands surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk. Haplogroup G is one of the most common mtDNA haplogroups among modern Ainu, Siberian, Mongol, Tibetan and Central and North Asian Turkic peoples people (as well as among people of the prehistoric Jōmon culture in Hokkaidō). It is also found at a lower frequency among many other populations of East Asia, Central Asia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. However, unlike other mitochondrial DNA haplogroups typical of populations of northeastern Asia, such as haplogroup A, haplogroup C, and haplogroup D, haplogroup G has not been found among indigenous peoples of the Americas.
Table of Frequencies by ethnic group
Subclades
Subclade G2 is the most widely distributed, being found with low frequency in many populations all the way from eastern Europe (Poles, Ukrainians, Lipka Tatars) and western Siberia (Mansi, Khanty) to Japan (Japanese, Ainu) and from Iran (Persian) to southern China (Hmong and Tujia in Hunan and Mien in Guangxi) and Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia). G2 (and especially its subclade G2a) is notably frequent among many Mongolic- or Turkic-speaking populations of northern East Asia a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20CZ | In human mitochondrial genetics, the Haplogroup CZ is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup CZ is a descendant of haplogroup M8 and is a parent to the haplogroups C and Z. The C and Z subclades share a common ancestor dated to approximately 36,500 years ago.
Distribution
Today, CZ is found in eastern Asian, Central Asian, Siberian, indigenous American, and European populations, and is most common in Siberian populations. It is recognized by a genetic marker at 249d.
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup CZ subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
M
M8
CZ
C
Z
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
References
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
CZ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache%20Taverna | Apache Taverna was an open source software tool for designing and executing workflows, initially created by the myGrid project under the name Taverna Workbench, then a project under the Apache incubator. Taverna allowed users to integrate many different software components, including WSDL SOAP or REST Web services, such as those provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information, the European Bioinformatics Institute, the DNA Databank of Japan (DDBJ), SoapLab, BioMOBY and EMBOSS. The set of available services was not finite and users could import new service descriptions into the Taverna Workbench.
Taverna Workbench provided a desktop authoring environment and enactment engine for scientific workflows. The Taverna workflow engine was also available separately, as a Java API, command line tool or as a server.
Taverna was used by users in many domains, such as bioinformatics, cheminformatics, medicine, astronomy, social science, music, and digital preservation.
Some of the services for the use in Taverna workflows could be discovered through the BioCatalogue - a public, centralised and curated registry of Life Science Web services. Taverna workflows could also be shared with other people through the myExperiment social web site for scientists. BioCatalogue and myExperiment are another two product from the myGrid consortium.
Taverna was used in over 350 organizations around the world, both academic and commercial. As of 2011, there have been over 80,000 downloads |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n%20constant | In fluid dynamics, the von Kármán constant (or Kármán's constant), named for Theodore von Kármán, is a dimensionless constant involved in the logarithmic law describing the distribution of the longitudinal velocity in the wall-normal direction of a turbulent fluid flow near a boundary with a no-slip condition. The equation for such boundary layer flow profiles is:
where u is the mean flow velocity at height z above the boundary. The roughness height (also known as roughness length) z0 is where appears to go to zero. Further κ is the von Kármán constant being typically 0.41, and is the friction velocity which depends on the shear stress τw at the boundary of the flow:
with ρ the fluid density.
The Kármán constant is often used in turbulence modeling, for instance in boundary-layer meteorology to calculate fluxes of momentum, heat and moisture from the atmosphere to the land surface. It is considered to be a universal (κ ≈ 0.40).
Gaudio, Miglio and Dey argued that the Kármán constant is however nonuniversal in flows over mobile sediment beds.
In recent years the von Kármán constant has been subject to periodic scrutiny. Reviews (Foken, 2006; Hogstrom, 1988; Hogstrom, 1996) report values of κ between 0.35 and 0.42. The overall conclusion of over 18 studies is that κ is constant, close to 0.40.
See also
Law of the wall
Log wind profile
References
Bonan, G. B. (2005). "Land Surface Model (LSM 1.0) for Ecological, Hydrological, Atmospheric Studies. Model product". Availab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallows%27s%20Cp | In statistics, Mallows's , named for Colin Lingwood Mallows, is used to assess the fit of a regression model that has been estimated using ordinary least squares. It is applied in the context of model selection, where a number of predictor variables are available for predicting some outcome, and the goal is to find the best model involving a subset of these predictors. A small value of means that the model is relatively precise.
Mallows's Cp has been shown to be equivalent to Akaike information criterion in the special case of Gaussian linear regression.
Definition and properties
Mallows's Cp addresses the issue of overfitting, in which model selection statistics such as the residual sum of squares always get smaller as more variables are added to a model. Thus, if we aim to select the model giving the smallest residual sum of squares, the model including all variables would always be selected. Instead, the Cp statistic calculated on a sample of data estimates the sum squared prediction error (SSPE) as its population target
where is the fitted value from the regression model for the ith case, E(Yi | Xi) is the expected value for the ith case, and σ2 is the error variance (assumed constant across the cases). The mean squared prediction error (MSPE) will not automatically get smaller as more variables are added. The optimum model under this criterion is a compromise influenced by the sample size, the effect sizes of the different predictors, and the degree of collineari |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20fate%20determination | Within the field of developmental biology, one goal is to understand how a particular cell develops into a final cell type, known as fate determination. Within an embryo, several processes play out at the cellular and tissue level to create an organism. These processes include cell proliferation, differentiation, cellular movement and programmed cell death. Each cell in an embryo receives molecular signals from neighboring cells in the form of proteins, RNAs and even surface interactions. Almost all animals undergo a similar sequence of events during very early development, a conserved process known as embryogenesis. During embryogenesis, cells exist in three germ layers, and undergo gastrulation. While embryogenesis has been studied for more than a century, it was only recently (the past 25 years or so) that scientists discovered that a basic set of the same proteins and mRNAs are involved in embryogenesis. Evolutionary conservation is one of the reasons that model systems such as the fly (Drosophila melanogaster), the mouse (Mus musculus), and other organisms are used as models to study embryogenesis and developmental biology. Studying model organisms provides information relevant to other animals, including humans. While studying the different model systems, cells fate was discovered to be determined via multiple ways, two of which are by the combination of transcription factors the cells have and by the cell-cell interaction. Cells’ fate determination mechanisms were cate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribot%27s%20law | Ribot's law of retrograde amnesia was hypothesized in 1881 by Théodule Ribot. It states that there is a time gradient in retrograde amnesia, so that recent memories are more likely to be lost than the more remote memories. Not all patients with retrograde amnesia report the symptoms of Ribot's law.
