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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20inequality | Information inequality may mean
in statistics, the Cramér–Rao bound, an inequality for the variance of an estimator based on the information in a sample
in information theory, inequalities in information theory describes various inequalities specific to that context.
in sociology, Information Inequality and Social Barriers
also in sociology, information inequity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarity%20%28physics%29 | In quantum physics, unitarity is (or a unitary process has) the condition that the time evolution of a quantum state according to the Schrödinger equation is mathematically represented by a unitary operator. This is typically taken as an axiom or basic postulate of quantum mechanics, while generalizations of or departures from unitarity are part of speculations about theories that may go beyond quantum mechanics. A unitarity bound is any inequality that follows from the unitarity of the evolution operator, i.e. from the statement that time evolution preserves inner products in Hilbert space.
Hamiltonian evolution
Time evolution described by a time-independent Hamiltonian is represented by a one-parameter family of unitary operators, for which the Hamiltonian is a generator: .
In the Schrödinger picture, the unitary operators are taken to act upon the system's quantum state, whereas in the Heisenberg picture, the time dependence is incorporated into the observables instead.
Implications of unitarity on measurement results
In quantum mechanics, every state is described as a vector in Hilbert space. When a measurement is performed, it is convenient to describe this space using a vector basis in which every basis vector has a defined result of the measurement – e.g., a vector basis of defined momentum in case momentum is measured. The measurement operator is diagonal in this basis.
The probability to get a particular measured result depends on the probability amplitude, give |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus%20of%20enterocyte%20effacement | The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) is a moderately conserved pathogenicity island consisting of 35,000 base pairs in the bacteria Escherichia coli genome. The LEE encodes the Type III secretion system and associated chaperones and effector proteins responsible for attaching and effacing (AE) lesions in the large intestine. These proteins include intimin, Tir, EspC, EspF, EspH, and Map protein. The LEE has a 38% G+C ratio.
See also
Locus of enterocyte effacement-encoded regulator
Cell biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass%20trap | Bass traps are acoustic energy absorbers which are designed to damp low frequency sound energy with the goal of attaining a flatter low frequency (LF) room response by reducing LF resonances in rooms. They are commonly used in recording studios, mastering rooms, home theatres and other rooms built to provide a critical listening environment. Like all acoustically absorptive devices, they function by turning sound energy into heat through friction.
General description—types
There are generally two types of bass traps: resonant absorbers and porous absorbers. Resonant absorbers are further divided into panel absorbers and Helmholtz resonators.
Both types are effective, but whereas a resonant absorber needs to be mechanically tuned to resonate in sympathy with the frequencies being absorbed, a porous absorber does not resonate and need not be tuned.
Porous absorbers tend to be smaller in size and are easier to design and build, as well as less expensive overall than resonant absorbers. However, the deep bass attenuation of a porous absorber is generally inferior, so its usefulness for attenuating lower frequency room resonances is more limited.
Resonating absorbers tend to absorb a narrower spectrum and porous absorbers tend to absorb a broader spectrum. The spectrum of both types can be either narrowed or broadened by design but the generalized difference in bandwidth and tunability dominates their respective performance.
Examples of resonating type bass traps include a r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber%20derivative | In the context of Lagrangian mechanics, the fiber derivative is used to convert between the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian forms. In particular, if is the configuration manifold then the Lagrangian is defined on the tangent bundle , and the Hamiltonian is defined on the cotangent bundle —the fiber derivative is a map such that
,
where and are vectors from the same tangent space. When restricted to a particular point, the fiber derivative is a Legendre transformation.
References
Marsden, Jerrold E.; Ratiu, Tudor (1998). Introduction to Mechanics and Symmetry: A Basic Exposition of Classical Mechanical Systems
Lagrangian mechanics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMF | In cryptography, CDMF (Commercial Data Masking Facility) is an algorithm developed at IBM in 1992 to reduce the security strength of the 56-bit DES cipher to that of 40-bit encryption, at the time a requirement of U.S. restrictions on export of cryptography. Rather than a separate cipher from DES, CDMF constitutes a key generation algorithm, called key shortening. It is one of the cryptographic algorithms supported by S-HTTP.
Algorithm
Like DES, CDMF accepts a 64-bit input key, but not all bits are used.
The algorithm consists of the following steps:
Clear bits 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64 (ignoring these bits as DES does).
XOR the result with its encryption under DES using the key 0xC408B0540BA1E0AE.
Clear bits 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 64.
Encrypt the result under DES using the key 0xEF2C041CE6382FE6.
The resulting 64-bit data is to be used as a DES key. Due to step 3, a brute force attack needs to test only 240 possible keys.
References
, IBM's patent on CDMF
ISO/IEC9979-0005 Register Entry (PDF), registered October 29, 1994
, defines S-HTTP
Cryptographic algorithms
Data Encryption Standard
Key management
Block ciphers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy%20costs%20of%20debt | Within the theory of corporate finance, bankruptcy costs of debt are the increased costs of financing with debt instead of equity that result from a higher probability of bankruptcy. The fact that bankruptcy is generally a costly process in itself and not only a transfer of ownership implies that these costs negatively affect the total value of the firm. These costs can be thought of as a financial cost, in the sense that the cost of financing increases because the probability of bankruptcy increases. One way to understand this is to realize that when a firm goes bankrupt investors holding its debt are likely to lose part or all of their investment, and therefore investors require a higher rate of return when investing in bonds of a firm that can easily go bankrupt. This implies that an increase in debt which ends up increasing a firm's bankruptcy probability causes an increase in these bankruptcy costs of debt.
In the trade-off theory of capital structure, firms are supposedly choosing their level of debt financing by trading off these bankruptcy costs of debt against tax benefits of debt. In particular, a firm that is trying to maximize the value for its shareholders will equalize the marginal cost of debt that results from these bankruptcy costs with the marginal benefit of debt that results from tax benefits.
In the personal bankruptcy there is a cost associated with filling the paperwork. For Chapter 13 Bankruptcy there is a fee of $281 and for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy it |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20tracer | A flow tracer is any fluid property used to track the flow velocity (i.e., flow magnitude and direction) and circulation patterns. Tracers can be chemical properties, such as radioactive material, or chemical compounds, physical properties, such as density, temperature, salinity, or dyes, and can be natural or artificially induced. Flow tracers are used in many fields, such as physics, hydrology, limnology, oceanography, environmental studies and atmospheric studies.
Conservative tracers remain constant following fluid parcels, whereas reactive tracers (such as compounds undergoing a mutual chemical reaction) grow or decay with time. Active tracers dynamically alter the flow of the fluid by changing fluid properties which appear in the equation of motion such as density or viscosity, while passive tracers have no influence on flow.
Uses in oceanography
Ocean tracers are used to deduce small scale flow patterns, large-scale ocean circulation, water mass formation and changes, "dating" of water masses, and carbon dioxide storage and uptake.
Temperature, salinity, density, and other conservative tracers are often used to track currents, circulation and water mass mixing. An interesting example was when 28,000 plastic ducks fell over board from a container ship in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The following twelve years oceanographers recorded where the ducks washed ashore, some thousands of miles from the spill site, and this data was used to calibrate and verify the cir |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Grape%20Genome%20Program | The International Grape Genomics Program (IGGP) is a collaborative genome project dedicated to determining the genome sequence of the grapevine Vitis vinifera. It is a multinational project involving research centers in Australia, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Italy, South Africa, Spain, and the United States.
The project was established on the premise that whereas the Vitis family provides the world's most economically important fruit, its biology is still poorly understood. Many centuries of viticulture have provided many well-informed wine-producing centres throughout the world, yet exactly how a grapevine plant responds and interacts with the physical environment and deals with abiotic stresses, pests and diseases is currently unknown.
Agricultural technology surrounding Vitis has been traditionally based upon specific genotypes, which in the main have relied on "vegetative multiplication" and control of growing conditions to improve quality and yield. While advances in quality have certainly been achieved, it has involved increased costs and is in danger of incurring unsustainable environmental overheads. The argument is that the relatively unknown biology of Vitis is capable of delivering desired viticultural improvements without the associated ongoing costs, and establishing its genome sequence will examine the role individual genes play in viticulture, improving grape characteristics and quality in a predictable way.
Initial discoveries
As of March 2007, the pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylarsine | Trimethylarsine (abbreviated TMA or TMAs) is the chemical compound with the formula (CH3)3As, commonly abbreviated AsMe3 or TMAs. This organic derivative of arsine has been used as a source of arsenic in microelectronics industry, a building block to other organoarsenic compounds, and serves as a ligand in coordination chemistry. It has distinct "garlic"-like smell. Trimethylarsine had been discovered as early as 1854.
Structure and preparation
AsMe3 is a pyramidal molecule. The As-C distances average 1.519 Å, and the C-As-C angles are 91.83°
Trimethylarsine can be prepared by treatment of arsenic oxide with trimethylaluminium:
As2O3 + 1.5 [AlMe3]2 → 2 AsMe3 + 3/n (MeAl-O)n
Occurrence and reactions
Trimethylarsine is the volatile byproduct of microbial action on inorganic forms of arsenic which are naturally occurring in rocks and soils at the parts-per-million level. Trimethylarsine has been reported only at trace levels (parts per billion) in landfill gas from Germany, Canada, and the U.S.A., and is the major arsenic-containing compound in the gas.
Trimethylarsine is pyrophoric due to the exothermic nature of the following reaction, which initiates combustion:
AsMe3 + 1/2 O2 → OAsMe3 (TMAO)
History
Poisoning events due to a gas produced by certain microbes was assumed to be associated with the arsenic in paint. In 1893 the Italian physician Bartolomeo Gosio published his results on "Gosio gas" that was subsequently shown to contain trimethylarsine. Under wet conditions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacaran%20biota | The Ediacaran (; formerly Vendian) biota is a taxonomic period classification that consists of all life forms that were present on Earth during the Ediacaran Period (). These were enigmatic tubular and frond-shaped, mostly sessile, organisms. Trace fossils of these organisms have been found worldwide, and represent the earliest known complex multicellular organisms. The term "Ediacara biota" has received criticism from some scientists due to its alleged inconsistency, arbitrary exclusion of certain fossils, and inability to be precisely defined.
The Ediacaran biota may have undergone evolutionary radiation in a proposed event called the Avalon explosion, . This was after the Earth had thawed from the Cryogenian period's extensive glaciation. This biota largely disappeared with the rapid increase in biodiversity known as the Cambrian explosion. Most of the currently existing body plans of animals first appeared in the fossil record of the Cambrian rather than the Ediacaran. For macroorganisms, the Cambrian biota appears to have almost completely replaced the organisms that dominated the Ediacaran fossil record, although relationships are still a matter of debate.
The organisms of the Ediacaran Period first appeared around and flourished until the cusp of the Cambrian , when the characteristic communities of fossils vanished. A diverse Ediacaran community was discovered in 1995 in Sonora, Mexico, and is approximately 555 million years in age, roughly coeval with Ediacaran fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Nations%20peacekeeping%20missions%20involving%20Pakistan | Pakistan has served in 46 United Nations peacekeeping missions in 29 countries around the world. As of 2023, United Nations (UN) statistics show that 168 Pakistani UN peacekeepers have been killed since 1948. The biggest Pakistani loss occurred on 5 June 1993 in Mogadishu. Pakistan joined the United Nations on 30 September 1947, despite opposition from Afghanistan because of the Durand Line issue. The Pakistan Armed Forces are the sixth largest contributor of troops towards UN peacekeeping efforts, behind Ethiopia and Rwanda.
Peacekeeping, as defined by the United Nations, is the practice of helping countries torn by conflict create conditions for sustainable peace. UN peacekeepers — usually military officers and regular troops alongside civilian personnel from many countries — monitor and observe peace processes that emerge in regions post-war and assist ex-combatants in implementing the peace agreements they have signed. Such assistance comes in many forms, including confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements, electoral support, strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social development. Pakistan's contributions have consisted mainly of regular military personnel, but also include paramilitary troops and civilian police officers as peacekeepers. All operations must include the resolution of conflicts through the use of force to be considered valid under the charter of the United Nations.
Foundation
{{Blockquote|text=Our foreign policy is one of frie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonextensive%20entropy | Entropy is considered to be an extensive property, i.e., that its value depends on the amount of material present. Constantino Tsallis has proposed a nonextensive entropy (Tsallis entropy), which is a generalization of the traditional Boltzmann–Gibbs entropy.
The rationale behind the theory is that Gibbs-Boltzmann entropy leads to systems that have a strong dependence on initial conditions. In reality most materials behave quite independently of initial conditions.
Nonextensive entropy leads to nonextensive statistical mechanics, whose typical functions are power laws, instead of the traditional exponentials.
See also
Tsallis entropy
Statistical mechanics
Entropy and information
Thermodynamic entropy
Information theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminth%20protein | A helminth protein, or helminthic antigen, is a protein derived from a parasitic worm that causes an immune reaction. When secreted, these proteins may modify the host's immune response in order to promote longevity of the parasite. Helminth proteins can result in a deregulated response to infection, and are implicated in reduced reactivity to other antigens. Other helminth proteins promote parasite survival in other ways, particularly since parasites must depend on hosts for the supply of essential nutrients. Despite their pathogenic properties, helminth proteins have potential to be co-opted to treat a number of other human diseases.
