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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic%20organization | The hereditary material i.e. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of an organism is composed of a sequence of four nucleotides in a specific pattern, which encodes information as a function of their order. Genomic organization refers to the linear order of DNA elements and their division into chromosomes. "Genome organization" can also refer to the 3D structure of chromosomes and the positioning of DNA sequences within the nucleus.
Description
Organisms have a vast array of ways in which their respective genomes are organized. A comparison of the genomic organization of six major model organisms shows size expansion with the increase of complexity of the organism. There is a more than the 300-fold difference between the genome sizes of yeast and mammals, but only a modest 4- to 5-fold increase in overall gene number (see the figure on the right). However, the ratio of coding to noncoding and repetitive sequences is indicative of the complexity of the genome: The largely "open" genomes of unicellular fungi have relatively little noncoding DNA compared with the highly heterochromatic genomes of multicellular organisms.
In particular, mammals have accumulated considerable repetitive elements and noncoding regions, which account for the majority of their DNA sequences (52% non-coding and 44% repetitive DNA). Only 1.2% of the mammalian genome thus encodes for protein function. This massive expansion of repetitive and noncoding sequences in multicellular organisms is most likely due to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%20Siegel | Martha Jochnowitz Siegel is an American applied mathematician, probability theorist and mathematics educator who served as the editor of Mathematics Magazine from 1991 to 1996. In 2017 she won the Yueh-Gin Gung and Dr. Charles Y. Hu Award for Distinguished Service of the Mathematical Association of America for "her remarkable leadership in guiding the national conversation on undergraduate mathematics curriculum". She was a faculty member in the mathematics department of Towson University from 1971 until 2015, when she became a professor emerita.
Education and career
Siegel grew up in Brooklyn, the daughter of civil engineer Nat Jochnowitz. She became interested in mathematics through her father's interest in mathematical puzzles, and through the calculation of baseball statistics for the Brooklyn Dodgers. She did her undergraduate studies in mathematics at Russell Sage College, a small women's college in Troy, New York, while also taking classes at the nearby men-only Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, as at that time Russell Sage had no mathematics department. At Russell Sage, she was a Kellas honor student, and president of the science club. She completed her Ph.D. in 1969 at the University of Rochester; her dissertation, On Birth and Death Processes, was supervised by Johannes Kemperman. During graduate school and until her 1971 move to Towson, she was on the faculty at Goucher College.
Contributions
At Towson, in 1981, Siegel founded an innovative and still-ongoing unde |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylobacterium | Methylobacterium is a genus of Hyphomicrobiales.
As well as its normal habitats in soil and water, Methylobacterium has also been identified as a contaminant of DNA extraction kit reagents, which may lead to its erroneous appearance in microbiota or metagenomic datasets. In March 2021, a new species, named Methylobacterium ajmalii, associated with three new strains, designated IF7SW-B2T, IIF1SW-B5, and IIF4SW-B5, were reported to have been discovered, for the first time, on the International Space Station.
Natural genetic transformation
Natural genetic transformation in bacteria is a process involving transfer of DNA from one cell to another through the intervening medium, and the integration of the donor sequence into the recipient genome by homologous recombination. Methylobacterium organophilum cells are able to undergo genetic transformation and become competent for DNA uptake near the end of the exponential growth phase.
Species
Methylobacterium comprises the following species:
Methylobacterium adhaesivum Gallego et al. 2006
Methylobacterium aerolatum Weon et al. 2008
Methylobacterium ajmalii Bijlani et al. 2021,
Methylobacterium aquaticum Gallego et al. 2005
Methylobacterium brachiatum Kato et al. 2008
Methylobacterium brachythecii Tani and Sahin 2013
Methylobacterium bullatum Hoppe et al. 2012
Methylobacterium cerastii Wellner et al. 2012
Methylobacterium crusticola Jia et al. 2020
Methylobacterium currus Park et al. 2018
Methylobacterium dankookense |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94-Catenin | δ-Catenin is a subfamily of catenin proteins with ten armadillo-repeats and includes the proteins catenin delta-1 and catenin delta-2. Catenin delta-2 is expressed in the brain where it is important for normal cognitive development. Like β-catenin and γ-catenin, δ-catenins seem to interact with presenilins. These catenin-presenilin interaction have implications for cadherin function and regulation of cell-to-cell adhesion.
While β-catenin acts as a transcription regulatory protein in the Wnt/TCF pathway, delta-1 catenin has been implicated as a regulator of the NF-κB transcription factor.
Palmitoylation of δ-catenin seems to coordinate activity-dependent changes in synaptic adhesion molecules, synapse structure, and receptor localizations that are involved in memory formation.
References
See also
Catenin
CTNND1
Catenins
Armadillo-repeat-containing proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Catenin | α-Catenin (alpha-catenin) functions as the primary protein link between cadherins and the actin cytoskeleton. It has been reported that the actin binding proteins vinculin and α-actinin can bind to alpha-catenin. It has been suggested that alpha-catenin does not bind with high affinity to both actin filaments and the E-cadherin-beta-catenin complex at the same time. It has been observed that when α-catenin is not in a molecular complex with β-catenin, it dimerizes and functions to regulate actin filament assembly, possibly by competing with Arp2/3 protein. α-Catenin exhibits significant protein dynamics. However, a protein complex including a cadherin, actin, β-catenin and α-catenin has not been isolated.
The amino acid sequence of α-catenin has sequence similarity to that of vinculin.
Types
Three α-catenin genes are expressed in humans:
CTNNA1, alpha-1-catenin (also called alpha-E-catenin)
CTNNA2, alpha-2-catenin (also called alpha-N-catenin)
CTNNA3, alpha-3-catenin (also called alpha-T-catenin)
History
In the 1980s, embryonic carcinoma cells were used to describe a 102kD glycoprotein that potentially interacted with E-cadherin and other cytoskeletal complexes.1-3 It would later be known that this protein was in fact α-catenin. Its direct relationship with cytoskeletal components was not reported until almost a decade later.4 From 1994-1996, the characterization of interaction domains between α-catenin, beta-catenin, and plakoglobin were defined.
In parallel, from th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago%20Fusilier | Santiago Fusilier (born December 12, 1983) is an Argentinian former soccer player who played as a midfielder and was most famous for his time with Crystal Palace Baltimore. Santiago was the ACC Freshman Player of the Year in 2003. He was one of the best players in NC State, being named All-ACC in 2005, 2006 and 2007. He had the winning goal against UNC when they were ranked number 1 in the nation which led the Wolfpack to win the ACC championship. Fusilier was the fan favorite player voted when playing for the Carolina Railhawks in 2007 and 2008. He was voted the offensive player of the year in 2008, where he led the team in points with 6 goals and 8 assists.
Career
College and Amateur
Fusilier came from his native Argentina to the United States in 2003 to play college soccer at North Carolina State University. He was named to the ACC's All-Freshman Team in his debut year, and finished his college career with over 50 appearances for the Wolfpack over the course of his four years at the school.
During his college years Fusilier also played for Raleigh Elite in the USL Premier Development League, where he was coached by future Carolina RailHawks coaches Scott Schweitzer and Damon Nahas.
Professional
Fusilier turned professional in 2007 when he signed with the expansion Carolina RailHawks of the USL First Division. He played 68 games and scored 16 goals for the RailHawks in his two seasons with the club, before being released at the end of the 2010 season. Santiago was trade |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab%20escort%20protein%201 | Rab escort protein 1 (REP1) also known as rab proteins geranylgeranyltransferase component A 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CHM gene.
Function
This gene encodes component A of the RAB geranylgeranyl transferase holoenzyme. In the dimeric holoenzyme, this subunit binds unprenylated Rab GTPases and then presents them to the catalytic Rab GGTase subunit for the geranylgeranyl transfer reaction. Rab GTPases need to be on either one or two cysteine residues in their C-terminus to localize to the correct intracellular membrane.
Interactions
CHM (gene) has been shown to interact with RAB1A, RAB7A and RAB3A.
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene are a cause of choroideremia; also known as tapetochoroidal dystrophy (TCD). This X-linked disease is characterized by progressive dystrophy of the choroid, retinal pigment epithelium and retina.
See also
Rab (G-protein)
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Choroideremia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHL1 | Neural cell adhesion molecule L1-like protein also known as close homolog of L1 (CHL1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHL1 gene.
CHL1 is a cell adhesion molecule closely related to the L1. In melanocytic cells CHL1 gene expression may be regulated by MITF, and can act as a helicase protein during the interphase stage of mitosis.
The protein, however, has dynamic localisation, meaning that it has not only multiple roles in the cell, but also various locations.
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondatrini | Ondatrini is a tribe of semiaquatic rodents in the family Arvicolinae. They are known as muskrats. They are related to voles and lemmings.
Classification
It contains two extant species, each in their own genus, both of which are native to North America:
Genus Neofiber
Round-tailed muskrat, N. alleni
Genus Ondatra
Muskrat, O. zibethicus
Of these, the muskrat (O. zibethicus) is found throughout North America aside from the warmer or drier regions, and has been introduced to Eurasia. The round-tailed muskrat (N. alleni) is only found in Florida and adjacent Georgia, just outside of the range of O. zibethicus. Some authorities place both genera in different tribes (Ondatrini for Ondatra, Neofibrini for Neofiber), but the American Society of Mammalogists places both in Ondatrini, and some molecular evidence supports a close relation between both genera. Some phylogenetic evidence indicates that Balkan snow vole (Dinaromys bogdanovi) may also be a member of the Ondatrini, but this is uncertain and it is still classified in the Pliomyini by the ASM.
Evolution
Ondatrini likely descends from a lineage of Siberian voles that invaded North America about 5 million years ago. The earliest fossils from this tribe are of fossil Ondatra from the early Pliocene. The Pliocene fossil taxa Ogmodontomys and Cosomys, both from North America, are likely also members of this tribe. The Plio-Pleistocene fossil taxa Dolomys, Pliomys (of the tribe Pliomyini) and Kislangia from Eurasia have al |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibenzylpiperazine | Dibenzylpiperazine (DBZP) is a piperazine derivative often found as an impurity in the recreational stimulant drug benzylpiperazine (BZP). Presence of DBZP is a marker for low quality or badly made BZP. It can be made as a reaction byproduct during BZP synthesis, either because the reaction has been run at too high a temperature, or because an excess of benzyl chloride has been used.
Pharmacology and effects
It is not known to have any stimulant effects in its own right, although this has not been tested.
Toxicity
The toxicity of DBZP is unknown.
Legal status
China
As of October 2015 DBZP is a controlled substance in China.
United States
DBZP is not scheduled as a controlled substance at the federal level in the United States. It is possible that it could be considered an analog BZP, in which case, sales or possession intended for human consumption could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act.
Florida
DBZP is a Schedule I controlled substance in the state of Florida making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess in Florida.
See also
Substituted piperazine
References
Piperazines
Designer drugs
Benzyl compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Kavanagh | Karen L. Kavanagh is a professor of physics at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, where she heads the Kavanagh Lab, a research lab working on semiconductor nanoscience.
Education
Kavanagh obtained a BSc in Chemical-Physics from Queen's University in 1978, followed by 3 years at Bell Northern Research in Ottawa in their Advanced Technology Laboratory. She received her PhD in Materials Science and Engineering in 1987 at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.
Career
After post doctoral work at IBM and MIT, Kavanagh accepted a faculty position in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept. at the University of California, San Diego. She has been at Simon Fraser University since 2000.
Her main field of interest is electronic materials science – studying the effects of defects on the properties of semiconductor materials and devices. She has worked on strain relaxation in lattice-mismatched semiconductor heterostructures, diffusion barriers and electrical contacts for silicon and III-V semiconductor based devices, epitaxial growth and nucleation, and electron transport through thin films and interfaces. Her work on characterization tools including electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering, x-ray diffraction, and scanning probe microscopy.
She is a Fellow of the Institute of Physics and is the author of over 200 journal papers and conference proceedings, as shown on ORCID.
Awards
Vancouver YWCA Women of Distinction Award (2006)
NSERC Universit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunPower | SunPower Corporation is an American provider of photovoltaic solar energy generation systems and battery energy storage products, primarily for residential customers. The company, headquartered in San Jose, California, was founded in 1985 by Richard Swanson, an electrical engineering professor from Stanford University. Cypress Semiconductor bought a majority interest in the company in 2002, growing it quickly until SunPower went public in 2005. TotalEnergies, a French energy and oil company purchased a controlling interest in SunPower for billion in 2011.