History and context
Ribot's law was first postulated by the French psychologist Théodule Ribot (1839–1916), who is recognized as one of the pioneer 19th century advocates for psychology as an objective and biologically based empirical field. Ribot's split from the mainstream "Eclectic" psychology of the era was associated with a transition from philosophical to evolutionary explanations of human psychology and behavior. As Ribot was not a true experimentalist himself, this increased focus on the natural science basis of human mentality was manifested in an interest for case studies and diseases of dysfunction which helped to shape theories of psychological function. Ribot's law actually was first defined in terms of a broad generalization of functional decline in psychopathology: the observation that functions acquired most recently are the first to degenerate. However, in the current context of neuroscience research, Ribot's law is used almost exclusively to describe the perceived effect of older memories being less prone to disruption.
In his 1882 book, "Diseases of Memory: An Essay in the Positive Psychology", Ribot explained the retroactive phenomena of trauma or event-induce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20algorithm | An adaptive algorithm is an algorithm that changes its behavior at the time it is run, based on information available and on a priori defined reward mechanism (or criterion). Such information could be the story of recently received data, information on the available computational resources, or other run-time acquired (or a priori known) information related to the environment in which it operates.
Among the most used adaptive algorithms is the Widrow-Hoff’s least mean squares (LMS), which represents a class of stochastic gradient-descent algorithms used in adaptive filtering and machine learning. In adaptive filtering the LMS is used to mimic a desired filter by finding the filter coefficients that relate to producing the least mean square of the error signal (difference between the desired and the actual signal).
For example, stable partition, using no additional memory is O(n lg n) but given O(n) memory, it can be O(n) in time. As implemented by the C++ Standard Library, stable_partition is adaptive and so it acquires as much memory as it can get (up to what it would need at most) and applies the algorithm using that available memory. Another example is adaptive sort, whose behavior changes upon the presortedness of its input.
An example of an adaptive algorithm in radar systems is the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector.
In machine learning and optimization, many algorithms are adaptive or have adaptive variants, which usually means that the algorithm parameters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barab%C3%A1si%E2%80%93Albert%20model | The Barabási–Albert (BA) model is an algorithm for generating random scale-free networks using a preferential attachment mechanism. Several natural and human-made systems, including the Internet, the World Wide Web, citation networks, and some social networks are thought to be approximately scale-free and certainly contain few nodes (called hubs) with unusually high degree as compared to the other nodes of the network. The BA model tries to explain the existence of such nodes in real networks. The algorithm is named for its inventors Albert-László Barabási and Réka Albert.
Concepts
Many observed networks (at least approximately) fall into the class of scale-free networks, meaning that they have power-law (or scale-free) degree distributions, while random graph models such as the Erdős–Rényi (ER) model and the Watts–Strogatz (WS) model do not exhibit power laws. The Barabási–Albert model is one of several proposed models that generate scale-free networks. It incorporates two important general concepts: growth and preferential attachment. Both growth and preferential attachment exist widely in real networks.
Growth means that the number of nodes in the network increases over time.
Preferential attachment means that the more connected a node is, the more likely it is to receive new links. Nodes with a higher degree have a stronger ability to grab links added to the network. Intuitively, the preferential attachment can be understood if we think in terms of social networks con |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Love%20You%20Again | I Love You Again is an MGM comedy released in 1940. It was directed by W.S. Van Dyke and starred William Powell and Myrna Loy, all three of whom were prominently involved in the Thin Man film series.
Plot
In 1940, while on a cruise, stodgy, overly frugal businessman Larry Wilson is hit on the head with an oar while rescuing a drunk "Doc" Ryan from the water. He wakes up and remembers that he is actually a suave con man named George Carey. George's last memory is of going to place a large bet in 1931.
When the ship docks at New York, he is met by Kay, whom he discovers is his wife. She however is in the process of divorcing him to marry Herbert. They go home to the small town of Habersville, Pennsylvania. George talks Doc (who is also a con artist) into masquerading as a physician treating him, partly out of curiosity, but mostly because of greed, after seeing the enormous balance in his checking account. That turns out to be a dead end (the money is only held in trust for the Community Chest), so he decides to swindle people using his alter ego's sterling reputation. He sends for his old crony Duke Sheldon, who plants oil on a lot George owns.
A complication arises when he falls in love with Kay a second time. She however wants nothing further to do with her boring cheapskate of a husband. George attempts to win back Kay's affections, while also trying to sell his land to several greedy leading citizens of the town. George uses his other persona as a celebrated woodsman to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Woolman%20Chase | Edna Woolman Chase (; March 14, 1877 — March 21, 1957) was an American who served as editor-in-chief of Vogue magazine from 1914 to 1952.
Early life
Chase was born on March 14, 1877, in Asbury Park, New Jersey. She was the daughter of Franklyn Allaway and Laura Woolman.
After her parents divorced, Chase was raised by her Quaker grandparents. She moved in with her mother in New York as a teenager.
In 1902, she married Francis Dane Chase, who was a merchant, dry goods salesman, and later manager of the Hotel Colonial in New York. They had a daughter, actress Ilka Chase. Her husband had trouble supporting the family, and Chase eventually divorced him. She later married engineer Richard Newton in 1921.
Publishing career
Chase's first position at Vogue was working in the mail room. She worked her way up through the art and make-up departments. When Condé Montrose Nast took over Vogue in 1909, he asked Chase to continue writing under her married name, even though she was divorced. In 1911, he made her managing editor of the magazine and gave her complete control. In 1914, Nast named her editor-in-chief, a position she would hold until 1952.
One major contribution to fashion Chase made the same year she was named editor-in-chief was putting on the first fashion show. As a result of World War I, clothing makers closed their rooms in Paris. Since most of the clothes featured in Vogue were from Paris, Chase took matters into her own hands and called dressmakers in New York and ha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDS%20matrix | An MDS matrix (maximum distance separable) is a matrix representing a function with certain diffusion properties that have useful applications in cryptography. Technically, an matrix over a finite field is an MDS matrix if it is the transformation matrix of a linear transformation from to such that no two different -tuples of the form coincide in or more components.
