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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha%20TG77 | Yamaha TG77 is the rack-mounted equivalent of Yamaha Corporation's SY77 synthesizer workstation. It, too, is a 16-voice multitimbral music (synthesizer) utilizing Yamaha's Advanced Frequency Modulation; Advanced Wave Memory; and the combination of these two systems, either by layering together or by modulating an AFM voice by an AWM wave, a synergy termed Realtime Convolution and Modulation Synthesis (RCM). The unit came into production in 1989, simultaneously with the SY77.
The 77 series (and its successor, the SY99) feature various filters, which digitally model those of analog equipment and include the popular feature of self-oscillation from the latter. Each of up to four Elements within a Voice can have its own filter, which can be controlled by a dedicated envelope generator. The TG77 is equipped with two sets of stereo outputs, like the SY77, and is enhanced compared to the latter by having eight individual outputs, which are assignable to individual internal instruments. Like the SY77, the TG77 has a large LCD display, and programming takes place through a keypad on the front panel.
The SY/TG series can generate rich, layered, multitimbral sounds. It is capable of the characteristic timbres of DX7-style FM synthesis but can also expand upon this greatly with various new FM features (hence the A in AFM) and the addition of sampled waveforms (AWM). There are large libraries of patches and expansion cards available for the SY/TG series that enable the user to expand th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha%20SY77 | Yamaha SY77 is a 16 voice multitimbral music workstation first produced by Yamaha Corporation in 1989. The SY77 is a synthesizer whose architecture combines AFM (Advanced Frequency Modulation) synthesis, AWM2 (Advanced Wave Memory 2) for ROM-borne sample-based synthesis, and the combination of these two methods christened Realtime Convolution and Modulation Synthesis (RCM). The same technology was also packaged in a rack-mounted module released simultaneously, the TG77.
The SY77 is equipped with a 61-key keyboard with velocity and aftertouch; has a pitch wheel and two modulation wheels (the latter being quite a rare feature among keyboards in general); and has a large backlit LCD display, expansion slots, floppy-drive, on-board effects, and a 16,000 note sequencer. Programming is performed through a keypad on the front panel.
When the SY77 was released in late 1989, its initial prices were close to $3000 USD/£2000 GBP. In 1991, it was followed by the SY99, a successor that cost ~$4000/£3000 and expanded its capabilities with a 76-key keyboard, the ability to load user-specified samples for AWM, a more advanced effects unit, and other features.
Synthesis technologies
The AFM synthesis of the SY77 is effectively a superset of the 6-operator FM synthesis available on the Yamaha DX7 and DX7 II series of synthesizers. It is capable of all of the sounds that can be produced by those earlier keyboards – with various programs being able to automatically translate DX patches intell |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosomal%20trafficking%20regulator | Lysosomal trafficking regulator is a vesicular transport protein associated with Chédiak–Higashi syndrome.
In melanocytic cells LYST gene expression may be regulated by MITF.
References
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Chediak-Higashi Syndrome |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P1PK%20blood%20group%20system | P1PK (formerly: P) is a human blood group system (International Society of Blood Transfusion system 003) based upon the A4GALT gene on chromosome 22. The P antigen (later renamed P1) was first described by Karl Landsteiner and Philip Levine in 1927. The P1PK blood group system consists of three glycosphingolipid antigens: Pk, P1 and NOR. In addition to glycosphingolipids, terminal Galα1→4Galβ structures are present on complex-type N-glycans. The GLOB antigen (formerly P) is now the member of the separate GLOB blood group system.
P1PK antigens
The P1PK antigens are carbohydrate antigens that include Pk (Gb3), P1 and NOR1, NORint and NOR2. All are synthesized by Gb3/CD77 synthase (α1,4-galactosyltransferase, P1/Pk synthase).
Pk antigen is a receptor for Shiga toxins produced by Shigella dysenteriae and some strains of Escherichia coli, which may cause hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). It is also a receptor for Streptococcus suis (zoonotic bacterium which can cause bacterial meningitis).
P1, P, Pk and LKE antigens all serve as receptors for P-fimbriated uropathogenic E. coli (cause of chronic urinary tract infections).
The presence or absence of P1 antigen depends on the A4GALT transcript level. It was found that differential binding of transcription factors early growth response 1 (EGR1) and runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) to the SNP rs5751348 genomic region with the different genotypes in the A4GALT gene leads to differential activation of A4GALT expression, le |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran%20antigen%20system | The Lutheran antigen systems is a classification of human blood based on the presence of substances called Lutheran antigens on the surfaces of red blood cells. There are 19 known Lutheran antigens.
All of these antigens arise from variations in a gene called BCAM (basal cell adhesion molecule). The system is based on the expression of two codominant alleles, designated Lua and Lub. The antigens Aua and Aub, known as the Auberger antigens, were once thought to make up a separate blood group but were later shown to be Lutheran antigens arising from variations in the BCAM gene.
The phenotypes Lu(a+b−) and Lu(a+b+) are found at various frequencies within populations. The Lu(a−b+) phenotype is the most common in all populations, whereas the Lu(a−b−) phenotype is uncommon. Though present in the fetus, it is seldom the cause of erythroblastosis fetalis or of transfusion reactions.
Notes
Blood antigen systems
Transfusion medicine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20antigen%20system | The Lewis antigen system is a human blood group system. It is based upon two genes on chromosome 19: FUT3, or Lewis gene; and FUT2, or Secretor gene. Both genes are expressed in glandular epithelia. FUT2 has a dominant allele which codes for an enzyme (designated Se) and a recessive allele which does not produce a functional enzyme (designated se). Similarly, FUT3 has a functional dominant allele (Le) and a non-functional recessive allele (le).
The proteins produced by the FUT2 and FUT3 genes modify type I oligosaccharide chains to create Lewis antigens. These oligosaccharide chains are similar to the type II chains of the ABO blood system, with a single bond in a different position. The link between the Lewis blood group and secretion of the ABO blood group antigens was possibly the first example of multiple effects of a human gene: the same enzyme (fucosyltransferase2) which converts the Le-a antigen to Le-b is also responsible for the presence of soluble A, B and H antigens in bodily fluids.
There are two main types of Lewis antigens, Lewis a (Le-a) and Lewis b (Le-b). There are three common phenotypes: Le(a+b-), Le(a-b+), and Le(a-b-).
The enzyme fucosyltransferase 3 (FUT3), encoded by Le gene, adds a fucose to the precursor oligosaccharide substrate, converting it to the Le-a antigen. People who have the Le allele and who are non-secretors (homozygous for the nonfunctional se allele) will express the Le-a antigen in their bodily fluids and on their erythrocytes.
If a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapasin | TAP-associated glycoprotein, also known as tapasin or TAPBP, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAPBP gene.
Function
The TAPBP gene encodes a transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates interaction between newly assembled major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), which is required for the transport of antigenic peptides across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. This interaction facilitates optimal peptide loading on the MHC class I molecule. Up to four complexes of MHC class I and tapasin may be bound to a single TAP molecule. Tapasin contains a C-terminal double-lysine motif (KKKAE) known to maintain membrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. In humans, the tapasin gene lies within the major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6. Alternative splicing results in three transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
Tapasin is a MHC class I antigen-processing molecule present in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. It plays an important role in the maturation of MHC class I molecules in the ER lumen. Tapasin is one component of the peptide-loading complex, and can be found associated with MHC class I molecules after the MHC class I heavy chain has associated with Beta2 microglobulin. The peptide-loading complex consists of TAP, tapasin, MHC class I, calreticulin, and ERp57. Tapasin recruits MHC class I molecules to the TAP peptide transporter, and also enhances loading of M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%20multipliers%20on%20Banach%20spaces | In the field of calculus of variations in mathematics, the method of Lagrange multipliers on Banach spaces can be used to solve certain infinite-dimensional constrained optimization problems. The method is a generalization of the classical method of Lagrange multipliers as used to find extrema of a function of finitely many variables.
The Lagrange multiplier theorem for Banach spaces
Let X and Y be real Banach spaces. Let U be an open subset of X and let f : U → R be a continuously differentiable function. Let g : U → Y be another continuously differentiable function, the constraint: the objective is to find the extremal points (maxima or minima) of f subject to the constraint that g is zero.
Suppose that u0 is a constrained extremum of f, i.e. an extremum of f on
Suppose also that the Fréchet derivative Dg(u0) : X → Y of g at u0 is a surjective linear map. Then there exists a Lagrange multiplier λ : Y → R in Y∗, the dual space to Y, such that
Since Df(u0) is an element of the dual space X∗, equation (L) can also be written as
where (Dg(u0))∗(λ) is the pullback of λ by Dg(u0), i.e. the action of the adjoint map (Dg(u0))∗ on λ, as defined by
Connection to the finite-dimensional case
In the case that X and Y are both finite-dimensional (i.e. linearly isomorphic to Rm and Rn for some natural numbers m and n) then writing out equation (L) in matrix form shows that λ is the usual Lagrange multiplier vector; in the case n = 1, λ is the usual Lagrange multiplier, a real number |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine%20viral%20arteritis | Equine viral arteritis (EVA) is a disease of horses caused by a virus of the species Alphaarterivirus equid, an RNA virus. It is the only species in the genus Alphaarterivirus, and that is the only genus in the Equarterivirinae subfamily. The virus which causes EVA was first isolated in 1953, but the disease has afflicted equine animals worldwide for centuries. It has been more common in some breeds of horses in the United States, but there is no breed "immunity". In the UK, it is a notifiable disease. There is no known human hazard.
Signs
The signs shown depend on the horse's age, the strain of the infecting virus, the condition of the horse and the route by which it was infected. Most horses with EVA infection do not show any signs; if a horse does show signs, these can vary greatly in severity. Following infection, the first sign is fever, peaking at , followed by various signs such as lethargy, nasal discharge, "pink eye" (conjunctivitis), swelling over the eye (supraorbital edema), urticaria, and swelling of the limbs and under the belly (the ventral abdomen) which may extend to the udder in mares or the scrotum of male horses. More unusual signs include spontaneous abortion in pregnant mares, and, most likely in foals, severe respiratory distress and death.
Cause
EVA is caused by an arterivirus called equine arteritis virus (EAV). Arteriviruses are small, enveloped, animal viruses with an icosahedral core containing a positive-sense RNA genome. As well as equine art |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20contacts | Point contacts may refer to:
Contact breaker, a type of electrical switch
Point contact diode, a type of semiconductor diode
Point of contact, a person serving as the focal point of information concerning an activity
Point-contact transistor, the first type of solid-state electronic transistor ever constructed, in 1947
Quantum point contact, a narrow constriction between two wide electrically conducting regions
See also
ContactPoint, a government database that held information on all children under 18 in England
Contact Point, a small rock headland on Trinity Peninsula, Antarctica |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20G.%20Ernst | Susan G. Ernst is professor emerita at Tufts University known for her work on cell development using sea urchins as a model system. She is an elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Academic career
Ernst graduated with honors from Louisiana State University in 1968 with a B.S. in Zoology. She received her Ph.D. in Zoology in 1975 from the University of Massachusetts Amherst. After completing post-doctoral fellowships first at Case Western Reserve and then the California Institute of Technology, Ernst became an Assistant Professor at Tufts University in 1979. From 1997 to 2005, Ernst held a number of deanships at Tufts serving, most notably, as the Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences from 2001 to 2005. Throughout this time she continued to teach undergraduate and graduate courses and pursue her research. In 2005, Ernst returned to teaching and research full-time.
Research
Her research is in Developmental biology and primarily focuses on the role of the Endo16 gene in embryogenesis. She uses the sea urchin as her model system for research. Her work includes investigations into RNA in sea urchins, and the proteins produced during the development of sea urchins. Ernst has mentored undergraduate students, including Michael Levin who worked with her on applying electrical fields to sea urchin embryos.
Selected publications
Awards and honors
Ernst was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1997.
R |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephelometry%20%28medicine%29 | Nephelometry is a technique used in immunology to determine the levels of several blood plasma proteins. For example the total levels of antibodies isotypes or classes: Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin A. It is important in quantification of free light chains in diseases such as multiple myeloma. Quantification is important for disease classification and for disease monitoring once a patient has been treated (increased skewing of the ratio between kappa and lambda light chains after a patient has been treated is an indication of disease recurrence).
It is performed by measuring the scattered light at an angle from the sample being measured. In diagnostic nephelometry, the ascending branch of the Heidelberger-Kendall curve is extended by optimizing the course of the reaction so that most plasma proteins’ (from human blood) measurement signals fall at the left side of the Heidelberger-Kendall curve, even at very high concentrations.
This technique is widely used in clinical laboratories because it is relatively easily automated. It is based on the principle that a dilute suspension of small particles will scatter light (usually a laser) passed through it rather than simply absorbing it. The amount of scatter is determined by collecting the light at an angle (usually at 30 and 90 degrees).