The company previously developed and manufactured photovoltaic panels, before spinning off that part of its business in 2020 as Maxeon Solar Technologies. The company had also previously marketed its products to commercial and industrial customers before agreeing to sell that business line to TotalEnergies in February 2022.
History
Early history
SunPower was founded on April 24, 1985, by Richard Swanson, who was a Stanford University professor focused on electrical engineering. Swanson studied solar power efficiency in the Stanford Electronics Laboratory with funding from research grants. After breaking a record for solar power efficiency in lab conditions, he took a sabbatical to start SunPower and commercialize the technology. Initially, the company was called Eos and was funded with $2,000 in savings between Swanson and his friend Richard Crane. In 1989, Robert Lorenzini invested in the company, became its chairman, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna%20Bara | Crna Bara (Serbian meaning "Black Pond") may refer to:
Crna Bara (Čoka), a village in the municipality of Aleksinac, Serbia
Crna Bara (Bogatić), a village in the municipality of Bogatić, Serbia
Crna Bara (Aleksinac), a village in the municipality of Aleksinac, Serbia
Crna Bara (Vlasotince), a village in the municipality of Vlasotince, Serbia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellis%20Solar%20Power%20Plant | The Nellis Solar Power Plant is a 14-megawatt (MW) photovoltaic power station located within Nellis Air Force Base in Clark County, Nevada, northeast of Las Vegas. The power plant was inaugurated in a ceremony on December 17, 2007, with Nevada Governor Jim Gibbons activating its full operation. On average, it has since generated 32 gigawatt-hours of electricity annually and supplied more than 25% of the power used at the base.
Occupying of land leased from the Air Force at the northeastern corner of the base, this ground-mounted solar system employs an advanced sun tracking system, designed and deployed by SunPower. The system contains approximately 70,000 solar panels, and the peak power generation capacity of the plant is approximately 13 MWAC. This means the ratio of average to peak output, or capacity factor, of this plant is around 22%.
The energy generated will support more than 12,000 military and civilians at Nellis who are responsible for Air Force advanced combat training, tactics development and operational testing. Construction began on April 23, 2007, and operation of the first 5 MW began on October 12, 2007.
Economics
Under the terms of the Power Purchase Agreement, MMA Renewable Ventures, who own the panels, is leasing the land at no cost and Nellis is agreeing to buy the power for 20 years at about 2.2 cents/kW·h, instead of the 9 cents they are paying to Nevada Power, saving the Air Force $1 million each year. None of the $100 million cost came from the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna%20Bara%2C%20Bogati%C4%87 | Crna Bara () is a village in Serbia, in the Mačva region. Administratively it belongs to the municipality of Bogatić. According to the 2002 census, the village had 2,270 residents. It lies near the confluence of Drina river into Sava.
Geography
The village is in the far northwest of Mačve, located at the mouth of the Drina River in Savu. Farmland is about 2.772 - {ha} - of which the major part is located in a floodplain where the Drina and Sava rivers during floods and covered more than 2,000 acres.
The village is populated urban type with 19 streets and 4 correct intersection. All streets in the village are paved and street lighting covered about 30% of the settlements. Field roads are in very good condition.
History
Famous people from Crna Bara include the Serbian historian Miloš Milojević and Serbian soldier Vuk Isaković. Milojević (Crna Bara, Principality of Serbia, 16 October 1840 - Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbia, 24 June 1897) was a Serbian historian, politician and writer.
Janko Veselinović, a writer, wrote the novel Hajduk Stanko: historical novel in three parts, in 1896, with the action taking place in the Montenegro Bari
During the First World War, Crna Bara was the scene of enormous defense works put in place by the Serbian Army to disrupt the invasion by Austria-Hungary. The peninsula-shaped floodplain due west of Crna Bara lying and north of the confluence of the Drina and Sava rivers is called the Parasnica'' and was surrounded on three sides by enemy territor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Economics%20Varna | The University of Economics – Varna is a public university located in Varna, Bulgaria, focused on studies in the field of economics. The University has an accreditation issued by the National Evaluation and Accreditation Agency.
The University is a higher educational institution with long history and its own traditions. It was founded on May 14, 1920 and was originally known as the Higher School of Commerce. It is the oldest university for economic sciences in Varna region and the second one in Bulgaria after Sofia University, which was founded in 1888. There are over 11,000 students at UE-Varna, including foreign students.
There are four faculties (Finance and Accounting, Economics, Computer Science, Management), Language Department and College of Tourism at the University of Economics – Varna. Students can obtain additional specialization and widen professional skills by completing short-term or long-term courses and language classes offered by the Lifelong Learning Center.
The University building is located next to the Sea Garden. The building has become a symbol of the city. In 2015 UE-Varna building was awarded a prize Building of the Year 2015. The facade reflects the influence of the French Renaissance and partly the classical Western European Baroque. The pediment placed above the main entrance is a masterpiece of the sculptor Kiril Shivarov. It is decorated by the images of two Greek gods: Hermes holding in his left hand a rod of merchants and Athena - a goddess o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibutyltryptamine | N,N-Dibutyltryptamine (DBT) is a psychedelic drug belonging to the tryptamine family. It is found either as its crystalline hydrochloride salt or as an oily or crystalline base. DBT was first synthesized by the chemist Alexander Shulgin and reported in his book TiHKAL (Tryptamines i Have Known And Loved). Shulgin did not test DBT himself, but reports a human dosage of "1 mg/kg i.m." being active, but less so than DMT or DET. This suggests that an active dosage of DBT will be in the 100 mg range. This compound has been sold as a "research chemical" and has been confirmed to be an active hallucinogen although somewhat weaker than other similar tryptamine derivatives. It produces a head-twitch response in mice.
There are four symmetrical isomers of DBT which can be made, or ten isomers in total if unsymmetrical substitution is used. Of these only the n-butyl analogue DBT is known to be active in humans; the isobutyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl isomers DIBT, DSBT and DTBT have never been tested and only DBT and DIBT were made by Shulgin.
The unsymmetrical isomers BIBT, BSBT, BTBT, IBSBT, IBTBT and SBTBT are also possible but have never been made and no predictions have been made about their activity. Shulgin speculates that the s-butyl isomer DSBT may be more potent than the straight chain compound DBT, but that the more highly branched DIBT and DTBT would probably be inactive due to the bulk of the substituent group. As for longer chain compounds than butyl, they have not been |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C45 | C45 or C-45 may refer to:
Beech C-45 Expeditor, an American military transport aircraft
C4.5 algorithm, used to generate a decision tree
C45 road (Namibia)
Caldwell 45, a spiral galaxy
Cannabis Act introduced as Bill C-45 to the Parliament of Canada
EADS/Northrop Grumman KC-45, a cancelled air refueling aircraft for the US Air Force
Scotch Game, a chess opening
Underground Work (Women) Convention, 1935 of the International Labour Organization
Ursus C-45, a Polish tractor
C45, a variant of Claridge Hi-Tec/Goncz Pistol rifle
C45, a 45-minute audio Compact Cassette tape
C45 Scaphandre Autonome, vintage scuba equipment |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi%20Junction%20railway%20station | Delhi Junction railway station is the oldest railway station in Old Delhi, Delhi, India. It is one of the busiest railway stations in India in terms of frequency. Around 250 trains start, end, or pass through the station daily. It was established near Chandni Chowk in 1864 when trains from , Calcutta started operating up to Delhi. Its present building was constructed by the British Indian government in the style of the nearby Red Fort and opened in 1903. It has been an important railway station of the country and preceded the by about 60 years. Chandni Chowk station of the Delhi Metro is located near it.
History
The station started with a broad gauge train from Calcutta in 1864. Metre-gauge track from Delhi to Rewari and further to Ajmer was laid in 1873 by Rajputana State Railway and metre-gauge trains from this station started in 1876.
The present building of the station was built in 1900 and opened for the public in 1903. Started with just 2 platforms and 1000 passengers, Delhi railway station now handles more than 180,000 passengers and around 190 trains starts, ends, or passes through the station daily.
In 1904 the Agra–Delhi line was opened. Delhi then was a part of six railway systems. East Indian Railway, North-Western Railway, and Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway entered from crossing the Yamuna river. Delhi–Panipat–Ambala Cantonment– Railway ran northwards from Delhi, and the Rajputana–Malwa Railway traversed the Delhi district for a short distance in the direction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20G.%20Marshall | Alan G. Marshall is an American analytical chemist who has devoted his scientific career to developing a scientific technique known as Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry, which he co-invented.
He was born in Bluffton, Ohio, in 1944, and earned his bachelor's in chemistry from Northwestern University (1965) and Ph.D. in chemistry from Stanford University (1970). His first academic appointment was at the University of British Columbia. In 1980, he moved to the Ohio State University where he remained until 1993.
He is the Robert O. Lawton Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Florida State University and director of the Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory.
He is a fellow of the American Chemical Society, American Physical Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and has received numerous awards, including the 2000 Thomson Medal given by the International Mass Spectrometry Foundation; the 2007 Chemical Pioneer Award, given by the American Institute of Chemists; the 2012 William H. Nichols Medal, given by the New York Section of the American Chemical Society; and the 2012 Pittsburgh Analytical Chemistry Award, given by the Society for Analytical Chemists of Pittsburgh.
See also
Petroleomics
External links
Florida State University faculty profile
National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Profile
Florida State University faculty
21st-century American chemists
Living |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois%20Jodar | Jean-François Jodar (born 2 December 1949) is a retired French footballer and manager.
External links
Profile, statistics and pictures
Profile, statistics and pictures
1949 births
Living people
People from Montereau-Fault-Yonne
French men's footballers
France men's international footballers
Stade de Reims players
RC Strasbourg Alsace players
Olympique Lyonnais players
French football managers
Hassania Agadir managers
FC Montceau Bourgogne players
2008 Africa Cup of Nations managers
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Seine-et-Marne |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublecortin | Neuronal migration protein doublecortin, also known as doublin or lissencephalin-X is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCX gene.
Function
Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule-associated protein expressed by neuronal precursor cells and immature neurons in embryonic and adult cortical structures. Neuronal precursor cells begin to express DCX while actively dividing, and their neuronal daughter cells continue to express DCX for 2–3 weeks as the cells mature into neurons. Downregulation of DCX begins after 2 weeks, and occurs at the same time that these cells begin to express NeuN, a neuronal marker.
Due to the nearly exclusive expression of DCX in developing neurons, this protein has been used increasingly as a marker for neurogenesis. Indeed, levels of DCX expression increase in response to exercise, and that increase occurs in parallel with increased BrdU labeling, which is currently a "gold standard" in measuring neurogenesis.
Doublecortin was found to bind to the microtubule cytoskeleton. In vivo and in vitro assays show that Doublecortin stabilizes microtubules and causes bundling. Doublecortin is a basic protein with an iso-electric point of 10 typical of microtubule-binding proteins.
Knock out mouse
In mice where the Doublecortin gene has been knocked out, cortical layers are still correctly formed. However, the hippocampi of these mice show disorganisation in the CA3 region. The normally single layer of pyramidal cells in mutants is seen as a double lay |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal-gamma%20distribution | In probability theory and statistics, the normal-gamma distribution (or Gaussian-gamma distribution) is a bivariate four-parameter family of continuous probability distributions. It is the conjugate prior of a normal distribution with unknown mean and precision.
Definition
For a pair of random variables, (X,T), suppose that the conditional distribution of X given T is given by
meaning that the conditional distribution is a normal distribution with mean and precision — equivalently, with variance
Suppose also that the marginal distribution of T is given by
where this means that T has a gamma distribution. Here λ, α and β are parameters of the joint distribution.
Then (X,T) has a normal-gamma distribution, and this is denoted by
Properties
Probability density function
The joint probability density function of (X,T) is
Marginal distributions
By construction, the marginal distribution of is a gamma distribution, and the conditional distribution of given is a Gaussian distribution. The marginal distribution of is a three-parameter non-standardized Student's t-distribution with parameters .
Exponential family
The normal-gamma distribution is a four-parameter exponential family with natural parameters and natural statistics .
Moments of the natural statistics
The following moments can be easily computed using the moment generating function of the sufficient statistic:
where is the digamma function,
Scaling
If then for any is distributed as
Posterior di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy%20A.%20Cross | Timothy A. Cross is an American academic chemist who specializes in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, membrane and computational biophysics, and biomathematics. He is a professor of chemistry at Florida State University and the Director of the NMR Program at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. His research focuses on the sets of proteins that are important for the pharmaceutical industry in the treatment of diseases such as the flu (Influenza A) and tuberculosis.