Equivalently, the set of all -tuples is an MDS code, i.e., a linear code that reaches the Singleton bound.
Let be the matrix obtained by joining the identity matrix to . Then a necessary and sufficient condition for a matrix to be MDS is that every possible submatrix obtained by removing rows from is non-singular. This is also equivalent to the following: all the sub-determinants of the matrix are non-zero. Then a binary matrix (namely over the field with two elements) is never MDS unless it has only one row or only one column with all components .
Reed–Solomon codes have the MDS property and are frequently used to obtain the MDS matrices used in cryptographic algorithms.
Serge Vaudenay suggested using MDS matrices in cryptographic primitives to produce what he called multipermutations, not-necessarily linear functions with this same property. These functions have what he called perfect diffusion: changing of the inputs changes at least of the outputs. He showed how to exploit imperfect diffusion to cryptanalyze functions that are not multipermutations.
MDS matrices are used for diffusion in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss%20102 | Kiss 102 was a dance music radio station based in Manchester, England.
History
The frequency was originally issued to Sunset 102 Radio - The Kickin FM but that suffered some financial problems. In May 1993, the Radio Authority made a decision to prematurely terminate Sunset's licence, apparently accusing the station of providing inaccurate information about its financial and management affairs. In August 1993 the station reportedly had its transmission facilities withdrawn by NTL for non-payment. Following a brief return to the air the liquidator was called in and Sunset's frequency finally fell silent. The liquidator was later to re-apply on behalf of Sunset Radio for its re-advertised licence. Faze FM won the re-advertised licence for Manchester. Like Sunset, Faze FM's remit was to broadcast dance music, licensing the brand name "Kiss" from London station Kiss 100FM and the station launched as Kiss 102 on the 16 October 1994. The licence win was spearheaded by Eugene Perera's Level Broadcast and included shareholders UKRD, Eastern Counties Newspaper Group and 3i. The format was the brainchild of two highly experienced UK radio programmers - Managing Director, Guy Hornsby and Programme Director, Mike Gray who first worked together at the original BBC Radio London where they produced the station's highest profile presenters Tony Blackburn and Robbie Vincent.
Kiss 102 station won awards for its coverage of social issues and is acknowledged by writers like Dave Haslam and c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability%20conditions | The stability conditions of watercraft are the various standard loading configurations to which a ship, boat, or offshore platform may be subjected. They are recognized by classification societies such as Det Norske Veritas, Lloyd's Register and American Bureau of Shipping (ABS). Classification societies follow rules and guidelines laid down by International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) conventions, the International Maritime Organization and laws of the country under which the vessel is flagged, such as the Code of Federal Regulations.
Stability is normally broken into two distinct types: intact and damaged.
Intact stability
The vessel is in normal operational configuration. The hull is not breached in any compartment. The vessel will be expected to meet various stability criteria such as GMt (metacentric height), area under the GZ (righting lever) curve, range of stability, trim, etc.
Intact conditions
Lightship or Light Displacement
The vessel is complete and ready for service in every respect, including permanent ballast, spare parts, lubricating oil, and working stores but is without fuel, cargo, drinking or washing water, officers, crew, passengers, their effects, temporary ballast or any other variable load.
Full load departure or full displacement
Along with all the Lightship loads, the vessel has all systems charged meaning that all fresh water, cooling, lubricating, hydraulic and fuel service header tanks, piping and equipment systems ar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%20nm%20process | The 14 nm process refers to the MOSFET technology node that is the successor to the 22nm (or 20nm) node. The 14nm was so named by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). Until about 2011, the node following 22nm was expected to be 16nm. All 14nm nodes use FinFET (fin field-effect transistor) technology, a type of multi-gate MOSFET technology that is a non-planar evolution of planar silicon CMOS technology.
Samsung Electronics taped out a 14 nm chip in 2014, before manufacturing 10 nm class NAND flash chips in 2013. The same year, SK Hynix began mass-production of 16nm NAND flash, and TSMC began 16nm FinFET production. The following year, Intel began shipping 14nm scale devices to consumers.
History
Background
14 nm resolution is difficult to achieve in a polymeric resist, even with electron beam lithography. In addition, the chemical effects of ionizing radiation also limit reliable resolution to about 30 nm, which is also achievable using current state-of-the-art immersion lithography. Hardmask materials and multiple patterning are required.
A more significant limitation comes from plasma damage to low-k materials. The extent of damage is typically 20 nm thick, but can also go up to about 100 nm. The damage sensitivity is expected to get worse as the low-k materials become more porous. For comparison, the atomic radius of an unconstrained silicon is 0.11 nm. Thus about 90 Si atoms would span the channel length, leading to substantial leakage.
Tel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decacarbonyldihydridotriosmium | Decacarbonyldihydridotriosmium is an organoosmium compound with the formula H2Os3(CO)10. This purple-violet crystalline air-stable cluster is noteworthy because it is electron-deficient and hence adds a variety of substrates.
Structure and synthesis
The trinuclear cluster features an isosceles triangular array of metals with one short edge (rOs-Os = 2.68 Å), which is spanned by the two hydride ligands, and two longer edges (rOs-Os = 2.81 Å). It can be described as Os(CO)4[Os(CO)3(μ-H)]2. The bonding in the Os2H2 subunit has been compared to the 3-center, 2e bonding in diborane. The molecule forms a variety of adducts with loss of H2.
It is prepared by purging a solution of Os3(CO)12 in octane (or other inert solvent of similar boiling point) with H2.
Os3(CO)12 + H2 → Os3H2(CO)10 + 2 CO
Reactions
The cluster reacts with a wide range of reagents under mild conditions. Illustrative is its reaction with diazomethane to give Os3(CO)10(μ-H)(μ-CH3), exhibiting an agostic interaction, the first identified in a metal cluster.
References
Organoosmium compounds
Carbonyl complexes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL1 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 (CCL1) is also known as small inducible cytokine A1 and I-309 in humans. CCL1 is a small glycoprotein that belongs to the CC chemokine family.
Genomics
CCL1 is encoded by CCL1 gene which is one of the several chemokine genes clustered on the chromosome 17q11.2-q12 in humans. It is expressed by specifically activated T cells upon secondary stimulation. The homologous mouse gene is termed Tca-3.
