source stringlengths 32 209 | text stringlengths 18 1.5k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presenilin | Presenilins are a family of related multi-pass transmembrane proteins which constitute the catalytic subunits of the gamma-secretase intramembrane protease protein complex. They were first identified in screens for mutations causing early onset forms of familial Alzheimer's disease by Peter St George-Hyslop. Vertebrates have two presenilin genes, called PSEN1 (located on chromosome 14 in humans) that codes for presenilin 1 (PS-1) and PSEN2 (on chromosome 1 in humans) that codes for presenilin 2 (PS-2). Both genes show conservation between species, with little difference between rat and human presenilins. The nematode worm C. elegans has two genes that resemble the presenilins and appear to be functionally similar, sel-12 and hop-1.
Presenilins undergo cleavage in an alpha helical region of one of the cytoplasmic loops to produce a large N-terminal and a smaller C-terminal fragment that together form part of the functional protein. Cleavage of presenilin 1 can be prevented by a mutation that causes the loss of exon 9, and results in loss of function. Presenilins play a key role in the modulation of intracellular Ca2+ involved in presynaptic neurotransmitter release and long-term potentiation induction.
Structure
Presenilins are transmembrane proteins with nine alpha helices. Structures have been solved of the assembled gamma secretase complex by cryo-electron microscopy, demonstrating significant conformational flexibility in the structure of the presenilin subunit of the c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny%20Farm%20%28TV%20series%29 | Funny Farm was a Canadian television series shown on CTV during the 1974–1975 season.
Blake Emmons was host of the half-hour series, which was derivative of the more successful American Hee Haw series. The first episode was broadcast on 12 September 1974 and only one season was produced. The programme continued to be broadcast on CTV for at least two seasons, and was still airing as late as 1976. The cast included Bruce Gordon (credited as Ben Gordon), John Evans, Monica Parker, Yank Azman (credited as Jank Zajfman), Jayne Eastwood, Valri Bromfield and Linda Rennhoffer.
References
Canadian Communications Foundation: The Funny Farm
TVArchive.ca: The Funny Farm
External links
1974 Canadian television series debuts
1975 Canadian television series endings
CTV Television Network original programming
1970s Canadian sketch comedy television series |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fama%E2%80%93MacBeth%20regression | The Fama–MacBeth regression is a method used to estimate parameters for asset pricing models such as the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The method estimates the betas and risk premia for any risk factors that are expected to determine asset prices. The method works with multiple assets across time (panel data). The parameters are estimated in two steps:
First regress each of n asset returns against m proposed risk factors to determine each asset's beta exposures.
Then regress all asset returns for each of T time periods against the previously estimated betas to determine the risk premium for each factor.
Eugene F. Fama and James D. MacBeth (1973) demonstrated that the residuals of risk-return regressions and the observed "fair game" properties of the coefficients are consistent with an "efficient capital market" (quotes in the original).
Note that Fama MacBeth regressions provide standard errors corrected only for cross-sectional correlation. The standard errors from this method do not correct for time-series autocorrelation. This is usually not a problem for stock trading since stocks have weak time-series autocorrelation in daily and weekly holding periods, but autocorrelation is stronger over long horizons. This means Fama MacBeth regressions may be inappropriate to use in many corporate finance settings where project holding periods tend to be long. For alternative methods of correcting standard errors for time series and cross-sectional correlation in the error t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysyl%20oxidase | Lysyl oxidase (LOX), also known as protein-lysine 6-oxidase, is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the LOX gene. It catalyzes the conversion of lysine residues into its aldehyde derivative allysine. Allysine form cross-links in extracellular matrix proteins. Inhibition of lysyl oxidase can cause osteolathyrism, but, at the same time, its upregulation by tumor cells may promote metastasis of the existing tumor, causing it to become malignant and cancerous.
Structure
In the yeast species Pichia pastoris, lysyl oxidase constitutes a homodimeric structure. Each monomer consists of an active site that includes a Cu(II) atom, coordinated by three histidine residues, as well as 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ), a crucial cofactor.
In humans, the LOX gene is located on chromosome 5 q23.3-31.2. The DNA sequence encodes a polypeptide of 417 amino acids, the first 21 residues of which constitute a signal peptide, with a weight of approximately 32 kDa. The carboxyterminus contains the active copper (II) ion, lysine, tyrosine, and cysteine residues that comprise the catalytically active site. The three-dimensional structure of human lysyl oxidase has not yet been resolved.
Mechanism
Lysyl oxidase the terminal carbon of the side chain of lysyl residue side chain. The enzyme belongsthe category of quinone-containing copper amine oxidases. The reaction requires the cofactor lysyl tyrosylquinone (LTQ). The LTQ cofactor is unique among quinones because it contains |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristimulus%20time%20histogram | In neurophysiology, peristimulus time histogram and poststimulus time histogram, both abbreviated PSTH or PST histogram, are histograms of the times at which neurons fire. It is also sometimes called pre event time histogram or PETH. These histograms are used to visualize the rate and timing of neuronal spike discharges in relation to an external stimulus or event. The peristimulus time histogram is sometimes called perievent time histogram, and post-stimulus and peri-stimulus are often hyphenated.
The prefix peri, for through, is typically used in the case of periodic stimuli, in which case the PSTH show neuron firing times wrapped to one cycle of the stimulus. The prefix post is used when the PSTH shows the timing of neuron firings in response to a stimulus event or onset.
To make a PSTH, a spike train recorded from a single neuron is aligned with the onset, or a fixed phase point, of an identical stimulus repeatedly presented to an animal. The aligned sequences are superimposed in time, and then used to construct a histogram.
Construction procedure
Align spike sequences with the onset of a stimulus that is repeated n times. For periodic stimuli, wrap the response sequence back to time zero after each time period T, and count n as the total number of periods of data.
Divide the stimulus period or observation period T into N bins of size .
Count the number of spikes ki from all n sequences that fall in the bin i.