External links
National High Magnetic Field Laboratory faculty profile
FSU Faculty profile on Timothy Cross' research
Florida State University faculty
21st-century American chemists
Living people
Computational chemists
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20M.%20Gilbert | David M. Gilbert is an American molecular biologist, known for work in DNA replication. He is an investigator at the San Diego Biomedical Research Institute. Gilbert was formerly a professor of molecular biology in the Department of Biological Science and was co-founder and a director of the Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine at Florida State University.
Education and career
Gilbert received his BA degrees in Biochemistry/Cell Biology and Philosophy from the University of California, San Diego and his PhD in Genetics from Stanford University. He did two post-doctoral training periods, first as an EMBO fellow with Pierre Chambon in Strasbourg, France, studying transcriptional control, and second as a Roche fellow with Melvin DePamphilis studying replication origin recognition.
He joined the faculty at State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University in 1994 and was appointed full professor in 2003. In 2006, he moved to Florida State University. He was elected as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2008, as well as becoming a member of the American Society of Hematology in 2013 and the International Society for Stem Cell Research in 2014. Gilbert's other awards include being named Florida State University Distinguished Research Professor (2015), the Pfeiffer Endowed Professorship for Cancer Research (2015), and the Florida State University Graduate Mentorship award (2016).
Gilbert’s work focuses on the mechan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersenne%27s%20laws | Mersenne's laws are laws describing the frequency of oscillation of a stretched string or monochord, useful in musical tuning and musical instrument construction.
Overview
The equation was first proposed by French mathematician and music theorist Marin Mersenne in his 1636 work Harmonie universelle. Mersenne's laws govern the construction and operation of string instruments, such as pianos and harps, which must accommodate the total tension force required to keep the strings at the proper pitch. Lower strings are thicker, thus having a greater mass per length. They typically have lower tension. Guitars are a familiar exception to this: string tensions are similar, for playability, so lower string pitch is largely achieved with increased mass per length. Higher-pitched strings typically are thinner, have higher tension, and may be shorter. "This result does not differ substantially from Galileo's, yet it is rightly known as Mersenne's law," because Mersenne physically proved their truth through experiments (while Galileo considered their proof impossible). "Mersenne investigated and refined these relationships by experiment but did not himself originate them". Though his theories are correct, his measurements are not very exact, and his calculations were greatly improved by Joseph Sauveur (1653–1716) through the use of acoustic beats and metronomes.
Equations
The natural frequency is:
a) Inversely proportional to the length of the string (the law of Pythagoras),
b) Proporti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeutrAvidin | NeutrAvidin protein is a deglycosylated version of chicken avidin, with a mass of approximately 60,000 daltons. As a result of carbohydrate removal, lectin binding is reduced to undetectable levels, yet biotin binding affinity is retained because the carbohydrate is not necessary for this activity. Avidin has a high pI but NeutrAvidin has a near-neutral pI (pH 6.3), minimizing non-specific interactions with the negatively-charged cell surface or with DNA/RNA. Neutravidin still has lysine residues that remain available for derivatization or conjugation.
Like avidin itself, NeutrAvidin is a tetramer with a strong affinity for biotin (Kd = 10−15 M). In biochemical applications, streptavidin, which also binds very tightly to biotin, may be used interchangeably with NeutrAvidin.
Avidin immobilized onto solid supports is also used as purification media to capture biotin-labelled protein or nucleic acid molecules. For example, cell surface proteins can be specifically labelled with membrane-impermeable biotin reagent, then specifically captured using a NeutrAvidin support.
References
Bayer, Ed: "The Avidin-Biotin Complex", Dept. of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
Y. Hiller, J.M. Gershoni, E.A. Bayer, M. Wilchek Biochem. J., 248 (1987), pp. 167–171
E.A. Bayer, F. De Meester, T. Kulik, M. Wilchek Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 53 (1995), pp. 1–9
A.T. Marttilaa et al. FEBS Letters 467 (2000), pp. 31–36 Recombinant NeutraLite Avidin: a non-glycosylated, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-isoaspartyl%20methyltransferase | Protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT, PCMT), also called S-adenosyl-L-methionine:protein-L-isoaspartate O-methyltransferase, is an enzyme which recognizes and catalyzes the repair of damaged L-isoaspartyl and D-aspartyl groups in proteins. It is a highly conserved enzyme which is present in nearly all eukaryotes, archaebacteria, and Gram-negative eubacteria.
Function
PIMT acts to transfer methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the alpha side chain carboxyl groups of damaged L-isoaspartyl and D-aspartyl amino acids. The enzyme takes the end methyl residue from the methionine side chain and adds it to the side chain carboxyl group of L-isoaspartate or D-aspartate to create a methyl ester. Subsequent nonenzymatic reactions result in a rapid transformation to L-succinimide, which is a precursor to aspartate and isoaspartate. The L-succinimide can then undergo nonenzymatic hydrolysis, which generates some repaired L-aspartyl residues as well as some L-isoaspartyl residues, which can then enter the cycle again for eventual conversion to the normal peptide linkage.
PIMT tends to act on proteins that have been non-enzymatically damaged due to age. By performing this repair mechanism, the enzyme helps to maintain overall protein integrity. This mechanism has been observed by several groups, and has been confirmed through experimental testing. In one report, PIMT was inhibited by adenosine dialdehyde. The results supported the proposed function of the enzyme, as the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HADHB | Trifunctional enzyme subunit beta, mitochondrial (TP-beta) also known as 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, acetyl-CoA acyltransferase, or beta-ketothiolase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HADHB gene.
HADHB is a subunit of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein and has thiolase activity.
Structure
The HADHB gene is located on chromosome 2, with its specific location being 2p23. The gene contains 17 exons. HADHB encodes a 51.2 kDa protein that is composed of 474 amino acids; 124 peptides have been observed through mass spectrometry data.
Function
This gene encodes the beta subunit of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, a catalyst of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids. The HADHB protein catalyzes the final step of beta-oxidation, in which 3-ketoacyl CoA is cleaved by the thiol group of another molecule of Coenzyme A. The thiol is inserted between C-2 and C-3, which yields an acetyl CoA molecule and an acyl CoA molecule, which is two carbons shorter.
The encoded protein can also bind RNA and decreases the stability of some mRNAs. The genes of the alpha and beta subunits of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein are located adjacent to each other in the human genome in a head-to-head orientation.
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene, along with mutations in HADHA, result in trifunctional protein deficiency. Mutations in either gene have similar clinical presentations. Trifunctional protein deficiency is characterized by decreased acti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-HO-DBT | 4-Hydroxy-N,N-dibutyltryptamine (4-HO-DBT) is a psychedelic drug belonging to the tryptamine family. It is found either as its crystalline hydrochloride salt or as an oily or crystalline base. 4-HO-DBT was first made by the chemist Alexander Shulgin and reported in his book TiHKAL. Shulgin reported a dosage of 20 mg orally to be without effects. However this compound has subsequently been sold as a "research chemical" and anecdotal reports suggest that at higher doses 4-HO-DBT is indeed an active hallucinogen, although somewhat weaker than other similar tryptamine derivatives.
Several different isomers of this compound could be made (see DBT for a fuller discussion) but of these only the isobutyl isomer 4-HO-DIBT was synthesised by Shulgin (mp 152-154 °C) and was also found to be inactive at a 20 mg dose.
External links
TiHKAL entry
4-HO-DBT entry in TiHKAL • info
Psychedelic tryptamines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Hill | Joseph Hill may refer to:
Joseph Hill (lexicographer) (1625–1707), English clergyman, academic and lexicographer
Joseph Hill (violin maker) (1715–1784), British violin maker
Joseph Adna Hill (1860–1938), American statistician
Joseph Morrison Hill (1864–1950), American judge
J. Lister Hill (Joseph Lister Hill, 1894–1984), American politician
Joseph H. Hill (1858–1927), American educator
Joseph Hill (musician) (1949–2006), Jamaican vocalist and songwriter
Joseph Hill (cricketer) (born 1976), New Zealand cricketer
Joseph Hill, fictional character on the TV series Blue Bloods
See also
Joe Hill (disambiguation)
Hill (surname) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophotonics | Thermophotonics (often abbreviated as TPX) is a concept for generating usable power from heat which shares some features of thermophotovoltaic (TPV) power generation. Thermophotonics was first publicly proposed by solar photovoltaic researcher Martin Green in 2000. However, no TPX device is known to have been demonstrated to date, apparently because of the stringent requirement on the emitter efficiency.
A TPX system consists of a light-emitting diode (LED) (though other types of emitters are conceivable), a photovoltaic (PV) cell, an optical coupling between the two, and an electronic control circuit. The LED is heated to a temperature higher than the PV temperature by an external heat source. If no power is applied to the LED, the system functions much like a very inefficient TPV system, but if a forward bias is applied at some fraction of the bandgap potential, an increased number of electron-hole pairs (EHPs) will be thermally excited to the bandgap energy. These EHPs can then recombine radiatively so that the LED emits light at a rate higher than the thermal radiation rate ("superthermal" emission). This light is then delivered to the cooler PV cell over the optical coupling and converted to electricity.
The control circuit presents a load to the PV cell (presumably at the maximum power point) and converts this voltage to a voltage level that can be used to sustain the bias of the emitter. Provided that the conversion efficiencies of electricity to light and light |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma%20Merna | Gemma Merna (born 6 February 1984) is an English actress and model. She is best known for portraying the role of Carmel McQueen in the Channel 4 soap opera, Hollyoaks from 2006 to 2014.
Career
Merna joined the cast of the Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks in August 2006. In 2007, she won Best Comedy Performance in 2007 at the British Soap Awards.
In 2008, Merna appeared on the game show All Star Family Fortunes in a Hollyoaks v Emmerdale special. In February 2013, she appeared on All Star Family Fortunes playing against gardener, garden designer and television personality Diarmuid Gavin.
In 2009, Merna appeared in the spin-off show Hollyoaks Later as Carmel. She also appeared in an episode of the game show Hole in the Wall.
In 2011, she appeared in the documentaries 50 Greatest Wedding Shockers and Hollyoaks Best Bits.
In 2013 and 2014, Merna was a panelist in an episode of Big Brother's Bit on the Side.
In January 2014, she was a contestant on the ITV diving show Splash!, fronted by Tom Daley, she was the first contestant to be eliminated from the show in Heat One.
On 24 August 2014, it was announced that Merna had decided to leave Hollyoaks and would leave in November 2014 in one of Hollyoaks biggest stunts. Jennifer Metcalfe – who plays Merna's on-screen sister Mercedes McQueen – announced her decision to leave the soap opera a few days after Merna's announcement. The character was killed off in an explosive train accident on 12 November 2014, with cast members and te |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics%20%28journal%29 | Proteomics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering topics including whole proteome analysis of organisms, protein expression profiling, disease, pharmaceutical, agricultural and biotechnological applications, and analysis of cellular systems, organelles and protein complexes.
It is published by Wiley VCH and the current editor-in-chief is Lucie Kalvodova.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.984, ranking it 23rd out of 78 journals in the category "Biochemical Research Methods".
References
Academic journals established in 2006
English-language journals
Bimonthly journals
Proteomics journals
Wiley (publisher) academic journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial%20carrier | Mitochondrial carriers are proteins from solute carrier family 25 which transfer molecules across the membranes of the mitochondria. Mitochondrial carriers are also classified in the Transporter Classification Database. The Mitochondrial Carrier (MC) Superfamily has been expanded to include both the original Mitochondrial Carrier (MC) family (TC# 2.A.29) and the Mitochondrial Inner/Outer Membrane Fusion (MMF) family (TC# 1.N.6).
Phylogeny
Members of the MC family (SLC25) (TC# 2.A.29) are found exclusively in eukaryotic organelles although they are nuclearly encoded. Most are found in mitochondria, but some are found in peroxisomes of animals, in hydrogenosomes of anaerobic fungi, and in amyloplasts of plants.
SLC25 is the largest solute transporter family in humans. 53 members have been identified in human genome, 58 in A. thaliana and 35 in S. cerevisiae. The functions of approximately 30% of the human SLC25 proteins are unknown, but most of the yeast homologues have been functionally identified. See TCDB for functional assignments
Function
Many MC proteins preferentially catalyze the exchange of one solute for another (antiport). A variety of these substrate carrier proteins, which are involved in energy transfer, have been found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and other eukaryotic organelles such as the peroxisome and facilitate the transport of inorganic ions, nucleotides, amino acids, keto acids and cofactors across the membrane. Such proteins include:
ADP |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth%20factor-like%20domain | A growth factor-like domain (GFLD) is a protein domain structurally related to epidermal growth factor, which has a high binding affinity for the epidermal growth factor receptor. As structural domains within larger proteins, GFLD regions commonly bind calcium ions. A subtype present in the N-terminal region of the amyloid precursor protein is a member of the heparin-binding class of GFLDs and may itself have growth factor function, particularly in promoting neuronal development.