Discovery
CCL is the first human CCL chemokine that was identified by molecular cloning during searching for genes expressed by T cells.
Function
CCL1 is a small glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 15-16 kDa. CCL1 is secreted by activated monocytes/macrophages, T lymphocytes and endothelial cells.
CCL1 binds to the chemokine receptor CCR8 and induces Ca2+ influx, chemotaxis and regulate apoptosis. CCR8 is constitutively expressed in monocytes/macrophages, Th2, and regulatory T lymphocytes.
Thus, CCL1 mainly acts as a chemoattractant for monocytes/macrophages, T lymphocytes, specially Th2-differentiated T cells and a subset of T regulatory cells in vitro into inflammatory siter. It can also attract NK cells, immature B cells but do not attracts neutrophils.
CCL1 stimulates a transient increase in the concentration of cytoplasmic free calcium in monocytes but not in other type of cells. Furthermore, CCL1 inhibits apoptosis in thymic cell lines by the RAS/MAPK pathway but can prevent dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in cultured murine t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory%20ordering | Memory ordering describes the order of accesses to computer memory by a CPU. The term can refer either to the memory ordering generated by the compiler during compile time, or to the memory ordering generated by a CPU during runtime.
In modern microprocessors, memory ordering characterizes the CPU's ability to reorder memory operations – it is a type of out-of-order execution. Memory reordering can be used to fully utilize the bus-bandwidth of different types of memory such as caches and memory banks.
On most modern uniprocessors memory operations are not executed in the order specified by the program code. In single threaded programs all operations appear to have been executed in the order specified, with all out-of-order execution hidden to the programmer – however in multi-threaded environments (or when interfacing with other hardware via memory buses) this can lead to problems. To avoid problems, memory barriers can be used in these cases.
Compile-time memory ordering
Most programming languages have some notion of a thread of execution which executes statements in a defined order. Traditional compilers translate high-level expressions to a sequence of low-level instructions relative to a program counter at the underlying machine level.
Execution effects are visible at two levels: within the program code at a high level, and at the machine level as viewed by other threads or processing elements in concurrent programming, or during debugging when using a hardware deb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306%20S%C3%BCper%20Lig | The 2005–06 Süper Lig season began with Turkcell signing a 5-year sponsorship deal with the Turkish Football Federation to name the league Turkcell Süper Lig.
Since Turkey dropped from tenth to eleventh place in the UEFA association coefficient rankings at the end of the 2004–05 season, the champions will not directly be entered into the group stage of the UEFA Champions League any more, but rather have to begin in the third qualification round.
The season also saw a first in Turkish football; for the first time in history the team that entered the last week first, Fenerbahçe, failed to win the title. Fenerbahçe and Galatasaray went into the last week deadlocked at 80 points and Fenerbahçe had a better head-to-head record. Fenerbahçe needed only a win to defend their title and win their third successive championship. However, a 1–1 draw to Denizlispor combined with a 3–0 Galatasaray win against Kayserispor gave Galatasaray their 16th league title. The same day, Gaziantepspor defeated Malatyaspor 1–0 and remained in the Süper Lig. Ankaraspor, with a 1–0 win away to Erciyesspor, managed to remain, but Malatyaspor, Samsunspor and Diyarbakırspor were relegated to TFF First League.
Final league table
Results
Statistics
Top scorers
Last updated on May 23, 2008
Hat-tricks
References
Süper Lig seasons
Turkey
1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre%20saturation%20point | Fibre saturation point is a term used in wood mechanics and especially wood drying, to denote the point in the drying process at which only water bound in the cell walls remains - all other water, called free water, having been removed from the cell cavities. Further drying of the wood results in strengthening of the wood fibres, and is usually accompanied by shrinkage. Wood is normally dried to a point where it is in equilibrium with the atmospheric moisture content or relative humidity, and since this varies so does the equilibrium moisture content.
Laboratory testing has found the average FSP in many types of wood to be approximately 26%. Individual species may differ from the average.
References
Timber seasoning
Wood |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardinho%20%28footballer%2C%20born%20May%201984%29 | José Ricardo dos Santos Oliveira or simply Ricardinho (born May 19, 1984 in João Pessoa, Brazil) is a Brazilian striker, who plays for Santa Cruz Futebol Clube.
Club statistics
References
External links
CBF
Living people
1984 births
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Santa Cruz Futebol Clube players
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Figueirense FC players
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
Botafogo Futebol Clube (SP) players
Mogi Mirim Esporte Clube players
Kashiwa Reysol players
Paulista Futebol Clube players
Associação Desportiva São Caetano players
Guaratinguetá Futebol players
J1 League players
Expatriate men's footballers in South Korea
Jeju United FC players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in South Korea
Men's association football forwards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tse%20Man%20Wing | Tse Man Wing (, born 5 January 1983 in Hong Kong) is a former Hong Kong professional footballer who currently plays as an amateur player for Hong Kong First Division club Tai Po.
Career statistics
Club career
As of 4 April 2008
International career
As of 6 December 2006
References
External links
Tse Man Wing at HKFA
1983 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Hong Kong men's footballers
South China AA players
Hong Kong Rangers FC players
Sun Hei SC players
Southern District FC players
Eastern Sports Club footballers
Hong Kong Sapling players
Hong Kong First Division League players
Hong Kong Premier League players
Hong Kong men's international footballers
Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Hong Kong |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20view%20cells | Spatial view cells are neurons in primates' hippocampus; they respond when a certain part of the environment is in the animal's field of view.
They are related to place cells and head direction cells. Spatial view cells differ from place cells, since they are not localized in space. They also differ from head direction cells since they don't represent a global orientation (like a compass), but the direction towards a specific object. Spatial view cells are the cells that respond in the hippocampus when a particular location is being recalled. These cells are identified in the hippocampus of test subjects by monitoring individual neurons while the test subject is moved around in a cue controlled spatial environment. The spatial view cells are the cells that fire consistently when the monkey is looking at a certain direction in the environment; this is independent of the head direction or the location of the monkey. Also, these cells are confirmed to be spatial view cells by observing that there is minimal randomized firing of the cells without the appropriate stimulus present.