Immunoregulation
Helminth proteins modulate the immune response of their hosts, but do not suppress it entirely. A number of proteins are able to induce production of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. IL-10 is partially responsible for reducing expression of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD86 on macrophages. CD86 is one of the proteins which interact with CD28 to activate T helper cells; without it, T helper cell response is mitigated. Schistosome proteins also contain abundant proteases which and cleave IgE antibodies. Alpha-1, a protein released by schistosome eggs, can also be a chemokine binding protein, preventing the recruitment of other immune cells like neutrophils. T. canis C-type lectins are additionally able to bind to mammalian carbohydrates, suggesting that they may promote evasion of the host’s immune system by preventin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Graczyk | Jean Graczyk (26 May 1933 – 27 June 2004) was a professional road bicycle racer who won two points classifications in the Tour de France and several stages each at the Tour de France and Vuelta a España. Before turning professional, Graczyk won an Olympic silver medal in the team pursuit for France.
His nickname in the sport was Popof. The American-French journalist René de Latour jokingly said in the British monthly Sporting Cyclist that it was because of his habit of attacking alone, or "popping off". De Latour, however, depended too heavily on his readers' understanding of French slang, because Popof is a semi-derogatory term in French for someone of Polish background. The "popping off" suggestion, however, is still widely believed and appears from time to time in histories of the sport.
Major results
1956
Summer Olympics:
Silver medal team pursuit
national amateur road race champion
1957
Vailly-sur-Sauldre
Tour du Sud-Est
1958
Cluny
Orchies
Vuelta a España:
Winner stage 13B
Pleurtuit
Tour de France:
Winner Points classification
1959
Antibes
Hyères
Ronde d'Aix-en-Provence
Saint-Denis l'Hotel
Trofeo Longines (with Jacques Anquetil, André Darrigade, Seamus Elliott and Michel Vermeulin)
Paris–Nice
Tour de France:
Winner stage 5
1960
Tour de France:
Winner stages 4, 12, 17 and 21
Winner Points classification
Critérium International
Super Prestige Pernod International
Brignolles
GP Monaco
Saint-Claud
Saint-Hilaire de Harcouet
1961
Challenge Laurens
GP de Fréjus
Neuvic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Anderson's theorem is a result in real analysis and geometry which says that the integral of an integrable, symmetric, unimodal, non-negative function f over an n-dimensional convex body K does not decrease if K is translated inwards towards the origin. This is a natural statement, since the graph of f can be thought of as a hill with a single peak over the origin; however, for n ≥ 2, the proof is not entirely obvious, as there may be points x of the body K where the value f(x) is larger than at the corresponding translate of x.
Anderson's theorem, named after Theodore Wilbur Anderson, also has an interesting application to probability theory.
Statement of the theorem
Let K be a convex body in n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn that is symmetric with respect to reflection in the origin, i.e. K = −K. Let f : Rn → R be a non-negative, symmetric, globally integrable function; i.e.
f(x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ Rn;
f(x) = f(−x) for all x ∈ Rn;
Suppose also that the super-level sets L(f, t) of f, defined by
are convex subsets of Rn for every t ≥ 0. (This property is sometimes referred to as being unimodal.) Then, for any 0 ≤ c ≤ 1 and y ∈ Rn,
Application to probability theory
Given a probability space (Ω, Σ, Pr), suppose that X : Ω → Rn is an Rn-valued random variable with probability density function f : Rn → [0, +∞) and that Y : Ω → Rn is an independent random variable. The probability density functions of many well-known probability distributions are p-concave for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAK%20%28protein%29 | Cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK) is a serine/threonine kinase that in humans is encoded by the GAK gene.
Function
In all eukaryotes, the cell cycle is governed by cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs), whose activities are regulated by cyclins and CDK inhibitors in a diverse array of mechanisms that involve the control of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of Ser, Thr or Tyr residues. Cyclins are molecules that possess a consensus domain called the 'cyclin box.' In mammalian cells, 9 cyclin species have been identified, and they are referred to as cyclins A through I. Cyclin G is a direct transcriptional target of the p53 tumor suppressor gene product and thus functions downstream of p53. GAK is an association partner of cyclin G and CDK5.
Cyclin G-associated kinase received its name because it immunoprecipitated with cyclin G though it now appears to not be associated with it. Cyclin G-associated kinase is homologous in function to the protein auxilin which when in association with Hsc70 uncoats clathrin in neuronal cells. However, the location of Cyclin G-associated kinase is not in the brain but near the trans-Golgi network of non-neuronal cells such as those found in the liver and testes. GAK is also known to be associated with focal adhesions though the exact relationship between the two is unknown.
Structure
A structure of GAK was determined using X-ray diffraction to a resolution of 2.10 Å.
Cyclin G-associated kinase is a two domain cystolic protein. The dom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Piperidone | 4-Piperidone is an organic compound with the molecular formula . It can be viewed as a derivative of piperidine. 4-Piperidone is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of chemicals and pharmaceutical drugs. Substituted and dehydro derivatives of 4-piperidinone are intermediates in alkaloid syntheses.
It is a List I chemical in the United States. It is a precursor to fentanyl.
The N-protonated derivative is typically isolated as the hydrate .
See also
4-Pyridone
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Phenethyl-4-piperidinone | N-Phenethyl-4-piperidinone (NPP) is a derivative of 4-piperidinone with the molecular formula C13H17NO. It is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of chemicals and pharmaceutical drugs such as fentanyl.
Because of its possible use in the illicit manufacture of fentanyl, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) placed NPP under control as a List 1 Chemical in 2007. Both domestic sales and domestic importations are thus subject to DEA reporting requirements.
Preparation
N-Phenethyl-4-piperidinone can be prepared from 4-piperidinone and phenethyl bromide in biphasic conditions with a variety of phase transfer catalysts.
Uses
N-Phenethyl-4-piperidinone is useful in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, primarily fentanyl and its analogs. Paul Janssen (founder of Janssen Pharmaceutica) first synthesized fentanyl in 1960 from Benzylfentanyl. The Seigfried method (shown below and published on The Hive) involves reacting N-phenethyl-4-piperidinone with aniline, and then reducing the imine product with sodium borohydride to 4-anilino-N-phenethylpiperidine (ANPP). This product is reacted with propionyl chloride to form fentanyl.
References
Further reading
Ketones
Piperidines
Phenethylamines
Janssen Pharmaceutica |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%20Swiss%20Grand%20Prix | The 1947 Swiss Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Bremgarten on 8 June 1947.
Classification
Heat 1
Drivers in bold advanced to the final
Pole position : Carlo Felice Trossi, 2:42.9
Fastest lap : Achille Varzi, 3:02.3
Heat 2
Drivers in bold advanced to the final
Pole position : Jean-Pierre Wimille, 2:47.9
Fastest lap : Raymond Sommer, 2:46.6
Final
Swiss Grand Prix
Swiss Grand Prix
Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzilic%20acid | Benzilic acid is an organic compound with formula or ()2(HO)C(COOH). It is a white crystalline aromatic acid, soluble in many primary alcohols.
Preparation
Benzilic acid can be prepared by heating a mixture of benzil, ethanol, and potassium hydroxide.
Another preparation, performed by Liebig in 1838, is the dimerization of benzaldehyde, to benzil, which is transformed to the product by the benzilic acid rearrangement reaction.
Uses
Benzilic acid is used in the manufacture of glycollate pharmaceuticals including clidinium, dilantin, flutropium, and mepenzolate which are antagonists of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
It is used in manufacture of the incapacitating agent 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (BZ) which is regulated by the Chemical Weapons Convention. It is also monitored by law enforcement agencies of many countries, because of its use in the manufacture in hallucinogenic drugs.
References
External links
Safety MSDS data
Solubility in alcohols
Converting Benzaldehyde to Benzilic Acid
Synthesis of Benzilic Acid
Benzhydryl compounds
Phenylacetic acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Becker%20%28physicist%29 | Richard Becker (; 3 December 1887 – 16 March 1955) was a German theoretical physicist who made contributions in thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, superconductivity, and quantum electrodynamics.
Early life
Becker was born in Hamburg. His studies in zoology started in 1906 at the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, where he earned his doctorate in 1909 under August Weismann. After hearing lectures by Arnold Sommerfeld at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Becker turned his professional interest to physics. He also studied physics under Max Born at the Georg-August University of Göttingen, and Max Planck and Albert Einstein at the Humboldt University of Berlin. Becker completed his Habilitation in 1922 under Planck.
During World War I, Becker worked in German industrial organizations, including the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie and the lighting manufacturer Osram.
In 1919, Sommerfeld recommended three of his students as qualified to become physics assistant to the mathematician David Hilbert at Göttingen. The list included Adolf Kratzer, Becker, and Franz Pauer. Kratzer, first on the list, went to Göttingen.
Career
Upon Habilitation, Becker became a Privatdozent at the University of Berlin. In 1926, he became ordinarius professor at Technische Hochschule Berlin (Today: Technische Universität Berlin.) and head of the new physics department there.
In 1935 Sommerfeld, the theoretician who helped to usher in quantum mechanics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambek%E2%80%93Moser%20theorem | The Lambek–Moser theorem is a mathematical description of partitions of the natural numbers into two complementary sets. For instance, it applies to the partition of numbers into even and odd, or into prime and non-prime (one and the composite numbers). There are two parts to the Lambek–Moser theorem. One part states that any two non-decreasing integer functions that are inverse, in a certain sense, can be used to split the natural numbers into two complementary subsets, and the other part states that every complementary partition can be constructed in this way. When a formula is known for the natural number in a set, the Lambek–Moser theorem can be used to obtain a formula for the number not in the set.
The Lambek–Moser theorem belongs to combinatorial number theory. It is named for Joachim Lambek and Leo Moser, who published it in 1954, and should be distinguished from an unrelated theorem of Lambek and Moser, later strengthened by Wild, on the number of primitive Pythagorean triples. It extends Rayleigh's theorem, which describes complementary pairs of Beatty sequences, the sequences of rounded multiples of irrational numbers.
From functions to partitions
Let be any function from positive integers to non-negative integers that is both non-decreasing (each value in the sequence is at least as large as any earlier value) and unbounded (it eventually increases past any fixed value).
The sequence of its values may skip some numbers, so it might not have an inverse func |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian%20citizens%20of%20Israel | Palestinian citizens of Israel, also known as 48-Palestinians () are Arab citizens of Israel that self-identify as Palestinian. According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, the Arab population in 2019 was estimated at 1,890,000, representing 20.95% of the country's population. The majority of these identify themselves as Arab or Palestinian by nationality and Israeli by citizenship. Many Arabs have family ties to Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip as well as to Palestinian refugees in Jordan, Syria and Lebanon.
Identification as Palestinian
Historical
Between 1948 and 1967, very few Arab citizens of Israel identified openly as "Palestinian". An "Israeli-Arab" identity, the preferred phrase of the Israeli establishment and public, was predominant. Public expressions of Palestinian identity, such as displays of the Palestinian flag or the singing and reciting of nationalist songs or poetry were illegal. Ever since the Nakba, the Palestinians that have remained within Israel's 1948 borders have been colloquially known as "48 Arabs" (). With the end of military administrative rule in 1966 and following the 1967 war, national consciousness and its expression among Israel's Arab citizens spread. A majority then self-identified as Palestinian, preferring this descriptor to Israeli Arab in numerous surveys over the years.
Terminology
How to refer to the Arab citizenry of Israel is a highly politicized issue, and there are a number of self-identification labels use |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myringomycosis | Myringomycosis is a fungal infection of the tympanic membrane. It is caused by the presence of the fungus Aspergillus nigricans or flavescens.
References
Further reading
Animal fungal diseases
Myringomycosis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscope | Landscope is the quarterly journal of Western Australia's Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. It publishes technical and popular articles on matters related to the conservation and management of natural resources in Western Australia.
First published in 1985, the magazine was partially a continuation of S.W.A.N.S.: State Wildlife Advisory News Service, a newsletter of Western Australia's Department of Fisheries and Fauna. As of early 2019 there have been 34 volumes.
References
External links
1985 establishments in Australia
Nature conservation in Western Australia
Environmental magazines
Magazines established in 1985
Quarterly magazines published in Australia
Magazines published in Perth, Western Australia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTO%20gene | Fat mass and obesity-associated protein also known as alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FTO gene located on chromosome 16. As one homolog in the AlkB family proteins, it is the first mRNA demethylase that has been identified. Certain alleles of the FTO gene appear to be correlated with obesity in humans.
Function
The amino acid sequence of the transcribed FTO protein shows high similarity with the enzyme AlkB which oxidatively demethylates DNA. FTO is a member of the superfamily of alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylase, which are non-heme iron-containing proteins. Recombinant FTO protein was first discovered to catalyze demethylation of 3-methylthymine in single-stranded DNA, and 3-methyluridine in single-stranded RNA, with low efficiency. The nucleoside N6-methyladenosine (m6A), an abundant modification in RNA, was then found to be a major substrate of FTO. The FTO gene expression was also found to be significantly upregulated in the hypothalamus of rats after food deprivation and strongly negatively correlated with the expression of orexigenic galanin-like peptide which is involved in the stimulation of food intake.