References
Protein domains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane | Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) is an organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. DDD is a metabolite of DDT. DDD is colorless and crystalline; it is closely related chemically and is similar in properties to DDT, but it is considered to be less toxic to animals than DDT. The molecular formula for DDD is (ClC6H4)2CHCHCl2 or C14H10Cl4, whereas the formula for DDT is (ClC6H4)2CHCCl3 or C14H9Cl5.
DDD is in the “Group B2” classification, meaning that it is a probable human carcinogen. This is based on an increased incidence of lung tumors in male and female mice, liver tumors in male mice, and thyroid tumors in male rats. A further basis is that DDD is similar to and is a metabolite of DDT, another probable human carcinogen.
DDD is no longer registered for agricultural use in the United States, but the general population continues to be exposed to it due to its long persistence time. The primary source of exposure is oral ingestion of food.
1946 is the date of the earliest recorded use in English of the abbreviation “DDD” to stand for dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane, as far as could be determined.
Mitotane
If one of the p-chlorines in DDD is switched to ortho-position, the result is the chemotherapeutic agentmitotane. This is an example of a positional isomer.
Table of names
The following are synonyms for DDD:
References
“Chemicals: Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane.” The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. MDI Biological Laboratory, 11 Apr. 2007 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby%20league%20sevens | Rugby league sevens (or simply sevens) is a seven-a-side derivative of rugby league football, which is usually a thirteen-a-side sport. The game is substantially the same as full rugby league, with some rule changes and shorter games. Sevens is usually played in festivals, as its shorter game play allows for a tournament to be completed in a day or over a single weekend.
As well as being played by club sides, rugby league sevens is particularly popular with social teams, formed in the workplace or from the patrons of a public house for example, as it is often difficult in these places to form a full squad of 13 players and four substitutes of regular players. Some tournaments prefer to play rugby league nines (rugby league with nine players on each side) to distinguish it from rugby union sevens.
History
The game of rugby sevens dates back to its invention by Ned Haig in Melrose in the Scottish Borders in 1883, just over a decade before the schism in rugby football in 1895, which led to the creation of rugby league and rugby union. However, rugby sevens did not spread outside Scotland before the 1920s. That said, the larger part of Scotland's rugby league players have come from Borders backgrounds.
The record rugby league sevens attendance remains the 80,000 that attended a 1933 match between Australia and England at Roundhay Park in Leeds. This match was also attended by English royalty.
The first rugby league sevens tournament was played in Australia in 1961.
The major |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Mallee | East Mallee is a statistical subdivision defined under the Australian Standard Geographical Classification, and therefore used by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. It is one of three subdivisions of the Mallee statistical division of the Australian state of Victoria. It consists of four statistical local areas: Gannawarra (S), Swan Hill (RC) - Central, Swan Hill (RC) - Robinvale and Swan Hill (RC) Bal.
References
External links
Demographics of Australia
Geography of Victoria (state) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-ketoacyl-ACP%20synthase | In molecular biology, Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase , is an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis. It typically uses malonyl-CoA as a carbon source to elongate ACP-bound acyl species, resulting in the formation of ACP-bound β-ketoacyl species such as acetoacetyl-ACP.
Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase is a highly conserved enzyme that is found in almost all life on earth as a domain in fatty acid synthase (FAS). FAS exists in two types, aptly named type I and II. In animals, fungi, and lower eukaryotes, Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthases make up one of the catalytic domains of larger multifunctional proteins (Type I), whereas in most prokaryotes as well as in plastids and mitochondria, Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthases are separate protein chains that usually form dimers (Type II).
Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III, perhaps the most well known of this family of enzymes, catalyzes a Claisen condensation between acetyl CoA and malonyl ACP. The image below reveals how CoA fits in the active site as a substrate of synthase III.
Beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthases I and II only catalyze acyl-ACP reactions with malonyl ACP. Synthases I and II are capable of producing long-chain acyl-ACPs. Both are efficient up to acyl-ACPs with a 14 carbon chain, at which point synthase II is the more efficient choice for further carbon additions. Type I FAS catalyzes all the reactions necessary to create palmitic acid, which is a necessary function in animals for metabolic processes, one of which includes the formation of sphin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Hydroxyacyl%20ACP%20dehydrase | 3-Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase is an enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis.
External links
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C4%20Dienoyl-CoA%20reductase | 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase also known as DECR1 is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the DECR1 gene which resides on chromosome 8. This enzyme catalyzes the following reactions
DECR1 participates in the beta oxidation and metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty enoyl-CoA esters. Specifically, it catalyzes the reduction of 2,4 dienoyl-CoA thioesters of varying length by NADPH cofactor to 3-trans-enoyl-CoA of equivalent length. Unlike the breakdown of saturated fat, cis and trans polyunsaturated fatty acid degradation requires three additional enzymes to generate a product compatible with the standard beta oxidation pathway. DECR is the second such enzyme (the others being enoyl CoA isomerase and dienoyl CoA isomerase) and is the rate limiting step in this auxiliary flow. DECR is capable of reducing both 2-trans,4-cis-dienoyl-CoA and 2-trans,4-trans-dienoyl-CoA thioesters with equal efficiency. This is unusual, since most enzymes are highly stereoselective or stereospecific. There is no clear explanation for DECR's of lack of stereospecificity.
Structure
Eukaryotic DECR exists in both the mitochondria (mDECR) and the peroxisome (pDECR, coded by gene DECR2). The enzymes from each organelle are homologous and part of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase SDR super-family. mDECR is 124 kDa consisting of 335 amino acids before post-translational modification. The secondary structure shares many of the motifs of SDR, including a Rossmann fold for strong NADPH binding. The prot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis%20brenneri | Caenorhabditis brenneri is a small nematode, closely related to the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Its genome is being sequenced by Washington University in St. Louis Genome Sequencing Center. This species has previously been referred to as C. sp 4 and Caenorhabditis sp. CB5161, but was recently formally described and given its scientific name. This name is in honor of Sydney Brenner, recognizing his pioneering role in starting active research in the field of C. elegans biology and development.
This species can hybridize with Caenorhabditis remanei, but only when C. remanei males mate with C. brenneri females, and then the offspring are apparently sterile.
This species groups with C. doughertyi in the 'Elegans' supergroup in phylogenetic studies.
References
External links
Nematodes described in 2007
brenneri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnesyl-diphosphate%20farnesyltransferase | Squalene synthase (SQS) or farnesyl-diphosphate:farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyl transferase is an enzyme localized to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. SQS participates in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, catalyzing a two-step reaction in which two identical molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) are converted into squalene, with the consumption of NADPH. Catalysis by SQS is the first committed step in sterol synthesis, since the squalene produced is converted exclusively into various sterols, such as cholesterol, via a complex, multi-step pathway. SQS belongs to squalene/phytoene synthase family of proteins.
Diversity
Squalene synthase has been characterized in animals, plants, and yeast. In terms of structure and mechanics, squalene synthase closely resembles phytoene synthase (PHS), another prenyltransferase. PHS serves a similar role to SQS in plants and bacteria, catalyzing the synthesis of phytoene, a precursor of carotenoid compounds.
Structure
Squalene synthase (SQS) is localized exclusively to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). SQS is anchored to the membrane by a short C-terminal membrane-spanning domain. The N-terminal catalytic domain of the enzyme protrudes into the cytosol, where the soluble substrates are bound. Mammalian forms of SQS are approximately 47kDa and consist of ~416 amino acids. The crystal structure of human SQS was determined in 2000, and revealed that the protein was composed entirely of α-helices. The enzym |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C3-Oxidosqualene | (S)-2,3-Oxidosqualene ((S)-2,3-epoxysqualene) is an intermediate in the synthesis of the cell membrane sterol precursors lanosterol and cycloartenol, as well as saponins. It is formed when squalene is oxidized by the enzyme squalene monooxygenase. 2,3-Oxidosqualene is the substrate of various oxidosqualene cyclases, including lanosterol synthase, which produces lanosterol, a precursor to cholesterol.
The stereoisomer 2,3-(R)-oxidosqualene is an inhibitor of lanosterol synthase.
References
External links
Oxidosqualene cyclase, PDB December 2007 Molecule of the Month
Epoxides
Triterpenes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squalene%20monooxygenase | Squalene monooxygenase (also called squalene epoxidase) is a eukaryotic enzyme that uses NADPH and diatomic oxygen to oxidize squalene to 2,3-oxidosqualene (squalene epoxide). Squalene epoxidase catalyzes the first oxygenation step in sterol biosynthesis and is thought to be one of the rate-limiting enzymes in this pathway. In humans, squalene epoxidase is encoded by the SQLE gene.
Several eukaryote genomes lack a squalene monooxygenase encoding gene, but instead encode an alternative squalene epoxidase that performs the same task.
Mechanism
The canonical squalene monooxygenase is a flavoprotein monooxygenase. Flavoprotein monooxygenase form flavin hydroperoxides at the enzyme active site, which then transfer the terminal oxygen atom of the hydroperoxide to the substrate. Squalene monooxygenase differs from other flavin monooxygenases in that the oxygen is inserted into the substrate as an epoxide rather than as a hydroxyl group. This enzyme contains a loosely bound FAD flavin and obtains electrons from NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, rather than binding NADPH directly. The alternative squalene epoxidase belongs to the fatty acid hydroxylase superfamily and obtains electrons from cytochrome b5.
Inhibitors
Inhibitors of squalene epoxidase have found application mainly as antifungal drugs:
butenafine
naftifine
terbinafine
Since squalene epoxidase is on the biosynthetic pathway leading to cholesterol, inhibitors of this enzyme may also find application in treatment o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanosterol%20synthase | Lanosterol synthase () is an oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC) enzyme that converts (S)-2,3-oxidosqualene to a protosterol cation and finally to lanosterol. Lanosterol is a key four-ringed intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis. In humans, lanosterol synthase is encoded by the LSS gene.
In eukaryotes, lanosterol synthase is an integral monotopic protein associated with the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum. Some evidence suggests that the enzyme is a soluble, non-membrane bound protein in the few prokaryotes that produce it.
Due to the enzyme's role in cholesterol biosynthesis, there is interest in lanosterol synthase inhibitors as potential cholesterol-reducing drugs, to complement existing statins.
Mechanism
Though some data on the mechanism has been obtained by the use of suicide inhibitors, mutagenesis studies, and homology modeling, it is still not fully understood how the enzyme catalyzes the formation of lanosterol.
Initial epoxide protonation and ring opening
Before the acquisition of the protein's X-ray crystal structure, site-directed mutagenesis was used to determine residues key to the enzyme's catalytic activity. It was determined that an aspartic acid residue (D455) and two histidine residues (H146 and H234) were essential to enzyme function. Corey et al. hypothesized that the aspartic acid acts by protonating the substrate's epoxide ring, thus increasing its susceptibility to intramolecular attack by the nearest double bond, with H146 possibly inten |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Symposium%20on%20Physical%20Design | The International Symposium on Physical Design, or ISPD is a yearly conference on the topic of electronic design automation, concentrating on algorithms for the physical design of integrated circuits. It is typically held in April of each year, in a city in the western United States. It is sponsored by the SIGDA of the Association for Computing Machinery and the IEEE Council on Electronic Design Automation (CEDA).
ISPD is purely a technical conference with no associated trade show.
See also
Design Automation Conference
International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
Design Automation and Test in Europe
References
External links
Main web page for the ISPD conference
IEEE conferences
Electronic design automation conferences
Association for Computing Machinery conferences |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanosterol%2014%20alpha-demethylase | Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51A1) is the animal version of a cytochrome P450 enzyme that is involved in the conversion of lanosterol to 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3β-ol. The cytochrome P450 isoenzymes are a conserved group of proteins that serve as key players in the metabolism of organic substances and the biosynthesis of important steroids, lipids, and vitamins in eukaryotes. As a member of this family, lanosterol 14α-demethylase is responsible for an essential step in the biosynthesis of sterols. In particular, this protein catalyzes the removal of the C-14α-methyl group from lanosterol. This demethylation step is regarded as the initial checkpoint in the transformation of lanosterol to other sterols that are widely used within the cell.
Evolution
The structural and functional properties of the cytochrome P450 superfamily have been subject to extensive diversification over the course of evolution. Recent estimates indicate that there are currently 10 classes and 267 families of CYP proteins. It is believed that 14α-demethylase or CYP51 diverged early in the cytochrome's evolutionary history and has preserved its function ever since; namely, the removal of the 14α-methyl group from sterol substrates.