Characteristics
Spatial view cells can be characterized by the following features:
respond to a region of visual space being looked at, relatively independently of where the monkey is located
respond to a small number of visual cues generally within a 30° receptive field
activated when doing spatial tasks which include active walking in a spatial environment
fire relatively independent of the place |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretomotor | The adjective secretomotor refers to the capacity of a structure (often a nerve) to induce a gland to secrete a substance (usually mucus or serous fluid).
Secretomotor nerve endings are frequently contrasted with sensory neuron endings and motor nerve endings. An example of secretomotor activity can be seen with the lacrimal gland, which secretes the aqueous layer of the tear film. The lacrimal branch of the ophthalmic nerve (itself a branch of trigeminal nerve V1) supplies secretomotor innervation to the lacrimal gland, stimulating its secretion of the aqueous layer. However, these nerves fibers originate from the facial nerve (VII) and only travel briefly with fibers from the trigeminal nerve.
Secretomotor neurons in the intestines and gall bladder control the movement of fluid and electrolytes.
References
Medical terminology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%20UK%20Championship | The 1977 UK Championship (officially the 1977 Super Crystalate UK Championship) was a professional non-ranking snooker tournament that took place at the Tower Circus in Blackpool between 26 November and 3 December 1977.
Mike Watterson instituted this new championship with sponsorship from manufacturers of the Super Crystalate balls. The inaugural UK Championship was held in Blackpool, but the following year the tournament moved to the Guild Hall in Preston, where it remained for twenty years.
The event was won by Patsy Fagan, a London-based Dubliner, who had been a professional for less than a year. The final was televised and shown on BBC One's Grandstand programme. Retired English snooker player Joe Davis presented Fagan with the trophy.
Fagan earned £2,000 out of the £7,000 total prize money.
Main draw
Final
Century breaks
129 Alex Higgins
References
External links
Last Frame of the final and trophy presentation (YouTube)
1977
UK Championship
UK Championship
UK Championship
UK Championship |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balding%E2%80%93Nichols%20model | In population genetics, the Balding–Nichols model is a statistical description of the allele frequencies in the components of a sub-divided population. With background allele frequency p the allele frequencies, in sub-populations separated by Wright's FST F, are distributed according to independent draws from
where B is the Beta distribution. This distribution has mean p and variance Fp(1 – p).
The model is due to David Balding and Richard Nichols and is widely used in the forensic analysis of DNA profiles and in population models for genetic epidemiology.
References
Statistical genetics
Population genetics
Continuous distributions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septin | Septins are a group of GTP-binding proteins expressed in all eukaryotic cells except plants. Different septins form protein complexes with each other. These complexes can further assemble into filaments, rings and gauzes. Assembled as such, septins function in cells by localizing other proteins, either by providing a scaffold to which proteins can attach, or by forming a barrier preventing the diffusion of molecules from one compartment of the cell to another, or in the cell cortex as a barrier to the diffusion of membrane-bound proteins.
Septins have been implicated in the localization of cellular processes at the site of cell division, and at the cell membrane at sites where specialized structures like cilia or flagella are attached to the cell body. In yeast cells, they compartmentalize parts of the cell and build scaffolding to provide structural support during cell division at the septum, from which they derive their name. Research in human cells suggests that septins build cages around pathogenic bacteria, that immobilize and prevent them from invading other cells.
As filament forming proteins, septins can be considered part of the cytoskeleton. Apart from forming non-polar filaments, septins associate with cell membranes, the cell cortex, actin filaments and microtubules.
Structure
Septins are P-Loop-NTPase proteins that range in weight from 30-65 kDa. Septins are highly conserved between different eukaryotic species. They are composed of a variable-length proline |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20flag%20theorem | In Euclidean geometry, the British flag theorem says that if a point P is chosen inside a rectangle ABCD then the sum of the squares of the Euclidean distances from P to two opposite corners of the rectangle equals the sum to the other two opposite corners.
As an equation:
The theorem also applies to points outside the rectangle, and more generally to the distances from a point in Euclidean space to the corners of a rectangle embedded into the space. Even more generally, if the sums of squares of distances from a point P to the two pairs of opposite corners of a parallelogram are compared, the two sums will not in general be equal, but the difference between the two sums will depend only on the shape of the parallelogram and not on the choice of P.
The theorem can also be thought of as a generalisation of the Pythagorean theorem. Placing the point P on any of the four vertices of the rectangle yields the square of the diagonal of the rectangle being equal to the sum of the squares of the width and length of the rectangle, which is the Pythagorean theorem.
Proof
Drop perpendicular lines from the point P to the sides of the rectangle, meeting sides AB, BC, CD, and AD at points W, X, Y and Z respectively, as shown in the figure. These four points WXYZ form the vertices of an orthodiagonal quadrilateral.
By applying the Pythagorean theorem to the right triangle AWP, and observing that WP = AZ, it follows that
and by a similar argument the squares of the lengths of the dist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrinkage%20%28statistics%29 | In statistics, shrinkage is the reduction in the effects of sampling variation. In regression analysis, a fitted relationship appears to perform less well on a new data set than on the data set used for fitting. In particular the value of the coefficient of determination 'shrinks'. This idea is complementary to overfitting and, separately, to the standard adjustment made in the coefficient of determination to compensate for the subjunctive effects of further sampling, like controlling for the potential of new explanatory terms improving the model by chance: that is, the adjustment formula itself provides "shrinkage." But the adjustment formula yields an artificial shrinkage.
A shrinkage estimator is an estimator that, either explicitly or implicitly, incorporates the effects of shrinkage. In loose terms this means that a naive or raw estimate is improved by combining it with other information. The term relates to the notion that the improved estimate is made closer to the value supplied by the 'other information' than the raw estimate. In this sense, shrinkage is used to regularize ill-posed inference problems.
Shrinkage is implicit in Bayesian inference and penalized likelihood inference, and explicit in James–Stein-type inference. In contrast, simple types of maximum-likelihood and least-squares estimation procedures do not include shrinkage effects, although they can be used within shrinkage estimation schemes.
Description
Many standard estimators can be improved, in t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian%20Leiva | Cristian Gustavo Leiva (born 26 September 1977) is an Argentine football midfielder who plays for Americo Tesorieri.