Increases in hypothalamic expression of FTO are associated with the regulation of energy intake but not feeding reward.
People with two copies of the risk allele for the rs9939609 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) showed differing neural responses to food images via fMRI. However, rs9939609 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/444%20%28disambiguation%29 | 444 is a year.
444 or variants may also refer to:
444 BC
444 (number)
Transport
British Rail Class 444, a British EMU train
4-4-4, a Whyte notation classification of steam locomotive
Interstate 444, unsigned route in Oklahoma
Film and television
4:44 Last Day on Earth, a 2011 American film
The Haunted House: Room 444, a 2014 pilot Tooniverse animated television series
Music
444 (album), 2000 album by Charlie Major
4:44 (album), 2017 album by Jay-Z
"444", a song from electronic music group Autechre's debut album Incunabula
"4 4 4", a song from ambient techno group The Fireman's debut album, Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest
"444" is a song from the album 200 Tons Of Bad Luck by Crippled Black Phoenix
triple4s.com
Other uses
.444 Marlin, rifle caliber
4:4:4 is chroma subsampling's "highest" quality level in digital video recording/encoding. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20F%20--%20Local%20History%20of%20the%20United%20States%20and%20British%2C%20Dutch%2C%20French%2C%20and%20Latin%20America | Class F: Local History of the United States and British, Dutch, French, and Latin America is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This article outlines the structure of Class F classification.
F - Local History of the United States and British, Dutch, French, and Latin America
1-975..........United States local history
1-15...............New England
16-30.............Maine
31-45.............New Hampshire
46-60.............Vermont
61-75.............Massachusetts
76-90.............Rhode Island
91-105...........Connecticut
106.................Atlantic coast. Middle Atlantic States
116-130..........New York
131-145..........New Jersey
146-160..........Pennsylvania
161-175..........Delaware
176-190..........Maryland
191-205..........District of Columbia. Washington
206-220..........The South. South Atlantic States
221-235..........Virginia
236-250..........West Virginia
251-265..........North Carolina
266-280..........South Carolina
281-295..........Georgia
296-301..........Gulf States. West Florida
306-320..........Florida
321-335..........Alabama
336-350..........Mississippi
350.5-355.......Mississippi River and Valley. Middle West
366-380..........Louisiana
381-395..........Texas
396.................Old Southwest. Lower Mississippi Valley
406-420..........Arkansas
431-445..........Tennessee
446-460..........Kentucky
461-475..........Missouri
476-485..........Old Northwest. Northwest Territory
486-500..........Ohio
516-520..........Ohio River |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20E%20--%20History%20of%20America | Class E: History of America is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This article outlines the structure of Class E.
E - History of America
1-912..........History of America
11-143..........America
11-29..........General
29............Elements in the population
31-49.2........North America
51-73..........Pre-Columbian America. The Indians
75-99..........Native Americans
81-83..........Native American wars
99..........Native American tribes and cultures
101-135..........Discovery of America and early explorations
103-110..........Pre-Columbian period
111-120..........Columbus
121-135..........Post-Columbian period. El Dorado
141-143..........Descriptive accounts of America. Earliest to 1810
151-912..........United States
151-169.12..........General
171-183.9..........History
171-180..........General
173..........Sources and documents
175-175.7..........Historiography
176-176.8..........Biography
179.5..........Historical geography
181..........Military history
182..........Naval history
183-183.3..........Political history
183.7-183.9..........Diplomatic history. Foreign and general relations.
183.8..........Relations with individual countries
184-185.98..........Elements in the population
184.5-185.98..........Afro-Americans
185.2-185.89..........Status and development since emancipation
185.96-185.98..........Biography. Genealogy
186-199..........Colonial history (1607–1775)
186-189..........General
191-199..........By period
191.......... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20Z%20--%20Bibliography.%20Library%20Science.%20Information%20resources | Class Z: Bibliography. Library Science. Information resources is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This page outlines the sub-classes of Class Z.
Z - Books (general). Writing. Palaeography. Book Industries and trade. Libraries. Bibliography
4-115.5...............Books (General). Writing. Paleography
4-8..................History of books and bookmaking
40-104.5.............Writing
41-42.5.............Autographs. Signatures
43-45...............Calligraphy. Penmanship
48..................Duplicating processes. Copying services. Including mimeographing, multilithing
49-51.5.............Typewriters. Typewriting. Keyboards. Keyboarding
52-52.5.............Word processing
53-102..............Shorthand. Stenography. Phonography
102.5-104.5.........Cryptography. Cipher. Invisible writing
105-115.5............Manuscript. Paleography
116-659...............Book industries and trade
116.A2...............Treatises on the modern printed book
116.A3...............Book design
116.A5-265.5.........Printing
124-228.............History
231-234.............Printers and printing establishments
234................Medallic history of printing. Tokens
235-236.............Printer's marks, mottoes, etc.
237.................Paper. Watermarks, etc.
240-241.5...........Incunabula. Block books. Including broadsides, playing cards
242.9-264.5.........Practical printing. Including printing as a business, layout, paper and ink, machine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20V%20--%20Naval%20Science | Class V: Naval science is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This article outlines the subclasses of Class V.
V - Naval science (General)
1-995........Naval science (General)
25-55.......History and antiquities of naval science
66-69.......Navy clubs
160-165...Strategy
167-178...Tactics
200...........Coast defense
210-214.5...Submarine warfare
390-395.....Naval research
396-396.5...Military oceanography
399.........Automation in the naval sciences
400-695.....Naval education
720-743.....Naval life, manners and customs, antiquities, etc.
750-995.....War vessels: Construction, armament, etc.
VA - Navies: Organization, distribution, naval situation
10-750.....Navies: Organization, distribution, naval situation
49-395....United States
400-750...Other regions or countries
VB - Naval administration
15-(955)......Naval administration
21-124.......By region or country
170-187......Civil department
260-275......Enlisted personnel
307-309......Warrant officers
310-315......Officers
320-325......Minorities, women, etc. in navies
VC - Naval maintenance
10-580.......Naval maintenance
20-258......Organization of service
260-268.....Supplies and stores
270-279.....Equipment of vessels, supplies, allowances, etc.
280-345.....Clothing and equipment
350-410.....Subsistence. Provisioning
412-425.....Navy yards and stations. Shore facilities
VD - Naval seaman
7-430.......Naval Seaman
21-124.....By region or country
160-302....Drill regulations
330-335. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20U%20--%20Military%20Science | Class U: Military Science is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This page outlines the sub-classes of Class U.
U - Military science (general)
21‑22.3.....................................War. Philosophy. Military sociology
27‑43........................................History of military science
45.............................................Historiography
56‑59........................................Army clubs
150‑155.....................................Military planning
161‑163.....................................Strategy
164‑167.5..................................Tactics
168...........................................Logistics
250‑255.....................................Maneuvers (combined arms)
260...........................................Joint operations. Combined operations
261...........................................Amphibious warfare
262...........................................Commando tactics
263‑264.5..................................Atomic warfare. Atomic weapons
300‑305.....................................Artillery and rifle ranges
310‑310.2..................................War games
320‑325.....................................Physical training of soldiers
400‑714.....................................Military education and training
750‑773.....................................Military life, manners and customs, antiquities, etc.
799‑897.....................................History of arms and armor
UA - Armies: Organization, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20T%20--%20Technology | Class T: Technology is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This page outlines the subclasses of Class T.
T - Technology (general)
10.5-11.9...................................Communication of technical information
11.95-12.5.................................Industrial directories
55-55.3............................................Industrial safety. Industrial accident prevention
55.4-60.8...................................Industrial engineering. Management engineering
57-57.97..........................................Applied mathematics. Quantitative methods
57.6-57.97.............................................Operations research. Systems analysis
58.4................................................Managerial control systems
58.5-58.64.......................................Information technology
58.6-58.62.......................................Management information systems
58.7-58.8.........................................Production capacity. Manufacturing capacity
59-59.2............................................Standardization
59.5................................................Automation
59.7-59.77.......................................Human engineering in industry. Man-machine systems
60-60.8............................................Work measurement. Methods engineering
61-173.......................................Technical Education. Technical schools
173.2-174.5...............................Technological change
175-178....... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20R%20--%20Medicine | Class R:Medicine is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This page outlines the subclasses of Class R.
R - Medicine (General)
5-130.5......................................General works
131-687.....................................History of medicine. Medical expeditions
690-697.....................................Medicine as a profession. Physicians
702-703.....................................Medicine and the humanities. Medicine and disease in relation to history, literature, etc.
711-713.97................................Directories
722-722.32................................Missionary medicine. Medical missionaries
723-726.....................................Medical philosophy. Medical ethics
726.5-726.8...............................Medicine and disease in relation to psychology. Terminal care. Dying
727-727.5..................................Medical personnel and the public. Physician and the public
728-733.....................................Practice of medicine. Medical practice economics
735-854.....................................Medical education. Medical schools. Research
855-855.5..................................Medical technology
856-857.....................................Biomedical engineering. Electronics. Instrumentation
858-859.7..................................Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics
864............................................Medical records
895-920..................................... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20S%20--%20Agriculture | Class S: Agriculture is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This page outlines the subclasses of Class S.
S - Agriculture (general)
21-400.5....................................Documents and other collections
403............................................Agricultural missions, voyages, etc.
419-482.....................................History
530-559.....................................Agricultural education
539.5-542.3.....................................Research. Experimentation
544-545.53.......................................Agricultural extension work
548-548.6........................................Historic farms
550-559...........................................Exhibitions. Fairs
560-571.5..................................Farm economics. Farm management. Agricultural mathematics. Including production standards, record keeping, farmwork rates, marketing
583-587.73.................................Agricultural chemistry. Agricultural chemicals
588.4-589.6...............................Agricultural physics. Including radioisotopes in agriculture
589.7.........................................Agricultural ecology (General)
589.75-589.76............................Agriculture and the environment
589.8-589.87..............................Plant growing media. Potting soils
590-599.9..................................Soils. Soil science. Including soil surveys, soil chemistry, soil structure, soil-plant relationships
600-600.7................ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20Q%20--%20Science | Class Q: Science is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This article outlines the subclasses of Class Q.
Q - Science (General)
1-390.......Science (General)
1-295......General
300-390....Cybernetics
350-390...Information theory
QA - Mathematics
1-939..............Mathematics
1-43..............General
47-59.............Tables
71-90.............Instruments and machines
75-76.95.........Calculating machines
75.5-76.95......Electronic computers. Computer science
76.73.A-Z......Individual languages A-Z
76.73.A12.....ABAP
76.73.A24.....ALGOL
76.73.A27.....APL
76.73.A35.....Ada
76.73.A67.....AppleScript
76.73.A8.......Assembly languages. Assemblers
76.73.A84.....AutoLISP
76.73.A95.....AWK
76.73.B155...B
76.73.B3......BASIC
76.73.B78....BSV 753
76.73.C15.....C
76.73.C153....C++
76.73.C154....C#
76.73.C25.....COBOL
76.73.C56.....Clipper
76.73.C58.....CoffeeScript
76.73.C75.....CSP
76.73.C87.....Curl
76.73.D138...D
76.73.D14.....D*
76.73.D23.....Dart
76.73.D25.....DRL
76.73.D95.....Dylan
76.73.E27.....EasyLanguage
76.73.E38.....ELAN
76.73.E75.....ERLANG
76.73.F16.....F
76.73.F23.....FOCUS
76.73.F25.....FORTRAN
76.73.F74.....FRED
76.73.G25....GW-BASIC
76.73.G63....Go
76.73.H37.....Haskell
76.73.H6.......HP-GL/2
76.73.H96.....HyperTalk
76.73.I22.......INFORMIX-4GL
76.73.J2........J#
76.73.J38.....Java
76.73.J39.....JavaScript
76.73.J63.....Job Control Language
76.73.J7.......JR
76.73.K63.....Kodu
76.73.K67.....KornShell
76.73.L23......LISP
76.73. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20N%20--%20Fine%20Arts | Class N:Fine Arts is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This page outlines the subclasses of Class N.
N - Visual Arts
1-58..........................................General
61-72........................................Theory. Philosophy. Aesthetics of the visual arts
81-390......................................Study and teaching. Research
400-3990..................................Art museums, galleries, etc.
4390-5098................................Exhibitions
5198-5299................................Private collections and collectors
5300-7418................................History
7420-7525.8..............................General works
7560-8266................................Special subjects of art
8350-8356................................Art as a profession. Artists
8510-8553................................Art studios, materials, etc.
8554-8585................................Examination and conservation of works of art
8600-8675................................Economics of art
8700-9165................................Art and the state. Public art
NA - Architecture
1-60........................................General
100-130..................................Architecture and the state
190-1555.5..............................History
1995........................................Architecture as a profession
2000-2320..............................Study and teaching. Research
2335-2360..............................Competitions
2400-2460..... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20M%20--%20Music | Class M: Music is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This article outlines the subclasses of Class M.