Although CYP51's mode of action has been well conserved, the protein's sequence varies considerably between biological kingdoms. CYP51 sequence comparisons between kingdoms reveal only a 22-30% similarity in amino acid composition.
Structure
Although the str |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin%20Stern | Melvin Ernest Stern (January 22, 1929 – February 2, 2010) was a U.S. academic oceanographer who focused on fluid dynamics. He served as the Ekman Professor of Oceanography at Florida State University and was an elected member of both the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Dr. Stern was the first researcher in the world to mathematically describe salt fingering, a phenomenon produced by Double diffusive convection.
Biography
Born January 22, 1929, and a native of New York City, Melvin received his B.E.E. degree in Electrical Engineering from Cooper Union in 1950; a M.S. in Physics from Illinois Tech in 1952; and a Ph.D. in Meteorology from M.I.T. in 1956.
He began his career at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution as a research assistant in Physics from 1951- 1952. On military leave to serve in the Air Force from 1952-1957, he returned to WHOI in the same position from 1957- 1964. He went on to join the faculty at the Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island in 1964 and then to Florida State University in 1987 where he was a professor for many years.
A pioneer in his field, Melvin was one of the founders of the WHOI Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (GFD) program, which he continued to attend through 2004. He returned for the program's 50th year celebration in 2008 and then again in 2009 to deliver a lecture at a special dinner for Lou Howard. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1998.
Melvin Stern di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20birds%20of%20Colombia | This is a list of the bird species recorded in Colombia. According to the South American Classification Committee (SACC) of the American Ornithological Society (AOS), the avifauna of Colombia has 1867 confirmed species. Of them, 84 are endemic, three have been introduced by humans, and 65 are rare or vagrants. One of the endemic species is believed to be extinct. An additional 37 species are hypothetical (see below).
The Colombian province of San Andrés and Providencia is much closer to Nicaragua than to the South American mainland, so the SACC does not address records there. A 2015 publication adds 17 species whose only Colombian records are from that province and also five species to the mainland list. Three of the 17 are also considered hypothetical. A 2020 publication adds four more species (one offshore sighting, two vagrants to the mainland, and one vagrant to San Andrés and Providencia). (The SACC does not address records from more than 200 miles offshore.) Another vagrant species whose published record has not been evaluated by the SACC is also included.
The total number of species presented here is 1930. Of them, 87 are endemic and 70 are vagrants.
Unless noted otherwise, the list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families, and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) are those of the SACC.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories.
(V) Vagrant - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Colo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVOT | WVOT (1420 AM) was a radio station licensed to and located in Wilson, North Carolina, United States. The FCC assigned frequency was 1420 kHz. The station operated at 1,000 Watts non-directional by day, and 500 watts directional at night, largely on a north-facing axis.
Programming
The station's final format was urban contemporary gospel. Past formats have included talk, Carolina beach music, oldies, adult contemporary, contemporary hit radio, and block programming. The station's call letters originally stood for W-V(oice)-O(f)-T(obbacoland.)
History
WVOT signed on in June 1948.
Career Communications bought WVOT in 1990.
In 1997, Career Communications sold the station to Al Taylor's Taylor Group Broadcasting. During this time, the call letters were changed to WALQ.
On November 9, 2017, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) informed WVOT that it had received a complaint on September 9 that the station had not operated since 2011 (broadcast stations are required to return to the air within a year of going silent), and ordered it to provide information about its operations since the expiration of its most recent special temporary authority authorization on August 29, 2014. The station did not respond to the operational status inquiry, and its license was cancelled on December 19, 2017.
WRDU-FM
In 1984, Century Communications sold WVOT & WXYY to Voyager Communications. The FM was moved to Raleigh and the call letters were changed to WRDU. A new tower site for WRDU (no |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooled%20variance | In statistics, pooled variance (also known as combined variance, composite variance, or overall variance, and written ) is a method for estimating variance of several different populations when the mean of each population may be different, but one may assume that the variance of each population is the same. The numerical estimate resulting from the use of this method is also called the pooled variance.
Under the assumption of equal population variances, the pooled sample variance provides a higher precision estimate of variance than the individual sample variances. This higher precision can lead to increased statistical power when used in statistical tests that compare the populations, such as the t-test.
The square root of a pooled variance estimator is known as a pooled standard deviation (also known as combined standard deviation, composite standard deviation, or overall standard deviation).
Motivation
In statistics, many times, data are collected for a dependent variable, y, over a range of values for the independent variable, x. For example, the observation of fuel consumption might be studied as a function of engine speed while the engine load is held constant. If, in order to achieve a small variance in y, numerous repeated tests are required at each value of x, the expense of testing may become prohibitive. Reasonable estimates of variance can be determined by using the principle of pooled variance after repeating each test at a particular x only a few times.
D |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20birds%20of%20Chile | This is a list of the bird species recorded in Chile. Unless otherwise noted, the list is that of the South American Classification Committee (SACC) of the American Ornithological Society. The SACC list includes species recorded in mainland Chile, on the Chilean islands of the Cape Horn area, on other islands and waters near the mainland, and on and around the Juan Fernández Islands. The list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families, and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) are also those of the SACC.
According to the SACC, the avifauna of Chile has 525 confirmed species, of which 12 are endemic, 128 are rare or vagrants, six have been introduced by humans, and one is extinct. An additional seven species are hypothetical (see below). Thirty-five of the species on the Chilean SACC list are globally threatened.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories.
(V) Vagrant - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Chile
(E) Endemic - a species endemic to Chile
(I) Introduced - a species introduced to Chile as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
(H) Hypothetical - a species recorded but with "no tangible evidence" according to the SACC
Rheas
Order: RheiformesFamily: Rheidae
The rheas are large flightless birds native to South America. Their feet have three toes rather than four which allows them to run faster. One species has been recorded in Chile.
Lesser rhea, Rhea pennata
Tinamou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem%20bromelain | Stem bromelain (SBM) (EC 3.4.22.32), a proteolytic enzyme, is a widely accepted phytotherapeutical drug member of the bromelain family of proteolytic enzymes obtained from Ananas comosus. Some of the therapeutic uses of SBM are reversible inhibition of platelet aggregation, angina pectoris, bronchitis, sinusitis, surgical traumas, thrombophlebitis, pyelonephritis and enhanced absorption of drugs, particularly of antibiotics. Its anti-metastasis and anti-inflammatory activities are apparently independent of its proteolytic activity. Although poorly understood, the diverse pleiotrophic effects of SBM seem to depend on its ability to traverse the membrane barrier, a very unusual property of this protein.
References
External links
EC 3.4.22 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit%20bromelain | Fruit bromelain (, juice bromelain, ananase, Bromelase (a trademark), bromelin, extranase, pinase, pineapple enzyme, traumanase, fruit bromelain FA2) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Hydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity for peptide bonds. Bz-Phe-Val-Arg-NHMec is a good synthetic substrate
This enzyme is isolated from pineapple plant, Ananas comosus.
See also
Bromelain
References
External links
EC 3.4.22 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpain-1 | Calpain-1 (, mu-calpain, calcium-activated neutral protease I) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Broad endopeptidase specificity
This enzyme belongs to the peptidase family C2.
See also
CAPN1
References
External links
EC 3.4.22 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpain-2 | Calpain-2 (, calcium-activated neutral protease II, m-calpain, milli-calpain) is an intracellular heterodimeric calcium-activated cysteine protease. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Broad endopeptidase specificity
This enzyme belongs to the peptidase family C2. It is one of 15 proteins in the calpain family.
Structure
Calpain-2 is a heterodimer of a catalytic subunit encoded by CAPN2 gene and a regulatory subunit CAPNS1. The catalytic subunit consists of four domains: protease core 1 domain (PC1), protease core 2 domain (PC2), calpain-type beta-sandwich-like domain (CBSW), and penta EF-hand domain (PEF(L)). The catalytic cleft is formed by PC1 and PC2 upon calcium binding. The catalytic triad consists of residues C105, H262, and N286. Noteworthy, CAPN2 also contains an N-terminal anchor helix, which however is cleaved off upon protease activation. It is believed to play a role in a regulation of catalytic activity.
The regulatory subunit consists of two domains: a glycine-rich domain (GR), and penta EF-hand domain (PEF(S)). The interaction of PEF(S) and PEF(L) through an unpaired EF-hand motif causes dimerization of the two subunits. Calpain-2 heterodimer is highly homologous to calpain-1, which is formed by a catalytic CAPN1 and a regulatory CAPNS1 subunits.
Properties
There is no known consensus sequence for calpain-2 proteolysis, but there is evidence for over 130 potential substrates. Proteolytic cleavage by calpain-2 is regulated by presence |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggressive%20NK-cell%20leukemia | Aggressive NK-cell leukemia is a disease with an aggressive, systemic proliferation of natural killer cells (NK cells) and a rapidly declining clinical course.
It is also called aggressive NK-cell lymphoma.
Signs and symptoms
Patients usually present with constitutional symptoms (malaise, weight loss, fatigue), and hepatosplenomegaly is commonly found on physical exam. Lymphadenopathy is also found to a lesser extent. Due to the aggressive nature of the disease, patients may initially present at a more advanced stage, with coagulopathies, hemophagocytic syndrome, and multi-organ failure. Rarely, individuals who have an aggressive NK cell lymphoma that is associated with latent infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (see next section) present with or develop extensive allergic reactions to mosquito bites. The symptoms of these reactions range from a greatly enlarged bite site that may be painful and involve necrosis to systemic symptoms (e.g. fever, swollen lymph nodes, abdominal pain, and diarrhea), or, in extremely rare cases, to life-threatening anaphylaxis.
Cause
This disease has a strong association with the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), but the true pathogenesis of this disease has yet to be described. The cell of origin is believed to be an NK cell. Blastoid NK cell lymphoma appears to be a different entity and shows no association with EBV.
Sites of involvement
This disease is typically found and diagnosed in peripheral blood, and while it can involve any organ, it is u |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndecan | Syndecans are single transmembrane domain proteins that are thought to act as coreceptors, especially for G protein-coupled receptors. More specifically, these core proteins carry three to five heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate chains, i.e. they are proteoglycans, which allow for interaction with a large variety of ligands including fibroblast growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, fibronectin and antithrombin-1. Interactions between fibronectin and some syndecans can be modulated by the extracellular matrix protein tenascin C.
Family members and Structure
The syndecan protein family has four members. Syndecans 1 and 3 and syndecans 2 and 4, making up separate subfamilies, arose by gene duplication and divergent evolution from a single ancestral gene.
The syndecan numbers reflect the order in which the cDNAs for each family member were cloned. All syndecans have an N-terminal signal peptide, an ectodomain, a single hydrophobic transmembrane domain, and a short C-terminal cytoplasmic domain. All syndecans are anchored to plasma membrane via a 24-25 amino acid long hydrophobic transmembrane domain, in contrast to another type of cell surface proteoglycans that attaches to cell membrane using a glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol linkage. The most obvious differences between syndecans include
(together with differences in distribution) the subclassification
of the family depending on the existence of GAG binding
sites either at bo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitali%20Volkov | Vitali Vladimirovich Volkov (, born 22 March 1981) is a former Russian footballer.
Club career
He finished as top scorer in the UEFA Intertoto Cup 2007.
Career statistics
Notes
References
External links
Tom' Tomsk profile
Living people
Footballers from Moscow
1981 births
Russian men's footballers
Russia men's youth international footballers
Russia men's under-21 international footballers
FC Rubin Kazan players
FC Torpedo Moscow players
FC Tom Tomsk players
Russian Premier League players
Kazakhstan Premier League players
FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod players
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Kazakhstan
FC Tobol players
FC Okzhetpes players
Men's association football midfielders
FC Aktobe players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles%20Hollander | Myles Hollander (born March 21, 1941) is an American academic statistician who has made research contributions to nonparametric methods, biostatistics, and reliability. He was born in Brooklyn, New York. He is Emeritus and Robert O. Lawton Distinguished Professor of Statistics at Florida State University. He is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association, the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and the International Statistical Institute.
References
External links
Florida State University faculty profile
Florida State University faculty
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Living people
1941 births |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASK-FM | WASK-FM, "98.7 WASK" is an FM radio station licensed to the city of Battle Ground, Indiana. The station operates on the FM radio frequency of 98.7 MHz, FM channel 254. . The studios are located at 3575 McCarty Lane in Lafayette, Indiana. The tower is located on South 30th Street in Lafayette, Indiana.