External links
Statistics at Guardian Stats Centre
Cristian Leiva at Football Lineups
Argentine Primera statistics
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Club Atlético Banfield footballers
Cruz Azul footballers
Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata footballers
R.S.C. Anderlecht players
R. Charleroi S.C. players
Club Olimpia footballers
Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba footballers
San Lorenzo de Almagro footballers
Arsenal de Sarandí footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Paraguay
Sportspeople from La Rioja Province, Argentina
1977 births
Living people
Argentine Primera División players
Belgian Pro League players
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrical%20task%20system | Task systems are mathematical objects used to model the set of possible configuration of online algorithms. They were introduced by Borodin, Linial and Saks (1992) to model a variety of online problems. A task system determines a set of states and costs to change states. Task systems obtain as input a sequence of requests such that each request assigns processing times to the states. The objective of an online algorithm for task systems is to create a schedule that minimizes the overall cost incurred due to processing the tasks with respect to the states and due to the cost to change states.
If the cost function to change states is a metric, the task system is a metrical task system (MTS). This is the most common type of task systems.
Metrical task systems generalize online problems such as paging, list accessing, and the k-server problem (in finite spaces).
Formal Definition
A task system is a pair where is a set of states and is a distance function. If is a metric, is a metrical task system. An input to the task system is a sequence such that for each , is a vector of non-negative entries that determine the processing costs for the states when processing the th task.
An algorithm for the task system produces a schedule that determines the sequence of states. For instance, means that the th task is run in state . The processing cost of a schedule is
The objective of the algorithm is to find a schedule such that the cost is minimized.
Known Results
As usual f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentacarbonylhydridorhenium | Pentacarbonylhydridorhenium is a chemical compound with the formula ReH(CO)5. This colorless liquid is a weak acid and represents one of the most important derivatives of dirhenium decacarbonyl (Re2(CO)10). It is synthesized by treating a methanolic solution of bromopentacarbonylrhenium(I) (Re(CO)5Br) with zinc and acetic acid (HOAc).
Re(CO)5Br + Zn + HOAc → ReH(CO)5 + ZnBrOAc
It is moderately sensitive to light: samples turn yellow due to the formation of the metal cluster Re3H(CO)14
3 Re(CO)5H → Re3H(CO)14 + H2 + CO
At 100 °C, it decomposes to Re2(CO)10:
2 Re(CO)5H → H2 + Re2(CO)10
References
Carbonyl complexes
Organorhenium compounds
Metal hydrides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier%20Andrea%20Saccardo | Pier Andrea Saccardo (23 April 1845 in Treviso, Treviso – 12 February 1920 in Padua) was an Italian botanist and mycologist. He was also the author of a color classification system that he called Chromotaxia. He was elected to the Linnean Society in 1916 as a foreign member. His multi-volume Sylloge Fungorum was one of the first attempts to produce a comprehensive treatise on the fungi which made use of the spore-bearing structures for classification.
Life
Saccardo was born in the wine growing region of Selva di Montello to Elena Vidotto and engineer Francesco di Selva. He studied at gymnasium of the Venice seminary, the Lyceum in Venice, and then at the Technical Institute of the University of Padua from 1864. Even at the age of fourteen, he had already put together a herbarium and had made collections of the insects of Treviso. He visited the Kew gardens in 1862. He received a doctorate in 1867 and in the same year married Eleonora Zava. He became an Assistant to Roberto de Visiani (1800-1878) an Italian botanist, naturalist and scholar. Then in 1869, he became a professor of Natural History in Padua. In 1876 he established the mycological journal Michelia which published many of his early mycological papers. In 1879 he became a professor of Botany and director of the botanical gardens of the university until 1915. He accumulated around 70,000 fungal specimens encompassing over 18,500 different species for his herbarium now stored at the university.
Saccardo's scientific |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20culture%20assay | A cell culture assay is any method used to assess the cytotoxicity of a material. This refers to the in vitro assessment of a material to determine whether it releases toxic chemicals in the cell. It also determines if the quantity is sufficient to kill cells, either directly or indirectly, through the inhibition of cell metabolic pathways. Cell culture evaluations are the precursor to whole animal studies and are a way to determine if significant cytotoxicity exists for the given material. Cell culture assays are standardized by ASTM, ISO, and BSI (British Standards Institution.)
See also
Microphysiometry
References
Biotechnology
Cell biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluid%20film | Superfluidity is a phenomenon where a fluid, or a fraction of a fluid, loses all its viscosity and can flow without resistance, which can form thin films.
Superfluid helium, for example, forms a 30-nm-thick film on the surface of any container. The film's properties cause the helium to climb the walls of the container and, if this is not closed, flow out.
Superfluidity and superconductivity are macroscopic manifestations of quantum mechanics. There is considerable interest, both theoretical and practical, in these quantum phase transitions. There has been a tremendous amount of work done in the field of phase transitions and critical phenomena in two dimensions. Much of the interest in this field is because as the number of dimensions increases, the number of exactly solvable models diminishes drastically. In three or more dimensions one must resort to a mean field theory approach. The theory of superfluid transitions in two dimensions is known as the Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) theory. The 2D XY model - where the order parameter is characterized by an amplitude and a phase - is the universality class for this transition.
Experimental methods
In looking at phase transitions in thin films, specifically helium, the two main experimental signatures are the superfluid fraction and heat capacity. If either of these measurements were to be done on a superfluid film in a typical open container, the film signal would be overwhelmed by the background signal from the container. Ther |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20paratungstate | Ammonium paratungstate (or APT) is a white crystalline salt with the chemical formula (NH4)10(H2W12O42)·4H2O. It is described as "the most important raw material for all
other tungsten products."
Production
From tungsten ores
Tungsten ores, which are typically oxides, are digested in base to give solutions of tungstate together with many contaminating species. This crude extract is acidified and treated with sulfide to separate molybdenum trisulfide. Upon further acidification APT eventually crystallizes.
Laboratory methods
If a calcined WO3 is used, refluxing the ammonia solution is advisable to accelerate its dissolution.