Antibody and the antigen are mixed in concentrations such that only small aggregates are formed that do not quickly settle to the bottom. The amount of light scatt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20probability%20space | In probability theory, a standard probability space, also called Lebesgue–Rokhlin probability space or just Lebesgue space (the latter term is ambiguous) is a probability space satisfying certain assumptions introduced by Vladimir Rokhlin in 1940. Informally, it is a probability space consisting of an interval and/or a finite or countable number of atoms.
The theory of standard probability spaces was started by von Neumann in 1932 and shaped by Vladimir Rokhlin in 1940. Rokhlin showed that the unit interval endowed with the Lebesgue measure has important advantages over general probability spaces, yet can be effectively substituted for many of these in probability theory. The dimension of the unit interval is not an obstacle, as was clear already to Norbert Wiener. He constructed the Wiener process (also called Brownian motion) in the form of a measurable map from the unit interval to the space of continuous functions.
Short history
The theory of standard probability spaces was started by von Neumann in 1932 and shaped by Vladimir Rokhlin in 1940. For modernized presentations see , , and .
Nowadays standard probability spaces may be (and often are) treated in the framework of descriptive set theory, via standard Borel spaces, see for example . This approach is based on the isomorphism theorem for standard Borel spaces . An alternate approach of Rokhlin, based on measure theory, neglects null sets, in contrast to descriptive set theory.
Standard probability spaces are use |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulvene | Fulvene (pentafulvene) is a hydrocarbon with the formula (CH=CH)2C=CH2. It is a prototype of a cross-conjugated hydrocarbon. Fulvene is rarely encountered, but substituted derivatives (fulvenes) are numerous. They are mainly of interest as ligands and precursors to ligands in organometallic chemistry.
See also
Fulvalene
Methylenecyclopropene
References
Hydrocarbons
Vinylidene compounds
Cyclopentadienes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii%20antigen%20system | The Ii antigen system is a human blood group system based upon a gene on chromosome 6 and consisting of the I antigen and the i antigen. The I antigen is normally present on the cell membrane of red blood cells in all adults, while the i antigen is present in fetuses and newborns.
I and i antigens
Adult red blood cells express I antigen abundantly. Developing fetuses and newborns express i antigen until around 13-20 months after birth, when I antigen starts to be expressed instead. Like ABH antigens, which make up the ABO blood group, I and i antigens are not restricted to the red blood cell membrane, but are found on most human cells and in body fluids such as saliva.
The I and i antigens are carbohydrate structures composed of repeating units of N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc), and are located on the interior of structures carrying ABH and Lewis antigens. LacNAc repeats are made by the enzymes B3GNT1 and B4GALT1. The i antigen is made of linear repeats, while the structure of the I antigen is branched. Unlike most other blood groups, the two antigens are not encoded by different alleles; rather, I-branching enzyme converts i antigen to I antigen by adding branches. The gene encoding I-branching enzyme is located on chromosome 6.
Clinical significance
The function of I and i antigens are unknown but may be related to hematopoiesis, the production of blood. The rapid conversion from i to I antigens after birth suggests that I antigen plays an important role in adult red blo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20African%20presence%20in%20London | The history of African presence in London may extend back to the Roman period.
Roman London
Using bioarchaeology, DNA analysis and the examination of grave goods in Roman London have identified one woman from the southern Mediterranean who may have had African ancestry who had travelled to London during the Roman period.
16th century
The population density of Africans in 16th-century London is poorly understood. Due to the proliferation of documentation in the Tudor and Stuart periods, we know that Africans were present in most of the noble courts of this century.
An African trumpeter, John Blanke served King Henry VII and King Henry VIII. Blanke is depicted on Westminster tournament roll in 1511, is said to have arrived in England with Catherine of Aragon in 1501, although a document from June 1488, lists a person named John Blank, a footman already in service of Henry VII.
Documentation from the court of Queen Elizabeth I concerning the Baskerville campaign of 1595–96, documents a substantial number of Spanish and African prisoners of war captured in an assault by Sir Francis Drake on a Spanish pearl-fishing settlement in Rio de la Hacha in the Spanish West Indies during the Anglo-Spanish War. Later, she traded those prisoners for the return of English prisoners held in Spain and Portugal. Elizabeth also employed an African court dancer named Lucy Negro who later became an infamous madam who ran a licentious house (brothel) in Clerkenwell, north London and is consider |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz%20Ursell | Fritz Joseph Ursell FRS (28 April 1923 – 11 May 2012) was a British mathematician noted for his contributions to fluid mechanics, especially in the area of wave-structure interactions. He held the Beyer Chair of Applied Mathematics at the University of Manchester from 1961 to 1990, was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1972 and retired in 1990.
Education
Ursell came to England as a Jewish refugee in 1937 from Germany. From 1941 to 1943 he studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating with a bachelor degree in mathematics.
Career
At the end of 1943 Ursell joined the Admiralty as a part of a team—headed by George Deacon (not John Deacon) —whose task was to formulate rules for forecasting waves for the allied landings in Japan. Their findings have become the basis of modern wave-forecasting. Ursell stayed in the Admiralty until 1947. In 1947 he was appointed to a post-doctoral fellowship in applied mathematics
at Manchester University without a doctorate. In 1950 he returned to Cambridge as lecturer. There he met G. I. Taylor. In 1957 he spent a year at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, having been invited by Arthur Ippen. In 1961 Ursell moved back to Manchester.
In 1994 Ursell was awarded the Gold Medal of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications in recognition of his "outstanding contributions to mathematics and its applications over a period of years".
Scientific work
In 1957 he published together with Clive R. Chester and Bernard Friedman a classi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20scattering%20by%20particles | Light scattering by particles is the process by which small particles (e.g. ice crystals, dust, atmospheric particulates, cosmic dust, and blood cells) scatter light causing optical phenomena such as the blue color of the sky, and halos.
Maxwell's equations are the basis of theoretical and computational methods describing light scattering, but since exact solutions to Maxwell's equations are only known for selected particle geometries (such as spherical), light scattering by particles is a branch of computational electromagnetics dealing with electromagnetic radiation scattering and absorption by particles.
In case of geometries for which analytical solutions are known (such as spheres, cluster of spheres, infinite cylinders), the solutions are typically calculated in terms of infinite series. In case of more complex geometries and for inhomogeneous particles the original Maxwell's equations are discretized and solved. Multiple-scattering effects of light scattering by particles are treated by radiative transfer techniques (see, e.g. atmospheric radiative transfer codes).
The relative size of a scattering particle is defined by its size parameter , which is the ratio of its characteristic dimension to its wavelength:
Exact computational methods
Finite-difference time-domain method
The FDTD method belongs in the general class of grid-based differential time-domain numerical modeling methods. The time-dependent Maxwell's equations (in partial differential form) are discre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain%20scanning | In physics, strain scanning is the general name for various techniques that aim to measure the strain in a crystalline material through its effect on the diffraction of X-rays and neutrons. In these methods the material itself is used as a form of strain gauge.
The various methods are derived from powder diffraction but look for the small shifts in the diffraction spectrum that indicate a change in a lattice parameter instead of trying to derive unknown structural information. By comparing the lattice parameter to a known reference value it is possible to determine the. If sufficient measurements are made in different directions it is possible to derive the strain tensor. If the elastic properties of the material are known, one can then compute the stress tensor.
Principles
At its most basic level strain scanning uses shifts in Bragg diffraction peaks to determine the strain. Strain is defined as the change in length (shift in lattice parameter, d) divided by the original length (unstrained lattice parameter, d0). In diffraction based strain scanning this becomes the change in peak position divided by the original position. The precise equation is presented in terms of diffraction angle, energy, or - for relatively slow moving neutrons - time of flight:
Methods
The details of the technique are heavily influenced by the type of radiation used since lab X-rays, synchrotron X-rays and neutrons have very different properties. Nevertheless, there is considerable overlap betwe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Whittle | Alan Whittle (born 10 March 1950) is an English retired footballer who played as a forward or attacking midfielder. He made a total of 241 Football League appearances for Everton, Crystal Palace, Orient and AFC Bournemouth, scoring 46 goals. He also spent a season with Iranian side Persepolis where he made 34 appearances and scored 16 goals.
Club career
Whittle was a product of the Everton youth academy and debuted for the first-team in 1967 at the age of 17. In five years at Everton Whittle made 74 appearances scoring 21 goals, but found it difficult to establish himself in the first-team.
Whittle's nickname was The Hustler at Everton, though he campaigned in The Toffees football in the community scheme. The highlight of his time at Everton was being part of the side that won the First Division in the 1969–70 season; making 15 appearances and scoring 11 goals in the process.
In December 1972, Whittle was sold to Crystal Palace for a then large fee of £100,000. Whittle spent four years of his career at Palace; however, his stay was dogged by injury and bad form, leading him to fall out of favour with then coach Malcolm Allison, Whittle did make a century of appearances for Palace and was a fan favourite. Palace fans would chant "We want Whittle" and "The Roker roar is no more, Whittle showed them how to score".
Whittle spent two one-season spells at Orient scoring six goals in 50 appearances for the club and coming second in the Anglo-Scottish Cup. Whittle surprised many b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C5a%20receptor | The C5a receptor also known as complement component 5a receptor 1 (C5AR1) or CD88 (Cluster of Differentiation 88) is a G protein-coupled receptor for C5a. It functions as a complement receptor. C5a receptor 1 modulates inflammatory responses, obesity, development and cancers. From a signaling transduction perspective, C5a receptor 1 activation is implicated in β-arrestin2 recruitment via Rab5a, coupling of Gαi proteins, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, calcium mobilization and Rho activation leading to downstream functions, such as secretion of cytokines, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis.
Cells
The C5a receptor 1 is expressed on:
Granulocytes
Macrophages
Monocytes
Dendritic cells
Hepatoma-derived cell line HepG2
Astrocytes
Microglia
Agonist and antagonists
Potent and selective agonist and antagonists for C5a receptor 1 have been developed.
See also
Complement component 5a for binding mechanism
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD59 | CD59 glycoprotein, also known as MAC-inhibitory protein (MAC-IP), membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (MIRL), or protectin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD59 gene. It is an LU domain and belongs to the LY6/uPAR/alpha-neurotoxin protein family.
CD59 attaches to host cells via a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. When complement activation leads to deposition of C5b678 on host cells, CD59 can prevent C9 from polymerizing and forming the complement membrane attack complex. It may also signal the cell to perform active measures such as endocytosis of the CD59-C9 complex.
Mutations affecting GPI that reduce expression of CD59 and decay-accelerating factor on red blood cells result in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
Viruses such as HIV, human cytomegalovirus and vaccinia incorporate host cell CD59 into their own viral envelope to prevent lysis by complement.
References
Further reading
External links
Clusters of differentiation
Blood antigen systems
Transfusion medicine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine%20hydroxymethyltransferase | Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) (Vitamin B6) dependent enzyme () which plays an important role in cellular one-carbon pathways by catalyzing the reversible, simultaneous conversions of L-serine to glycine and tetrahydrofolate (THF) to 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate (5,10-CH2-THF). This reaction provides the largest part of the one-carbon units available to the cell.
Structure
The structure of the SHMT monomer is similar across prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but whereas the active enzyme is a dimer in prokaryotes, the enzyme exists as a tetramer in eukaryotic cells, though the evolutionary basis for this difference in structure is unknown. However, the evolutionary path taken by SHMT going from prokaryotic dimeric form to the eukaryotic tetrameric form can be easily seen as a sort of doubling event. In other words, the eukaryotic SHMT tetramer resembles two prokaryotic dimers that have packed together, forming what has been described as a “dimer of dimers.” The interaction between two monomers within a dimer subunit has been found to occur over a greater contact area and is thus much tighter than the interaction between the two dimers. Human Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2) regulates one-carbon transfer reactions required for amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, and the regulated switch between dimeric and tetrameric forms of SHMT2, which is induced by Pyridoxal phosphate, has recently been shown to be involved in regulation of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6S%20%28radiative%20transfer%20code%29 | 6SV1 (Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum, Vector, version 1) is an advanced radiative transfer code designed to simulate the reflection of solar radiation by a coupled atmosphere-surface system for a wide range of atmospheric, spectral and geometrical conditions.
It belongs to the group of procedures called Atmospheric correction for the process of removing the effects of the atmosphere on the reflectance values of images taken by satellite or airborne sensors. The code operates on the basis of an SOS (successive orders of scattering) method and accounts for the polarization of radiation in the atmosphere through the calculation of the Q and U components of the Stokes vector. It is a basic code for the calculation of look-up tables in the MODIS atmospheric correction algorithm.
See also
List of atmospheric radiative transfer codes
References
S.Y. Kotchenova, E.F. Vermote, R. Matarrese, & F.J. Klemm, Jr., Validation of a vector version of the 6S radiative transfer code for atmospheric correction of satellite data. Part I: Path Radiance, Applied Optics, 45(26), 6726-6774, 2006.