History
WASK-FM signed on the air in late 1992 as WIIZ, 98.7 The Wizard, featuring an Adult album alternative or Triple A format. The original owners, Wizard Broadcasting, called the station a clone of Chicago's WXRT, which featured similar programming. The station had a loyal following during its short existence. However, due to the station being a standalone FM and given the fact that this was immediately before the modern rock revolution of the mid- to late-1990s, the station went bankrupt and shut down.
In 1994, WASK, Inc., owners of country music outlet, WASK-FM (K105) and news/talk station WASK (1450) acquired the defunct station and returned it to the air. Initially WIIZ, went back on the air with alternative rock, but in March 1995, the station acquired 105.3's WASK-FM calls and became a news/talk simulcast of the company's AM 1450. The Newstalk WASK simulcast was a success for 98.7, featuring high-profile national personalities such as Rush Limbaugh and G. Gordon Liddy, then-rising syndicated "hot talk" personality Tom Leykis as well as local morning (Don Pratt) and afternoon drive (Ski Anderson/Jim Walsh)programs. In fact, the simulcast garnered the highest |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBK | IBK may refer to:
Hwaseong IBK Altos, a women's professional volleyball club in South Korea
ÍBK (Íþróttabandalag Keflavíkur), an Icelandic sports club now known as Keflavík ÍF
Ibk algorithm, implements the k-nearest neighbor algorithm
Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (1945–2022), former president and prime minister of Mali
Industrial Bank of Korea, a bank headquartered in Seoul, South Korea
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, an infection of cattle caused by a rod shaped bacterium
Innsbruck Airport, an airport in Tyrol in western Austria
Innsbruck, city in Tyrol in western Austria, Abbreviation commonly used in slang speech and social media |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellacyanin | Stellacyanin is a member of the blue or type I copper protein family. This family of copper proteins is generally involved in electron transfer reactions with the Cu center transitioning between the oxidized Cu(II) form and the reduced Cu(I) form. Stellacyanin is ubiquitous among vascular seed plants.
Structure
Stellacyanin’s spectroscopic properties help us differentiate it from plastocyanin, which is another monocopper blue protein found in plants. It is a 20kDa protein whose structure is made up of beta strands forming two beta sheets to form a Greek key beta barrel with variable alpha helical structure. The copper binding domain of the protein is located at the amino-terminal end, while the carboxyl-terminal end is rich in hydroxyproline and serine residues, typical of proteins associated with cell walls of plants. In addition, it is also heavily glycosylated. The copper is tetrahedrally coordinated by a cysteine, 2 histidines, and a glutamine residue. The glutamine residue takes place of a methionine ligand typically found in other blue copper proteins. In addition, electron transfer rates for stellacyanin are faster than for other type I copper proteins suggesting stellacyanin is more solvent accessible at the active site. The exact function of stellacyanin is unknown. However, given the fact that type I copper proteins are involved in electron transfer and stellacyanin appears to be associated with the plant cell wall, it is suggested that it is involved in oxid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20L | Protein L was first isolated from the surface of bacterial species Peptostreptococcus magnus and was found to bind immunoglobulins through L chain interaction, from which the name was suggested. It consists of 719 amino acid residues. The molecular weight of Protein L purified from the cell walls of Peptostreptoccus magnus was first estimated as 95kD by SDS-PAGE in the presence of reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol, while the molecular weight was determined to 76kD by gel chromotography in the presence of 6 M guanidine HCl. Protein L does not contain any interchain disulfide loops, nor does it consist of disulfide-linked subunits. It is an acidic molecule with a pI of 4.0. Unlike Protein A and Protein G, which bind to the Fc region of immunoglobulins (antibodies), Protein L binds antibodies through light chain interactions. Since no part of the heavy chain is involved in the binding interaction, Protein L binds a wider range of antibody classes than Protein A or G. Protein L binds to representatives of all antibody classes, including IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD. Single chain variable fragments (scFv) and Fab fragments also bind to Protein L.
Despite this wide binding range, Protein L is not a universal antibody-binding protein. Protein L binding is restricted to those antibodies that contain kappa light chains. In humans and mice, most antibody molecules contain kappa (κ) light chains and the remainder have lambda (λ) light chains. Protein L is only effective in binding certain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian%20Bureau%20of%20Statistics | The Croatian Bureau of Statistics ( or DZS) is the Croatian national statistics bureau.
History
The bureau was formed in 1875 in Austria-Hungary as the Zemaljski statistički ured for the Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.
In 1924, the bureau was renamed to the Statistical Office in Zagreb (Statistički ured u Zagrebu). In 1929, after royal monarchy was proclaimed in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes the bureau lost its financial and technical independence.
In 1939 with the formation of the Banovina of Croatia, the office was made subject to the presidential office on the Ban's administration. In 1941 the Independent State of Croatia was formed and an Office of General State Statistics existed during this time under the control of the presidential government.
In 1945 the Statistical Office of the People's Republic of Croatia was formed. In 1951 it was renamed to the Bureau of Statistics and Evidence, in 1956 to the Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of Croatia and in 1963 to the Republican Bureau for Statistics of the Socialist Republic of Croatia.
The bureau was independent during this time, but was subordinated to the Yugoslavian Federal Bureau for Statistics.
Upon Croatian independence, the Central Bureau of Statistics was made the highest statistical body in the nation.
Work
The bureau collects and processes data for the Republic of Croatia. Among other things, the bureau conducts the Croatian census.
The Bureau keeps records on Croatian |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive-additive%20algorithm | In the studies of Fourier optics, sound synthesis, stellar interferometry, optical tweezers, and diffractive optical elements (DOEs) it is often important to know the spatial frequency phase of an observed wave source. In order to reconstruct this phase the Adaptive-Additive Algorithm (or AA algorithm), which derives from a group of adaptive (input-output) algorithms, can be used. The AA algorithm is an iterative algorithm that utilizes the Fourier Transform to calculate an unknown part of a propagating wave, normally the spatial frequency phase (k space). This can be done when given the phase’s known counterparts, usually an observed amplitude (position space) and an assumed starting amplitude (k space). To find the correct phase the algorithm uses error conversion, or the error between the desired and the theoretical intensities.
The algorithm
History
The adaptive-additive algorithm was originally created to reconstruct the spatial frequency phase of light intensity in the study of stellar interferometry. Since then, the AA algorithm has been adapted to work in the fields of Fourier Optics by Soifer and Dr. Hill, soft matter and optical tweezers by Dr. Grier, and sound synthesis by Röbel.
Algorithm
Define input amplitude and random phase
Forward Fourier Transform
Separate transformed amplitude and phase
Compare transformed amplitude/intensity to desired output amplitude/intensity
Check convergence conditions
Mix transformed amplitude with desired output amplitude |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndesis | Syndesis may refer to:
Arthrodesis, in orthopedic surgery
Synapsis, in cell biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance%20Wax | Renaissance Wax is a brand of microcrystalline wax polish used in antique restoration and museum conservation around the world. Commonly used to polish and conserve metal objects, it is also used on gemstones and such organic materials as wood, ivory, and tortoiseshell. The product is sometimes used by reenactors to protect armor and weapons. Waxes are more protective and longer-lasting than oil, especially for swords and helmets that are frequently touched by human hands. It has recently been introduced in the world of guitar building, as a finish that protects and gives colour to the wood.
Wax coatings for conservation are most widely, and least controversially, applied to metals. This has several objectives: to produce a barrier that excludes moisture and oxygen from the metal surface, to preclude the introduction of contaminating elements by handling, and to provide a protective layer over anti-corrosion undercoatings.
Microcrystalline waxes used on ethnographic metal objects are discouraged, as they may require extensive treatment for removal.
Renaissance wax is used to protect metals such as silver, brass and copper from tarnishing, on collections of all types of metals (old coins, locks and keys, arms and armour both original and replica), on both the wood and metal surfaces of vintage cars and musical instruments, on bronze sculptures inside the home and outside exposed to the elements, on marble and granite worktops to prevent staining and on smooth leather item |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H1299 | H1299, also known as NCI-H1299 or CRL-5803, is a human non-small cell lung carcinoma cell line derived from the lymph node, which is widely used in research.
As with other immortalized cell lines, H1299 cells can divide indefinitely. These cells have a homozygous partial deletion of the TP53 gene and as a result, do not express the tumor suppressor p53 protein which in part accounts for their proliferative propensity. These cells have also been reported to secrete the peptide hormone neuromedin B (NMB), but not gastrin releasing peptide (GRP).
References
External links
Cellosaurus entry for H1299
Human cell lines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillman%20diet | The Stillman Diet is a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet that was created in 1967 by physician Irwin Maxwell Stillman (1896–1975).
Overview
Stillman and Samm Sinclair Baker co-authored the book The Doctor's Quick Weight Loss Diet that first advertised the Stillman Diet in 1967. The animal based high-protein diet includes lean beef, veal, chicken, turkey, fish, eggs and non-fat cottage cheese. Spices, tabasco sauce, herbs, salt, and pepper are also allowed. Condiments, butter, dressings and any kind of fat or oil are not permitted. Tea, coffee, and non-caloric soft drinks can be consumed, but only in addition to the 8 daily glasses of water required. It's also recommended that dieters eat 6 small meals per day instead of 3 large ones.
The diet is a carbohydrate-restricted diet, similar to that of Dr. Robert Atkins', Atkins Diet (although Atkins' diet allows significant fat consumption).
Karen Carpenter
Karen Carpenter began using the diet in her teens. Karen was 5'4" and 145 pounds when she went on the Stillman Diet in 1967. In 1983, she died of complications related to anorexia nervosa.
Reception
The Stillman diet has been criticized by medical experts and nutritionists as a fad diet. Physician Terrence T. Kuske wrote regarding the Stillman diet:
It induces a degree of diuresis because of the low carbohydrate, but is a relatively unpalatable diet. Adherence to the diet induces fatigue, nausea and lassitude or exhaustion. Long-term use of this diet, because of its |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysine%202%2C3-aminomutase | Lysine 2,3-aminomutase (KAM or LAM) () is a radical SAM enzyme that facilitates the conversion of the amino acid lysine to beta-lysine.
It accomplishes this interconversion using three cofactors and a 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical formed in a S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) activated radical reaction pathway.[1] The generalized reaction is shown below:
Structure
Shown on the right is the three-dimensional structure of the Lysine 2,3-aminomutase protein. The structure was determined by X-ray crystallography to 2.1 Angstrom resolution and was seen to crystallize as a homotetramer.[2] KAM was first purified and characterized in Clostridium subterminale for studies of Lysine metabolism.
Cofactors
Four key cofactors are required for the reaction catalyzed by the lysine 2,3-aminomutase enzyme. They are:
S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM): Helps generate the radical intermediate by borrowing an electron.
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP): Responsible for binding of the amino acid during reaction. The pi-system of this molecule facilitates radical delocalization during formation of an aziridinyl radical. The structure is given below:
Zinc metal: Required for coordination between the dimers in the protein.
Iron-sulfur cluster: A 4 iron-4 sulfur cluster is required for formation of a 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical. This radical then acts as the "stable" radical carrier in the reaction mechanism which transfers the radical to the amino acid.
Reaction Mechanism
The generalized reaction takes place in 5 st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking%20Glossary%20of%20Genetic%20Terms | The Talking Glossary of Genetic Terms is an audio/visual glossary of 256 terms prepared and hosted by the National Human Genome Research Institute in the United States.
The first version was published in English online in September 1998 by the NHGRI Office of Science Education under the title of "Talking Glossary of Genetics". The Spanish-language version was released 18 months later.
About
A new multimedia, and significantly updated, version of the English Talking Glossary of Genetics was released by the National Human Genome Research Institute in October, 2009. An identical update of the Spanish-language version was released in October, 2011. In September, 2011, an iPhone App of the English Talking Glossary was released by NHGRI and made available as a free download in the Apple App store. The App version contains all 3-D animations, high quality illustrations, the "Test Your Gene IQ" quiz, and similar user functions such as "Suggest a Term" and "Mail This Term to a Friend."
The original version had been based on simple HTML entries and was developed in the mid-1990s at a time when dial-up modems were commonly used to access the internet at speeds as low as 14.4 kps. That version of the Talking Glossary contained 178 terms and talking explanations of each term, as well as about 70 black-and-white illustrations.
The new, and current, versions of the Talking Glossary featured a substantial visual, content, and functional upgrade to the popular online tool. The new Gloss |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna%20McKoy | Lorna McKoy is a Jamaican former cricketer who played primarily as a right-arm medium bowler. She appeared in two One Day Internationals for the West Indies, both at the 1997 World Cup. She played domestic cricket for Jamaica.