Conversion to tungsten metal
Heating ammonium paratungstate to its decomposition temperature of 600 °C yields tungsten(VI) oxide, as described in this idealized equation:
(NH4)10(H2W12O42)·4H2O → 12 WO3 + 10 NH3 + 6 H2O
From there, the trioxide is heated in an atmosphere of hydrogen, yielding elemental tungsten:
WO3 + 3 H2 → W + 3 H2O
Structure
The anion in (NH4)10(W12O41)·5H2O has been shown to be [H2W12O42]10−, containing two hydrogen atoms, keeping two hydrogen atoms inside the cage. The correct formula notation for ammonium paratungstate is therefore (NH4)10[H2W12O42]·4H2O. The [H2W12O42]10− ion is known as the paratungstate B ion, as opposed to the paratungstate A ion, that has the formula [W7O24]6−, similar to the paramolybdate ion. The existence of the paratungstate A ion, could not be confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, however.
Befo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination%20number | In chemistry, crystallography, and materials science, the coordination number, also called ligancy, of a central atom in a molecule or crystal is the number of atoms, molecules or ions bonded to it. The ion/molecule/atom surrounding the central ion/molecule/atom is called a ligand. This number is determined somewhat differently for molecules than for crystals.
For molecules and polyatomic ions the coordination number of an atom is determined by simply counting the other atoms to which it is bonded (by either single or multiple bonds). For example, [Cr(NH3)2Cl2Br2]− has Cr3+ as its central cation, which has a coordination number of 6 and is described as hexacoordinate. The common coordination numbers are 4, 6 and 8.
Molecules, polyatomic ions and coordination complexes
In chemistry, coordination number, defined originally in 1893 by Alfred Werner, is the total number of neighbors of a central atom in a molecule or ion. The concept is most commonly applied to coordination complexes.
Simple and commonplace cases
The most common coordination number for d-block transition metal complexes is 6. The coordination number does not distinguish the geometry of such complexes, i.e. octahedral vs trigonal prismatic.
For transition metal complexes, coordination numbers range from 2 (e.g., AuI in Ph3PAuCl) to 9 (e.g., ReVII in [ReH9]2−). Metals in the f-block (the lanthanoids and actinoids) can accommodate higher coordination number due to their greater ionic radii and availability |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Mall | Crystal Mall may refer to:
Crystal Mall (British Columbia), a mall in Burnaby, British Columbia.
Crystal Mall (Connecticut), a mall in Waterford, Connecticut. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Washington%20High%20School%20%28Danville%2C%20Virginia%29 | George Washington High School is a secondary school of Danville, Virginia. It is a member of the Piedmont District, Conference 23 in the 4A classification. The school has approximately 1400 students and 200 staff. The school mascot has been the Eagle since 1970/71 school year (previously being the Cardinal), upon the school's merger with John M. Langston High School.
Athletics
Both George Washington boys' and girls' basketball teams have won the Western Valley district championship numerous times. The boys' basketball team won the state championship in 1933, 1996 and 1998 and finished nationally ranked both of the 96 and 98 seasons. The 1985 Girls Basketball team won the States Championship. The 1996 team finished the season ranked #4 in the USA Today Final Poll with a record of 28-0. The 1998 team finished the season ranked #22 in the USA Today Final Poll with a record of 27-1. Most recently, the boys' team won the 2019 Class 4 State Championship game and finished with a record of 27-2. The GW golf team has won the state championship five times. The GW baseball team have won the state title five times (1926, 1928, 1931, 1953, 1954). The boys' track & field team has had many state champions and even national champions. Football has brought state titles to GWHS in 1944, 1968, and 1982. Football has also produced a few undefeated regular seasons teams, the most recent being in 2014 finishing with a 10-0 record. The football team has also produced many collegiate and professi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28119979%29%202002%20WC19 | is a twotino, that is, a planetoid in a 1:2 orbital resonance with Neptune. It was discovered on November 16, 2002 at the Palomar Observatory. If its derived diameter is correct it would have a higher density than Pluto, which is unusual as it appears to be much smaller than the expected size at which a Kuiper belt object usually becomes solid.
Knowing how many twotinos there are may reveal whether Neptune took roughly 1 million or 10 million years to migrate about 7 AU from its birth location.
Satellite
A natural satellite was reported to be orbiting (named S/2007 (119979) 1) on February 27, 2007. It is estimated to be from the primary, with an orbital period of days, an eccentricity of and an inclination of . Assuming similar albedos, it is a quarter the diameter of its primary, or around in diameter.
References
External links
Twotinos
Discoveries by the Palomar Observatory
Possible dwarf planets
Binary trans-Neptunian objects
20021116 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivin | Survivin, also called baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing 5 or BIRC5, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BIRC5 gene.
Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family. The survivin protein functions to inhibit caspase activation, thereby leading to negative regulation of apoptosis or programmed cell death. This has been shown by disruption of survivin induction pathways leading to increase in apoptosis and decrease in tumour growth. The survivin protein is expressed highly in most human tumours and fetal tissue, but is completely absent in terminally differentiated cells. These data suggest survivin might provide a new target for cancer therapy that would discriminate between transformed and normal cells. Survivin expression is also highly regulated by the cell cycle and is only expressed in the G2-M phase. It is known that Survivin localizes to the mitotic spindle by interaction with tubulin during mitosis and may play a contributing role in regulating mitosis. The molecular mechanisms of survivin regulation are still not well understood, but regulation of survivin seems to be linked to the p53 protein. It also is a direct target gene of the Wnt pathway and is upregulated by beta-catenin.
IAP family of anti-apoptotic proteins
Survivin is a member of the IAP family of antiapoptotic proteins. It is shown to be conserved in function across evolution as homologues of the protein are found both in vertebrates and invertebrates. The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Yenching%20Classification | The Harvard–Yenching Classification System is a library classification system for Chinese language materials in the United States of America. It was devised by Alfred Kaiming Chiu (1898–1977). The system was primarily created for the classification of Chinese language materials in the Harvard–Yenching Library which was founded in 1927 at the Harvard–Yenching Institute.
During that early period other systems, such as the early edition of the Library of Congress Classification, did not consist of appropriate subject headings to classify the Chinese language materials, particularly the ancient published materials. As many American libraries started to collect the ancient and contemporary published materials from China, a number of American libraries subsequently followed Harvard University to adopt Harvard–Yenching classification system, such as the East Asian Library of the University of California in Berkeley, Columbia University, University of Chicago, Washington University in St. Louis etc.
In addition to American libraries, the libraries of other universities in the world including England, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore etc. also followed Harvard University to adopt the system. During the period from the 1930s to the 1970s, the use of the system became popular for classifying not only Chinese language materials but also other East Asian materials including Korean and Japanese language materials.