S.Y. Kotchenova & E.F. Vermote, Validation of a vector version of the 6S radiative transfer code for atmospheric correction of satellite data. Part II: Homogeneous Lambertian and anisotropic surfaces, Applied Optics, in press, 2007.
External links
https://salsa.umd.edu/6spage.html — 6SV1 Web site
http://rtcodes.ltdri.org — Joint code comparison project
http://modis- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian%20year%20book | Tasmanian year book was the annual review of statistics collected for Tasmania.
It was a companion volume to Walch's Tasmanian Almanac bound in the same colour red cloth - and produced between 1967 and 2000.
It was issued by the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics Tasmanian Office, later known as the Australian Bureau of Statistics office.
It had regular special articles in each edition which were considered definitive in their writing and approach.
Special articles
No.11 (1977)
Townsley, W.A. The Tasmanian main line railway company (originally presented in 1956 to the Tasmanian Historical Research Association) pp. 6 – 22. along with photographs
Publishing details
No. 1 (1967)-no. 27 (2000) - Hobart, Tas. : Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, Tasmanian Office, 1967-2000. ISSN 0082-2116 (1987 not published)
External links
www.abs.gov.au
History of Tasmania |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-Phosphogluconate%20dehydrogenase | 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) is an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway. It forms ribulose 5-phosphate from 6-phosphogluconate:
6-phospho-D-gluconate + NAD(P)+ D-Ribulose 5-phosphate + CO2 + NAD(P)H + H+
It is an oxidative carboxylase that catalyses the decarboxylating reduction of 6-phosphogluconate into ribulose 5-phosphate in the presence of NADP. This reaction is a component of the hexose mono-phosphate shunt and pentose phosphate pathways (PPP). Prokaryotic and eukaryotic 6PGD are proteins of about 470 amino acids whose sequences are highly conserved. The protein is a homodimer in which the monomers act independently: each contains a large, mainly alpha-helical domain and a smaller beta-alpha-beta domain, containing a mixed parallel and anti-parallel 6-stranded beta sheet. NADP is bound in a cleft in the small domain, the substrate binding in an adjacent pocket.
Biotechnological significance
Recently, 6PGD was demonstrated to catalyze also the reverse reaction (i.e. reductive carboxylation) in vivo. Experiments using Escherichia coli selection strains revealed that this reaction was efficient enough to support the formation of biomass based solely on CO2 and pentose sugars. In the future, this property could be exploited for synthetic carbon fixation routes.
Clinical significance
Mutations within the gene coding this enzyme result in 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency, an autosomal hereditary disease affecting the red blood cells.
As a possi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20space%20method | In applied mathematics, the phase space method is a technique for constructing and analyzing solutions of dynamical systems, that is, solving time-dependent differential equations.
The method consists of first rewriting the equations as a system of differential equations that are first-order in time, by introducing additional variables. The original and the new variables form a vector in the phase space. The solution then becomes a curve in the phase space, parametrized by time. The curve is usually called a trajectory or an orbit. The (vector) differential equation is reformulated as a geometrical description of the curve, that is, as a differential equation in terms of the phase space variables only, without the original time parametrization. Finally, a solution in the phase space is transformed back into the original setting.
The phase space method is used widely in physics. It can be applied, for example, to find traveling wave solutions of reaction–diffusion systems.
See also
Reaction–diffusion system
Fisher's equation
References
Partial differential equations
Dynamical systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20J.%20Newman | Donald Joseph (D. J.) Newman (July 27, 1930 – March 28, 2007) was an American mathematician. He gave simple proofs of the prime number theorem and the Hardy-Ramanujan partition formula. He excelled on multiple occasions at the annual Putnam competition while studying at City College of New York and New York University, and later received his PhD from Harvard University in 1953.
Life and works
Newman was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1930, and studied at New York's Stuyvesant High School. When he was 14 he worked with Dubble Bubble Gum to help solve the statistical question of how often a gum purchaser would receive the same joke for their gum wrapper. He was an avid problem-solver, and as an undergraduate was a Putnam Fellow all three years he took part in the Putnam math competition; only the third person to attain that feat. His mathematical specialties included complex analysis, approximation theory and number theory. In 1980 he found a short proof of the prime number theorem, which can now be found in his textbook on Complex analysis. He also gave a simplified proof of the Hardy-Ramanujans partition formula.
Newman was a friend and associate of John Nash. His career included posts as a Professor of Mathematics at MIT, Brown University, Yeshiva University, Temple University and a distinguished chair at Bar Ilan University in Israel. He held government and industry positions at Avco, Republic Aviation, Bell Laboratories, IBM and the NSA.
Newman's love of problem solvin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well%20kill | A well kill is the operation of placing a column of special fluids of the required density into a well bore in order to prevent the flow of reservoir fluids without the need for pressure control equipment at the surface. It works on the principle that the hydrostatic head of the "kill fluid" or "kill mud" will be enough to suppress the pressure of the formation fluids. Well kills may be planned in the case of advanced interventions such as workovers, or be contingency operations. The situation calling for a well kill will dictate the method taken.
Not all well kills are deliberate. On occasion, the unintended accumulation of fluids, either from injection of chemicals like methanol from the surface, or from liquids produced from the reservoir, can be enough to kill the well, particularly gas wells, which are notoriously easy to kill.
Well control in general is an extremely expensive and dangerous operation. Extensive training, testing, proof of competence, and experience are prerequisites for planning and performing a well kill, even a seemingly simple one. Many people have died through incorrectly performed well kills.
Principles
The principle of a well kill revolves around the influence of the weight of a fluid column and hence the pressure exerted at the wellbore's bottom.
Where P is the pressure at a specific depth, h, within the column, g is the acceleration of gravity and ρ is the density of the fluid. It is common in the oil industry to use weight density, which is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20of%20Fatou%20components | In mathematics, Fatou components are components of the Fatou set. They were named after Pierre Fatou.
Rational case
If f is a rational function
defined in the extended complex plane, and if it is a nonlinear function (degree > 1)
then for a periodic component of the Fatou set, exactly one of the following holds:
contains an attracting periodic point
is parabolic
is a Siegel disc: a simply connected Fatou component on which f(z) is analytically conjugate to a Euclidean rotation of the unit disc onto itself by an irrational rotation angle.
is a Herman ring: a double connected Fatou component (an annulus) on which f(z) is analytically conjugate to a Euclidean rotation of a round annulus, again by an irrational rotation angle.
Attracting periodic point
The components of the map contain the attracting points that are the solutions to . This is because the map is the one to use for finding solutions to the equation by Newton–Raphson formula. The solutions must naturally be attracting fixed points.
Herman ring
The map
and t = 0.6151732... will produce a Herman ring. It is shown by Shishikura that the degree of such map must be at least 3, as in this example.
More than one type of component
If degree d is greater than 2 then there is more than one critical point and then can be more than one type of component
Transcendental case
Baker domain
In case of transcendental functions there is another type of periodic Fatou components, called Baker domain: these ar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICGC | ICGC may refer to:
Imperial College Gliding Club
International Cancer Genome Consortium
International Central Gospel Church |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Simorgh | The Crystal Simorgh () is an award given by Fajr International Film Festival, Iran's major annual film festival. It is awarded in several categories of International Competition as well as Iranian Cinema Competition. The award's name comes from the Simurgh, a mythical bird that appears in Persian mythology.
The Crystal Simorgh is one of the highest film honors in Iran.
See also
Simurgh
:Category:Crystal Simorgh recipients
References
Fajr International Film Festival
Iranian film awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropucha-class%20landing%20ship | The Project 775, NATO reporting name Ropucha class (Polish for Toad), is a class of landing ship (large landing ship in Soviet classification) built in Poland for the Soviet Navy. The ships were built in the Stocznia Północna shipyards in Gdańsk, Poland. They were designed for beach landings, and can carry a 450-ton cargo. The ships have both bow- and stern-doors for loading and unloading vehicles, and the of vehicle deck stretches the length of the hull. Up to 25 armored personnel carriers can be embarked.
While designed for roll-on/roll-off operations, they can also be loaded using dockside cranes. For this purpose there is a long sliding hatch-cover above the bow section for access to the vehicle deck. There are no facilities for helicopters.
In total, 28 ships of this type were commissioned from 1975 to 1991. The last three ships were of the improved variant Project 775M, also called Ropucha II. These have improved defensive armament and accommodation for a greater number of troops.
Operational history
Most of the ships became part of the Russian Navy after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. They were used for landing troops at the Georgian port of Poti during the 2008 South Ossetia war and for deliveries of cargo during the Russian military intervention in the Syrian civil war.
One ship of the class was delivered to South Yemen in 1979 and served the Yemeni Navy until 2002, before it was sold as a civilian cargo named Sam of Yemen. It was the only unit of this cl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our%20Lady%20of%20Nourieh | Our Lady of Nourieh (Saydet el Nourieh in Arabic) is a Marian shrine in Hamat, Lebanon. Nourieh is a derivative of the Arabic word, nour, meaning light. Thus, in English, the Marian shrine can be called, Our Lady of Light.
The story of Our Lady of Light shrine and monastery is celebrated throughout Lebanon, a country where Christianity has existed since Jesus first evangelized in Tyre and Sidon, and therefore, Lebanon is often considered part of the “Holy Land.” Some of the first Christian communities were set up in Lebanon during the time of the apostles.
It is believed that two sailors built the shrine in the 4th century. One winter night, on a very stormy sea, the two sailors found themselves in peril. They began praying, and the Virgin appeared to them as a light and guided them gently to the shore of Theoprosopon near modern-day Chekka in North Lebanon. The grateful sailors carved a cave in the cliff and dedicated it to the Virgin Mary, and called the shrine, Our Lady of Light. A Greek Orthodox monastery was built in the 17th century. The miraculous icon of the Theotokos has been venerated for centuries for having glowed with light to attract wayward ships.
The shrine is a popular Christian pilgrimage site in Lebanon, and tourists and pilgrims alike enjoy the beautiful view of the bay from atop historic Cape Theoprosopon.
References
Shrines to the Virgin Mary
Marian devotions
Titles of Mary
Catholic devotions
Religious buildings and structures in Lebanon
Easter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation%20photovoltaic%20cell | Third-generation photovoltaic cells are solar cells that are potentially able to overcome the Shockley–Queisser limit of 31–41% power efficiency for single bandgap solar cells. This includes a range of alternatives to cells made of semiconducting p-n junctions ("first generation") and thin film cells ("second generation"). Common third-generation systems include multi-layer ("tandem") cells made of amorphous silicon or gallium arsenide, while more theoretical developments include frequency conversion, (i.e. changing the frequencies of light that the cell cannot use to light frequencies that the cell can use - thus producing more power), hot-carrier effects and other multiple-carrier ejection techniques.
Emerging photovoltaics include:
Copper zinc tin sulfide solar cell (CZTS), and derivates CZTSe and CZTSSe
Dye-sensitized solar cell, also known as "Grätzel cell"
Organic solar cell
Perovskite solar cell
Quantum dot solar cell
The achievements in the research of perovskite cells, especially, have received tremendous attention in the public as their research efficiencies recently soared above 20 percent. They also offer a wide spectrum of low-cost applications. In addition, another emerging technology, concentrator photovoltaics (CPV), uses high-efficient, multi-junction solar cells in combination with optical lenses and a tracking system.
Technologies
Solar cells can be thought of as visible light counterparts to radio receivers. A receiver consists of three basic par |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaldolase | Transaldolase is an enzyme () of the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway. In humans, transaldolase is encoded by the TALDO1 gene.
The following chemical reaction is catalyzed by transaldolase:
sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate erythrose 4-phosphate + fructose 6-phosphate
Clinical significance
The pentose phosphate pathway has two metabolic functions: (1) generation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced NADPH), for reductive biosynthesis, and (2) formation of ribose, which is an essential component of ATP, DNA, and RNA. Transaldolase links the pentose phosphate pathway to glycolysis. In patients with deficiency of transaldolase, there's an accumulation of erythritol (from erythrose 4-phosphate), D-arabitol, and ribitol.
The deletion in 3 base pairs in the TALDO1 gene results in the absence of serine at position 171 of the transaldolase protein, which is part of a highly conserved region, suggesting that the mutation causes the transaldolase deficiency that is found in erythrocytes and lymphoblasts. The deletion of this amino acid can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged spleen and liver) during early infancy. Transaldolase is also a target of autoimmunity in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Structure
Transaldolase is a single domain composed of 337 amino acids. The core structure is an α/β barrel, similar to other class I aldolases, made up of eight parallel β-sheets and seven α-helices. There |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOCR%20%28disambiguation%29 | SOCR is an acronym that can refer to:
Statistics Online Computational Resource
Seattle Office for Civil Rights
State Operated Community Residence
Stand-alone optical character reader
Special Operational Capability Report
Special Operations Craft – Riverine (SOC-R) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedoheptulose%207-phosphate | Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway.