M - Printed Music
1-1.A15 ...... Music printed or copied in manuscript in the United States or the colonies before 1860
1.A5-3.3 ..... Collections
5-1480 ........ Instrumental music
1490 ........... Music printed or copied in manuscript before 1700
1495-2199 .. Vocal music
5000 ........... Unidentified compositions
ML - Literature on music
1-5 ................. Periodicals. Serials
12-21 ............. Directories. Almanacs
25-28 ............. Societies and other organizations
29-31 ............. Special collections
32-33 ............. Institutions
35-38 ............. Festivals. Congresses
40-44 ............. Programs
45 .................. Circulars and advertisements
46 .................. Scrapbooks
47-54.8 .......... Librettos. Texts. Scenarios
55-89 ............. Aspects of the field of music as a whole
93-96.5 .......... Manuscript studies and manuscripts
100-109 ......... Dictionaries. Encyclopedias
110-111.5 ....... Music librarianship
112-112.5 ....... Music printing and publishing
112.8-158.8 .... Bibliography
159-3785 ........ History and criticism
3790-3792 ...... Music trade
3795 ............... Music as a profession. Vocational guidance
3797-3799.5 ... Musical research
3800-3923 ...... Philosophical and societal aspects of music. Physics and acoustics of music. Physiological aspects of music
3928-3930 ...... Literature |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20K%20--%20Law | Class K: Law is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This page outlines the sub-classes of Class K.
K - Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
1-7720............Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
1-36.5...........Periodicals
37-44............Bibliography
46...............Monographic series
48...............Encyclopedias
50-54............Dictionaries. Words and phrases
58...............Maxims. Quotations
(64).............Yearbooks
68-70............Directories
85-89............Legal research
94...............Legal composition and draftsmanship
100-103..........Legal education
109-110..........Law societies. International bar associations
115-130..........The legal profession
133..............Legal aid. Legal assistance to the poor
140-165..........History of law
170..............Biography
(175)............Congresses
(176)-(177)......Collected works (nonserial)
(179)............Addresses, essays, lectures
181-184.7........Miscellany
190-195..........Ethnological jurisprudence. Primitive law
201-487..........Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
202.............Periodicals
212-213.........Methodology
215-218.........History
236.............Universality and non-universality of law
237-264.........The concept of law
270-274.........Acts and events
280-286.........Sources of law
288-296.........Interpretation and construction of law. Lacunae in law
300-304.........Classification of law. Typology
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20J%20--%20Political%20science | Class J: Political science is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This article outlines the subclasses of Class J.
J - General legislative and executive papers
(1)-981.......General legislative and executive papers
(1)-(9)......Gazettes (Note: The Library of Congress now classes this material in class K)
80-87........United States
80-82.......Presidents' messages and other executive papers
100-981......Other regions and countries
JA - Political science (General)
1-92.....Political science (General)
1-26......Periodicals
27-34.....Societies
35.5......Congresses
60-64.....Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
71-80.....Theory. Relations to other subjects
81-84.....History
86-88.....Study and Teaching. Research
92........Collective Biography of political scientists
JC - Political theory. The state. Theories of the state
11-605.....Political theory. The state. Theories of the state
47............Oriental state
49............Islamic state
51-93.........Ancient state
109-121.......Medieval state
131-273.......Modern state
177-178......Thomas Paine
311-314.......Nationalism. Nation state
319-323.......Political Geography
327...........Sovereignty
328.2.........Consensus. Consent of the governed
328.6-328.65..Violence. Political violence
329...........Patriotism
345-347.......Symbolism
348-497.......Forms of the state
571-605.......Purpose, functions, and relations of the state
JF - Political institutions and public administration
20-2112..... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20H%20--%20Social%20sciences | Class H: Social Sciences is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This article outlines the subclasses of Class H.
H - Social sciences (General)
1-99.......Social Sciences (General)
HA - Statistics
1-4737.......Statistics
29-32.......Theory and method of social science statistics
36-37.......Statistical services. Statistical bureaus
38-39.......Registration of vital events. Vital records
154-4737.......Statistical data
154-155.......Universal statistics
175-473.......By region or country
HB - Economic theory; Demography
1-3840.............Economic theory. Demography
71-74.............Economics as a science. Relation to other subjects
75-130............History of economics. History of economic theory (Including special economic schools)
131-147...........Methodology
135-147..........Mathematical economics. Quantitative methods (Including econometrics, input-output analysis, game theory)
201-206...........Value. Utility
221-236...........Price
238-251...........Competition. Production. Wealth
501...............Capital. Capitalism
522-715...........Income. Factor shares
535-551..........Interest
601..............Profit
615-715..........Entrepreneurship. Risk and uncertainty. Property
801-843...........Consumption. Demand
846-846.8.........Welfare theory
848-3697..........Demography. Population. Vital events
3711-3840.........Business cycles. Economic fluctuations
HC - Economic history and conditions
10-1085.......Economic history and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20G%20--%20Geography.%20Anthropology.%20Recreation | Class G: Geography, Anthropology, Recreation is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This article outlines the subclasses of Class G.
G - Geography (General); Atlases; Maps
1-922....................Geography (General)
65-69...................Geographers
70-70.6.................Philosophy. Relation to other topics. Methodology
80-99...................History of geography
100.5-108.5.............Toponymy (Including gazetteers, geographic names and terms)
140.....................Great cities of the world
141.....................Historical geography
142.....................Aerial geography
149-180.................Travel. Voyages and travels (General)
154.9-155.8............Travel and state. Tourism
200-336.................History of discoveries, explorations, and travel
369-503.................Special voyages and travels
521-539.................Adventures, shipwrecks, buried treasure, etc.
540-550.................Seafaring life, ocean travel, etc.
575-890.................Arctic and Antarctic regions
905-910.................Tropics (General)
912-922.................Northern and Southern Hemispheres
1000-3122................Atlases
1000-1000.5.............Atlases of the moon, planets, etc.
1001-1046...............World atlases. Atlases of the Earth
1050-1052...............Northern and Southern Hemispheres
1053....................Tropics. Torrid Zone
1054-1055...............Polar regions. Frigid Zone
1059-1061...............Maritime atlases (Gen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20L%20--%20Education | Class L: Education is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This page outlines the sub-classes of Class L.
L - Education (General)
7-97...........................................Periodicals. Societies
101............................................Yearbooks
107............................................Congresses
111-791.....................................Official documents, reports, etc.
797-898.....................................Educational exhibitions and museums
899............................................School fairs
900-991.....................................Directories of educational institutions
LA - History of Education
5-25.........................................General
31-135.....................................By period
173-186...................................Higher education
201-398...................................United States
410-2284.................................Other regions or countries
2301-2396................................Biography
LB - Theory and practice of education
5-45.........................................General
51-885.....................................Systems of individual educators and writers
1025-1050.75...........................Teaching (Principles and practice)
1049.9-1050.75..............................Reading (General)
1050.9-1091.............................Educational psychology
1101-1139................................Child study
1139.2-1139.5..........................Earl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20P%20--%20Language%20and%20Literature | Class P: Language and Literature is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This page outlines the subclasses of Class P. It contains 19 sub-classifications, 12 of which are dedicated to language families and geographic groups of languages, and 10 sub-classifications of literature (4 subclasses contain both languages and literatures).
P - Philology; Linguistics
1-1091..........Philology. Linguistics
1-85...........General
29............Encyclopedias and dictionaries of linguistics
37............Psycholinguistics
40............Sociolinguistics
61-77.........History of linguistics
87-96..........Communication. Mass media
94.7..........Interpersonal communication
95-95.6.......Oral communication. Speech
98-98.5........Computational linguistics. Natural language processing
99-99.4........Semiotics
99.5-99.6......Nonverbal communication
101-410........Language. Linguistic theory
106...........Philosophy of language
107...........Language and socio-psychological identity
116...........Origins and evolution of language
117...........Gesture
118-118.7.....Language acquisition
118..........First language acquisition
118.2........Second language acquisition
121-299.......Science of language (Linguistics)
121..........General language science textbooks
126..........Empirical research methods in linguistics
132..........Biological foundations of language
140-142......Historical linguistics
151-158.2....Grammar. Syntax
165..........Cognitive linguistics
2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20D%20--%20History%2C%20General%20and%20Old%20World | Class D: History, General and Old World is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This article outlines the subclasses of Class D.
D – History (General)
1–2009..................History (General)
1–24.5.................General
25–27..................Military and naval history
31–34..................Political and diplomatic history
51–90..................Ancient history
101–110.5..............Medieval and modern history, 476–
111–203................Medieval history
135–149...............Migrations
151–173...............Crusades
175–195...............Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Latin Orient, 1099–1291
200–203...............Later medieval. 11th–15th centuries
(204)–(475) ...........Modern history, 1453–
219–234...............1453–1648
242–283.5.............1601–1715. 17th century
251–271..............Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648
274.5–274.6..........Anglo-French War, 1666–1667
275–276..............War of Devolution, 1667–1668
277–278.5............Dutch War, 1672–1678
279–280.5............War of the Grand Alliance, 1688–1697
281–283.5............War of Spanish Succession, 1701–1714
284–297...............1715–1789. 18th century
291–294..............War of Austrian Succession, 1740–1748
297..................Seven Years’ War, 1756–1763
299–(475) ............1789–
301–309..............Period of the French Revolution
351–400..............19th century. 1801–1914/1920
371–(379) ..........Eastern question
383.................1815–1830. Congress of Vienna |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20C%20--%20Auxiliary%20Sciences%20of%20History | Class C: Auxiliary Sciences of History is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This article outlines the subclasses of Class C.
C - Auxiliary Sciences of History
1-51.......Auxiliary Sciences of History (General)
CB - History of Civilization
156...........Terrestrial evidence of interplanetary voyages
158-161.......Forecasts of future progress
195-281.......Civilization and race
305-430.......By period
440-482.......Relation to special topics
450.......Geography and civilization
478.......Technology
481.......War and civilization
482.......Water and civilization
CC - Archaeology
72-81.......Philosophy. Theory
73-81.......Methodology
83-97........Study and teaching. Research
135-137....Preservation, restoration, and conservation of antiquities. Antiquities and state
140............Forgeries of antiquities
200-260.....Bells. Campanology. Cowbells
300-350.....Crosses
600-605.....Boundary stones
700-705.....Stone heaps, cairns, etc., of unknown purpose
710............Hill figures
960............Lanterns of the dead
CD - Diplomatics; Archives; Seals
1-511.......Diplomatics
70-79.........Practice of special chancelleries
80-81.........Formularies
87...............Forgeries of documents
91-392........Collection of documents, facsimiles, etc., for study
501-511.....Study and teaching
921-4280....Archives
995-4280....History and statistics
997................Biography of archivists
1000-4280.....By region or country
5001-6471...Seals
5191. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20A%20--%20General%20Works | Class A: General Works is a classification used by the United States Library of Congress Classification system. This article outlines the subclasses of Class A.
AC – collections. series. collected works
1–999......Collections; Series; Collected works
1–195..........Collections of monographs, essays, etc.
1–8...........American and English
9-195.......Other languages
200.............Collections for Jewish readers
801–895......Inaugural and program dissertations
901–995......Pamphlet collections
999.............Scrapbooks
AE – encyclopedias
1–(90)......Encyclopedias
5–(90)......By language
AG – dictionaries and other general reference works
2–600......Dictionaries and other general reference works
AI – indexes
1–21......Indexes
AM – museums; collectors and collecting
1–(501)......Museums; Collectors and collecting
10–100........By country
111–160.......Museology. Museum methods, technique, etc.
200–(501)......Collectors and collecting
AN – newspapers
AN......Newspapers
AP – periodicals
1-(271)......Periodicals
101–115...........Humorous periodicals
200–230...........Juvenile periodicals
(250)–(265)......Periodicals for women
(270)–(271)......Periodicals for Blacks
AS – academies and learned societies
1–945......Academics and learned societies
2.5-4.........International associations, congresses, conferences, etc.
11–785......By region or country
AY – yearbooks; almanacs; directories
10–2001......Yearbooks; Almanacs; Directories
10–29..........Annuals
30-1730.. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library%20of%20Congress%20Classification%3AClass%20B%20--%20Philosophy%2C%20Psychology%2C%20Religion | Class B: Philosophy, Psychology, Religion is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system. This article outlines the subclasses of Class B.
B - Philosophy (General)
69-99..........General works
108-5802.......By period (including individual philosophers and schools of philosophy)
108-708.......Ancient
720-765.......Medieval
770-785.......Renaissance
790-5802......Modern
808-849........Special topics and schools of philosophy
850-5739.......By region or country
5800-5802......By religion
BC - Logic
11-39......History
25-39.....By Period
60-99......General works
171-199....Special topics
BD - Speculative philosophy
10-41..........General philosophical works
95-131.........Metaphysics
143-237........Epistemology. Theory of knowledge
240-260........Methodology
300-450........Ontology (including being, the soul, life, death)
493-701........Cosmology (including teleology, space and time, structure of matter, plurality of worlds)
BF - Psychology
1-990.......Psychology
38-64..........Philosophy, Relation to other topics
173-175.5......Psychoanalysis
176-176.5......Psychological tests and testing
180-198.7......Experimental psychology
203............Gestalt psychology
207-209........Psychotropic drugs and other substances
231-299........Sensation, Aesthesiology
309-499........Consciousness, Cognition (including learning, attention, comprehension, memory, imagination, genius, intelligence, thought and thinking, psycholinguistics, mental fatigue)
501-505... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrocyte | A fibrocyte is an inactive mesenchymal cell, that is, a cell showing minimal cytoplasm, limited amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and lacks biochemical evidence of protein synthesis.