During the period from the 1970s to the 1980s, a comprehen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excel%20mobile%20phones | The Excel/Excell marketed a range of mobile phones developed by the British company Technophone in the 1980s. These mobile phones were advertised as the smallest, lightest most intelligent mobile phones in the world at that time, and were the first to fit in a pocket. While larger than later mobile telephones at 7 inches tall, 3 inches wide and 1 inch deep, they were still more compact than other mobile cell phones of their time, which included models by Motorola and Stornophone, as well as dedicated car phones.
Technophone was commissioned by the controlling shareholder of Millicom, Jan Stenbeck for Vodafone and his Swedish cellular firm, Comvik. It also received a research and development grant from the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) to develop the M1. DTI sought insight into how the mobile could change from an expensive professional electronics item only affordable by industry executives and millionaires to a mass consumer product. It led the DTI to create the conditions for the personal communications network transformation in the seminal consultation document "Phones on the Move".
The M1 (PC105T) turned the hand-portable phone into the world's first pocket-sized cell phone.
The phone cost around £2500 when first launched and some owners were Terence Trent Darby, David Steel, Joan Collins and Jonathon Morris from the popular Liverpool-based TV show Bread. The Excell phone range were also featured in the TV show owned by the character Joey who brandished his pho |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichotomy | A trichotomy can refer to:
Law of trichotomy, a mathematical law that every real number is either positive, negative, or zero
Trichotomy theorem, in finite group theory
Trichotomy (jazz trio), Australian jazz band, collaborators with Danny Widdicombe on a 2019 album
Trichotomy (philosophy), series of three terms used by various thinkers
Trichotomy (speciation), three groups from a common ancestor, where it is unclear or unknown in what chronological order the three groups split
Trichotomous or 3-forked branching in botany
See also
Tripartite (disambiguation)
Triune (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901%20FA%20Cup%20final | The 1901 FA Cup final was an association football match between Sheffield United and Tottenham Hotspur on Saturday, 20 April 1901 at the Crystal Palace stadium in south London. It was the final match of the 1900–01 FA Cup, the 30th edition of the world's oldest football knockout competition, and England's primary cup competition, the Football Association Challenge Cup, better known as the FA Cup.
Sheffield United were appearing in their second final, having won the cup in 1899, and Tottenham Hotspur in their first. Both teams joined the competition in the first round proper and progressed through four rounds to the final. As a member of the Football League First Division, Sheffield United were exempt from the competition's qualifying phase. Tottenham Hotspur, as a member of the Southern League, would normally have been required to pre-qualify but, as champions of the Southern League in 1899–1900, they were given byes through the qualifying phase to the first round.
The final was watched by a world record crowd of 110,820 and ended in a 2–2 draw. The goalscorers were Fred Priest and Walter Bennett for Sheffield United and Sandy Brown (twice) for Tottenham Hotspur. A replay was held a week later on 27 April at Burnden Park in Bolton, but before a much-reduced crowd of 20,470. Tottenham Hotspur won 3–1 with goals by John Cameron, Tom Smith and Brown against one by Fred Priest for Sheffield United. Brown was the first player to score a goal (fifteen in total) in every round of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route%20nationale%2016 | The Route nationale 16, or RN16, is a trunk road (nationale) in France crossing Picardy north of Paris.
Reclassification
The majority of the road has now been re-classified as the RD 1016 and RD 916.
Route
Pierrefitte-sur-Seine to Clermont (0km - 66km)
The road starts in Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, north of Paris as a branch of the RN 1, as the Avenue de la Division Leclerc and bypasses the town of Sarcelles and heads into open countryside crossing the RN 104 (La Francilienne). The road passes the castle and estate of Épinay-Champlâtreux and the Parc naturel régional Oise-Pays de France. The road bypasses Luzarches and plunges through the Forêt de Coye and then on to Chantilly.
At Chantilly the road crosses the river of Nonette and on through woodland to Creil in the Oise valley. The road crosses the valley up the Brèche valley to Clermont, The road has a junction here with the RN 31 from Beauvais to Compiègne.
Clermont to Amiens (66km to 132km)
The road has now been downgraded to the RD 916 north of Clermont. The road initially follows the Arné valley north. At Saint-Just-en-Chaussée it follows the course of an old Roman road. The road leaves the valley and heads through open country to the town of Breteuil where it meets the RN 1 (former RN 181). The RN 16 has been renamed RN 1 (now RD 1001) until the town of Amiens.
Amiens to Dunkerque (132km to 287km)
North of Amiens, the RN 16 has been renamed RN 25 until the town of Doullens. The road continues north numbered as RD |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correctional%20emergency%20response%20team | A correctional emergency response team (abbreviated CERT or CRT) is a team of specially trained prison officers tasked with responding to disturbances, riots, cell extractions, mass searches, and other situations in prisons that are likely to involve uncooperative or violent prisoners.
Duties
Possible duties of a CRT include transport of high risk inmates, extracting uncooperative prisoners from their cells, daily full cell searches and high profile security, barricaded persons, riots, mass arrest, high risk or high profile transport and hostages situations, as well as crowd control. In the United States, CRT organization and training requirements differ from state to state. A standard cell extraction team may consists of the following:
CRT team leader "leads", and is the only person who may give verbal commands to both the inmate and to their own team. Requires spoken communication skills and anger de-escalation techniques.
The equipment/video member "EQV" captures the entire response on video.
CRT officer "1" is the lead member, first in to deal with the inmate. Usually a shield man.
CRT officer "2" is the second team member in. Usually assigned to immobilize the right arm/hand.
CRT officer "3" is the third team member in. Usually assigned to immobilize the left arm/hand.
CRT officer "4" is the fourth team member in. Usually assigned to immobilize the right leg.
CRT officer "5" is the fifth team member in. Usually assigned to immobilize the left leg. (Practiced in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307%20TFF%20Second%20League | Iddaa League B 2006–07 is the 2006-2007 season of Iddaa League B.
First round
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Second round
Classification groups
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Promotion group
Third Round (Extra Play-Off)
All matches were played at Bursa Atatürk Stadium.
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final
See also
2006–07 Süper Lig
2006–07 TFF First League
2006–07 TFF Third League
TFF Second League seasons
3
Turkey |
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