It is formed by transketolase and acted upon by transaldolase.
Sedoheptulokinase is an enzyme that uses sedoheptulose and ATP to produce ADP and sedoheptulose 7-phosphate.
Sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase is an enzyme that uses sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate and H2O to produce sedoheptulose 7-phosphate and phosphate.
See also
Sedoheptulose
3-Deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate, a related compound and an intermediate in the biosynthesis of shikimic acid
References
Organophosphates
Monosaccharide derivatives
Heptoses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20pressure | Total pressure may mean:
Total pressure (gases)
Total pressure (fluids) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichoderma%20reesei | Trichoderma reesei is a mesophilic and filamentous fungus. It is an anamorph of the fungus Hypocrea jecorina.
T. reesei can secrete large amounts of cellulolytic enzymes (cellulases and hemicellulases). Microbial cellulases have industrial application in the conversion of cellulose, a major component of plant biomass, into glucose.
T. reesei isolate QM6a was originally isolated from the Solomon Islands during World War II because of its degradation of canvas and garments of the US army. All strains currently used in biotechnology and basic research were derived from this isolate.
Recent advances in the biochemistry of cellulase enzymology, the mechanism of cellulose hydrolysis (cellulolysis), strain improvement, molecular cloning and process engineering are bringing T. reesei cellulases closer to being a commercially viable route to cellulose hydrolysis. Several industrially useful strains have been developed and characterised, e.g. Rut-C30, RL-P37 and MCG-80. The genome was released in 2008. T. reesei has a mating type-dependent characterised sexual cycle.
Sexual development
T. reesei QM6a has a MAT1-2 mating type locus. The opposite mating type, MAT1-1, was recently found, proving that T. reesei is a heterothallic species. After being regarded as asexual since its discovery more than 50 years ago, sexual reproduction can now be induced in T. reesei QM6a leading to formation of fertilized stromata and mature ascospores.
Use in industry
T. reesei is an important comm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betulia%2C%20Santander | Betulia is a town and municipality in the Santander Department in northeastern Colombia.
Biodiversity
Frog Hypodactylus adercus is only known from Betulia, its type locality.
References
Municipalities of Santander Department |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoproline | Pseudoproline (also pseudo-proline, ψ-Pro) derivatives are artificially created dipeptides to minimize aggregation during Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of peptides.
History
The chemical synthesis of large peptides is still limited by problems of low solvation during solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) or limited solubility of fully protected peptide fragments: even chemoselective ligation methods are hampered by self-association of unprotected peptide blocks. The elucidation of the relationship between preferred conformation of a growing peptide chain and its physicochemical properties reveals that β-sheet (beta-sheet) formation is often paralleled by significant decrease in solvation and solubility. Besides attempts to increase the solvation of peptides by external factors, few attempts, i.e. N-substituted Hmb amino acid derivatives and pseudoprolines (see figure on the top right) have been reported to modify the intrinsic properties of peptides responsible for aggregation and secondary structure formation. Pseudoprolines consist of serine- (Oxa) or threonine-derived oxazolidines [Oxa(5-Me)] and Cysteine-derived thiazolidines (THz) with Proline-like ring structure (see top right). Mutter and coworkers have defined oxa- and thiaproline derivatives of serine, threonine, and cysteine with Ser(ψPro). Thr(ψPro), and Cys(ψPro), respectively, where the abbreviation ψPro indicates the relationship to proline (with heteroatomic ring substitution in position 4). Pseudoprolines with sub |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Solomon | Herbert Solomon (March 13, 1919 – September 20, 2004) was an American statistician. He was a professor emeritus of statistics at Stanford University and co-founder of the university's statistics department. Born in Harlem to Jewish-Russian immigrant parents, he attended DeWitt Clinton High School and later earned a bachelor's degree from the City College of New York in 1940 and a master's degree from Columbia University in 1941. His studies were interrupted by World War II, during which he was a member of the Statistical Research Group at Columbia. After the war, he would continue his doctoral studies at Stanford, and earned his doctorate in 1950. After serving in the Office of Naval Research from 1948 to 1952, he returned to Columbia as a professor, and taught there from 1952 to 1959. While on sabbatical, he returned to Stanford, where he would teach for the remainder of his life.
In 1954 he was named a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.
References
External links
1919 births
2004 deaths
American statisticians
City College of New York alumni
Columbia University alumni
Stanford University alumni
Stanford University faculty
Columbia University faculty
Fellows of the American Statistical Association |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse%20Genome%20Informatics | Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) is a free, online database and bioinformatics resource hosted by The Jackson Laboratory, with funding by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). MGI provides access to data on the genetics, genomics and biology of the laboratory mouse to facilitate the study of human health and disease. The database integrates multiple projects, with the two largest contributions coming from the Mouse Genome Database and Mouse Gene Expression Database (GXD). , MGI contains data curated from over 230,000 publications.
The MGI resource was first published online in 1994 and is a collection of data, tools, and analyses created and tailored for use in the laboratory mouse, a widely used model organism. It is "the authoritative source of official names for mouse genes, alleles, and strains", which follow the guidelines established by the International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice. The history and focus of Jackson Laboratory research and production facilities generates tremendous knowledge and depth which researchers can mine to advance their research. A dedicated community of mouse researchers, worldwide enhances and contributes to the knowledge as well. This is an indispensable tool for any researcher using the mouse as a model organism for their research, and for researchers interested in ge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junctional%20epidermolysis%20bullosa%20%28veterinary%20medicine%29 | Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is an inherited disorder that is also known as red foot disease or hairless foal syndrome. JEB is the result of a genetic mutation that inhibits protein production that is essential for skin adhesion. Therefore, tissues, such as skin and mouth epithelia, are affected. Blisters form over the entire body causing pain and discomfort, and open sores leave newborn foals highly susceptible to secondary infection. The condition can be categorized into two types of mutations: JEB1 and JEB2. JEB1 is found in Belgian Draft horses, as well as other related Draft breeds. In contrast, JEB2 is found in American Saddlebred horses.
Breeds affected
JEB has documented in Belgian drafts, American Cream Draft, Breton drafts, Comtois, and American Saddlebreds. Of these horses, 12% of Belgians and 4% of Saddlebreds are thought to carry the disorder.
Humans
JEB also affects the human population. Symptoms are closely related to those that are seen in horses. Blisters occur over a large portion of the body and are very susceptible to agitation. There are other symptoms associated, such as alopecia (hair loss), abnormalities of fingernails and toenails, and joint deformities.
Children born with JEB may not live past the first year of age if the condition is severe enough. Other children that have a less severe case of JEB may live a normal lifespan.
Genetics
JEB is an autosomal recessive trait; both parents must carry the recessive gene in order to have |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Ubaidah%20al-Masri | Abu Ubaidah al-Masri (; ; died December 2007) was an al-Qaeda operative in Pakistan. Al-Masri was implicated in the 2006 Transatlantic Aircraft Plot, which was to be carried out by a terrorist cell operating in London, but which was orchestrated by al-Qaeda's central leadership.
Biography
Al-Masri was Egyptian (the epithet literally means 'the Egyptian') but he received combat experience, and terrorist and insurgent training in Afghanistan, Bosnia and Chechnya.
Al-Masri was thought to be a provincial al-Qaeda commander in Afghanistan, but according to The New York Times, "[al-Masri] emerged as one of Al Qaeda's senior operatives after the death of Abu Hamza Rabia, another Egyptian who was killed by a missile strike in Pakistan in 2005."
Al-Masri lived in Germany before going to Afghanistan to join the Mujahadeen. After Afghanistan, he returned to Germany to begin building a network in Europe.
In 2006, two attempts were made by coalition forces to kill him.
Death
According to U.S. government counterterrorism sources, al-Masri is believed to have died in December 2007, in Pakistan's tribal region, probably due to hepatitis. Al-Masri was between 40 and 50 years old.
References
"A look inside Al Qaeda" by Sebastian Rotella, April 2, 2008, The Los Angeles Times, retrieved April 9, 2008
Al-Qaeda leaders
Egyptian al-Qaeda members
Year of birth missing
2007 deaths
Deaths from hepatitis
Egyptian expatriates in Pakistan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katia%20Sycara | Ekaterini Panagiotou Sycara () is a Greek computer scientist. She is an Edward Fredkin Research Professor of Robotics in the Robotics Institute, School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University internationally known for her research in artificial intelligence, particularly in the fields of negotiation, autonomous agents and multi-agent systems. She directs the Advanced Agent-Robotics Technology Lab at Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University. She also serves as academic advisor for PhD students at both Robotics Institute and Tepper School of Business.
Education and early life
Born in Greece, she went to the United States to pursue advanced education through various scholarships, including a Fulbright (1965-1969). She received a B.S. in applied mathematics from Brown University, M.S. in electrical engineering from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, and PhD in computer science from Georgia Institute of Technology.
Research and career
Sycara is a pioneer in the field of semantic web, case-based reasoning, autonomous agents and multi-agent systems.
She has authored or co-authored more than 700 technical papers dealing with multi-agent systems, software agents, web services, semantic web, human–computer interaction, human-robot interaction, negotiation, case-based reasoning and the application of these techniques to crisis action planning, scheduling, manufacturing, healthcare management, financial planning and e-commerce. She has led multimillion-dollar rese |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Batchelor | Roy A. Batchelor (born 23 March 1947) is Professor Emeritus in Political Economy and Statistics in Bayes Business School (formerly Cass), City, University of London.
Educated at Allan Glen's School and Glasgow University, Roy worked as a government scientist and economist; then at the UK National Institute of Economic and Social Research. He joined City University in 1977, and has since been active there in research, teaching and academic administration, this including spells as Head of Banking and Finance Department, Director of the Bayes (formerly Cass) Executive MBA programme in Dubai, and of the Executive MBA in London.
Professor Batchelor’s research has focussed on economic and financial market forecasting, and the interpretation and use of consumer and business survey data. He has published widely in these fields, often in the International Journal of Forecasting, and its sister practitioner journal, Foresight. In 2008 Professor Batchelor was elected Honorary Fellow of the International Institute of Forecasters, and he has since served as an elected Director of the IIF.
In parallel with his academic work, Professor Batchelor has been active in professional training and consultancy with business and governmental organisations around the world. He has held many visiting academic appointments, and is a Fellow and Research Professor at the ifo Institute for Economic Research in Munich.
Batchelor supervised the PhD thesis of Richard Ramyar, a former director of the Unit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral%20lateral%20nucleus | The ventral lateral nucleus (VL) is a nucleus in the ventral nuclear group of the thalamus.
Inputs and outputs
It receives neuronal inputs from the basal ganglia which includes the substantia nigra and the globus pallidus (via the thalamic fasciculus). It also has inputs from the cerebellum (via the dentatothalamic tract).
It sends neuronal output to the primary motor cortex and premotor cortex.
The ventral lateral nucleus in the thalamus forms the motor functional division in the thalamic nuclei along with the ventral anterior nucleus. The ventral lateral nucleus receives motor information from the cerebellum and the globus pallidus. Output from the ventral lateral nucleus then goes to the primary motor cortex.
Functions
The function of the ventral lateral nucleus is to target efferents including the motor cortex, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor cortex. Therefore, its function helps the coordination and planning of movement. It also plays a role in the learning of movement.
Clinical significance
A lesion of the VL has been associated with synesthesia.
Additional images
References
External links
Thalamus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotone%20%28disambiguation%29 | Ecotone may refer to:
Ecotone, transition area between two adjacent ecological communities (ecosystems)
Ecotone (Six Feet Under episode), the title of Episode 509 of Six Feet Under
Ecotone, a literary magazine published by the University of North Carolina Wilmington |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20targeting | Gene targeting is a biotechnological tool used to change the DNA sequence of an organism (hence it is a form of Genome Editing). It is based on the natural DNA-repair mechanism of Homology Directed Repair (HDR), including Homologous Recombination. Gene targeting can be used to make a range of sizes of DNA edits, from larger DNA edits such as inserting entire new genes into an organism, through to much smaller changes to the existing DNA such as a single base-pair change. Gene targeting relies on the presence of a repair template to introduce the user-defined edits to the DNA. The user (usually a scientist) will design the repair template to contain the desired edit, flanked by DNA sequence corresponding (homologous) to the region of DNA that the user wants to edit; hence the edit is targeted to a particular genomic region. In this way Gene Targeting is distinct from natural homology-directed repair, during which the ‘natural’ DNA repair template of the sister chromatid is used to repair broken DNA (the sister chromatid is the second copy of the gene). The alteration of DNA sequence in an organism can be useful in both a research context – for example to understand the biological role of a gene – and in biotechnology, for example to alter the traits of an organism (e.g. to improve crop plants).