Draw a bar-graph histogram with the bar-height o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylmyo-inositol%20mannosides | Phosphatidylmyo-inositol Mannosides (PIMs) are a family of glycolipids found in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PIMs influence the interaction of the immune system with M. tuberculosis, and mice that develop antibodies for this family of glycolipids are better at sustaining or defeating a M. tuberculosis infection. Thus, PIMs are important glycolipids associated with M. tuberculosis, but are also likely involved with the process by which M. tuberculosis subverts the immune system.
References
Bacteriology
Phospholipids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20tag | Green tag may refer to:
Green tag or color-tagged structure, a classification to represent the severity of damage or the overall condition of a building
Green tag or aviation parts tag, a method used in US aviation industry to indicate a part's serviceability
Green tag as a Renewable Energy Certificate (United States), a tradable, non-tangible energy commodity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldie%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Goldie's theorem is a basic structural result in ring theory, proved by Alfred Goldie during the 1950s. What is now termed a right Goldie ring is a ring R that has finite uniform dimension (="finite rank") as a right module over itself, and satisfies the ascending chain condition on right annihilators of subsets of R.
Goldie's theorem states that the semiprime right Goldie rings are precisely those that have a semisimple Artinian right classical ring of quotients. The structure of this ring of quotients is then completely determined by the Artin–Wedderburn theorem.
In particular, Goldie's theorem applies to semiprime right Noetherian rings, since by definition right Noetherian rings have the ascending chain condition on all right ideals. This is sufficient to guarantee that a right-Noetherian ring is right Goldie. The converse does not hold: every right Ore domain is a right Goldie domain, and hence so is every commutative integral domain.
A consequence of Goldie's theorem, again due to Goldie, is that every semiprime principal right ideal ring is isomorphic to a finite direct sum of prime principal right ideal rings. Every prime principal right ideal ring is isomorphic to a matrix ring over a right Ore domain.
Sketch of the proof
This is a sketch of the characterization mentioned in the introduction. It may be found in .
If R be a semiprime right Goldie ring, then it is a right order in a semisimple ring:
Essential right ideals of R are exactly thos |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity%20tensor | The elasticity tensor is a fourth-rank tensor describing the stress-strain relation in
a linear elastic material. Other names are elastic modulus tensor and stiffness tensor. Common symbols include and .
The defining equation can be written as
where and are the components of the Cauchy stress tensor and infinitesimal strain tensor, and are the components of the elasticity tensor. Summation over repeated indices is implied. This relationship can be interpreted as a generalization of Hooke's law to a 3D continuum.
A general fourth-rank tensor in 3D has 34 = 81 independent components , but the elasticity tensor has at most 21 independent components. This fact follows from the symmetry of the stress and strain tensors, together with the requirement that the stress derives from an elastic energy potential. For isotropic materials, the elasticity tensor has just two independent components, which can be chosen to be the bulk modulus and shear modulus.
Definition
The most general linear relation between two second-rank tensors is
where are the components of a fourth-rank tensor . The elasticity tensor is defined as for the case where and are the stress and strain tensors, respectively.
The compliance tensor is defined from the inverse stress-strain relation:
The two are related by
where is the Kronecker delta.
Unless otherwise noted, this article assumes is defined from the stress-strain relation of a linear elastic material, in the limit of small strain.
Spec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmosine | Desmosine is an amino acid found uniquely in elastin, a protein found in connective tissue such as skin, lungs, and elastic arteries.
Desmosine is a component of elastin and cross links with its isomer, isodesmosine, giving elasticity to the tissue. Detection of desmosine in urine, plasma or sputum samples can be a marker for elastin breakdown due to high elastase activity related to certain diseases.
Structure
Desmosine and its isomer isodesmosine are both composed of four lysine residues, allowing for bonding to multiple peptide chains. The four lysine groups combine to form a pyridinium nucleus, which can be reduced to neutralize positive charge associated, and increase the hydrophobicity. The four lysines form side chains around the pyridinium nucleus with exposed carboxyl groups. The difference between desmosines and isodesmosines are an exchange of a lysine side chain on carbon 1 with a proton on carbon 5. Desmosine is associated with alanine, bonding with it on the N terminal side. It is this alanine association that allows it to bond well with pairs of tropoelastin, to form elastin and elastin networks.
Desmosine and isodesmosine are unable to be differentiated thus far because of the lack of technology. The differentiation would be helpful in order to understand desmosine and its properties better. Currently, mass spectrometry is used and aids in the release of characteristic fragments which would help with differentiation, especially in larger peptides.
Synt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles%20Cross%20Hill | Miles Cross Hill is a large hill that is the sloping gradient up to the landscape of the Lincolnshire Wolds. As it is the first large hill of the Wolds, there are views of the Lincolnshire Fens and Coast. The hill leads to Ulceby Cross Roundabout.
References
Hills of Lincolnshire |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRG | HRG may refer to:
Science
Histidine-rich glycoprotein, a plasma protein
Human reference genome
Hemispherical resonator gyroscope
Horizontal ribbon growth, a method of crystal growth
Organizations
HRG Engineering Company, a British car manufacturer
HRG Group, an American holding company
Healthcare Resource Group, within the English healthcare system
Henley Residents Group, an English political party
Hogg Robinson Group, a defunct corporate travel management company
Home Retail Group, an English company
Hostage Response Group of New South Wales, Australia
People
Branko Hrg (born 1961), Croatian politician
Noah Bennet (aka Horn Rimmed Glasses), a character in the TV series Heroes
Other
Hurghada International Airport, in Egypt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20Monte%20Carlo | The Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modelling method is a variation of the standard Metropolis–Hastings algorithm to solve an inverse problem whereby a model is adjusted until its parameters have the greatest consistency with experimental data. Inverse problems are found in many branches of science and mathematics, but this approach is probably best known for its applications in condensed matter physics and solid state chemistry.
Applications in condensed matter sciences
Basic method
This method is often used in condensed matter sciences to produce atom-based structural models that are consistent with experimental data and subject to a set of constraints.