The term fibrocyte contrasts with the term fibroblast. Fibroblasts are activated connective tissue cells characterized by synthesis of proteins of the fibrous matrix, particularly the collagens. When tissue is injured, the predominant mesenchymal cells, the fibroblast, have been believed to be derived from the fibrocyte or possibly from smooth muscle cells lining vessels and glands. Commonly, fibroblasts express smooth muscle actin, a form of actin first found in smooth muscle cells and not found in resting fibrocytes. Fibroblasts expressing this form of actin are usually called "myo-fibroblasts."
Recently, the term "fibrocyte" has also been applied to a bloodborne cell able to leave the blood, enter tissue and become a fibroblast. As part of the more general topic of stem cell biology, a number of studies have suggested that the blood contains marrow derived cells that can differentiate into fibroblasts. These cells have been reported to express the hematopoietic cell surface markers CD34+, CD45+, as well as collagen. These cells can migrate to wound sites, suggesting a role in wound healing. There are several studies suggesting that fibrocytes mediate wound healing and fibrotic tissue repair.
See also
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
References
Eukaryotic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing-shape%20optimization | Wing-shape optimization is a software implementation of shape optimization primarily used for aircraft design. This allows for engineers to produce more efficient and cheaper aircraft designs.
History
Shape optimization, as a software process and tool, first appeared as an algorithm in 1995 and as commercial software for the automotive industry by 1998, as noted by F. Muyl. Relative to the age of the automotive and aeronautical companies, this software is very new. The difficulty was not with the science behind the process, but rather the capabilities of computer hardware. In 1998, F. Muyl developed a compromise between exact accuracy and computational time to reduce drag of an automotive. GA phases are the standard genetic algorithm iterations and the BFGS phases are the approximated calculations designed to save time. However, he acknowledged that the computational time required on existing hardware, nearly two weeks for a moderate improvement on an oversimplified proof of concept model, made it unattractive for commercial purposes. He also recognized that improving the modeling implementation to use automatic partial derivatives might improve the computational time, particularly with specialized hardware.
In 2000, after a couple years of computer hardware development, K. Maute introduced a more accurate system that could optimize an aircraft wing quickly enough for commercial use.
Method
Wing-shape optimization is by nature an iterative process. First, a baselin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20de%20Nourquer%20du%20Camper | Paul de Nourquer du Camper was Governor General for Inde française in the Second French Colonial Empire during the July Monarchy. During his period an annual statistics manual was written by Pierre Constant Sicé in 1842, which describes and narrates various situations in Inde française.
Titles Held
See also
European and American voyages of scientific exploration
French colonial governors and administrators
Governors of French India
Governors of French Guiana
People of the July Monarchy
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokon | Mokon is a division of Protective Industries, Inc. from Buffalo, New York, United States.
It is also the brand name of the circulating liquid temperature control systems delivering fluid temperatures from that are designed and manufactured by this division.
Created from the need for "mold control", the company's corporate engineers responsible for the manufacture of a line of proprietary plastic closures used worldwide (Caplugs), originally developed a temperature control system to meet their own exacting need for a compact, safe, and efficient means of maintaining close control over their fast-cycle injection molding machines. In 1955, the corporation opened a new division of the company, MOKON, to further design, manufacture, and market their line of high quality water temperature control systems.
A few years later, Mokon's engineering team developed a unique hot oil heat transfer system for higher temperature applications. As the two product lines expanded, so did the need for other products, and they next designed a line of portable chillers and full range systems (combination heating and cooling) in the mid-1980s. 2003, MOKON added central chillers and pump tanks and then blown film coolers in early 2008. Looking to complete its industrial products offering, the thermal engineering team pressed on with the development of: power and process control panels (2009); stationary heat transfer oil systems and outdoor air-cooled chillers (2011); low temperature and modulati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics%20conventions | There are many conventions used in the robotics research field. This article summarises these conventions.
Line representations
Lines are very important in robotics because:
They model joint axes: a revolute joint makes any connected rigid body rotate about the line of its axis; a prismatic joint makes the connected rigid body translate along its axis line.
They model edges of the polyhedral objects used in many task planners or sensor processing modules.
They are needed for shortest distance calculation between robots and obstacles
Non-minimal vector coordinates
A line is completely defined by the ordered set of two vectors:
a point vector , indicating the position of an arbitrary point on
one free direction vector , giving the line a direction as well as a sense.
Each point on the line is given a parameter value that satisfies:
. The parameter t is unique once and are chosen. The representation is not minimal, because it uses six parameters for only four degrees of freedom. The following two constraints apply:
The direction vector can be chosen to be a unit vector
the point vector can be chosen to be the point on the line that is nearest the origin. So is orthogonal to
Plücker coordinates
Arthur Cayley and Julius Plücker introduced an alternative representation using two free vectors. This representation was finally named after Plücker.
The Plücker representation is denoted by . Both and are free vectors: represents the direction of the line and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20channel | Membrane channels are a family of biological membrane proteins which allow the passive movement of ions (ion channels), water (aquaporins) or other solutes to passively pass through the membrane down their electrochemical gradient. They are studied using a range of channelomics experimental and mathematical techniques. Insights have suggested endocannabinoids (eCBs) as molecules that can regulate the opening of these channels during diverse conditions.
Properties
Hemichannels
A hemichannel is a membrane channel made up of six subunits. A hemichannel is defined as one-half of a gap junction channel. Hemichannels consist of connexins.
Pannexin
Pannexins are involved in the process of purinergic signalling. They release adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which activate purinergic receptors. On the other hand, purinergic receptor activation can also lead to the opening of the channel, via a positive feedback loop. In addition, P2Y receptors activate inositol trisphosphate, which leads to a transient increase in intracellular calcium, and opens both connexin and pannexin channels, therefore contributing to the propagation of calcium waves across astrocytes and epithelial cells.
References
Further reading
Membrane biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindered%20amine%20light%20stabilizers | Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) are chemical compounds containing an amine functional group that are used as stabilizers in plastics and polymers. These compounds are typically derivatives of tetramethylpiperidine and are primarily used to protect the polymers from the effects of photo-oxidation; as opposed to other forms of polymer degradation such as ozonolysis.
They are also increasingly being used as thermal stabilizers, particularly for low and moderate level of heat, however during the high temperature processing of polymers (e.g. injection moulding) they remain less effective than traditional phenolic antioxidants.
Mechanism of action
HALS do not absorb UV radiation, but act to inhibit degradation of the polymer by continuously and cyclically removing free radicals that are produced by photo-oxidation of the polymer. The overall process is sometimes referred to as the Denisov cycle, after Evguenii T. Denisov and is exceedingly complex. Broadly, HALS react with the initial polymer peroxy radical (ROO•) and alkyl polymer radicals (R•) formed by the reaction of the polymer and oxygen, preventing further radical oxidation. By these reactions HALS are oxidised to their corresponding aminoxyl radicals (R2NO• c.f. TEMPO), however they are able to return to their initial amine form via a series of additional radical reactions. HALS's high efficiency and longevity are due to this cyclic process wherein the HALS are regenerated rather than consumed during the stabiliz |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUFS | SUFS may refer to:
Cysteine desulfurase, an enzyme
Save Ulster from Sodomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boca%20Juniors%20top%20scorers | This article includes statistics of Boca Juniors all-time top goal scorers.
Martín Palermo is Boca Juniors all time goal scorer with 236 goals, 193 of those goals were scored in Argentine Primera División tournaments and the other 43 in International tournaments.
Palermo is also the club's top international scorer with 43 goals, followed by Rodrigo Palacio with 28.
All time top scorers
All official tournaments
Note: Only goals in official competitions are included.
Last updated on: 22 September 2023 – Top 20 scorers of all time (all competitions) at historiadeboca.com.ar
League goals
Last updated on: 20 September 2023 – Top 20 league scorers at historiadeboca.com.ar
International goals
Last updated on: 20 September 2023 – Top 20 international scorers at historiadeboca.com.ar
Top scorers per season
Those players that are bolded were also the Top Scorers of that championship.
Note:League goals only.
Most frequent Boca top scorers
Note:League goals only.
References
External links
Boca Players - Historia de Boca
Boca Tournaments - Historia de Boca
Club's Top scorers per season - Agrupación Nuevo Boca
Historical Top scorers - Agrupación Nuevo Boca
Boca Juniors footballers
Association football player non-biographical articles
Boca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postreplication%20checkpoint | A postreplication checkpoint is a DNA damage checkpoint response that provides time for the repair of daughter-strand gaps generated by the eukaryotic replication fork at sites of DNA damage.
References
Cell cycle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Kiessling | Ann Kiessling ( Anderson; born March 29, 1942) is an American reproductive biologist and a researcher in human parthenogenic stem cell research at The Bedford Research Foundation. She was an associate professor in teaching hospitals of Harvard Medical School (Brigham and Women's Hospital, Faulkner Hospital, New England Deaconess, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center) from 1985 until 2012.
Background
Kiessling was born Ann Anderson in Baker City, Oregon. Her father, William Charles Anderson, was a squadron commander in the US Air Force during World War II. She graduated from Klamath Falls High School in 1960 and attended University of Virginia where she received the first of her two bachelor's degrees, in nursing. In 1966 she received her second bachelor's degree, in chemistry, from Central Washington University where she also received her master's degree in organic chemistry in 1967. In 1971 she earned her Ph.D. from Oregon State University in biochemistry and biophysics. She did postdoctoral research at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and University of California, San Diego. Kiessling is mother of three daughters and a son.
Career
Kiessling is noted for her discovery of reverse transcriptase activity in normal human cells. This report pioneered the importance of naturally occurring retrovirus sequences in human genes, now thought to be important to the genetic plasticity involved in human evolution and biology. Prior to t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20go | No go or Nogo may refer to:
Nogo A, B, C, or Nogo-66, isoforms of a neurite outgrowth inhibitory protein Reticulon 4.
No-go area, a military or political term for an area to which access is restricted or travel is dangerous
No-go pill, a military term for a hypnotic medication taken by soldiers to ensure they are well rested for missions
go/no go, a process or device used in quality control
Go-NoGo gauge, an inspection tool used to check a workpiece against its allowed tolerances
No-go theorem, a theorem that shows that an idea is not possible even though it may look attractive
Nogo, an alternative name for an African tree more commonly called Lecomtedoxa
Nogo (drum), a Korean drum
People
Rajko Nogo (1945–2022), Serbian poet and literary critic
Salif Nogo (born 1986), Burkinabé-French footballer
Srđan Nogo (born 1981), Serbian politician
Places
Australia
Nogo River, a tributary of the Burnett River
United States
Nogo, Arkansas, a small, unincorporated community
Nogo, Missouri, a former town in Greene County
Entertainment
"Say No Go", a single by De La Soul
"No-Go Showboat", a song written for the American rock band The Beach Boys from their album Little Deuce Coupe
Hikaru no Go, a popular Japanese anime and manga
Hikaru no Go 3, a video game of the board game genre released in 2003 by Konami
Nogo (instrument), a traditional Korean drum set
See also
Go (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimage%20theorem | In mathematics, particularly in the field of differential topology, the preimage theorem is a variation of the implicit function theorem concerning the preimage of particular points in a manifold under the action of a smooth map.
Statement of Theorem
Definition. Let be a smooth map between manifolds. We say that a point is a regular value of if for all the map is surjective. Here, and are the tangent spaces of and at the points and
Theorem. Let be a smooth map, and let be a regular value of Then is a submanifold of If then the codimension of is equal to the dimension of Also, the tangent space of at is equal to
There is also a complex version of this theorem:
Theorem. Let and be two complex manifolds of complex dimensions Let be a holomorphic map and let be such that for all Then is a complex submanifold of of complex dimension
See also
References
Theorems in differential topology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Rice%20%28footballer%29 | Stephen Rice (born 6 October 1984) is an Irish football coach and former player, who is currently a senior professional development coach at Crystal Palace U23's. During his playing career he played as a midfielder.
Career
Rice was signed by then Bohs manager Stephen Kenny in 2003, after spells in the youth ranks at Coventry City and Shelbourne. He went out on loan to Monaghan United for three months of the 2003 season and he made his debut the following season away to Longford Town on 20 March 2004.
Opportunities were not forthcoming, and Rice found himself playing at right-full for the senior side, a position which he retained throughout the 2004–06 seasons. He was awarded Bohemians' Player of the Year award in 2005.
In the 2007 season, under Sean Connor, Bohemians signed Owen Heary, regarded as the country's premier right-full, and Mark Rossiter, another player in that position. Rice's future at the club looked uncertain. However, due to injuries and suspensions, he was given the opportunity to play in his natural midfield position.