Methods
To create a gene-targeted organism, DNA must be introduced into its cells. This DNA must contain all of the parts necessary to complete the gene targeting. At a minimum this i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognio | Cognio, Inc. was an American company that developed and marketed radio frequency (RF) spectrum analysis products that find and solve channel interference problems on wireless networks and in wireless applications. Cognio’s Spectrum Expert product was designed for common frequency bands such as RFID and Wi-Fi. It was sold primarily to network engineers responsible for security for wireless networks or applications that run on wireless networks. Cognio was acquired by Cisco Systems in 2007.
History
Cognio was founded in 2000 and was originally called Aryya Communications. It first announced a "cognitive link processing" technology, and was located in Waltham, Massachusetts near Boston. In February, 2001, Gary Ambrosino became Interim CEO to work with the founding team in commercializing the product and raising additional capital. In March 2003 it announced $12.5 million of venture capital funding from North Bridge Venture Partners and ABS Ventures as round B. In January 2005, Thomas McPherson became chief executive officer. Cognio was headquartered in Germantown, Maryland (near Washington, DC), United States, and had an additional investments that included Avansis Ventures as a fourth round in April 2007, for a total of $30 million.
Products
In June 2003, Cognio announced "intelligent spectrum management" technology, sometimes called cognitive radio. Cognio shipped its Wi-Fi management software in the spring of 2005. Cognio was granted 12 patents, and submitted 172 patent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%27s%20a%20Rebel | "He's a Rebel" is a song written by Gene Pitney that was originally recorded by Vikki Carr and by the girl group the Blossoms. Produced by Phil Spector, the Blossoms' version was issued as a single credited to the Crystals, which topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in November 1962. It was Spector's second chart-topper after "To Know Him Is to Love Him" (1958).
In 2004, "He's a Rebel" was ranked No. 263 on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Billboard named the song No. 31 on its list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time.
Also in 2004, the 1962 release of "He's a Rebel" on Philles Records by The Crystals was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.
History
The song is about a girl in love with a young man who spurns society's conventions. Despite his being misunderstood by others, the singer claims he is sweet and faithful and vows to be the same towards him. Steve Douglas performs a saxophone solo during the song's bridge. The piano riff at the beginning was contributed by Al DeLory.
Pitney wrote "He's a Rebel" for The Shirelles, but they declined. Spector learned Vikki Carr was to record it for Liberty Records as her debut, and wanted his own version on sale first. The Crystals were touring on the east coast of the US at the time, so Spector had The Blossoms, a Los Angeles group, record the track with the agreement that the record would still be credited to the Crystals. Mary Thomas of the Crystals recalled that "our mouths fell open" when she and her |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysin | Lysins, also known as endolysins or murein hydrolases, are hydrolytic enzymes produced by bacteriophages in order to cleave the host's cell wall during the final stage of the lytic cycle. Lysins are highly evolved enzymes that are able to target one of the five bonds in peptidoglycan (murein), the main component of bacterial cell walls, which allows the release of progeny virions from the lysed cell. Cell-wall-containing Archaea are also lysed by specialized pseudomurein-cleaving lysins, while most archaeal viruses employ alternative mechanisms. Similarly, not all bacteriophages synthesize lysins: some small single-stranded DNA and RNA phages produce membrane proteins that activate the host's autolytic mechanisms such as autolysins.
Lysins were first used therapeutically in 2001 by the Fischetti lab (see below) and are now being used as antibacterial agents due to their high effectiveness and specificity in comparison with antibiotics, which are susceptible to bacterial resistance. Because lysins are essential for bacteriophage survival, resistance to lysins is an extremely rare event. Over the >20 years of lysin development as therapeutics, resistance has not been observed, even when resistance is forced by mutagenesis experiments.
Structure
Double-stranded DNA phage lysins tend to lie within the 25 to 40 kDa range in terms of size. A notable exception is the streptococcal PlyC endolysin, which is 114 kDa. PlyC is not only the biggest and most potent lysin, but also stru |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyri%20Marttinen | Jyri Marttinen (born September 1, 1982) is a Finnish ice hockey defenceman.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1982 births
Drakkars de Caen players
Finnish ice hockey defencemen
GKS Katowice (ice hockey) players
JYP Jyväskylä players
Living people
Lukko players
Malmö Redhawks players
Lahti Pelicans players
Skellefteå AIK players
Timrå IK players
Porin Ässät (men's ice hockey) players
Calgary Flames draft picks
HC 07 Detva players
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in Slovakia
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in Poland
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in France
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in Romania |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20Norwood%20Library | Upper Norwood Joint Library is a community managed library in Upper Norwood, South London. It stands on Westow Hill, in Crystal Palace town centre, within the London Borough of Lambeth, but on the edge of the boundary with the London Borough of Croydon. It is funded largely by Lambeth Council, and in part by Croydon Council, with the building itself managed by a community-run independent charity, the Upper Norwood Library Trust. It is part of the Lambeth network of libraries, and thus accepts Lambeth library membership cards.
Onsite is one of the first Library of Things, a self-service borrowing initiative active across local communities which lends objects instead of books from a conventional library. These objects include anything from garden tools to sports gear, toys to electro-domestic equipment. The Upper Norwood Library Hub, the operations arm of the Upper Norwood Library Trust, manages the building itself, and runs various classes, workshops and initiatives within the space. The library also has space available for private hire through the Hub.
References
External links
Upper Norwood Library - Lambeth Libraries website [https://www.lambeth.gov.uk/libraries-0/upper-norwood-library]
Upper Norwood Library Hub website [https://www.uppernorwoodlibraryhub.org/]
Historic Upper Norwood Joint Library website
Libraries in the London Borough of Croydon
Libraries in the London Borough of Lambeth
Public libraries in London |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homing%20endonuclease | The homing endonucleases are a collection of endonucleases encoded either as freestanding genes within introns, as fusions with host proteins, or as self-splicing inteins. They catalyze the hydrolysis of genomic DNA within the cells that synthesize them, but do so at very few, or even singular, locations. Repair of the hydrolyzed DNA by the host cell frequently results in the gene encoding the homing endonuclease having been copied into the cleavage site, hence the term 'homing' to describe the movement of these genes. Homing endonucleases can thereby transmit their genes horizontally within a host population, increasing their allele frequency at greater than Mendelian rates.
Origin and mechanism
Although the origin and function of homing endonucleases is still being researched, the most established hypothesis considers them as selfish genetic elements, similar to transposons, because they facilitate the perpetuation of the genetic elements that encode them independent of providing a functional attribute to the host organism.
Homing endonuclease recognition sequences are long enough to occur randomly only with a very low probability (approximately once every ), and are normally found in one or very few instances per genome. Generally, owing to the homing mechanism, the gene encoding the endonuclease (the HEG, "homing endonuclease gene") is located within the recognition sequence which the enzyme cuts, thus interrupting the homing endonuclease recognition sequence and limit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medea%20gene | Medea is a gene from the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that was one of the first two Smad genes discovered. For both genes, the maternal effect lethality was the basis for selection of their names. Medea was named for the mythological Greek Medea, who killed her progeny fathered by Jason.
Both Medea and Mothers against dpp were identified in a genetic screen for maternal effect mutations that caused lethality of heterozygous decapentaplegic progeny. Because decapentaplegic is a bone morphogenetic protein in the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, identification of the fly Smad genes provided a much needed clue to understand the signal transduction pathway for this diverse family of extracellular proteins. Humans, mice, and other vertebrates have a gene with the same function as Medea, called SMAD4. An overview of the biology of Medea is found at The Interactive Fly, and the details of Medea genetics and molecular biology are curated on FlyBase.
Another laboratory used Medea as an acronym to describe a synthetic gene causing Maternal effect dominant embryonic arrest. The formal genetic designation for Maternal effect dominant embryonic arrest is P{Medea.myd88}, more details are in FlyBase.
References
Transcription factors
Proteins
Medea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depolymerization | Depolymerization (or depolymerisation) is the process of converting a polymer into a monomer or a mixture of monomers. This process is driven by an increase in entropy.
Ceiling temperature
The tendency of polymers to depolymerize is indicated by their ceiling temperature. At this temperature, the enthalpy of polymerization matches the entropy gained by converting a large molecule into monomers. Above the ceiling temperature, the rate of depolymerization is greater than the rate of polymerization, which inhibits the formation of the given polymer.
Applications
Depolymerization is a very common process. Digestion of food involves depolymerization of macromolecules, such as proteins. It is relevant to polymer recycling. Sometimes the depolymerization is well behaved, and clean monomers can be reclaimed and reused for making new plastic. In other cases, such as polyethylene, depolymerization gives a mixture of products. These products are, for polyethylene, ethylene, propylene, isobutylene, 1-hexene and heptane. Out of these, only ethylene can be used for polyethylene production, so other gases must be turned into ethylene, sold, or otherwise be destroyed or be disposed of by turning them into other products.
Depolymerization is also related to production of chemicals and fuels from biomass. In this case, reagents are typically required. A simple case is the hydrolysis of celluloses to glucose by the action of water. Generally this process requires an acid catalyst:
H( |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyethyl%20starch | Hydroxyethyl starch (HES/HAES), sold under the brand name Voluven among others, is a nonionic starch derivative, used as a volume expander in intravenous therapy. The use of HES on critically ill patients is associated with an increased risk of death and kidney problems.
HES is a general term and can be sub-classified according to average molecular weight, molar substitution, concentration, C2/C6 ratio and Maximum Daily Dose. The European Medicines Agency commenced in June 2013 the process of agreeing to reduced indications which was completed in October 2013. The process of full withdrawal in the EU was expected to complete in 2018.
Medical uses
An intravenous solution of hydroxyethyl starch is used to prevent shock following severe blood loss caused by trauma, surgery, or other problem. It however appears to have greater risk of a poor outcome compared to other intravenous solutions and may increase the risk of death.
Adverse effects
HES can cause anaphylactoid reactions: hypersensitivity, mild influenza-like symptoms, slow heart rate, fast heart rate, spasms of the airways, and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. It is also linked to a decrease in hematocrit and disturbances in blood clotting. One liter of 6% solution (Hespan) reduces factor VIII level by 50% and will prolong the aPTT and will also decrease vWF. A coagulation effect of hetastarch administration is direct movement into fibrin clots and a dilutional effect on serum. Hetastarch may lead to platelet dysfunc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate%20mapping | Fate mapping is a method used in developmental biology to study the embryonic origin of various adult tissues and structures. The "fate" of each cell or group of cells is mapped onto the embryo, showing which parts of the embryo will develop into which tissue. When carried out at single-cell resolution, this process is called cell lineage tracing. It is also used to trace the development of tumors.
History
The earliest fate maps were based on direct observation of the embryos of ascidians or other marine invertebrates. Modern fate mapping began in 1929 when Walter Vogt marked the groups of cells using a dyed agar chip and tracked them through gastrulation. In 1978, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was introduced as a marker. HRP was more effective than previous markers, but required embryos to be fixed before viewing. Genetic fate mapping is a technique developed in 1981 which uses a site-specific recombinase to track cell lineage genetically. Today, fate mapping is an important tool in many fields of biology research, such as developmental biology, stem cell research, and kidney research.
Cell lineage
Fate mapping and cell lineage are similar but distinct topics, although there is often overlap. For example, the development of the complete cell lineage of C. elegans can be described as the fate maps of each cell division stacked hierarchically. The distinction between the topics is in the type of information included. Fate mapping shows which tissues come from which part of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICOS%20%28disambiguation%29 | ICOS was an American biotechnology company.
ICOS may also refer to:
ICOS (gene), a gene which encodes the protein CD278
Integrated Carbon Observation System, a research infrastructure
Integrated cavity output spectroscopy, a type of laser absorption spectrometry
International Council of Onomastic Sciences, an academic organization
The International Council on Security and Development, an international think tank
Irish Co-operative Organisation Society, a business association
See also
ICO (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword%20research | Keyword research and optimization
Keyword research and optimization are fundamental aspects of search engine optimization (SEO) and play a vital role in improving website visibility and ranking on search engine results pages. Keyword research involves identifying specific words and phrases that users enter into search engines looking for information related to a particular topic or industry. Optimizing your content for these keywords helps search engines understand the relevance of your content to users' search queries, which ultimately leads to higher rankings and increased organic traffic.
Importance of research
Keyword research
The objective of keyword research is to generate, with good precision and recall, a large number of terms that are highly relevant yet non-obvious to the given input keyword. The process of keyword research involves brainstorming and the use of keyword research tools. To achieve the best SEO results, it is important to optimize a website's content as well as backlinks for the most relevant keywords. It is good practice to search for related keywords that have low competition and still a high number of searches. This makes it easier to achieve a higher rank in search engines which usually results in higher web traffic. The downside of this practice is that the website is optimized for alternative keywords instead of the main keyword; main keywords might be very difficult to rank due to high competition. There are three essential concepts to consid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army%20General%20Classification%20Test | The Army General Classification Test (AGCT) has a long history that runs parallel with research and means for attempting the assessment of intelligence or other abilities.