An initial configuration is constructed by placing atoms in a periodic boundary cell, and one or more measurable quantities are calculated based on the current configuration. Commonly used data include the pair distribution function and its Fourier transform, the latter of which is derived directly from neutron or x-ray scattering data (see small-angle neutron scattering, wide-angle X-ray scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and X-ray diffraction). Other data that are used included Bragg diffraction data for crystalline materials, and EXAFS data. The comparison with experiment is quantified using a function of the form
where and are the observed (measured) and calculated quantities respectively, and is a measure of the accuracy of the measurement. The sum is over all independent measurements, which will include the su |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave%20Doll | is a Japanese pornographic original video animation created by Otakey Sasaki and released in 2000. The series revolves around Aki, a busty android maid constructed by the Gene (pronounced Gen-a) Corporation. Her function, besides being a household maid, is the collection of male genetic material (semen) through sexual means, after which it is saved, possibly for species preservation. Slave Doll was followed by a sequel,
released in 2001 and produced by Beam Entertainment.
Plot
Slave Doll tells the story of Aki, is an Android maid created by the Gene Corporation sent to infiltrate the house of the mysterious Kenichi. She disguises herself as an ordinary housekeeper and begins her mission to capture a sample of Kenichi's superior sperm which is made easy by her master's insatiable lust towards her.
In Slave Doll II, Aki's sperm collecting days are over, and rather than being scrapped, she serves an eccentric professor as his maid. The professor then gives Aki a bracelet that changes the maid into a super-crimefighter (in the mold of the magical girl).
Reception
Bamboo Dong, writing for Anime News Network, disliked the humiliation themes of the OVA. She found the story to be "standard," but "disjointed and awkward," attributing some of this to her dislike. Michael Thomas enjoyed the hints at Aki's past, and enjoyed the allusions to Cream Lemon and Wedding Peach. Derek Guder found the sex scenes "rote and unimaginative," but enjoyed the bad acting on the English dub trac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy%20diffusion | In fluid dynamics, eddy diffusion, eddy dispersion, or turbulent diffusion is a process by which fluid substances mix together due to eddy motion. These eddies can vary widely in size, from subtropical ocean gyres down to the small Kolmogorov microscales, and occur as a result of turbulence (or turbulent flow). The theory of eddy diffusion was first developed by Sir Geoffrey Ingram Taylor.
In laminar flows, material properties (salt, heat, humidity, aerosols etc.) are mixed by random motion of individual molecules. By a purely probabilistic argument, the net flux of molecules from high concentration area to low concentration area is higher than the flux in the opposite direction. This down-gradient flux equilibrates the concentration profile over time. This phenomenon is called molecular diffusion, and its mathematical aspect is captured by the diffusion equation.
In turbulent flows, on top of mixing by molecular diffusion, eddies stir () the fluid. This causes fluid parcels from various initial positions, and thus various associated concentrations, to penetrate into fluid regions with different initial concentrations. This causes the fluid properties to homogenize on scale larger than that of eddies responsible for stirring, in a very efficient way compared to individual molecular motion. In most macroscopic flows in nature, eddy diffusion is several orders of magnitude stronger than molecular diffusion. This sometimes leads to the latter being neglected when studying turb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartic%20protease | Aspartic proteases (also "aspartyl proteases", "aspartic endopeptidases") are a catalytic type of protease enzymes that use an activated water molecule bound to one or more aspartate residues for catalysis of their peptide substrates. In general, they have two highly conserved aspartates in the active site and are optimally active at acidic pH. Nearly all known aspartyl proteases are inhibited by pepstatin.
Aspartic endopeptidases of vertebrate, fungal and retroviral origin have been characterised. More recently, aspartic endopeptidases associated with the processing of bacterial type 4 prepilin and archaean preflagellin have been described.
Eukaryotic aspartic proteases include pepsins, cathepsins, and renins. They have a two-domain structure, arising from ancestral duplication. Retroviral and retrotransposon proteases (retroviral aspartyl proteases) are much smaller and appear to
be homologous to a single domain of the eukaryotic aspartyl proteases. Each domain contributes a catalytic Asp residue, with an extended active site cleft localized between the two lobes of the molecule. One lobe has probably evolved from the other through a gene duplication event in the distant past. In modern-day enzymes, although the three-dimensional structures are very similar, the amino acid sequences are more divergent, except for the catalytic site motif, which is very conserved. The presence and position of disulfide bridges are other conserved features of aspartic peptidases.
Catalyti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Inner%20Life%20of%20the%20Cell | The Inner Life of the Cell is an 8.5-minute 3D computer graphics animation illustrating the molecular mechanisms that occur when a white blood cell in the blood vessels of the human body is activated by inflammation (Leukocyte extravasation). It shows how a white blood cell rolls along the inner surface of the capillary, flattens out, and squeezes through the cells of the capillary wall to the site of inflammation where it contributes to the immune reaction.
When teaching biology, professors will often generate 3D animations to demonstrate certain concepts to their students in a much more visual way than would otherwise be possible. In the case of The Inner Life of the Cell the creators aimed for a more cinematic, as opposed to academic, feel.
Production
David Bolinsky, former lead medical illustrator at Yale, lead animator John Liebler, and Mike Astrachan are some of the creators at XVIVO who made the movie. The audio track was composed, recorded, and produced by Matt Berky. They created the animation for Harvard's Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology.
Most of the processes animated were the result of Alain Viel's, Ph.D. work describing the processes to the team. Alain Viel is an associate director of undergraduate research at Harvard University.
The film took 14 months to create for 8.5 minutes of animation. It was first seen by a wide audience at the 2006 SIGGRAPH conference in Boston.
References
External links
,
YouTube video (narrated and much better tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision%20frequency | Collision frequency describes the rate of collisions between two atomic or molecular species in a given volume, per unit time. In an ideal gas, assuming that the species behave like hard spheres, the collision frequency between entities of species A and species B is:
which has units of [volume][time]−1.
Here,
is the number of A molecules in the gas,
is the number of B molecules in the gas,
is the collision cross section, the "effective area" seen by two colliding molecules, simplified to , where the radius of A and the radius of B.
is the Boltzmann constant,
is the temperature,
is the reduced mass of the reactants A and B,
Collision in diluted solution
In the case of equal-size particles at a concentration in a solution of viscosity , an expression for collision frequency where is the volume in question, and is the number of collisions per second, can be written as:
Where:
is the Boltzmann constant
is the absolute temperature (unit K)
is the viscosity of the solution (pascal seconds)
is the concentration of particles per cm3
Here the frequency is independent of particle size, a result noted as counter-intuitive. For particles of different size, more elaborate expressions can be derived for estimating .