References
External links
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Jamaican women cricketers
West Indies women One Day International cricketers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingarna%20%28band%29 | Vikingarna is a Swedish dansband formed in Karlstad in 1958. It is the best-selling dansband, and one of the best-selling artists, in Scandinavia and is often regarded as the greatest dansband to have existed. At the time of its 2004 dissolution it had sold more than 11 million records.
History
1958–1973: Formation and early years
In 1958, as skiffle bands were reaching the height of their popularity in Europe, Ji-Coo and the Vikings were formed in Sweden, with Gunnar Olsson on guitar, Hans Axelsson on bass, Egon Olsson on drums, Svante Valjestöl on keyboards, Jens “Ji-Coo” Carlson on saxophone, and Newman Alexander on trumpet. The band did not have a lead singer at first, but after a series of auditions, Kerstin Larsson was hired for the job. The band became a local hit, and in 1961, they were given a shot at recording their first EP, Viking Boogie, which entered the Top 20 charts on Radio Luxembourg. However, the lack of a real breakthrough became a struggle for many of the members, and by the end of 1961 the band had split into two groups: those who wanted to continue, and those who didn't. As Carlsson resigned, the band was renamed The Vikings.
The newformed band soon found popularity once again and began touring the country, playing dance halls and other venues. They went through several member changes, rarely having a steady line-up for more than a year or two, eventually going through a total of twenty-four members by 1973. Notably however, two of the members arr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenylamine%20%28data%20page%29 | This page provides supplementary chemical data on diphenylamine.
Physical data
Appearance: white to yellow crystals or powder
Melting point: 52 - 54 °C
Boiling point: 302 °C
Vapour density: 5.82 (air = 1)
Vapour pressure: 1 mm Hg at 108 °C
Flash point: 152 °C (closed cup)
Explosion limits: 634 °C
Autoignition temperature: 635 °C
Water solubility: Slightly
Specific gravity: 1.16
Flash point: 152
Stability: Stable under ordinary conditions, may discolour on exposure to light. Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents.
Toxicology
Toxic. Possible mutagen. Possible teratogen. Harmful in contact with skin, and if swallowed or inhaled. Irritant.
Toxicity data
ORL-RAT LD50 2000 mg kg-1
ORL-MUS LD50 1750 mg kg-1
ORL-GPG LD50 300 mg kg-1
ORL-MAM LD50 3200 mg kg-1
References
Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20Graves | Joan Eldridge Graves (born 1941/1942) is an American media professional who served as a senior vice president Motion Picture Association of America and chair of its Classification and Ratings Administration.
Graves studied political science at Stanford University and worked as a real estate agent. She was recommended for a position on the ratings board in 1988, and was appointed to lead the administration in 2000 by Jack Valenti. In that capacity, she personally hired all the other members of the ratings administration, and was the only one whose identity was disclosed to the public. Graves held the position until retiring in May 2019. Graves has defended the Administration's rating system against critics who accuse it of being too lenient toward violence, saying that when the MPAA surveys parents, "What we find with the violence category is that they think they're getting correct information from us."
References
External links
1940s births
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Stanford University alumni
Motion Picture Association people
Mass media people from California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20jersey | The red jersey is a cycling jersey, given to the leader of several classifications.
Red jersey as general classification leader
Since 2010, the leader of the general classification in the Vuelta a España and La Vuelta Femenina wears a red jersey.
Red jersey as points classification leader
In 1968, the leader of the points classification in the Tour de France wore a red jersey. In 1967, 1968 and from 2010 to 2016, the leader of the points classification in the Giro d'Italia wore a red jersey.
Red jersey as mountains classification leader
The red jersey also signifies the mountains classification leader and winner for several stage races, including:
Paris–Nice
Tour of Missouri
Volta a Catalunya
Tour de Romandie
Tour of the Basque Country
Tour of Ireland
Tour of California (since 2009)
Red jersey as most aggressive rider
The red jersey also signifies the Most Aggressive Rider or Most Combative classification for several stage races including:
Tour of California (from 2006 until 2008)
Tour of Missouri
Tour du Faso
Others
Between 1984 and 1989, the red jersey was given to the leader of the Intermediate sprints classification in the Tour de France.
Cycling jerseys
Road bicycle racing terminology
Grand Tour (cycling)
Jersey, red |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination%20classification%20in%20the%20Tour%20de%20France | The combination jersey (also known as the multi-coloured jersey or technicolour jersey) was the jersey in the Tour de France worn by the leader of the combination classification.
History
In 1968 the combination classification was introduced in the Tour de France. From 1969 on, the leader was recognized by a white jersey. The jersey was awarded to the cyclists that did best in all other classifications: General, Points and Mountains. It was seen as the classification for the all-round cyclist.
Only cyclists ranking in each of the three other classifications were ranked in the Combination classification. Ranking was established by adding the cyclists' ranks in the three other classifications: 1 point for rank 1, 2 points for rank 2 and so on. Cyclists being at level on ranks for one of the other classifications were added the average of the corresponding points (e.g. 2 cyclists being level at rank 3 where counting (3+4)/2 = 3.5 points). Finally, the lower the sum the better the combination classification ranking.
From 1975 on, the combination classification temporarily disappeared, and the white jersey was given to the leader of the young rider classification.
In 1980, the combination classification was reintroduced, sponsored by French television station TF1, therefore officially named "Grand Prix TF1". This lasted until 1984, when the combination classification disappeared again. In 1985, the combination classification was again reintroduced, and this time the multicolour |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGCM | IGCM is an acronym for:
Idiopathic giant cell myocarditis
Incorporated Guild of Church Musicians
Intermediate General Circulation Model
Invasion Games Competence Model
Ionospheric General Circulation Model
International Gospel Christian Ministries |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUMO%20enzymes | SUMO enzymatic cascade catalyzes the dynamic posttranslational modification process of sumoylation (i.e. transfer of SUMO protein to other proteins). The Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier, SUMO-1, is a ubiquitin-like family member that is conjugated to its substrates through three discrete enzymatic steps (see the figure on the right): activation, involving the E1 enzyme (SAE1/SAE2); conjugation, involving the E2 enzyme (UBE2I); substrate modification, through the cooperation of the E2 and E3 protein ligases.
SUMO pathway modifies hundreds of proteins that participate in diverse cellular processes. SUMO pathway is the most studied ubiquitin-like pathway that regulates a wide range of cellular events, evidenced by a large number of sumoylated proteins identified in more than ten large-scale studies.
See also
Metabolism
Metabolic network
Metabolic network modelling
References
Metabolism
Post-translational modification
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardinho%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201975%29 | Ricardo Souza Silva or simply Ricardinho (born November 26, 1975, in São Paulo), is a Brazilian attacking midfielder.
Club statistics
Honours
São Paulo
Campeonato Paulista: 2000
Paulista
Copa do Brasil: 2005
Vitória
Campeonato Baiano: 2008
Sport
Campeonato Pernambucano: 2010
External links
CBF
1975 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Footballers from São Paulo
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players
J1 League players
J2 League players
Men's association football midfielders
Nacional Atlético Clube (SP) players
Nagoya Grampus players
Shonan Bellmare players
São Paulo FC players
Kawasaki Frontale players
Coritiba Foot Ball Club players
Joinville Esporte Clube players
C.D. Nacional players
Fortaleza Esporte Clube players
Portimonense S.C. players
Paulista Futebol Clube players
Sport Club Internacional players
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras players
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
Esporte Clube Vitória players
Guaratinguetá Futebol players
Avaí FC players
Vila Nova Futebol Clube players
Sport Club do Recife players
Grêmio Esportivo Brasil players
Bangu Atlético Clube players
Independente Futebol Clube players
Esporte Clube Água Santa players
Nacional Atlético Clube Sociedade Civil Ltda. players
Associação Atlética Portuguesa (Santos) players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FETI | In mathematics, in particular numerical analysis, the FETI method (finite element tearing and interconnect) is an iterative substructuring method for solving systems of linear equations from the finite element method for the solution of elliptic partial differential equations, in particular in computational mechanics In each iteration, FETI requires the solution of a Neumann problem in each substructure and the solution of a coarse problem. The simplest version of FETI with no preconditioner (or only a diagonal preconditioner) in the substructure is scalable with the number of substructures but the condition number grows polynomially with the number of elements per substructure. FETI with a (more expensive) preconditioner consisting of the solution of a Dirichlet problem in each substructure is scalable with the number of substructures and its condition number grows only polylogarithmically with the number of elements per substructure. The coarse space in FETI consists of the nullspace on each substructure.
Apart from FETI Dual-Primal (FETI-DP, see below), several extensions have been developed to solve particular physical problems, as FETI Helmholtz (FETI-H), FETI for quasi-incompressible problems, and FETI Contact (FETI-C).
See also
Balancing domain decomposition
FETI-DP
References
External links
Google Scholar search
Domain decomposition methods |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope%20mass%20rating | Slope mass rating (SMR) is a rock mass classification scheme developed by Manuel Romana to describe the strength of an individual rock outcrop or slope. The system is founded upon the more widely used RMR scheme, which is modified with quantitative guidelines to the rate the influence of adverse joint orientations (e.g. joints dipping steeply out of the slope).
Definition
Rock mass classification schemes are designed to account for a number of factors influencing the strength and deformability of a rock mass (e.g. joint orientations, fracture density, intact strength), and may be used to quantify the competence of an outcrop or particular geologic material. Scores typically range from 0 to 100, with 100 being the most competent rock mass. The term rock mass incorporates the influence of both intact material and discontinuities on the overall strength and behavior of a discontinuous rock medium. While it is relatively straightforward to test the mechanical properties of either intact rock or joints individually, describing their interaction is difficult and several empirical rating schemes (such as RMR and SMR) are available for this purpose.
SMR index calculation
SMR uses the same first five scoring categories as RMR:
Uniaxial compressive strength of intact rock,
Rock Quality Designation (or RQD),
Joint spacing,
Joint condition (the sum of five sub-scores), and
Groundwater conditions.
The final sixth category is a rating adjustment or penalization for adver |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAlio%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201976%29 | Túlio Lustosa Seixas Pinheiro or simply Túlio (born April 25, 1976 in Brasília, Brazil), is a retired Brazilian defensive midfielder.
Club statistics
Honours
Goiás State League: 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2003
Brazilian Center-West Cup: 2000
Rio de Janeiro's Cup: 2007
Contract
1 January 2008 to 31 December 2010
External links
sambafoot.com
CBF
1976 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Goiás Esporte Clube players
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players
Figueirense FC players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Oita Trinita players
Al Hilal SFC players
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
J1 League players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Brasília |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20the%202007%20pet%20food%20recalls | This timeline of the 2007 pet food recalls documents how events related to the 2007 pet food recalls unfolded. Several contaminated Chinese vegetable proteins were used by pet food makers in North America, Europe and South Africa, leading to kidney failure in animals fed the contaminated food. Both the centralization of the pet food industry and the speed and manner of the industry and government response became the subjects of critical discussion.
Contaminated goods are imported
November 6, 2006
Tainted wheat gluten in bags from Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology Development Company in China is imported to the United States by Las Vegas-based ChemNutra, Inc. from a Chinese textile company.
November 2006
Canada-based company Menu Foods begins to use the tainted wheat gluten at its plants in the U.S. states of Kansas and New Jersey.
Early reports of pet deaths
December 2006
Unconfirmed reports indicate that Menu Foods receives word of a possible problem with some of its products as early as December 2006.
February 20, 2007
Menu Foods acknowledges receiving the first complaints of sick pets on February 20.
February 26, 2007
The chief financial officer of Menu Foods, Mark Wiens, sells roughly half of his Menu Foods stock on February 26 and 27. He has referred to the timing as a "horrible coincidence."
February 27, 2007
Menu Foods begins internal taste testing of its food. The company conducts taste testing of its products quarterly, and the February testing was not a res |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRV | GRV may refer to:
Gaussian random variable, a variable in normal distribution in statistics
Gawler Range Volcanics, a geological event in South Australia
Gravesend railway station, England
Greenville station (South Carolina), a train station
Greyhound Racing Victoria
Gross rock volume, a calculation used in hydrocarbon exploration
Groundnut rosette virus, a plant pathogen
Grozny Airport, in Chechnya, Russia
GRV, the ISO code of the Central Grebo language |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diimide | Diimide, also called diazene or diimine, is a compound having the formula HN=NH. It exists as two geometric isomers, E (trans) and Z (cis). The term diazene is more common for organic derivatives of diimide. Thus, azobenzene is an example of an organic diazene.