World War I and World War II created the need for this type of testing and provided a large body of test subjects. The early emphasis (World War I) was on determining the level of literacy (Alpha test) among a heterogeneous group. Illiterates were given another test (Army Beta); some enrollees were interviewed. Subsequent testing targeted aptitude in order to better fill roles, such as those provided by officers who obtained commissions from other than the United States military academies, or to meet the need for increasingly complicated skills that came along with technological progress, especially after World War II.
As with other measurement attempts, the AGCT ran into controversy during the era of the Vietnam War. Yet, the requirement did not abate, leading to improvements in the application and use of the standard testing methodology.
The modern variant of this test is the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) that was first administered in 1960.
Many high IQ societies, such as Mensa and Intertel, can map their entrance requirements to early AGCT scores. The AGCT was of interest to researchers because of the breadth of the test taker sample (1.75 million men took the original test).
The Army Alpha and Beta Intelligence Tests
The first intelligence tests were created during World War I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azotorrhea | Azotorrhea is the excessive discharge of nitrogenous substances in the feces or urine. As in when people eat a diet high in protein they may suffer from increased amount of amino acid byproduct (nitrogen) being broken and excreted through defecation or urination.
This condition may also be present in situations of pancreatic disease, such as in chronic alcoholism or cystic fibrosis.
References
Nitrogen
Digestive diseases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme%20A%20dehydrogenase%20deficiency | 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency is a rare condition that prevents the body from converting certain fats to energy, particularly during fasting. Normally, through a process called fatty acid oxidation, several enzymes work in a step-wise fashion to metabolize fats and convert them to energy. People with 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency have inadequate levels of an enzyme required for a step that metabolizes groups of fats called medium chain fatty acids and short chain fatty acids; for this reason this disorder is sometimes called medium- and short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (M/SCHAD) deficiency.
Signs and symptoms
Typically, initial signs and symptoms of this disorder occur during infancy or early childhood and can include poor appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, hypoglycemia, hypotonia, liver problems, and hyperinsulinism (high levels of insulin). Insulin controls the amount of sugar that moves from the blood into cells for conversion to energy. Individuals with 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency are also at risk for complications such as seizures, life-threatening heart and breathing problems, coma, and sudden unexpected death.
Problems related to 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency can be triggered by periods of fasting or by illnesses such as viral infections. This disorder is sometimes mistaken for Reye syndrome, a severe disorder that may develop in children while they appear to be r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle%20vector | A shuttle vector is a vector (usually a plasmid) constructed so that it can propagate in two different host species. Therefore, DNA inserted into a shuttle vector can be tested or manipulated in two different cell types. The main advantage of these vectors is they can be manipulated in E. coli, then used in a system which is more difficult or slower to use (e.g. yeast).
Shuttle vectors include plasmids that can propagate in eukaryotes and prokaryotes (e.g. both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli) or in different species of bacteria (e.g. both E. coli and Rhodococcus erythropolis). There are also adenovirus shuttle vectors, which can propagate in E. coli and mammals.
Shuttle vectors are frequently used to quickly make multiple copies of the gene in E. coli (amplification). They can also be used for in vitro experiments and modifications (e.g. mutagenesis, PCR).
One of the most common types of shuttle vectors is the yeast shuttle vector. Almost all commonly used S. cerevisiae vectors are shuttle vectors. Yeast shuttle vectors have components that allow for replication and selection in both E. coli cells and yeast cells. The E. coli component of a yeast shuttle vector includes an origin of replication and a selectable marker, e.g. antibiotic resistance, beta lactamase, beta galactosidase. The yeast component of a yeast shuttle vector includes an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS), a yeast centromere (CEN), and a yeast selectable marker (e.g. URA3, a gen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nystr%C3%B6m%20method | In mathematics numerical analysis, the Nyström method or quadrature method seeks the numerical solution of an integral equation by replacing the integral with a representative weighted sum. The continuous problem is broken into discrete intervals; quadrature or numerical integration determines the weights and locations of representative points for the integral.
The problem becomes a system of linear equations with equations and unknowns, and the underlying function is implicitly represented by an interpolation using the chosen quadrature rule. This discrete problem may be ill-conditioned, depending on the original problem and the chosen quadrature rule.
Since the linear equations require operations to solve, high-order quadrature rules perform better because low-order quadrature rules require large for a given accuracy. Gaussian quadrature is normally a good choice for smooth, non-singular problems.
Discretization of the integral
Standard quadrature methods seek to represent an integral as a weighed sum in the following manner:
where are the weights of the quadrature rule, and points are the abscissas.
Example
Applying this to the inhomogeneous Fredholm equation of the second kind
,
results in
.
See also
Boundary element method
References
Bibliography
Leonard M. Delves & Joan E. Walsh (eds): Numerical Solution of Integral Equations, Clarendon, Oxford, 1974.
Hans-Jürgen Reinhardt: Analysis of Approximation Methods for Differential and Integral Eq |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahm%20equations | In differential geometry and gauge theory, the Nahm equations are a system of ordinary differential equations introduced by Werner Nahm in the context of the Nahm transform – an alternative to Ward's twistor construction of monopoles. The Nahm equations are formally analogous to the algebraic equations in the ADHM construction of instantons, where finite order matrices are replaced by differential operators.
Deep study of the Nahm equations was carried out by Nigel Hitchin and Simon Donaldson. Conceptually, the equations arise in the process of infinite-dimensional hyperkähler reduction. They can also be viewed as a dimensional reduction of the anti-self-dual Yang-Mills equations . Among their many applications we can mention: Hitchin's construction of monopoles, where this approach is critical for establishing nonsingularity of monopole solutions; Donaldson's description of the moduli space of monopoles; and the existence of hyperkähler structure on coadjoint orbits of complex semisimple Lie groups, proved by , , and .
Equations
Let be three matrix-valued meromorphic functions of a complex variable . The Nahm equations are a system of matrix differential equations
together with certain analyticity properties, reality conditions, and boundary conditions. The three equations can be written concisely using the Levi-Civita symbol, in the form
More generally, instead of considering by matrices, one can consider Nahm's equations with values in a Lie algebra .
Additi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Haussler | David Haussler (born 1953) is an American bioinformatician known for his work leading the team that assembled the first human genome sequence in the race to complete the Human Genome Project and subsequently for comparative genome analysis that deepens understanding the molecular function and evolution of the genome.
Haussler was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2018 for developments in computational learning theory and bioinformatics, including first assembly of the human genome, its analysis, and data sharing.
He is a distinguished professor of biomolecular engineering and founding scientific director of the UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute at the University of California, Santa Cruz, director of the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3) on the UC Santa Cruz campus, and a consulting professor at the Stanford University School of Medicine and the UC San Francisco Biopharmaceutical Sciences Department.
Education
Haussler studied art briefly at the Academy of Art in San Francisco in 1971 and then psychotherapy at Immaculate Heart College in Hollywood until 1973, when he transferred to Connecticut College, finishing in 1975 with a major in mathematics and minor in physics. He earned an MS in applied mathematics from California Polytechnic University in San Luis Obispo in 1979. Haussler received his PhD in computer science from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1982.
Career and research
During summers while he was in colle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20problem%20for%20Lagrangian%20mechanics | In mathematics, the inverse problem for Lagrangian mechanics is the problem of determining whether a given system of ordinary differential equations can arise as the Euler–Lagrange equations for some Lagrangian function.
There has been a great deal of activity in the study of this problem since the early 20th century. A notable advance in this field was a 1941 paper by the American mathematician Jesse Douglas, in which he provided necessary and sufficient conditions for the problem to have a solution; these conditions are now known as the Helmholtz conditions, after the German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz.
Background and statement of the problem
The usual set-up of Lagrangian mechanics on n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn is as follows. Consider a differentiable path u : [0, T] → Rn. The action of the path u, denoted S(u), is given by
where L is a function of time, position and velocity known as the Lagrangian. The principle of least action states that, given an initial state x0 and a final state x1 in Rn, the trajectory that the system determined by L will actually follow must be a minimizer of the action functional S satisfying the boundary conditions u(0) = x0, u(T) = x1. Furthermore, the critical points (and hence minimizers) of S must satisfy the Euler–Lagrange equations for S:
where the upper indices i denote the components of u = (u1, ..., un).
In the classical case
the Euler–Lagrange equations are the second-order ordinary differential equations better known |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2B6 | Cytochrome P450 2B6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP2B6 gene. CYP2B6 is a member of the cytochrome P450 group of enzymes. Along with CYP2A6, it is involved with metabolizing nicotine, along with many other substances.
Function
This gene, CYP2B6, encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and its expression is induced by phenobarbital. The enzyme is known to metabolize some xenobiotics, such as the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide.
Gene
Transcript variants for this gene have been described; however, it has not been resolved whether these transcripts are in fact produced by this gene or by a closely related pseudogene, CYP2B7. Both the gene and the pseudogene are located in the middle of a CYP2A pseudogene found in a large cluster of cytochrome P450 genes from the CYP2A, CYP2B and CYP2F subfamilies on chromosome 19q.
CYP2B6 ligands
Following is a table of selected substrates, inducers and inhibitors of CYP2B6.
Inhibitors of CYP2B6 can be classified by their potency, such as:
Strong inhibitor being one that causes at least a 5-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or more than 80% decrease in clearance.
Moderate inhibitor being one that causes at least a 2-fold increase in the plasma AUC values, or 50 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C8%20complex | Complement component 8 is a protein involved in the complement system. It is part of the membrane attack complex (MAC).
A hereditary deficiency of C8 can result in increased susceptibility to Neisseria infections, such as meningitis and gonorrhea.
Structure
C8 is a heterotrimer; it consists of three different subunits. These are called C8 alpha, beta and gamma chains, encoded by the genes C8A, C8B and C8G respectively.
References
External links
Complement system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest%20cities%20in%20Rio%20Grande%20do%20Sul%20by%20population | Largest cities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil by population, in descending order:
References
"Cidades@", Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, Accessed on 2007-03-20.
Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul
de:Liste der Gemeinden in Rio Grande do Sul
pt:Anexo:Lista de municípios do Rio Grande do Sul por população |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron%20%28software%29 | Neuron is a simulation environment for modeling individual and networks of neurons. It was primarily developed by Michael Hines, John W. Moore, and Ted Carnevale at Yale and Duke.
Neuron models individual neurons via the use of sections that are automatically subdivided into individual compartments, instead of requiring the user to manually create compartments. The primary scripting language is hoc but a Python interface is also available. Programs can be written interactively in a shell, or loaded from a file. Neuron supports parallelization via the MPI protocol.
Neuron is capable of handling diffusion-reaction models, and integrating diffusion functions into models of synapses and cellular networks. Parallelization is possible via internal multithreaded routines, for use on multi-core computers. The properties of the membrane channels of the neuron are simulated using compiled mechanisms written using the NMODL language or by compiled routines operating on internal data structures that are set up with Channel Builder.
Along with the analogous software platform GENESIS, Neuron is the basis for instruction in computational neuroscience in many courses and laboratories around the world.
User interface
Neuron features a graphical user interface (GUI), for use by individuals with minimal programming experience. The GUI comes equipped with a builder for single and multiple compartment cells, networks, network cells, channels and linear electric circuits. Single and multiple |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Cube | C-Cube Microsystems, Inc., was an early company in video compression technology as well as the implementation of that technology into semiconductor integrated circuits and systems. C-Cube was the first company to deliver on the market opportunity presented by the conversion of image and video data from analog to digital formats enabling markets such as VideoCD, DVD, DirecTV, digital cable, and non-linear editing systems.
History
C-Cube was founded on August 8, 1988 by Edmund Sun from Weitek and Alexandre Balkanski. Early funding came from VC firms Hambrecht & Quist and JAFCO America Ventures as well as Japanese farm equipment manufacturer Kubota Ltd.
Image and video technology was just beginning to make the transition from analog (VHS, Betamax, etc.) to new digital-base formats. The key issue was the amount of bandwidth required to transmit or store the digital content. Digital video compression was a key enabling technology that made digital video practical. C-Cube engineers drove the early standards for digital compression - including Eric Hamilton, chair of the JPEG committee and Didier LeGall, chair of the MPEG video committee. As a result of their familiarity of the standardization process and the standards themselves, C-Cube was able to gain advantageous knowledge in the implementation of the algorithms into high-performance silicon.
Early on, the company was recognized for technical leadership but was largely unable to turn leadership into revenues and profits. The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviani%27s%20theorem | Viviani's theorem, named after Vincenzo Viviani, states that the sum of the distances from any interior point to the sides of an equilateral triangle equals the length of the triangle's altitude. It is a theorem commonly employed in various math competitions, secondary school mathematics examinations, and has wide applicability to many problems in the real world.