References
Chemical kinetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial%20wave | Inertial waves, also known as inertial oscillations, are a type of mechanical wave possible in rotating fluids. Unlike surface gravity waves commonly seen at the beach or in the bathtub, inertial waves flow through the interior of the fluid, not at the surface. Like any other kind of wave, an inertial wave is caused by a restoring force and characterized by its wavelength and frequency. Because the restoring force for inertial waves is the Coriolis force, their wavelengths and frequencies are related in a peculiar way. Inertial waves are transverse. Most commonly they are observed in atmospheres, oceans, lakes, and laboratory experiments. Rossby waves, geostrophic currents, and geostrophic winds are examples of inertial waves. Inertial waves are also likely to exist in the molten core of the rotating Earth.
Restoring force
Inertial waves are restored to equilibrium by the Coriolis force, a result of rotation. To be precise, the Coriolis force arises (along with the centrifugal force) in a rotating frame to account for the fact that such a frame is always accelerating. Inertial waves, therefore, cannot exist without rotation. More complicated than tension on a string, the Coriolis force acts at a 90° angle to the direction of motion, and its strength depends on the rotation rate of the fluid. These two properties lead to the peculiar characteristics of inertial waves.
Characteristics
Inertial waves are possible only when a fluid is rotating, and exist in the bulk of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawsonville%2C%20Kenya | Dawsonville is a railway town and junction in Kenya, lying on the main line to Uganda and the branches to Kisumu and Solai.
See also
Railway stations in Kenya
Statistics
Elevation = 1984m
Population = 49,675
References
Populated places in Nakuru County |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions%20per%20minute%20%28disambiguation%29 | Revolutions per minute is a unit of frequency, commonly used to measure rotational speed.
Revolutions per minute may also refer to:
Revolutions per Minute (Rise Against album), a 2003 album by Rise Against
Revolutions per Minute (Reflection Eternal album), a 2010 album by Reflection Eternal
Revolutions per Minute (Skid Row album), a 2006 album by Skid Row
See also
RPM (disambiguation)
sv:Revolutions Per Minute |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXXB | WXXB, "B102-9" is an FM radio station licensed to the city of Delphi, Indiana. The station operates on the FM radio frequency of 102.9 MHz, FM channel 275. . The studios are located at 3575 McCarty Lane in Lafayette, Indiana. The tower is located in rural Northeastern Tippecanoe County near the town of Buck Creek, Indiana.
History
WXXB signed on the air in early 1989 as WNJY, Joy 103, featuring an oldies format. In the mid-1990s, Joy 103 renamed itself "Oldies 103" and began aiming programming toward the Lafayette market using the top of the hour station identification "WNJY-FM and AM, Delphi/Monticello...Lafayette's New Oldies Station!" followed by an "Oldies 103!" sing. As Oldies 103, the station featured mainly network programming from Jones Radio Networks' Goodtime Oldies format with the exception of Rich Anthony's local midday shift. The station earned respectable ratings in Lafayette, according to Arbitron in the mid-90s, which ultimately lead WASK-A/F to drop their news/talk format in favor of oldies in 1997. When WNJY was sold to RadioWorks in 1999, the station moved to Lafayette and programming from Goodtime Oldies was dropped. Shortly thereafter, RadioWorks requested a construction permit to move the station's tower closer to Lafayette, which got approved.
While the tower was being built, there was speculation around the market as to what RadioWorks would do with their move-in frequency. WASK-FM already had the market cornered in oldies with high school o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldbeater%27s%20skin | Goldbeater's skin is the processed outer membrane of the intestine of an animal, typically cattle, which is valued for its strength against tearing. The term derives from its traditional use as durable layers interleaved between sheets of gold stock during the process of making gold leaf by goldbeating, as a batch process producing many "leaves" at the same time. In the early modern production of airships, application of its high strength-to-weight ratio and reliability were crucial for building at least the largest examples.
Manufacture
To manufacture goldbeater's skin, the gut of oxen (or other cattle) is soaked in a dilute solution of potassium hydroxide, washed, stretched, beaten flat and thin, and treated chemically to prevent putrefaction. A pack of 1,000 pieces of goldbeater's skin requires the gut of about 400 oxen and is thick.
Up to 120 sheets of gold laminated with goldbeater's skin can be beaten at the same time, since the skin is thin and elastic and does not tear under heavy goldbeating. The resultant thickness of gold leaf can be as small as 1 μm-thick.
Applications
Goldbeater's skin is used as the sensitive element in hygrometers, since its hygroscopic behavior includes contraction or expansion in response to atmospheric humidity.
During the invention of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell used a drum of goldbeater's skin with an armature of magnetised iron attached to its middle as a sound receiver.
In 1754, Vatican priest Antonio Piaggio used go |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali%E2%80%93aggregate%20reaction | Alkali–aggregate reaction is a term mainly referring to a reaction which occurs over time in concrete between the highly alkaline cement paste and non-crystalline silicon dioxide, which is found in many common aggregates. This reaction can cause the expansion of the altered aggregate, leading to spalling and loss of strength of concrete.
More accurate terminology
The alkali–aggregate reaction is a general, but relatively vague, expression which can lead to confusion. More exact definitions include the following:
Alkali–silica reaction (ASR, the most common reaction of this type);
Alkali–silicate reaction, and;
Alkali–carbonate reaction.
The alkali–silica reaction is the most common form of alkali–aggregate reaction.
Two other types are:
the alkali–silicate reaction, in which layer silicate minerals (clay minerals), sometimes present as impurities, are attacked, and;
the alkali–carbonate reaction, which is an uncommon attack on certain argillaceous dolomitic limestones, likely involving the expansion of the mineral brucite (Mg(OH)2).
The pozzolanic reaction which occurs in the setting of the mixture of slaked lime and pozzolanic materials has also features similar to the alkali–silica reaction, mainly the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H).