Departure from Bohemians
In August 2007, following an alleged contract dispute with Bohs, Sean Connor told Rice he was free to leave and would not play for the club again while he was in charge. Within days, Stockport County had made a bid to sign Rice but he turned them down. However, after two months out of the team, Rice made his return for Bohs as a substitute in a 2–0 defeat against Shamrock Rovers and featured in the first team squad |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony%20Toshiba%20IBM%20Center%20of%20Competence%20for%20the%20Cell%20Processor | The Sony Toshiba IBM Center of Competence for the Cell Processor is the first Center of Competence dedicated to the promotion and development of Sony Toshiba IBM's Cell microprocessor, an eight-core multiprocessor designed using principles of parallelism and memory latency. The center is part of the Georgia Institute of Technology's College of Computing and is headed by David A. Bader.
According to IBM, the center is intended "to build a community of programmers and broaden industry support for the Cell BE processor." So far, the program has resulted in two workshops that involved detailed lectures on and training with various basic cell programming concepts, and has deployed a cluster of 28 IBM BladeCenter QS20 Servers (14 blades) for student and faculty use.
References
External links
Cell Programming Workshop
Cell BE architecture
Georgia Tech |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family%20Tree%20DNA | FamilyTreeDNA is a division of Gene by Gene, a commercial genetic testing company based in Houston, Texas. FamilyTreeDNA offers analysis of autosomal DNA, Y-DNA, and mitochondrial DNA to individuals for genealogical purpose. With a database of more than two million records, it is the most popular company worldwide for Y-DNA and mitochondrial DNA, and the fourth most popular for autosomal DNA. In Europe, it is the most common also for autosomal DNA. FamilyTreeDNA as a division of Gene by Gene were acquired by MYDNA, Inc., an Australian company, in January 2021.
History
Concept and founding (2000–2002)
FamilyTreeDNA was founded based on an idea conceived by Bennett Greenspan, a lifelong entrepreneur and genealogy enthusiast. In 1999, Greenspan had entered semi-retirement and was working on his family history. He began work on his mother's Nitz lineage. When faced with a roadblock in his work, he remembered two cases of genetics being used to prove ancestry that had recently been covered by the media. These were a study by University of Arizona researchers showing that many Cohen men from both Ashkenazic and Sephardic groups share the same Y-chromosome and a study that showed that male descendants of a paternal uncle of US President Thomas Jefferson (who presumably shared his Y-chromosome) and male-line descendants of his freed slave Sally Hemings shared the same Y-chromosome and a recent common ancestry.
Greenspan had both Nitz cousins in California and had discovered so |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W14 | W14 may refer to:
British NVC community W14, a woodland community in the British National Vegetation Classification system
Cierva W.14 Skeeter, a helicopter
London Buses route W14
McCormick W-14, a farm tractor
Mercedes W14, a Formula One car
Nhanda language
Rhombicosidodecahedron
Route W14 (WMATA), a bus route in Maryland
Thunderbird W-14, an American civil transport plane
W14, a postcode district in London, England |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylarsonic%20acid | Phenylarsonic acid is the chemical compound with the formula C6H5AsO(OH)2, commonly abbreviated PhAsO3H2. This colourless solid is an organic derivative of arsenic acid, AsO(OH)3, where one OH group has been replaced by a phenyl group. The compound is a buffering agent and a precursor to other organoarsenic compounds, some of which are used in animal nutrition, e.g. 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzenearsonic acid.
Preparation and structure
PhAsO3H2 can be prepared in several routes, but a common one entails treatment of phenyl diazonium salts with sodium arsenite (prepared from arsenious acid and base) in the presence of a copper(II) catalyst.
+ NaAsO3H2 → C6H5AsO3H2 + Na+ + N2
Related derivatives are prepared similarly. It was first prepared by Michaelis and Loenser. X-ray crystallography indicates that the molecules are connected by hydrogen-bonds consistent with short distance of 2.5 Å separating the oxygen atoms. The arsenic center is tetrahedral.
Related phenylarsonic acids
Several derivatives of phenylarsonic acid have been used as additives for animal feeds. These include 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzenearsonic acid (3-NHPAA, or Roxarsone), p-arsanilic acid (p-ASA), 4-nitrophenylarsonic acid (4-NPAA), and p-ureidophenylarsonic acid (p-UPAA).
References
Phenyl compounds
Arsonic acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivation%20of%20the%20Navier%E2%80%93Stokes%20equations | The intent of this article is to highlight the important points of the derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations as well as its application and formulation for different families of fluids.
Basic assumptions
The Navier–Stokes equations are based on the assumption that the fluid, at the scale of interest, is a continuum – a continuous substance rather than discrete particles. Another necessary assumption is that all the fields of interest including pressure, flow velocity, density, and temperature are at least weakly differentiable.
The equations are derived from the basic principles of continuity of mass, conservation of momentum, and conservation of energy. Sometimes it is necessary to consider a finite arbitrary volume, called a control volume, over which these principles can be applied. This finite volume is denoted by and its bounding surface . The control volume can remain fixed in space or can move with the fluid.
The material derivative
Changes in properties of a moving fluid can be measured in two different ways. One can measure a given property by either carrying out the measurement on a fixed point in space as particles of the fluid pass by, or by following a parcel of fluid along its streamline. The derivative of a field with respect to a fixed position in space is called the Eulerian derivative, while the derivative following a moving parcel is called the advective or material (or Lagrangian) derivative.
The material derivative is defined as the nonlinear op |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics%20at%20the%201956%20Summer%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%2020%20kilometres%20walk | The men's 20 kilometres walk was an event at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. There were a total number of 21 participants from 10 nations.
Final classification
References
External links
Official Report
Results
M
Racewalking at the Olympics
Men's events at the 1956 Summer Olympics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsa%20Barlow | Dorsa Barlow is a wrinkle ridge system on the Moon, in Mare Tranquilitatis near the border with Mare Serenitatis, centered at . It is about 110 km long and was named after British crystallographer William Barlow in 1976.
References
Map of the region
External links
Dorsa Barlow at The Moon Wiki
Barlow |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylokinase | Staphylokinase (SAK; also known as staphylococcal fibrinolysin or Müller's factor) is a protein produced by Staphylococcus aureus. It contains 136 amino acid residues and has a molecular mass of 15kDa. Synthesis of staphylokinase occurs in late exponential phase. It is similar to streptokinase.
Staphylokinase is positively regulated by the "agr" gene regulator. It activates plasminogen to form plasmin, which digests fibrin clots. This disrupts the fibrin meshwork which forms to keep infections localized. Staphylokinase interacts with plasminogen to form a 1:1 complex that exposes the active site of the plasminogen molecule. The plasmin Sak complex is neutralized by α2- antiplasmin in plasma in the absence of fibrin, resulting in lysis. However, in the presence of fibrin, the inhibition is delayed, creating a unique mechanism for fibrin selectivity in plasma.
Staphylokinase also cleaves IgG and complement component C3b, inhibiting phagocytosis.
Structure
The full length of mature staphylokinase mRNA is 489bp. The first 27 amino acids code for a signal peptide which is cleaved off in the mature protein (mSak). There is little or no homology between the primary structure of Sak and other plasminogen activators. The natural variants of Sak are Sak42D, SakφC and SakSTAR. These variants have four nucleotide differences in the coding region with one silent mutation. The affected codons are amino acids 38, 61, 63 and 70 in the full length staphylokinase. Amino acid 38 is lysin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitine%20palmitoyltransferase%20II | Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPT2 gene.
Function
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II precursor (CPT2) is a mitochondrial membrane protein which is transported to the mitochondrial inner membrane. CPT2 together with carnitine palmitoyltransferase I oxidizes long-chain fatty acids in the mitochondria. Defects in this gene are associated with mitochondrial long-chain fatty-acid (LCFA) oxidation disorders and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency.
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of CPT2 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Cpt2tm1b(KOMP)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping
See also
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
References
Further reading
Human proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentisic%20acid | Gentisic acid is a dihydroxybenzoic acid. It is a derivative of benzoic acid and a minor (1%) product of the metabolic break down of aspirin, excreted by the kidneys.
It is also found in the African tree Alchornea cordifolia and in wine.
Production
Gentisic acid is produced by carboxylation of hydroquinone.
C6H4(OH)2 + CO2 → C6H3(CO2H)(OH)2
This conversion is an example of a Kolbe–Schmitt reaction.
Alternatively the compound can be synthesized from salicylic acid via Elbs persulfate oxidation.
Reactions
In the presence of the enzyme gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, gentisic acid reacts with oxygen to give maleylpyruvate:
2,5-dihydroxybenzoate + O2 maleylpyruvate
Applications
As a hydroquinone, gentisic acid is readily oxidised and is used as an antioxidant excipient in some pharmaceutical preparations.
In the laboratory, it is used as a sample matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry, and has been shown to conveniently detect peptides incorporating the boronic acid moiety by MALDI.
References
Cited sources
Hydroquinones
Salicylic acids
Dihydroxybenzoic acids
Phenolic human metabolites
Human drug metabolites |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrillarin | rRNA 2'-O-methyltransferase fibrillarin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FBL gene.
Function
This gene product is a component of a nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particle thought to participate in the first step in processing pre-ribosomal (r)RNA. It is associated with the U3, U8, and U13 small nucleolar RNAs and is located in the dense fibrillar component (DFC) of the nucleolus. The encoded protein contains an N-terminal repetitive domain that is rich in glycine and arginine residues, like fibrillarins in other species. Its central region resembles an RNA-binding domain and contains an RNP consensus sequence. Antisera from approximately 8% of humans with the autoimmune disease scleroderma recognize fibrillarin.
Fibrillarin is a component of several ribonucleoproteins including a nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (SnRNP) and one of the two classes of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs). SnRNAs function in RNA splicing while snoRNPs function in ribosomal RNA processing.
Fibrillarin is associated with U3, U8 and U13 small nuclear RNAs in mammals and is similar to the yeast NOP1 protein. Fibrillarin has a well conserved sequence of around 320 amino acids, and contains 3 domains, an N-terminal Gly/Arg-rich region; a central domain resembling other RNA-binding proteins and containing an RNP-2-like consensus sequence; and a C-terminal alpha-helical domain. An evolutionarily related pre-rRNA processing protein, which lacks the Gl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-adaptive%20binary%20arithmetic%20coding | Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) is a form of entropy encoding used in the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standards. It is a lossless compression technique, although the video coding standards in which it is used are typically for lossy compression applications. CABAC is notable for providing much better compression than most other entropy encoding algorithms used in video encoding, and it is one of the key elements that provides the H.264/AVC encoding scheme with better compression capability than its predecessors.
In H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, CABAC is only supported in the Main and higher profiles (but not the extended profile) of the standard, as it requires a larger amount of processing to decode than the simpler scheme known as context-adaptive variable-length coding (CAVLC) that is used in the standard's Baseline profile. CABAC is also difficult to parallelize and vectorize, so other forms of parallelism (such as spatial region parallelism) may be coupled with its use. In HEVC, CABAC is used in all profiles of the standard.
Algorithm
CABAC is based on arithmetic coding, with a few innovations and changes to adapt it to the needs of video encoding standards:
It encodes binary symbols, which keeps the complexity low and allows probability modelling for more frequently used bits of any symbol.
The probability models are selected adaptively based on local context, allowing better modelling of probabilities, because coding modes are us |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20sequenced%20bacterial%20genomes | This list of sequenced eubacterial genomes contains most of the eubacteria known to have publicly available complete genome sequences. Most of these sequences have been placed in the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, a public database which can be searched on the web. A few of the listed genomes may not be in the INSDC database, but in other public databases.
Genomes listed as "Unpublished" are in a database, but not in the peer-reviewed scientific literature.
For the genomes of archaea see list of sequenced archaeal genomes.
Abditibacteriota
Actinomycetota
Aquificota
Armatimonadota
Bacteroidota/Chlorobiota group
Caldisericota
Chlamydiota/Verrucomicrobiota group
Chloroflexota
Chrysiogenota
Cyanobacteria
Deferribacterota
Deinococcota
Dictyoglomota
Elusimicrobiota
Fibrobacterota/Acidobacteriota group
Bacillota
Fusobacteriota
Gemmatimonadota
Nitrospirota
Planctomycetota
Pseudomonadota
Alphaproteobacteria
Betaproteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria
Zetaproteobacteria
Myxococcota–Campylobacterota
Spirochaetota
Synergistota
Mycoplasmatota
Thermodesulfobacteriota
Thermotogota
See also
Genome project
Human microbiome project
List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes
List of sequenced archaeal genomes
List of sequenced plastomes
References
In silico analysis of complete bacterial genomes: PCR, AFLP–PCR and endonuclease restriction
Combining diverse evidence for gene recognition in completely sequenced bacterial genomes
Intrage |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetofection | Magnetofection is a transfection method that uses magnetic fields to concentrate particles containing vectors to target cells in the body. Magnetofection has been adapted to a variety of vectors, including nucleic acids, non-viral transfection systems, and viruses. This method offers advantages such as high transfection efficiency and biocompatibility which are balanced with limitations.
Mechanism
Principle
The term magnetofection, currently trademarked by the company OZ Biosciences, combines the words magnetic and transfection. Magnetofection uses nucleic acids associated with magnetic nanoparticles. These molecular complexes are then concentrated and transported into cells using an applied magnetic field.
Synthesis
The magnetic nanoparticles are typically made from iron oxide, which is fully biodegradable, using methods such as coprecipitation or microemulsion.