Proof
This proof depends on the readily-proved proposition that the area of a triangle is half its base times its height—that is, half the product of one side with the altitude from that side.
Let ABC be an equilateral triangle whose height is h and whose side is a.
Let P be any point inside the triangle, and u, s, t the distances of P from the sides. Draw a line from P to each of A, B, and C, forming three triangles PAB, PBC, and PCA.
Now, the areas of these triangles are , , and . They exactly fill the enclosing triangle, so the sum of these areas is equal to the area of the enclosing triangle.
So we can write:
and thus
Q.E.D.
Converse
The converse also holds: If the sum of the distances from an interior point of a triangle to the sides is independent of the location of the point, the triangle is equilateral.
Applications
Viviani's theorem means that lines parallel to the sides of an equilateral triangle give coordinates for making ternary plots, such as flammability diagrams.
More generally, they allow one to give coordinates on a regular simplex in the same way.
Extensions
Parallelogram
The sum |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net%20%28device%29 | A net comprises threads or yarns knotted and twisted into a grid-like structure which blocks the passage of large items, while letting small items and fluids pass. It requires less material than something sheet-like, and provides a degree of transparency, as well as flexibility and lightness.
Nets have been constructed by human beings since at least the Mesolithic period for use in capturing or retaining things. Their open structure provide lightness and flexibility that allow them to be carried and manipulated with relative ease, making them valuable for methodical tasks such as hunting, fishing, sleeping, and carrying.
History
The oldest nets found are from the Mesolithic era, but nets may have existed in the Upper paleolithic era. Nets are typically made of perishable materials and leave little archeological record. Some nets are preserved in ice or bogs, and there are also clay impressions of nets.
Making and repairing nets
Originally, all nets were made by hand. Construction begins from a single point for round nets such as purse nets, net bags, or hair nets, but square nets are usually started from a headrope. A line is tied to the headrope at regular intervals, forming a series of loops. This can be done using slipped overhand knots or other knots, such as clove hitches. Subsequent rows are then worked using sheet bends, as shown in the diagram, or another knot. Some nets, such as hammocks, may be looped rather than knotted.
To avoid hauling a long length of loos |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantel | Mantel may refer to:
Mantel, Germany, a town in Bavaria, Germany
Fireplace mantel, a framework around a fireplace
Mantel Corporation, a fictional organization in the video game Haze
Mantel theorem, mathematical theorem in graph theory
Mantel (climbing), a climbing move used to surmount a ledge or feature in the rock in the absence of any useful holds directly above.
People
Bronwen Mantel, Canadian actress
Dave Mantel (1981–2018), Dutch actor, producer, and model
Dutch Mantel, ring name of Wayne Cowan (born 1949), American professional wrestler
Gerhard Mantel (1930–2012), German cellist and writer
Henriette Mantel (born 1954), American writer, actress, and director
Hilary Mantel (1952–2022), British novelist
Hugo Mantel, German footballer
Nathan Mantel (1919–2002), biostatistician
Gregory Mantel, a fictional character in the soap opera EastEnders
See also
Mantel clock
Mantle (disambiguation)
Mantell (disambiguation)
Surnames of German origin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalue%20perturbation | In mathematics, an eigenvalue perturbation problem is that of finding the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a system that is perturbed from one with known eigenvectors and eigenvalues . This is useful for studying how sensitive the original system's eigenvectors and eigenvalues are to changes in the system.
This type of analysis was popularized by Lord Rayleigh, in his investigation of harmonic vibrations of a string perturbed by small inhomogeneities.
The derivations in this article are essentially self-contained and can be found in many texts on numerical linear algebra or numerical functional analysis.
This article is focused on the case of the perturbation of a simple eigenvalue (see in
multiplicity of eigenvalues).
Why generalized eigenvalues?
In the entry applications of eigenvalues and eigenvectors we find numerous scientific fields in which eigenvalues are used to obtain solutions. Generalized eigenvalue problems are less widespread but are a key in the study of vibrations.
They are useful when we use the Galerkin method or Rayleigh-Ritz method to find approximate
solutions of partial differential equations modeling vibrations of structures such as strings and plates; the paper of Courant (1943)
is fundamental. The Finite element method is a widespread particular case.
In classical mechanics, we may find generalized eigenvalues when we look for vibrations of multiple degrees of freedom systems close to equilibrium; the kinetic energy provides the ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur%20Olin%20Atwater | Wilbur Olin Atwater (May 3, 1844 – September 22, 1907) was an American chemist known for his studies of human nutrition and metabolism, and is considered the father of modern nutrition research and education. He is credited with developing the Atwater system, which laid the groundwork for nutrition science in the United States and inspired modern Olympic nutrition.
Atwater was director of the first United States Agricultural Experiment Station at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut and he was the U.S. Department of Agriculture's first chief of nutrition investigations.
Early life
Atwater was born in Johnsburg, New York, the son of William Warren Atwater, a Methodist Episcopal minister, temperance advocate, and librarian of Yale Law School and Eliza (Barnes) Atwater. He grew up in, and spent much of his life in New England. He opted not to fight in the American Civil War, instead pursuing his undergraduate education, first at the University of Vermont and then moving to Wesleyan University in Connecticut, where he would complete his general education in 1865. For the next three years, Atwater was a teacher at various schools and in 1868, he enrolled in Yale University's Sheffield Scientific School, where he studied agricultural chemistry under William Henry Brewer and Samuel William Johnson. During his time at Yale, Atwater worked part time as Johnson's assistant analyzing fertilizers for specific mineral content; he also performed the first chemical analysis o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal%20fan | A centrifugal fan is a mechanical device for moving air or other gases in a direction at an angle to the incoming fluid. Centrifugal fans often contain a ducted housing to direct outgoing air in a specific direction or across a heat sink; such a fan is also called a blower, blower fan, or squirrel-cage fan (because it looks like a hamster wheel). Tiny ones used in computers are sometimes called biscuit blowers. These fans move air from the rotating inlet of the fan to an outlet. They are typically used in ducted applications to either draw air through ductwork/heat exchanger, or push air through similar impellers. Compared to standard axial fans, they can provide similar air movement from a smaller fan package, and overcome higher resistance in air streams.
Centrifugal fans use the kinetic energy of the impellers to move the air stream, which in turn moves against the resistance caused by ducts, dampers and other components. Centrifugal fans displace air radially, changing the direction (typically by 90°) of the airflow. They are sturdy, quiet, reliable, and capable of operating over a wide range of conditions.
Centrifugal fans are, like axial fans, constant-volume devices, meaning that, at a constant fan speed, a centrifugal fan moves a relatively constant volume of air rather than a constant mass. This means that the air velocity in a system is fixed, but the actual mass of air flowing will vary based on the density of the air. Variations in density can be caused by c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schubert%20variety | In algebraic geometry, a Schubert variety is a certain subvariety of a Grassmannian, of -dimensional subspaces of a vector space , usually with singular points. Like the Grassmannian, it is a kind of moduli space, whose elements satisfy conditions giving lower bounds to the dimensions of the intersections of its elements , with the elements of a specified complete flag. Here may be a vector space over an arbitrary field, but most commonly this taken to be either the real or the complex numbers.
A typical example is the set of -dimensional subspaces of a 4-dimensional space that intersect a fixed (reference) 2-dimensional subspace nontrivially.
Over the real number field, this can be pictured in usual xyz-space as follows. Replacing subspaces with their corresponding projective spaces, and intersecting with an affine coordinate patch of , we obtain an open subset X° ⊂ X. This is isomorphic to the set of all lines L (not necessarily through the origin) which meet the x-axis. Each such line L corresponds to a point of X°, and continuously moving L in space (while keeping contact with the x-axis) corresponds to a curve in X°. Since there are three degrees of freedom in moving L (moving the point on the x-axis, rotating, and tilting), X is a three-dimensional real algebraic variety. However, when L is equal to the x-axis, it can be rotated or tilted around any point on the axis, and this excess of possible motions makes L a singular point of X.
More generally, a Schub |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20contact | In heat transfer and thermodynamics, a thermodynamic system is said to be in thermal contact with another system if it can exchange energy through the process of heat. Perfect thermal isolation is an idealization as real systems are always in thermal contact with their environment to some extent.
When two solid bodies are in contact, a resistance to heat transfer exists between the bodies. The study of heat conduction between such bodies is called thermal contact conductance (or thermal contact resistance).
References
See also
Thermal equilibrium - When two objects A and B are in thermal contact and there is no net transfer of thermal energy from A to B or from B to A, they are said to be in thermal equilibrium. The majority of objects experiencing thermal equilibrium still do exchange thermal energy but do so equally so that the net heat transfer is zero.
Perfect thermal contact
Zeroth law of thermodynamics - When two objects A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a third object C then, A and B are said to be in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Thermodynamics
Heat transfer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentially%20closed%20field | In mathematics, a differential field K is differentially closed if every finite system of differential equations with a solution in some differential field extending K already has a solution in K. This concept was introduced by . Differentially closed fields are the analogues
for differential equations of algebraically closed fields for polynomial equations.
The theory of differentially closed fields
We recall that a differential field is a field equipped with a derivation operator. Let K be a differential field with derivation operator ∂.
A differential polynomial in x is a polynomial in the formal expressions x, ∂x, ∂2x, ... with coefficients in K.
The order of a non-zero differential polynomial in x is the largest n such that ∂nx occurs in it, or −1 if the differential polynomial is a constant.
The separant Sf of a differential polynomial of order n≥0 is the derivative of f with respect to ∂nx.
The field of constants of K is the subfield of elements a with ∂a=0.
In a differential field K of nonzero characteristic p, all pth powers are constants. It follows that neither K nor its field of constants is perfect, unless ∂ is trivial. A field K with derivation ∂ is called differentially perfect if it is either of characteristic 0, or of characteristic p and every constant is a pth power of an element of K.
A differentially closed field is a differentially perfect differential field K such that if f and g are differential polynomials such that Sf≠ 0 and g≠0 and f has orde |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NuBreed | NuBreed is a trio of Australian record producers Jason Catherine, Michael Walburgh, and Danny Bonnici (vocalist). They have performed several remixes for artists such as The Crystal Method, Luke Chable, and Way Out West. They have also recorded several DJ mixes including Electric_02 for EQ Recordings and an entry in Distinct'ive Breaks Records' Y4k series. Their singles are most often released on Zero Tolerance Recordings and Mob Records.
Discography
Studio albums
Awards
ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987. NuBreed were nominated for one award.
|-
| 2004
| The Original
| ARIA Award for Best Dance Release
|
|-
References
External links
Australian record producers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldpolenz%20Solar%20Park | The Waldpolenz Solar Park is a 52-megawatt (MW) photovoltaic power station built by German developer and operator Juwi at a former military air base near Leipzig, Eastern Germany. When completed by the end of 2008, it was the world's largest thin-film solar park using CdTe-modules.
Initially, the solar power plant's nameplate capacity was 40 MW, consisting of 500,000 state-of-the-art solar panels provided by U.S. manufacturer First Solar, and generated 40,000 MWh of electricity per year. The solar park was then extended with another 153,650 panels, also provided by First Solar, to a final capacity of 52 MWP in 2011
The installation is located in the Muldentalkreis district in the state of Saxony in eastern Germany, built on half of the location's in the townships of Brandis and Bennewitz. The investment costs for the Waldpolenz solar park have amounted to some 130 million euro.
See also
Energy policy of the European Union
List of photovoltaic power stations
Photovoltaics
Pocking Solar Park in Germany
Renewable energy commercialization
Renewable energy in the European Union
Solar power
References
Photovoltaic power stations in Germany |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance%20mutation%20%28virology%29 | A resistance mutation is a mutation in a virus gene that allows the virus to become resistant to treatment with a particular antiviral drug. The term was first used in the management of HIV, the first virus in which genome sequencing was routinely used to look for drug resistance. At the time of infection, a virus will infect and begin to replicate within a preliminary cell. As subsequent cells are infected, random mutations will occur in the viral genome. When these mutations begin to accumulate, antiviral methods will kill the wild type strain, but will not be able to kill one or many mutated forms of the original virus. At this point a resistance mutation has occurred because the new strain of virus is now resistant to the antiviral treatment that would have killed the original virus. Resistance mutations are evident and widely studied in HIV due to its high rate of mutation and prevalence in the general population. Resistance mutation is now studied in bacteriology and parasitology.
Mechanisms
Resistance mutations can occur through several mechanisms from single nucleotide substitutions to combinations of amino acid substitutions, deletions and insertions. Over time, these new genetic lines will persist if they become resistant to treatments being used against them. It has been shown that pathogens will favor and become more resistant to treatment in common host genotypes through frequency-dependent selection. Further, strict adherence to a retroviral regimen correlates |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency%20and%20Coordination%20Runtime | Concurrency and Coordination Runtime (CCR) is an asynchronous programming library based on .NET Framework from Microsoft distributed with Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio (MRDS). Even though it comes with MRDS, it is not limited to modelling robotic behavior but can be used to express asynchronous behavior in any application.