See also
Energetically modified cement (EMC)
Calthemite
Pozzolanic reaction
External links
Cement.org | Alkali-aggregate reaction
Alkali-Aggregate Reactions (AAR) – International Centre of Research and Applied T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd%20Aalen | Odd Olai Aalen (born 6 May 1947, in Oslo) is a Norwegian statistician and a professor at the Department of Biostatistics at the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences at the University of Oslo.
Life
Aalen completed his examen artium in 1966 at Oslo Cathedral School before studying first mathematics and physics and then statistics in which he graduated at the University of Oslo in 1972.
Work
His research work is geared towards applications in biosciences. Aalen's early work on counting processes and martingales, starting with his 1976 Ph.D. thesis at the University of California, Berkeley, has had profound influence in biostatistics. Inferences for fundamental quantities associated with cumulative hazard rates, in survival analysis and models for analysis of event histories, are typically based on the Nelson–Aalen estimator or appropriate related statistics. The Nelson–Aalen estimator is related to the Kaplan-Meier estimator and generalisations thereof.
Aalen is currently professor emeritus at the Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Oslo.
Honors and awards
He is an elected member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.
References
External links
The BMMS Centre
Aalen's home page
1947 births
Living people
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Norwegian statisticians
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Oslo alumni
People educa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnoldo%20Frigessi | Arnoldo Frigessi di Rattalma (born 1959) is an Italian statistician based in Norway, where he is a professor at the Department of Biostatistics (now called Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology) with the Institute of Basic Medical Research at the University of Oslo. He has also a position at the Oslo University Hospital and is affiliated with the Norwegian Computing Centre. He led the centre Statistics for Innovation, which was created in 2007 as one of 14 designated national centres for research-based innovation, funded by the Norwegian Research Council, until 2014. Frigessi succeeded in obtaining funding for a second centre of the same type, BigInsight, which started in 2014 and will operate for 8 years, again under his leadership. Frigessi develops new methods in statistics and machine learning and stochastic models to study principles, dynamics and patterns of complex dependence. His approach is often Bayesian and computationally intensive. He has developed theory for Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods, inferential methods for pair copula constructions, methods for the analysis of multiple genomic data types, the first digital twin of a breast tumor useful for personalised treatment. His work has been central to the national response to the COVID-19 pandemics in Norway, as a key member of the modelling group at the National Intritute of Public Health of Norway.
Frigessi is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences. and was elected member of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leclanch%C3%A9%20cell | The Leclanché cell is a battery invented and patented by the French scientist Georges Leclanché in 1866. The battery contained a conducting solution (electrolyte) of ammonium chloride, a cathode (positive terminal) of carbon, a depolarizer of manganese dioxide (oxidizer), and an anode (negative terminal) of zinc (reductant). The chemistry of this cell was later successfully adapted to manufacture a dry cell.
History
In 1866, Georges Leclanché invented a battery that consisted of a zinc anode and a manganese dioxide cathode wrapped in a porous material, dipped in a jar of ammonium chloride solution. The manganese dioxide cathode had a little carbon mixed into it as well, which improved conductivity and absorption. It provided a voltage of 1.4 volts. This cell achieved very quick success in telegraphy, signalling and electric bell work.
The dry cell form was used to power early telephones—usually from an adjacent wooden box affixed to the wall—before telephones could draw power from the telephone line itself. The Leclanché cell could not provide a sustained current for very long; in lengthy conversations, the battery would run down, rendering the conversation inaudible. This is because certain chemical reactions in the cell increase its internal resistance and, thus, lower its voltage. These reactions reverse themselves when the battery is left idle, making it good for many short periods of use with idle time between them, but not long periods of use.
Construction
The ori |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZAP70 | ZAP-70 (Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70) is a protein normally expressed near the surface membrane of lymphocytes (T cells, natural killer cells, and a subset of B cells). It is most prominently known to be recruited upon antigen binding to the T cell receptor (TCR), and it plays a critical role in T cell signaling.
ZAP-70 was initially discovered in TCR-stimulated Jurkat cells, an immortal line of human T lymphocytes, in 1991. Its molecular weight is 70 kDa, and it is a member of the protein-tyrosine kinase family and is a close homolog of SYK. SYK and ZAP70 share a common evolutionary origin and split from a common ancestor in the jawed vertebrates.
The importance of ZAP-70 in T cell activation was determined when comparing ZAP-70 expression in patients with SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency). ZAP-70 deficient individuals were found to have no functioning T cells in their peripheral blood, suggesting that ZAP-70 is a critical component of T cell activation and development.
ZAP-70 expression in B cells is correlated with the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
Function
The T cell receptor has no innate enzymatic activity. Due to this, T cell receptors rely on signaling molecules to transduce a signal from the cell membrane. ZAP-70 is a critical cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that initiates a signal pathway downstream of an activated T cell receptor.
T lymphocytes are activated by engagement of the T cell receptor with processed antigen fragmen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic%20databases%20for%20pure%20substances | Thermodynamic databases contain information about thermodynamic properties for substances, the most important being enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. Numerical values of these thermodynamic properties are collected as tables or are calculated from thermodynamic datafiles. Data is expressed as temperature-dependent values for one mole of substance at the standard pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm), or 100 kPa (1 bar). Both of these definitions for the standard condition for pressure are in use.
Thermodynamic data
Thermodynamic data is usually presented as a table or chart of function values for one mole of a substance (or in the case of the steam tables, one kg). A thermodynamic datafile is a set of equation parameters from which the numerical data values can be calculated. Tables and datafiles are usually presented at a standard pressure of 1 bar or 1 atm, but in the case of steam and other industrially important gases, pressure may be included as a variable. Function values depend on the state of aggregation of the substance, which must be defined for the value to have any meaning. The state of aggregation for thermodynamic purposes is the standard state, sometimes called the reference state, and defined by specifying certain conditions. The normal standard state is commonly defined as the most stable physical form of the substance at the specified temperature and a pressure of 1 bar or 1 atm. However, since any non-normal condition could be chosen as a standard sta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber%20bundle%20construction%20theorem | In mathematics, the fiber bundle construction theorem is a theorem which constructs a fiber bundle from a given base space, fiber and a suitable set of transition functions. The theorem also gives conditions under which two such bundles are isomorphic. The theorem is important in the associated bundle construction where one starts with a given bundle and surgically replaces the fiber with a new space while keeping all other data the same.