The nanoparticles are then combined with gene vectors (DNA, siRNA, ODN, virus, etc.). One method involves linking viral particles to magnetic particles using an avidin-biotin interaction. Viruses can also bind to the nanoparticles via hydrophobic interaction.
Another synthesis method involves coating magnetic nanoparticles with cationic lipids or polymers via salt-induced aggregation. For example, nanoparticles may be conjugated with the polyethylenimine (PEI), a positively charged polymer used commonly as a transfection agent. The PEI solution must have a high pH during synthesis to encourage high gene expres |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%20Louisiana%20Highway%20renumbering | In 1955, Louisiana passed a law that undertook a comprehensive revision to the state highway classification and numbering system. The new system designated roads by importance to travel patterns and rectified the previous numbering system under new unified designations.
History
Highway numbers in Louisiana first appeared in 1921, per Act 95 of the 1921 Special Session of the Louisiana Legislature. Routes 1 through 98 were defined that year. These first 98 routes remained consistent throughout the pre-1955 era. The lowest numbered routes seem to have followed major auto trails; for instance, LA 1 was the Jefferson Highway, LA 2 was the Old Spanish Trail, etc. The remainder of the numbering system seemed to work on a lower-number, higher-order principle, with some clustering; for instance, LA 61 and 62 both existed in St. Bernard Parish. When US highways were added in 1926, the US designations were simply overlaid over the preexisting state route (SR) designations in a method similar to modern Georgia (the state route was included in signage as well).
Other routes were added as time went on, numbered in consecutive fashion, starting with LA 99 in 1924. By 1926 there were 162 defined routes; by 1929, 490. The number of routes increased precipitously during the Huey Long era, with 1325 routes defined by 1930 and more to come. A few routes were given "half" numbers, such as LA 99½ and LA 1315½, for reasons perhaps related to numerical duplications in the official legal descript |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfhemoglobinemia | Sulfhemoglobinemia is a rare condition in which there is excess sulfhemoglobin (SulfHb) in the blood. The pigment is a greenish derivative of hemoglobin which cannot be converted back to normal, functional hemoglobin. It causes cyanosis even at low blood levels.
It is a rare blood condition in which the β-pyrrole ring of the hemoglobin molecule has the ability to bind irreversibly to any substance containing a sulfur atom. When hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (or sulfide ions) and ferrous ions combine in the heme of hemoglobin, the blood is thus incapable of transporting oxygen to the tissues.
Presentation
Symptoms include a blueish or greenish coloration of the blood (cyanosis), skin, and mucous membranes, even though a blood count test may not show any abnormalities in the blood.
This discoloration is caused by greater than 5 grams per cent of deoxyhemoglobin, or 1.5 grams per cent of methemoglobin, or 0.5 grams per cent of sulfhemoglobin, all serious medical abnormalities.
Causes
Sulfhemoglobinemia is usually drug induced, with drugs associated with it including sulphonamides, such as sulfasalazine or sumatriptan. Another possible cause is occupational exposure to sulfur compounds.
It can also be caused by phenazopyridine.
Treatment
The condition generally resolves itself with erythrocyte (red blood cell) turnover, although blood transfusions can be necessary in extreme cases.
Notable cases
On June 8, 2007, Canadian anesthesiologists Dr. Stephan Schwarz, Dr. Giuseppe Del Vic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detomidine | Detomidine is an imidazole derivative and α2-adrenergic agonist, used as a large animal sedative, primarily used in horses. It is usually available as the salt detomidine hydrochloride. It is a prescription medication available to veterinarians sold under various trade names.
Currently, detomidine is licensed for use only in horses in the US but it is also licensed for use in cattle in Europe and Australasia.
Properties
Detomidine is a sedative with analgesic properties. α2-adrenergic agonists produce dose-dependent sedative and analgesic effects, mediated by activation of α2 catecholamine receptors, thus inducing a negative feedback response, reducing production of excitatory neurotransmitters. Due to inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system, detomidine also has cardiac and respiratory effects and an antidiuretic action.
Effects
A profound lethargy and characteristic lowering of the head with reduced sensitivity to environmental stimuli (sound, pain, etc.) are seen with detomidine. A short period of reduced coordination is characteristically followed by immobility and a firm stance with front legs spread. Following administration there is an initial increase in blood pressure, followed by bradycardia and second degree atrioventricular block (this is not pathologic in horses). The horse commonly sweats to excess, especially on the flanks and neck. Other side effects reported include pilo erection (hair standing erect), ataxia, salivation, slight muscle tremors, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichibabin%20reaction | The Chichibabin reaction (pronounced ' (chē')-chē-bā-bēn) is a method for producing 2-aminopyridine derivatives by the reaction of pyridine with sodium amide. It was reported by Aleksei Chichibabin in 1914. The following is the overall form of the general reaction:
The direct amination of pyridine with sodium amide takes place in liquid ammonia. Following the addition elimination mechanism first a nucleophilic NH2− is added while a hydride (H−) is leaving.
Ciganek describes an example of an intramolecular Chichibabin reaction in which a nitrile group on a fused ring is the source of nitrogen in amination.
Mechanism
It is widely accepted that the Chichibabin reaction mechanism is an addition-elimination reaction that proceeds through an σ-adduct (Meisenheimer adduct) intermediate (the third structure). First, the nucleophilic NH2− group adds to the δ+ ring carbon atom pushing electrons onto the ring nitrogen atom and forming the anionic σ-adduct, which is stabilized by sodium. Electrons from the N atom are then pushed towards the ring forming a C=N bond and ejecting a hydride ion. The hydride ion abstracts a proton from the positively charged nitrogen atom, forming hydrogen gas. The ring nitrogen atom then pushes electrons back into the ring, regaining aromaticity, the now negatively charged NH group abstracts a proton from water giving the product, 2-aminopyridine.
Reaction progress can be measured by the formation of hydrogen gas and red color from σ-adduct formation.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmstr%C3%B6m%27s%20theorem | In economics, Holmström's theorem is an impossibility theorem or trilemma attributed to Bengt R. Holmström proving that no incentive system for a team of agents can make all of the following true:
Income equals outflow (the budget balances),
The system has a Nash equilibrium, and
The system is Pareto efficient.
Thus a Pareto-efficient system with a balanced budget does not have any point at which an agent can not do better by changing their effort level, even if everyone else's effort level stays the same, meaning that the agents can never settle down to a stable strategy; a Pareto-efficient system with a Nash equilibrium does not distribute all revenue, or spends more than it has; and a system with a Nash equilibrium and balanced budget does not maximise the total profit of everybody.
The Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem in social choice theory is a related impossibility theorem dealing with voting systems.
Statement of the theorem
Suppose there is a team of n > 1 risk neutral agents whose preference functions are strictly concave and increasing, and also additively separable in money and effort. Then, under an incentive system that distributes exactly the output among the team members, any Nash equilibrium is Pareto inefficient.
Rasmusen studies the relaxation of this problem obtained by removing the assumption that the agents are risk neutral (Holmström: "linear in money").
The economic reason for Holmström's result is a "Sharing problem". A team member faces effic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/744%20%28number%29 | 744 (seven hundred [and] forty four) is the natural number following 743 and preceding 745.
744 plays a major role within moonshine theory of sporadic groups, in context of the classification of finite simple groups.
Number theory
744 is the nineteenth number of the form where , and represent distinct prime numbers (2, 3, and 31; respectively).
It can be represented as the sum of nonconsecutive factorials , as the sum of four consecutive primes , and as the product of sums of divisors of consecutive integers ; respectively:
744 contains sixteen total divisors — fourteen aside from its two unitary divisors — all of which collectively generate an integer arithmetic mean of that is also the first number of the form
The number partitions of the square of seven (49) into prime parts is 744, as is the number of partitions of 48 into at most four distinct parts.
It is palindromic in septenary (21127), while in binary it is a pernicious number, as its digit representation (10111010002) contains a prime count (5) of ones.
744 is abundant and semiperfect, as well as practical. It is the first number to be the sum of nine cubes in eight or more ways. In decimal, 744 is the number of six-digit perfect powers.
Totients
744 has two hundred and forty integers that are relatively prime or coprime with and up to itself, equivalently its Euler totient.
This totient of 744 is regular like its sum-of-divisors, where 744 sets the twenty-ninth record for of 1920. Both the tot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay%20jail | Pay Jail is a jail cell upgrade for non-violent offenders in jail costing from $75 to $171 a night.
Amenities
Inmates are allowed to bring an iPod, cellphone, or laptop in their cell or watch TV in the common room. Some may even get to leave during the day to go to work. Inmates are allowed to roam the prison campus (which are not necessarily fenced). Prisoners are safe from prison gangs and other dangerous prisoners. They may have their food delivered to their cell rather than going the jail's cafeteria or they may choose to enjoy meals brought by their families during visiting hours.
Paris Hilton reputedly said that she chose not to go to a "pay jail."
References
Footnotes
Notations
Clarence Page op ed regarding "pay jail" Chicago Tribune
Video about Pay Jails in CA Brightcove TV
Santa Anna California
Torrance California
Penal system in California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trellis%20quantization | Trellis quantization is an algorithm that can improve data compression in DCT-based encoding methods. It is used to optimize residual DCT coefficients after motion estimation in lossy video compression encoders such as Xvid and x264. Trellis quantization reduces the size of some DCT coefficients while recovering others to take their place. This process can increase quality because coefficients chosen by Trellis have the lowest rate-distortion ratio. Trellis quantization effectively finds the optimal quantization for each block to maximize the PSNR relative to bitrate. It has varying effectiveness depending on the input data and compression method.
References
VirtualDub/Xvid guide mentioning Trellis quantization
FFMPEGx option documentation
Trellis explanation and pseudocode by the x264-author
MPEG
Data compression
Video compression |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAB2 | GRB2-associated-binding protein 2 also known as GAB2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GAB2 gene.
GAB2 is a docking protein with a conserved, folded PH domain attached to the membrane and a large disordered region, which hosts interactions with signaling molecules. It is a member of the GAB/DOS family localized on the internal membrane of the cell. It mediates the interaction between receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and non-RTK receptors serving as the gateway into the cell for activation of SHP2, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Grb2, ERK, and AKT and acting as one of the first steps in these signaling pathways. GAB2 has been shown to be important in physiological functions such as growth in bone marrow and cardiac function. GAB2 has also been associated with many diseases including leukemia and Alzheimer's disease.
Discovery
GAB proteins were one of the first docking proteins identified in the mammalian signal transduction pathway. GAB2 along with many other adaptor, scaffold, and docking proteins, was discovered in the mid-1990s during the isolation and cloning of protein tyrosine kinase substrates and association partners. GAB2 was initially discovered as a binding protein and substrate of protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2/PTPN11. Two other groups later cloned GAB2 by searching DNA database for protein with sequence homology to GAB1.
Structure
GAB2 is a large multi-site docking protein (LMD) of about 100kD that has a folded N-terminal domain attache |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34%20equal%20temperament | In musical theory, 34 equal temperament, also referred to as 34-TET, 34-EDO or 34-ET, is the tempered tuning derived by dividing the octave into 34 equal-sized steps (equal frequency ratios). Each step represents a frequency ratio of , or 35.29 cents .
History and use
Unlike divisions of the octave into 19, 31 or 53 steps, which can be considered as being derived from ancient Greek intervals (the greater and lesser diesis and the syntonic comma), division into 34 steps did not arise 'naturally' out of older music theory, although Cyriakus Schneegass proposed a meantone system with 34 divisions based in effect on half a chromatic semitone (the difference between a major third and a minor third, 25:24 or 70.67 cents). Wider interest in the tuning was not seen until modern times, when the computer made possible a systematic search of all possible equal temperaments. While Barbour discusses it, the first recognition of its potential importance appears to be in an article published in 1979 by the Dutch theorist Dirk de Klerk. The luthier Larry Hanson had an electric guitar refretted from 12 to 34 and persuaded American guitarist Neil Haverstick to take it up.
As compared with 31-et, 34-et reduces the combined mistuning from the theoretically ideal just thirds, fifths and sixths from 11.9 to 7.9 cents. Its fifths and sixths are markedly better, and its thirds only slightly further from the theoretical ideal of the 5:4 ratio. Viewed in light of Western diatonic theory, the three |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20W.%20Gei%C3%9Fend%C3%B6rfer | Hans W. Geißendörfer (born 6 April 1941 in Augsburg) is a German film director and producer.
Director of The Glass Cell (1978, starring Brigitte Fossey), which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and 16 other films (The Wild Duck starring Jean Seberg; The Magic Mountain starring Rod Steiger; Justice), he is creator of TV-Series Lindenstraße (since 1985).
In 1970, Geißendörfer won the Film Award in Gold at the Deutscher Filmpreis for Best New Direction for his first film Jonathan.
In 1971 he directed the TV film Carlos, which starred Gottfried John and Anna Karina. His 1976 film The Sternstein Manor was entered into the 10th Moscow International Film Festival. In 1992 his film Gudrun was entered into the 42nd Berlin International Film Festival where it won an Honourable Mention. His drama Snowland (2005, starring Julia Jentsch and Thomas Kretschmann) won the Special Grand Prize at the Montréal World Film Festival.
The German director Hana Geißendörfer is his daughter.