CCR runtime includes a Dispatcher class that implements a Thread pool, with a fixed number of threads, all of which can execute simultaneously. Each dispatcher includes a queue (called DispatcherQueue) of delegates, which represent the entry point to a procedure (called work item) that can be executed asynchronously. The work items are then distributed across the threads for execution. A dispatcher object also contains a generic Port which is a queue where the result of the asynchronous execution of a work item is put. Each work item can be associated with a ReceiverTask object which consumes the result for further processing. An Arbiter manages the ReceiverTask and invokes them when the result they are expecting is ready and put on the Port queue.
In May 2010, the CCR was made available along with the entire Robotics Developer Studio in one package, for free. Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio 2008 R3.
CCR was last updated in RDS R4 in 2012. It is no longer under development. Asynchronous programming is now supported in Visual Studio languages such as C# through built-in language features.
See also
Parallel Extensions
Joins
Microsoft Robotics De |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SF1 | SF1 may refer to:
Biochemistry
SF1 (gene), a human gene
a type of helicase, a common protein.
Steroidogenic factor 1
Videogaming
Star Fox (1993 video game), the first game in the Star Fox series
Street Fighter (video game), the first game in the Street Fighter series
SF-1 SNES TV, a television monitor sold by Sharp Corporation with a built-in Super NES
Other uses
SRF 1, a Swiss television channel formerly known as 'SF 1'
Summary File 1, a United States Census report
See also
SF (disambiguation)
SFI (disambiguation)
SFL (disambiguation) (sfl) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHEK2 | CHEK2 (Checkpoint kinase 2) is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes the protein CHK2, a serine-threonine kinase. CHK2 is involved in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Mutations to the CHEK2 gene have been linked to a wide range of cancers.
Gene location
The CHEK2 gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 22 at position 12.1. Its location on chromosome 22 stretches from base pair 28,687,742 to base pair 28,741,904.
Protein structure
The CHEK2 protein encoded by the CHEK2 gene is a serine threonine kinase. The protein consists of 543 amino acids and the following domains:
N-terminal SQ/TQ cluster domain (SCD)
Central forkhead-associated (FHA) domain
C-terminal serine/threonine kinase domain (KD)
The SCD domain contains multiple SQ/TQ motifs that serve as sites for phosphorylation in response to DNA damage. The most notable and frequently phosphorylated site being Thr68.
CHK2 appears as a monomer in its inactive state. However, in the event of DNA damage SCD phosphorylation causes CHK2 dimerization. The phosphorylated Thr68 (located on the SCD) interacts with the FHA domain to form the dimer. After the protein dimerizes the KD is activated via autophosphorylation. Once the KD is activated the CHK2 dimer dissociates.
Function and mechanism
The CHEK2 gene encodes for checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), a protein that acts as a tumor suppressor. CHK2 regulates cell division, and has the ability to prevent cells from dividing too rap |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H2AFX | H2A histone family member X (usually abbreviated as H2AX) is a type of histone protein from the H2A family encoded by the H2AFX gene. An important phosphorylated form is γH2AX (S139), which forms when double-strand breaks appear.
In humans and other eukaryotes, the DNA is wrapped around histone octamers, consisting of core histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, to form chromatin. H2AX contributes to nucleosome-formation, chromatin-remodeling and DNA repair, and is also used in vitro as an assay for double-strand breaks in dsDNA.
Formation of γH2AX
H2AX becomes phosphorylated on serine 139, then called γH2AX, as a reaction on DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). The kinases of the PI3-family (Ataxia telangiectasia mutated, ATR and DNA-PKcs) are responsible for this phosphorylation, especially ATM. The modification can happen accidentally during replication fork collapse or in the response to ionizing radiation but also during controlled physiological processes such as V(D)J recombination. γH2AX is a sensitive target for looking at DSBs in cells. The presence of γH2AX by itself, however, is not the evidence of the DSBs. The role of the phosphorylated form of the histone in DNA repair is under discussion but it is known that because of the modification the DNA becomes less condensed, potentially allowing space for the recruitment of proteins necessary during repair of DSBs. Mutagenesis experiments have shown that the modification is necessary for the proper formation of ionizing radiation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptable%20robotics | Adaptable robotics are generally based in robot developer kits. This technology is distinguished from static automation due to its capacity to adapt to changing environmental conditions and material features while retaining a degree of predictability required for collaboration (e.g. human-robot collaboration). The degree of adaptability is demonstrated in the way these can be moved around and used in different tasks.
Unlike static or factory robots, which have pre-defined way of operating, adaptable robots can function even if a component breaks, making them useful in cases like caring for the elderly, doing household tasks, and rescue work.
Adaptable Robotics systems successfully adapt to their environment using techniques such as modular design, machine learning, and sensor feedback. Using this, they have revolutionized various industries and have the ability to address many real-world challenges.
Software
The kits come with an open software platform tailored to a range of common robotic functions. The kits also come with common robotics hardware that connects easily with the software (infrared sensors, motors, microphone and video camera), which add to the capabilities of the robot.
The process of modifying a robot to achieve varying capabilities such as collaboration could merely include the selection of a module, the exchange of modules, robotic instruction via software, and execution.
Types of Adaptable Robots
Soft Robots
Robotics with soft grippers is an eme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschirnhausen%20cubic | In algebraic geometry, the Tschirnhausen cubic, or Tschirnhaus' cubic is a plane curve defined, in its left-opening form, by the polar equation
where is the secant function.
History
The curve was studied by von Tschirnhaus, de L'Hôpital, and Catalan. It was given the name Tschirnhausen cubic in a 1900 paper by Raymond Clare Archibald, though it is sometimes known as de L'Hôpital's cubic or the trisectrix of Catalan.
Other equations
Put . Then applying triple-angle formulas gives
giving a parametric form for the curve. The parameter t can be eliminated easily giving the Cartesian equation
.
If the curve is translated horizontally by 8a and the signs of the variables are changed, the equations of the resulting right-opening curve are
and in Cartesian coordinates
.
This gives the alternative polar form
.
Generalization
The Tschirnhausen cubic is a Sinusoidal spiral with n = −1/3.
References
J. D. Lawrence, A Catalog of Special Plane Curves. New York: Dover, 1972, pp. 87-90.
External links
"Tschirnhaus' Cubic" at MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
Tschirnhausen cubic at mathcurve.com
Cubic curves |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoribonuclease-prepared%20siRNA | esiRNA or Endoribonuclease-prepared siRNAs are a mixture of siRNA oligos resulting from cleavage of long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) with an endoribonuclease such as Escherichia coli RNase III or Dicer.
An alternative concept to the usage of chemically synthesized siRNA for RNA Interference (RNAi) is the enzymatic digestion of long double stranded RNAs in vitro. In this case a cDNA template is amplified by PCR and tagged with two bacteriophage-promoter sequences. RNA polymerase is then used to generate long double stranded RNA that is homologous to the target-gene cDNA. This RNA is subsequently digested with RNase III from Escherichia coli to generate short overlapping fragments of siRNAs with a length between 18 and 25 base pairs. This complex mixture of short double stranded RNAs is similar to the mixture generated by Dicer cleavage in vivo and is therefore called endoribonuclease-prepared siRNA or short esiRNA. esiRNA are a heterogeneous mixture of siRNAs that all target the same mRNA sequence. These multiple silencing triggers lead to highly specific and effective gene silencing.
References
Lawo et al. HAUS, the 8-Subunit Human Augmin Complex, Regulates Centrosome and Spindle Integrity. Curr Biol. 2009; 19:816-26 (2009).
Ding et al. A Genome-Scale RNAi Screen for Oct4 Modulators Defines a Role of the Paf1 Complex for Embryonic Stem Cell Identity. Cell Stem Cell. Apr (2009)
Theis et al. Comparative profiling identifies C13orf3 as a component of the Ska complex require |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoda%E2%80%93El%20Mir%20theorem | The Skoda–El Mir theorem is a theorem of complex geometry,
stated as follows:
Theorem (Skoda, El Mir, Sibony). Let X be a complex manifold, and
E a closed complete pluripolar set in X. Consider a closed positive current on
which is locally integrable around E. Then the trivial extension of to X is closed on X.
Notes
References
J.-P. Demailly, L² vanishing theorems for positive line bundles and adjunction theory, Lecture Notes of a CIME course on "Transcendental Methods of Algebraic Geometry" (Cetraro, Italy, July 1994)
Complex manifolds
Several complex variables
Theorems in geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%E2%80%93Hilbert%20correspondence | In mathematics, the term Riemann–Hilbert correspondence refers to the correspondence between regular singular flat connections on algebraic vector bundles and representations of the fundamental group, and more generally to one of several generalizations of this.
The original setting appearing in Hilbert's twenty-first problem was for the Riemann sphere, where it was about the existence of systems of linear regular differential equations with prescribed monodromy representations.
First the Riemann sphere may be replaced by an arbitrary Riemann surface and then, in higher dimensions, Riemann surfaces are replaced by complex manifolds of dimension > 1.
There is a correspondence between certain systems of partial differential equations (linear and having very special properties for their solutions) and possible monodromies of their solutions.
Such a result was proved for algebraic connections with regular singularities by Pierre Deligne (1970, generalizing existing work in the case of Riemann surfaces) and more generally for regular holonomic D-modules by Masaki Kashiwara (1980, 1984) and Zoghman Mebkhout (1980, 1984) independently.
In the setting of nonabelian Hodge theory, the Riemann-Hilbert correspondence provides a complex analytic isomorphism between two of the three natural algebraic structures on the moduli spaces, and so is naturally viewed as a nonabelian analogue of the comparison isomorphism between De Rham cohomology and singular/Betti cohomology.
Statement
Suppo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RYK | RYK or Ryk may refer to:
Related to receptor tyrosine kinase, a mammalian gene, and Ryk, the protein it encodes
Rahim Yar Khan, a city in Punjab, Pakistan
Rajiv Yuva Kiranalu, an employment programme in Andhra Pradesh, India
Shaikh Zayed International Airport (IATA: RYK), in Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
The Afrikaans and Frisian equivalent of the German word reich
People with the given name
Ryk Neethling (born 1977), a South African swimmer
Ryk van Schoor (1921–2009), a South African rugby player
Ryk Tulbagh (1699–1771), governor of the Dutch Cape Colony
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Related%20to%20receptor%20tyrosine%20kinase | The related to receptor tyrosine kinase (RYK) gene encodes the protein Ryk.
The protein encoded by this gene is an atypical member of the family of growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinases, differing from other members at a number of conserved residues in the activation and nucleotide binding domains. This gene product belongs to a subfamily whose members do not appear to be regulated by phosphorylation in the activation segment. It has been suggested that mediation of biological activity by recruitment of a signaling-competent auxiliary protein may occur through an as yet uncharacterized mechanism. Two alternative splice variants have been identified, encoding distinct isoforms.
History
The gene encoding mouse RYK was first identified in 1992.
Subsequently, cDNA encoding the RYK protein have been isolated from the following species.
rat
chicken
Human
Zebrafish
Caenorhabditis elegans
Drosophila
Structure
In common with other receptor tyrosine kinase family members, RYK is composed of three domains, an N-terminal, extracellular ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane spanning domain and a C-terminal intracellular domain. However, in contrast to other receptor tyrosine kinases the C-terminal domain of RYK is devoid of detectable kinase activity.
Function
RYK is involved in regulation of axon growth during development of the nervous system.
References
Further reading
Genes on human chromosome 3
Tyrosine kinase receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-VSB | E-VSB or Enhanced VSB is an optional enhancement to the original ATSC Standards that use the 8VSB modulation system used for transmission of digital television. It is intended for improving reception where signals are weaker, including fringe reception areas, and on portable devices such as handheld televisions or mobile phones. It does not cause problems to older receivers, but they cannot take advantage of its features. E-VSB was approved by the ATSC committee in 2004. However, it has been implemented by few stations or manufacturers.
For mobile applications, ATSC suffers significant signal degradation caused by the Doppler effect. Additionally, low-power handheld receivers are usually equipped with smaller antennas. These have a poor signal-to-noise ratio, which is disruptive to digital signals. The E-VSB standard provides for Reed–Solomon error correction to alleviate the data corruption caused by these issues.
Additionally, the standard can use either the MPEG-4 AVC or VC-1 video codecs. As these codecs have higher video compression than the original MPEG-2, they require less bandwidth.
As 8VSB lacks both link adaptation and hierarchical modulation of DVB, which would allow the SDTV part of an HDTV signal (or the LDTV part of SDTV) to be received even in fringe reception areas where signal strength is low, E-VSB yields a similar benefit. However, E-VSB places a significant processing overhead on the receiver, as well as a significant transmission overhead on |
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