Formal statement
Let X and F be topological spaces and let G be a topological group with a continuous left action on F. Given an open cover {Ui} of X and a set of continuous functions
defined on each nonempty overlap, such that the cocycle condition
holds, there exists a fiber bundle E → X with fiber F and structure group G that is trivializable over {Ui} with transition functions tij.
Let E′ be another fiber bundle with the same base space, fiber, structure group, and trivializing neighborhoods, but transition functions t′ij. If the action of G on F is faithful, then E′ and E are isomorphic if and only if there exist functions
such that
Taking ti to be constant functions to the identity in G, we see that two fiber bundles with the same base, fiber, structure group, trivializing neighborhoods, and transition functions are isomorphic.
A similar theorem holds in the smooth category, where X and Y are smooth manifolds, G is a Lie group with a smooth left action on Y and the maps tij are all smooth.
Construction
The proof of the theore |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rademacher%27s%20theorem | In mathematical analysis, Rademacher's theorem, named after Hans Rademacher, states the following: If is an open subset of and is Lipschitz continuous, then is differentiable almost everywhere in ; that is, the points in at which is not differentiable form a set of Lebesgue measure zero. Differentiability here refers to infinitesimal approximability by a linear map, which in particular asserts the existence of the coordinate-wise partial derivatives.
Sketch of proof
The one-dimensional case of Rademacher's theorem is a standard result in introductory texts on measure-theoretic analysis. In this context, it is natural to prove the more general statement that any single-variable function of bounded variation is differentiable almost everywhere. (This one-dimensional generalization of Rademacher's theorem fails to extend to higher dimensions.)
One of the standard proofs of the general Rademacher theorem was found by Charles Morrey. In the following, let denote a Lipschitz-continuous function on . The first step of the proof is to show that, for any fixed unit vector , the -directional derivative of exists almost everywhere. This is a consequence of a special case of the Fubini theorem: a measurable set in has Lebesgue measure zero if its restriction to every line parallel to has (one-dimensional) Lebesgue measure zero. Considering in particular the set in where the -directional derivative of fails to exist (which must be proved to be measurable), the latter conditi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenske%20equation | The Fenske equation in continuous fractional distillation is an equation used for calculating the minimum number of theoretical plates required for the separation of a binary feed stream by a fractionation column that is being operated at total reflux (i.e., which means that no overhead product distillate is being withdrawn from the column).
The equation was derived in 1932 by Merrell Fenske, a professor who served as the head of the chemical engineering department at the Pennsylvania State University from 1959 to 1969.
When designing large-scale, continuous industrial distillation towers, it is very useful to first calculate the minimum number of theoretical plates required to obtain the desired overhead product composition.
Common versions of the Fenske equation
This is one of the many different but equivalent versions of the Fenske equation valid only for binary mixtures:
where:
is the minimum number of theoretical plates required at total reflux (of which the reboiler is one),
is the mole fraction of more volatile component in the overhead distillate,
is the mole fraction of more volatile component in the bottoms,
is the average relative volatility of the more volatile component to the less volatile component.
For a multi-component mixture the following formula holds.
For ease of expression, the more volatile and the less volatile components are commonly referred to as the light key (LK) and the heavy key (HK), respectively. Using that terminology, the abo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20Rain%20Radio | Silver Rain Radio () is a Russian (including post-Soviet countries) FM radio station since July 4, 1995. Radio frequency in Moscow, Russia - 100,1 FM. Initiator of the Silver Galosh Award for the most dubious achievements in show business every year. This prize awarded at the congress-hall of Radisson-Slavyanskaya hotel. It is known for being the most eccentric radio station in Russia. The award can be compared to The Razzies.
History timeline
On February 3, 1996 awarded with the first "Quality Mark" Prize
On March 26, 1996 first Silver Galosh '96 ceremony.
Since October 20, 1996 starts online broadcasting.
Was one of the sponsors of Russian Mars 96 artificial satellite launched on November 16, 1996
On July 4, 1997 first morning show of Vladimir Soloviev aired
On February 27, 1997 introduced the new broadcasting scheme music non-stop
On January 15, 1997 started to transmit the RDS signals for car audio devices.
On 1998 April Fool's Day started a Ukrainian broadcasting instead of the usual Russian. Also in the announcement on the previous day the promotion department constated the closing of Russian Office and the migration to Ukrainian FM space.
On June 6, 1998 the Lowered Ball '98 football match held between the radiostation staff and the audience football teams.
On December 31, 1999 special correspondent Alexander Begak raised a flag of Silver Rain Radio on the highest peak of Antarctica. The other record was in the air of Thailand when 572 paratroopers grouped |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy%C3%A1gite | Nagyágite () is a rare sulfide mineral with known occurrence associated with gold ores. Nagyágite crystals are opaque, monoclinic and dark grey to black coloured.
It was first described in 1845 for an occurrence at the type locality of the Nagyág mine, Săcărâmb, Hunedoara County, Romania.
It occurs in gold–tellurium epithermal hydrothermal veins. Minerals associated with nagyágite include: altaite, petzite, stutzite, sylvanite, tellurantimony, coloradoite, krennerite,
native arsenic, native gold, proustite, rhodochrosite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, calaverite, tellurobismuthite, galena and pyrite.
References
Sulfosalt minerals
Lead minerals
Gold minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 11
Minerals described in 1845 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarray%20analysis%20techniques | Microarray analysis techniques are used in interpreting the data generated from experiments on DNA (Gene chip analysis), RNA, and protein microarrays, which allow researchers to investigate the expression state of a large number of genes - in many cases, an organism's entire genome - in a single experiment. Such experiments can generate very large amounts of data, allowing researchers to assess the overall state of a cell or organism. Data in such large quantities is difficult - if not impossible - to analyze without the help of computer programs.
Introduction
Microarray data analysis is the final step in reading and processing data produced by a microarray chip. Samples undergo various processes including purification and scanning using the microchip, which then produces a large amount of data that requires processing via computer software. It involves several distinct steps, as outlined in the image below. Changing any one of the steps will change the outcome of the analysis, so the MAQC Project was created to identify a set of standard strategies. Companies exist that use the MAQC protocols to perform a complete analysis.