Selected filmography
Jonathan (1970)
Der Fall Lena Christ (1970, TV film) — (biographical film about Lena Christ)
Eine Rose für Jane (1970, TV film)
Carlos (1971, TV film) — (loosely based on Don Carlos)
Marie (1972, TV film)
Die Eltern (1974, TV film)
Perahim – die zweite Chance (1974, TV film) — (based on a novel by C. Virgil Gheorghiu)
(1976, TV series)
The Sternstein Manor (Sternsteinhof, 1976) — (based on a novel by Ludwig Anzengruber)
(Die Wildente, 1976) — ( |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS%20frequency%20bands | The UMTS frequency bands are radio frequencies used by third generation (3G) wireless Universal Mobile Telecommunications System networks. They were allocated by delegates to the World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC-92) held in Málaga-Torremolinos, Spain between 3 February 1992 and 3 March 1992. Resolution 212 (Rev.WRC-97), adopted at the World Radiocommunication Conference held in Geneva, Switzerland in 1997, endorsed the bands specifically for the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specification by referring to S5.388, which states "The bands 1,885-2,025 MHz and 2,110-2,200 MHz are intended for use, on a worldwide basis, by administrations wishing to implement International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000). Such use does not preclude the use of these bands by other services to which they are allocated. The bands should be made available for IMT-2000 in accordance with Resolution 212 (Rev. WRC-97)." To accommodate the reality that these initially defined bands were already in use in various regions of the world, the initial allocation has been amended multiple times to include other radio frequency bands.
UMTS-FDD frequency bands and channel bandwidths
From Tables 5.0 "UTRA FDD frequency bands" of the latest published version of the 3GPP TS 25.101, the following table lists the specified frequency bands of UMTS (FDD):
Deployments by region (UMTS-FDD)
The following table shows the standardized UMTS bands and their regional use. The ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotrophic%20fungus | Radiotrophic fungi are fungi that can perform the hypothetical biological process called radiosynthesis, which means using ionizing radiation as an energy source to drive metabolism. It has been claimed that radiotrophic fungi have been found in extreme environments such as in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.
Most radiotrophic fungi use melanin in some capacity to survive. The process of using radiation and melanin for energy has been termed radiosynthesis, and is thought to be analogous to anaerobic respiration. However, it is not known if multi-step processes such as photosynthesis or chemosynthesis are used in radiosynthesis or even if radiosynthesis exists in living organisms.
Discovery
Many fungi have been isolated from the area around the destroyed Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, some of which have been observed directing their growth of hyphae toward radioactive graphite from the disaster, a phenomenon called “radiotropism”. Study has ruled out the presence of carbon as the resource attracting the fungal colonies, and in fact concluded that some fungi will preferentially grow in the direction of the source of beta and gamma ionizing radiation, but were not able to identify the biological mechanism behind this effect. It has also been observed that other melanin-rich fungi were discovered in the cooling water from some other, working, nuclear reactors. The light-absorbing compound in the fungus cell membranes had the effect of turning the water black. While there ar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossein%20Malek-Afzali | Hossein Malek-Afzali (; born 1939) is an Iranian scientist, physician, and an associate of World Health Organization.
He is currently professor at the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University. He also acted as deputy health minister of Iran.
Malek-Afzali is the author of more than 80 articles in international journals and several books in English and Persian.
In 2007, Malek-Afzali was awarded the United Nations Population Award. He has helped design strategies to improve health procedures, particularly adolescent health, reproductive health and family planning. In the field of reproductive health, he has engaged policymakers and religious leaders in the planning and implementation of reproductive health programmes in Iran.
Awards
United Nations Population Award (2007)
Notes
See also
Intellectual movements in Iran
Contemporary Medicine in Iran
Iranian public health doctors
20th-century Iranian inventors
Iranian Vice Ministers
Academic staff of the University of Tehran
World Health Organization officials
1939 births
Living people
Iranian officials of the United Nations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmented%20regression | Segmented regression, also known as piecewise regression or broken-stick regression, is a method in regression analysis in which the independent variable is partitioned into intervals and a separate line segment is fit to each interval. Segmented regression analysis can also be performed on multivariate data by partitioning the various independent variables. Segmented regression is useful when the independent variables, clustered into different groups, exhibit different relationships between the variables in these regions. The boundaries between the segments are breakpoints.
Segmented linear regression is segmented regression whereby the relations in the intervals are obtained by linear regression.
Segmented linear regression, two segments
Segmented linear regression with two segments separated by a breakpoint can be useful to quantify an abrupt change of the response function (Yr) of a varying influential factor (x). The breakpoint can be interpreted as a critical, safe, or threshold value beyond or below which (un)desired effects occur. The breakpoint can be important in decision making
The figures illustrate some of the results and regression types obtainable.
A segmented regression analysis is based on the presence of a set of ( y, x ) data, in which y is the dependent variable and x the independent variable.
The least squares method applied separately to each segment, by which the two regression lines are made to fit the data set as closely as possible while min |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20Italian%20motorcycle%20Grand%20Prix | The 2007 Italian motorcycle Grand Prix was the sixth round of the 2007 MotoGP championship. It took place on the weekend of 1–3 June 2007 at the Mugello Circuit.
MotoGP classification
250 cc classification
125 cc classification
Championship standings after the race (MotoGP)
Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round six has concluded.
Riders' Championship standings
Constructors' Championship standings
Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
References
Italian motorcycle Grand Prix
Italian
Motorcycle Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemanja%20Jovanovi%C4%87 | Nemanja Jovanović (; born on 3 March 1984) is a Serbian former football striker.
Career statistics
Honours
Vaslui
UEFA Intertoto Cup (1): 2008
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
Serbian men's footballers
Serbian expatriate men's footballers
Red Star Belgrade footballers
FK Železnik players
FC Universitatea Cluj players
CS Sporting Vaslui players
CSM Unirea Alba Iulia players
FC Unirea Urziceni players
FC Argeș Pitești players
SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea players
CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu players
Liga I players
Liga II players
Men's association football forwards
FC Kairat players
FC Yelimay players
Sandnes Ulf players
FC AGMK players
FC Taraz players
Kazakhstan Premier League players
Uzbekistan Super League players
Eliteserien players
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Expatriate men's footballers in Norway
Expatriate men's footballers in Kazakhstan
Expatriate men's footballers in Uzbekistan
People from Negotin
Sportspeople from Bor District |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound%20speed%20gradient | In acoustics, the sound speed gradient is the rate of change of the speed of sound with distance, for example with depth in the ocean,
or height in the Earth's atmosphere. A sound speed gradient leads to refraction of sound wavefronts in the direction of lower sound speed, causing the sound rays to follow a curved path. The radius of curvature of the sound path is inversely proportional to the gradient.
When the sun warms the Earth's surface, there is a negative temperature gradient in atmosphere. The speed of sound decreases with decreasing temperature, so this also creates a negative sound speed gradient. The sound wave front travels faster near the ground, so the sound is refracted upward, away from listeners on the ground, creating an acoustic shadow at some distance from the source. The opposite effect happens when the ground is covered with snow, or in the morning over water, when the sound speed gradient is positive. In this case, sound waves can be refracted from the upper levels down to the surface.
In underwater acoustics, speed of sound depends on pressure (hence depth), temperature, and salinity of seawater, thus leading to vertical speed gradients similar to those that exist in atmospheric acoustics. However, when there is a zero sound speed gradient, values of sound speed have the same "isospeed" in all parts of a given water column (there is no change in sound speed with depth). The same effect happens in an isothermal atmosphere with the ideal gas assumption |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Agostino%27s%20K-squared%20test | In statistics, D'Agostino's K2 test, named for Ralph D'Agostino, is a goodness-of-fit measure of departure from normality, that is the test aims to gauge the compatibility of given data with the null hypothesis that the data is a realization of independent, identically distributed Gaussian random variables. The test is based on transformations of the sample kurtosis and skewness, and has power only against the alternatives that the distribution is skewed and/or kurtic.
Skewness and kurtosis
In the following, { xi } denotes a sample of n observations, g1 and g2 are the sample skewness and kurtosis, mj’s are the j-th sample central moments, and is the sample mean. Frequently in the literature related to normality testing, the skewness and kurtosis are denoted as and β2 respectively. Such notation can be inconvenient since, for example, can be a negative quantity.
The sample skewness and kurtosis are defined as
These quantities consistently estimate the theoretical skewness and kurtosis of the distribution, respectively. Moreover, if the sample indeed comes from a normal population, then the exact finite sample distributions of the skewness and kurtosis can themselves be analysed in terms of their means μ1, variances μ2, skewnesses γ1, and kurtosis γ2. This has been done by , who derived the following expressions:
and
For example, a sample with size drawn from a normally distributed population can be expected to have a skewness of and a kurtosis of , where SD ind |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License%20proliferation | License proliferation is the phenomenon of an abundance of already existing and the continued creation of new software licenses for software and software packages in the FOSS ecosystem. License proliferation affects the whole FOSS ecosystem negatively by the burden of increasingly complex license selection, license interaction, and license compatibility considerations.
Impact
Often when a software developer would like to merge portions of different software programs they are unable to do so because the licenses are incompatible. When software under two different licenses can be merged into a larger software work, the licenses are said to be compatible. As the number of licenses increases, the probability that a free and open-source software (FOSS) developer will want to merge software that are available under incompatible licenses increases. There is also a greater cost to companies that wish to evaluate every FOSS license for software packages that they use. Strictly speaking, no one is in favor of license proliferation. Rather, the issue stems from the tendency for organizations to write new licenses in order to address real or perceived needs for their software releases.
License compatibility
License proliferation is especially a problem when licenses have only limited or complicated license compatibility relationships with other licenses. Therefore, some consider compatibility with the widely used GNU General Public License (GPL) an important characteristic, for insta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahuenga%20Boulevard | Cahuenga Boulevard () is a major boulevard of northern Los Angeles, California, US. The “Cahuenga” name is a Spanish, phonetic derivative with no actual Spanish language meaning that is attributed to the Tongva village of Kawengna, meaning "place of the mountain". It connects Sunset Boulevard in the heart of old Hollywood to the Hollywood Hills and North Hollywood in the San Fernando Valley.
Description
Cahuenga Boulevard begins at West Victory Boulevard in North Hollywood, crosses the Ventura Freeway and the Los Angeles River as it temporarily merges with Lankershim Boulevard before passing the Campo de Cahuenga and Universal City Metro station, then crosses the Hollywood Freeway. At this point an intersection is formed with Ventura Boulevard to the northwest and the continuation of Cahuenga Boulevard to the southeast. From here it parallels the Hollywood Freeway, passing The Baked Potato jazz club.
and Universal Studios Hollywood (as Cahuenga Boulevard West), rising over the Cahuenga Pass connecting the San Fernando Valley to the Los Angeles Basin. Crossing the freeway once again on the Pilgrimage Bridge near The Hollywood Bowl, it continues (as North Cahuenga Boulevard) down to Sunset Boulevard and Melrose Avenue in downtown Hollywood. The boulevard is one of the principal routes to Universal Studios from downtown Los Angeles.
Landmarks
The southern part of Cahuenga Boulevard has been referred to as the "heart of old Hollywood". The intersection between Cahuenga and Hol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%2022%20tobacco | Type 22 tobacco is a classification of United States tobacco product as defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, effective date November 7, 1986. The definition states that type 22 tobacco is a type of fire-cured tobacco, known as Eastern District fire-cured, produced principally in a section east of the Tennessee River in southern Kentucky and northern Tennessee. Most type 22 tobacco in northern Tennessee is grown in Robertson and Montgomery County.
Type 22 is harvested, stripped and hung inside curing barns and a fire is set to provide optimum conditions for curing the product for sale. Incidentally, several barns are lost to fire each year, usually representing a substantial loss for the grower.
References
USDA Standards for Type 22 tobacco
USDA Tobacco Briefing Room
Slide show from University of Kentucky and University of Tennessee on Dark Tobacco Production, includes type 22 tobacco
Tobacco in the United States
1986 introductions
United States Department of Agriculture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Meth%20Anonymous | Crystal Meth Anonymous (CMA) is a California-based non-profit, public-benefit corporation founded in 1994. The members of the fellowship of Crystal Meth Anonymous work a twelve-step program of recovery with recovering crystal meth addicts. Participants in local groups meet in order to help others recover from methamphetamine addiction. CMA advocates complete abstinence from methamphetamine, alcohol, inhalants, and all other psychoactive drugs not taken as prescribed.
History and demographics
CMA was founded on September 16, 1994 in West Hollywood, California by Bill Coffey, a member of the 12 step recovery community in Los Angeles for over two decades at the time. The first group held its first meeting at the West Hollywood Alcohol and Drug Center. , CMA had a presence in over 100 metropolitan areas of the United States, as well as parts of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and Iran. The first CMA World Service Conference was held in Park City, Utah in October 2008, during which the CMA Conference Charter was adopted. The purpose of the conference is to bring together elected delegates from CMA groups from across the world to meet as guardians of the world services and of the Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions of CMA, the same Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions followed by Alcoholics Anonymous. The conference does not act as a governing body of CMA, but rather as the service body for the organization.
At the first General Service Conference, the delegates adopted that |
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