Synthesis
A traditional route to diimide involves oxidation of hydrazine with hydrogen peroxide or air. Alternatively the hydrolysis of diethyl azodicarboxylate or azodicarbonamide affords diimide:
N2H4 + H2O2 -> N2H2 + 2H2O
Nowadays, diimide is generated by thermal decomposition of 2,4,6‐triisopropylbenzenesulfonylhydrazide.
Because of its instability, diimide is generated and used in-situ. A mixture of both the cis (Z-) and trans (E-) isomers is produced. Both isomers are unstable, and they undergo a slow interconversion. The trans isomer is more stable, but the cis isomer is the one that reacts with unsaturated substrates, therefore the equilibrium between them shifts towards the cis isomer due to Le Chatelier's principle. Some procedures call for the addition of carboxylic acids, which catalyse the cis–trans isomerization. Diimide decomposes readily. Even at low temperatures, the more stable trans isomer rapidly undergoes various disproportionation reactions, primarily forming hydrazine and nitrogen gas:
Because of this competing decomposition reaction, reductions with diimide typically require a large excess of the precursor reagent.
Applications to organic synthesis
Diimide is occasionally useful as a reag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20of%20Vietnam | The wildlife of Vietnam is rich in flora and fauna as reflected by its unique biodiversity. Saola, rare and antelope-like animal categorized under the bovine subfamily, was found in 1992 in Vũ Quang National Park. In the 1990s, three other muntjac species, the deer-like Truong Son muntjac (found in Bạch Mã National Park), giant muntjac (found in Vũ Quang National Park) and Pu Hoat muntjac (found in Pù Hoạt, Nghệ An), were also discovered. Conservation protection and scientific studies of the ecology of Vietnam, particularly in the protected forest areas, have been given priority attention by the Government of Vietnam. Laws were enacted to set up Xuân Thủy Wetland National Park, four UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, and Hạ Long Bay and Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Parks; the last two are also designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
The rich diversity of Vietnam's wildlife includes 11,400 species of vascular plants, 1030 species of moss, 310 species of mammals, 296 reptile species, 162 amphibian species, 700 freshwater species of fish and 2000 species of marine fish. There are about 889 species of birds and over 850 species of land mollusks. However, a study by the WWF has reported that nearly 10% of the wildlife in the country is threatened with extinction. Vietnam is placed 16th highest among 152 countries studied in terms of the proportion of its wildlife species found to be in danger.
National parks
While the national reserves cover small areas of scientific significance wit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron%20suboxide | Boron suboxide (chemical formula B6O) is a solid compound with a structure built of eight icosahedra at the apexes of the rhombohedral unit cell. Each icosahedron is composed of twelve boron atoms. Two oxygen atoms are located in the interstices along the [111] rhombohedral direction. Due to its short interatomic bond lengths and strongly covalent character, B6O displays a range of outstanding physical and chemical properties such as great hardness (close to that of rhenium diboride and boron nitride), low mass density, high thermal conductivity, high chemical inertness, and excellent wear resistance.
B6O can be synthesized by reducing B2O3 with boron or by oxidation of boron with zinc oxide or other oxidants. These boron suboxide materials formed at or near ambient pressure are generally oxygen deficient and non-stoichiometric (B6Ox, x<0.9) and have poor crystallinity and very small grain size (less than 5 μm). High pressure applied during the synthesis of B6O can significantly increase the crystallinity, oxygen stoichiometry, and crystal size of the products. Mixtures of boron and B2O3 powders were usually used as starting materials in the reported methods for B6O synthesis.
Oxygen-deficient boron suboxide (B6Ox, x<0.9) might form icosahedral particles, which are neither single crystals nor quasicrystals, but twinned groups of twenty tetrahedral crystals.
B6O of the α-rhombohedral boron type has been investigated because of its ceramic nature (hardness, high melting poin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TT24 | The Theban Tomb TT24 is located in Sheikh Abd el-Qurna. It forms part of the Theban Necropolis, situated on the west bank of the Nile opposite Luxor. The tomb is the burial place of the ancient Egyptian official, Nebamun.
Nebamun was the steward of the king's wife Nebtu, one of the wives of Thutmose III. Nebamun was the son of Tetires and Lady Ipu. His wife was named Resti.
See also
List of Theban tombs
N. de Garis Davies, Nina and Norman de Garis Davies, Egyptologists
References
External links
Scans of Norman and Nina De Garis Davies' tracings of Theban Tomb 24.
Buildings and structures completed in the 15th century BC
Theban tombs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxypeptidase%20E | Carboxypeptidase E (CPE), also known as carboxypeptidase H (CPH) and enkephalin convertase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPE gene. This enzyme catalyzes the release of C-terminal arginine or lysine residues from polypeptides.
CPE is involved in the biosynthesis of most neuropeptides and peptide hormones. The production of neuropeptides and peptide hormones typically requires two sets of enzymes that cleave the peptide precursors, which are small proteins. First, proprotein convertases cut the precursor at specific sites to generate intermediates containing C-terminal basic residues (lysine and/or arginine). These intermediates are then cleaved by CPE to remove the basic residues. For some peptides, additional processing steps, such as C-terminal amidation, are subsequently required to generate the bioactive peptide, although for many peptides the action of the proprotein convertases and CPE is sufficient to produce the bioactive peptide.
Tissue distribution
Carboxypeptidase E is found in brain and throughout the neuroendocrine system, including the endocrine pancreas, pituitary, and adrenal gland chromaffin cells. Within cells, carboxypeptidase E is present in the secretory granules along with its peptide substrates and products. Carboxypeptidase E is a glycoprotein that exists in both membrane-associated and soluble forms. The membrane-binding is due to an amphiphilic α-helix within the C-terminal region of the protein.
Species distribution
Carboxype |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiolase | Thiolases, also known as acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferases (ACAT), are enzymes which convert two units of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl CoA in the mevalonate pathway.
Thiolases are ubiquitous enzymes that have key roles in many vital biochemical pathways, including the beta oxidation pathway of fatty acid degradation and various biosynthetic pathways. Members of the thiolase family can be divided into two broad categories: degradative thiolases (EC 2.3.1.16) and biosynthetic thiolases (EC 2.3.1.9). These two different types of thiolase are found both in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes: acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (EC:2.3.1.9) and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (EC:2.3.1.16). 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (also called thiolase I) has a broad chain-length specificity for its substrates and is involved in degradative pathways such as fatty acid beta-oxidation. Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (also called thiolase II) is specific for the thiolysis of acetoacetyl-CoA and involved in biosynthetic pathways such as beta-hydroxybutyric acid synthesis or steroid biogenesis.
The formation of a carbon–carbon bond is a key step in the biosynthetic pathways by which fatty acids and polyketide are made. The thiolase superfamily enzymes catalyse the carbon–carbon-bond formation via a thioester-dependent Claisen condensation reaction mechanism.
Function
Thiolases are a family of evolutionarily related enzymes. Two different types of thiolase are found both in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes: acetoacetyl-CoA thiola |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic%20giant-cell%20myocarditis | Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis (IGCM) is a cardiovascular disease of the muscle of the heart (myocardium).
The condition is rare; however, it is often fatal and there is no proven cure because of the unknown nature of the disorder.
IGCM frequently leads to death with a high rate of about 70% in first year. A patient with IGCM typically presents with symptoms of heart failure, although some may present initially with ventricular arrhythmia or heart block. Median age from the time the disease is diagnosed to the time of death is approximately 6 months. 90% of patients are either deceased by the end of 1 year or have received a heart transplant. Diagnosis is made by endomyocardial biopsy during heart catheterization. Biopsy shows multinucleated giant cells and thus the name. While previously cases universally required heart transplantation, recent studies show that two-thirds of patients can survive past one year with high doses of immunosuppressants such as prednisone and cyclosporine. The transplanted heart has a high chance of disease recurrence. Compared to lymphocytic (presumed viral) myocarditis, giant cell myocarditis is much more severe with much more rapid progression.
It is suggested to be caused by T-lymphocytes.
See also
Idiopathic
Giant cell
Myocarditis
References
External links
Heart diseases
Idiopathic diseases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphomevalonic%20acid | Phosphomevalonic acid is an intermediate in the Mevalonate pathway.
References
Metabolism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevalonate%20kinase | Mevalonate kinase is an enzyme (specifically a kinase) that in humans is encoded by the MVK gene. Mevalonate kinases are found in a wide variety of organisms from bacteria to mammals. This enzyme catalyzes the following reaction:
.
Function
Mevalonate is a key intermediate, and mevalonate kinase a key early enzyme, in isoprenoid and sterol synthesis. As the second enzyme in the Mevalonate pathway, it catalyzes the phosphorylation of Mevalonic acid to produce Mevalonate-5-phosphate. A reduction in mevalonate kinase activity to around 5-10% of its typical value is associated with the mevalonate kinase deficiency (MVD) resulting in accumulation of intermediate mevalonic acid.
Clinical significance
Defects can be associated with hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with recurrent fever.
Mevalonate kinase deficiency caused by mutation of this gene results in mevalonic aciduria, a disease characterized psychomotor retardation, failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia and recurrent febrile crises. Defects in this gene also cause hyperimmunoglobulinaemia D and periodic fever syndrome, a disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of fever associated with lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, gastrointestinal dismay and skin rash. The symptoms of the disease typically start at infancy and may be additionally triggered by stress or bacterial infection. Children with mevalonate kinase deficiency may remain undiagnosed for a long time as there is not enough scientific data at the moment to acc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphomevalonate%20kinase | Phosphomevalonate kinase is an enzyme () in the mevalonate pathway that in humans is encoded by the PMVK gene.
References
External links
EC 2.7.4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose-bisphosphate%20aldolase | Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (), often just aldolase, is an enzyme catalyzing a reversible reaction that splits the aldol, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, into the triose phosphates dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). Aldolase can also produce DHAP from other (3S,4R)-ketose 1-phosphates such as fructose 1-phosphate and sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate. Gluconeogenesis and the Calvin cycle, which are anabolic pathways, use the reverse reaction. Glycolysis, a catabolic pathway, uses the forward reaction. Aldolase is divided into two classes by mechanism.
The word aldolase also refers, more generally, to an enzyme that performs an aldol reaction (creating an aldol) or its reverse (cleaving an aldol), such as Sialic acid aldolase, which forms sialic acid. See the list of aldolases.
Mechanism and structure
Class I proteins form a protonated Schiff base intermediate linking a highly conserved active site lysine with the DHAP carbonyl carbon. Additionally, tyrosine residues are crucial to this mechanism in acting as stabilizing hydrogen acceptors. Class II proteins use a different mechanism which polarizes the carbonyl group with a divalent cation like Zn2+. The Escherichia coli galactitol operon protein, gatY, and N-acetyl galactosamine operon protein, agaY, which are tagatose-bisphosphate aldolase, are homologs of class II fructose-bisphosphate aldolase. Two histidine residues in the first half of the sequence of these homologs have been shown t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive%20ALGOL%2068 | The Interactive ALGOL 68 compiler for ALGOL 68 was made available by Peter Craven of Algol Applications from 1984. Then in 1994 from OCCL (Oxford and Cambridge Compilers Ltd) until 2004.
Platforms
Inmos Transputer family
Linux for Intel x86 computers
OS/2 version 2.0 and onward
SunOS-4.1.3 (Solaris 1) for SPARC-based computers
Windows 95 and Windows NT for Intel
Extensions to standard ALGOL 68
Ability to include source code, and versions of source code.
Nestable comments
FORALL syntactic element for looping over arrays.
ANYMODE a union of all MODEs known to the compiler, and hence dynamic typing.
Enhanced coercions (casting) allowing stringer then "strong" coercions.
Enstructuring automatically coerces a variable from type to struct(type)
Conforming coerces UNION (THING, MOODS) to THING, but if that is not the current mood of the union, then a run-time error will be generated.
Library interface to the native operating system and other libraries.
The operator SIZE
Pseudo-operators ANDTH and OREL, and ANF and ORF for Short-circuit evaluation of Boolean expressions.
Arrays can be slices with stride to select a subset of elements.
MOID is treated differently.
Example of code
MODULE vectors
BEGIN
INT dim=3;
MODE VECTOR = [dim]REAL;
OP + = (VECTOR a, b) VECTOR: ( VECTOR out; FOR i FROM LWB a TO UPB a DO out:=a[i]+b[i] OD; out ),
- = (VECTOR a, b) VECTOR: ( VECTOR out; FOR i FROM LWB a TO UPB a DO out:=a[i]-b[i] OD; out ),
DOT = (VECTO |
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