Techniques
Most microarray manufacturers, such as Affymetrix and Agilent, provide commercial data analysis software alongside their microarray products. There are also open source options that utilize a variety of methods for analyzing microarray data.
Aggregation and normalization
Comparing two different arrays or two different samples hybridized t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-server%20problem | The -server problem is a problem of theoretical computer science in the category of online algorithms, one of two abstract problems on metric spaces that are central to the theory of competitive analysis (the other being metrical task systems). In this problem, an online algorithm must control the movement of a set of k servers, represented as points in a metric space, and handle requests that are also in the form of points in the space. As each request arrives, the algorithm must determine which server to move to the requested point. The goal of the algorithm is to keep the total distance all servers move small, relative to the total distance the servers could have moved by an optimal adversary who knows in advance the entire sequence of requests.
The problem was first posed by Mark Manasse, Lyle A. McGeoch and Daniel Sleator (1988). The most prominent open question concerning the k-server problem is the so-called k-server conjecture, also posed by Manasse et al. This conjecture states that there is an algorithm for solving the k-server problem in an arbitrary metric space and for any number k of servers that has competitive ratio exactly k. Manasse et al. were able to prove their conjecture when k = 2, and for more general values of k for some metric spaces restricted to have exactly k+1 points. Chrobak and Larmore (1991) proved the conjecture for tree metrics. The special case of metrics in which all distances are equal is called the paging problem because it models the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amolops%20formosus | Amolops formosus, also known as Assam sucker frog, beautiful stream frog, Assam cascade frog, or hill stream frog, is a species of frog found in high gradient streams of northern India, northern Bangladesh, and Nepal, possibly also Bhutan, although these records may represent confusion between Amolops himalayanus and this species; the latest available IUCN assessment from 2004 treats A. himalayanus as a synonym of A. formosus.
Description
Adult males measure, based on the holotype only, and females measure in snout–vent length. The head is relatively wide. The tympanum is small but distinct. The fingers have no webbing while the toes are fully webbed; both fingers and toes bear discs. Skin is smooth. The dorsum is green with irregular distinct chocolate-coloured blotches with yellow dots. The ventral parts are light with a greenish abdomen.
Habitat and conservation
Amolops formosus is a rare frog associated with streams and riparian vegetation within tropical evergreen forest at elevations of above sea level. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by deforestation and dams. It is present in the Namdapha National Park and Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh (India).
References
formosus
Amphibians of Bangladesh
Frogs of India
Amphibians of Nepal
Amphibians described in 1876
Taxa named by Albert Günther |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fas%20receptor | The Fas receptor, also known as Fas, FasR, apoptosis antigen 1 (APO-1 or APT), cluster of differentiation 95 (CD95) or tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (TNFRSF6), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAS gene. Fas was first identified using a monoclonal antibody generated by immunizing mice with the FS-7 cell line. Thus, the name Fas is derived from FS-7-associated surface antigen.
The Fas receptor is a death receptor on the surface of cells that leads to programmed cell death (apoptosis) if it binds its ligand, Fas ligand (FasL). It is one of two apoptosis pathways, the other being the mitochondrial pathway.
Gene
FAS receptor gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 10 (10q24.1) in humans and on chromosome 19 in mice. The gene lies on the plus (Watson strand) and is 25,255 bases in length organized into nine protein encoding exons. Similar sequences related by evolution (orthologs) are found in most mammals.
Protein
Previous reports have identified as many as eight splice variants, which are translated into seven isoforms of the protein. Apoptosis-inducing Fas receptor is dubbed isoform 1 and is a type 1 transmembrane protein. Many of the other isoforms are rare haplotypes that are usually associated with a state of disease. However, two isoforms, the apoptosis-inducing membrane-bound form and the soluble form, are normal products whose production via alternative splicing is regulated by the cytotoxic RNA binding protein TIA1.
The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death-inducing%20signaling%20complex | The death-inducing signaling complex or DISC is a multi-protein complex formed by members of the death receptor family of apoptosis-inducing cellular receptors. A typical example is FasR, which forms the DISC upon trimerization as a result of its ligand (FasL) binding. The DISC is composed of the death receptor, FADD, and caspase 8. It transduces a downstream signal cascade resulting in apoptosis.
Description
The Fas ligands, or cytotoxicity-dependent APO-1-associated proteins, physically associate with APO-1 (also known as the Fas receptor, or CD95), a tumor necrosis factor containing a functional death domain. This association leads to the formation of the DISC, thereby inducing apoptosis. The entire process is initiated when the cell registers the presence of CD95L, the cognate ligand for APO-1. Upon binding, the CAP proteins and procaspase-8 (composed of FLICE, MACH, and Mch5) bind to CD95 through death domain and death effector domain interactions. Procaspase-8 activation is thought to occur through a dimerization process with other procaspase-8 molecules, known as an induced proximity model.
Forming complex
The CAP proteins associate only with the oligomerized version of APO-1 when forming the complex. The CAP1 are CAP2 proteins are also known as FADD/MORT1, an adaptor molecule with a death domain. CAP4 is also called FLICE, a cysteine protease with two death effector domains. CAP3 is the prodomain of FLICE generated during proteolytic activation. Once the DISC assemb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FADD | FAS-associated death domain protein, also called MORT1, is encoded by the FADD gene on the 11q13.3 region of chromosome 11 in humans.
FADD is an adaptor protein that bridges members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, such as the Fas-receptor, to procaspases 8 and 10 to form the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) during apoptosis. As well as its most well known role in apoptosis, FADD has also been seen to play a role in other processes including proliferation, cell cycle regulation and development.
Structure
FADD is a 23 kDa protein, made up of 208 amino acids. It contains two main domains: a C terminal death domain (DD) and an N terminal death effector domain (DED). Each domain, although sharing very little sequence similarity, are structurally similar to one another, with each consisting of 6 α helices. The DD of FADD binds to receptors such as the Fas receptor at the plasma membrane via their DD. The interaction between the death domains are electrostatic interactions involving α helices 2 and 3 of the 6 helix domain. The DED binds to the DED of intracellular molecules such as procaspase 8. It is thought that this interaction occurs through hydrophobic interactions.
Functions
Extrinsic apoptosis
Upon stimulation by the Fas ligand, the Fas receptor trimerises. Many receptors, including Fas, contain a cytoplasmic DD and are therefore named death receptors. FADD binds to the DD of this trimeric structure via its death domain resulting in unmasking o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux%20%28metabolism%29 | Flux, or metabolic flux is the rate of turnover of molecules through a metabolic pathway. Flux is regulated by the enzymes involved in a pathway. Within cells, regulation of flux is vital for all metabolic pathways to regulate the pathway's activity under different conditions. Flux is therefore of great interest in metabolic network modelling, where it is analysed via flux balance analysis and metabolic control analysis.
In this manner, flux is the movement of matter through metabolic networks that are connected by metabolites and cofactors, and is therefore a way of describing the activity of the metabolic network as a whole using a single characteristic.
Metabolic flux
It is easiest to describe the flux of metabolites through a pathway by considering the reaction steps individually. The flux of the metabolites through each reaction (J) is the rate of the forward reaction (Vf), less that of the reverse reaction (Vr):
At equilibrium, there is no flux. Furthermore, it is observed that throughout a steady-state pathway, the flux is determined to varying degrees by all steps in the pathway. The degree of influence is measured by the flux control coefficient.
Control of metabolic flux
Control of flux through a metabolic pathway requires that
The degree to which metabolic steps determine the metabolic flux varies based on the organisms' metabolic needs.
The change in flux that occurs due to the above requirement being communicated to the rest of the metabolic pathway in orde |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External%20spermatic%20fascia | The external spermatic fascia (intercrural or intercolumnar fascia) is a thin membrane, prolonged downward around the surface of the spermatic cord and testis. It is separated from the dartos tunic by loose areolar tissue. It is occasionally referred to as 'Le Fascia de Webster' after an anatomist who once described it.
Structure
The external spermatic fascia is derived from the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique muscle. It is acquired by the spermatic cord at the superficial inguinal ring.
References
External links
- "The inguinal canal and derivation of the layers of the spermatic cord."
()
Scrotum
Fascia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropogenic%20metabolism | Anthropogenic metabolism, also referred to as metabolism of the anthroposphere, is a term used in industrial ecology, material flow analysis, and waste management to describe the material and energy turnover of human society. It emerges from the application of systems thinking to the industrial and other man-made activities and it is a central concept of sustainable development. In modern societies, the bulk of anthropogenic (man-made) material flows is related to one of the following activities: sanitation, transportation, habitation, and communication, which were "of little metabolic significance in prehistoric times". Global man-made stocks of steel in buildings, infrastructure, and vehicles, for example, amount to about 25 Gigatonnes (more than three tonnes per person), a figure that is surpassed only by construction materials such as concrete.
Sustainable development is closely linked to the design of a sustainable anthropogenic metabolism, which will entail substantial changes in the energy and material turnover of the different human activities. Anthropogenic metabolism can be seen as synonymous to social or socioeconomic metabolism. It comprises both industrial metabolism and urban metabolism.
Negative effects
In layman's terms, anthropogenic metabolism indicates the human impact on the world by the modern industrialized world. Much of these impacts include waste management, ecological footprints, water footprints, and flow analysis (i.e., the rate at which each huma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our%20Boarding%20House | Our Boarding House is an American single-panel cartoon and comic strip created by Gene Ahern on October 3, 1921 and syndicated by Newspaper Enterprise Association. Set in a boarding house run by the sensible Mrs. Hoople, it drew humor from the interactions of her grandiose, tall-tale-telling husband, the self-styled Major Hoople, with the rooming-house denizens and his various friends and cronies.
After Ahern left NEA in March 1936 to create a similar feature at a rival syndicate, he was succeeded by a number of artists and writers, including Wood Cowan and Bela Zaboly, before Bill Freyse took over as Our Boarding House artist from 1939 to 1969. Others who worked on the strip included Jim Branagan and Tom McCormick. The Sunday color strip ended on March 29, 1981; the weekday panel continued until December 22, 1984.
Publication history
In 1921, Gene Ahern created the comic strip Crazy Quilt, starring the Nut Brothers, Ches and Wal. That same year, NEA General Manager Frank Rostock suggested to Ahern that he use a boarding house for a setting. Ahern initially used his own experiences as a boarder while a Chicago, Illinois, art student as grist for his comic mill, and featured the picaresque peccadilloes and bickering of its residents, presided over by the no-nonsense Martha Hoople. Our Boarding House began September 16, 1921, scoring success with readers after the January 1922 arrival of the fustian, blustery Major Amos B. Hoople, Martha's husband, who'd returned after some l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk%20synchronous%20parallel | The bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) abstract computer is a bridging model for designing parallel algorithms. It is similar to the parallel random access machine (PRAM) model, but unlike PRAM, BSP does not take communication and synchronization for granted. In fact, quantifying the requisite synchronization and communication is an important part of analyzing a BSP algorithm.
History
The BSP model was developed by Leslie Valiant of Harvard University during the 1980s. The definitive article was published in 1990.
Between 1990 and 1992, Leslie Valiant and Bill McColl of Oxford University worked on ideas for a distributed memory BSP programming model, in Princeton and at Harvard. Between 1992 and 1997, McColl led a large research team at Oxford that developed various BSP programming libraries, languages and tools, and also numerous massively parallel BSP algorithms, including many early examples of high-performance communication-avoiding parallel algorithms
and recursive "immortal" parallel algorithms that achieve the best possible performance and optimal parametric tradeoffs.
With interest and momentum growing, McColl then led a group from Oxford, Harvard, Florida, Princeton, Bell Labs, Columbia and Utrecht that developed and published the BSPlib Standard for BSP programming in 1996.
Valiant developed an extension to the BSP model in the 2000s, leading to the publication of the Multi-BSP model in 2011.
In 2017, McColl developed a major new extension of the BSP model tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-wavelength%20anomalous%20dispersion | Multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction (sometimes Multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion; abbreviated MAD) is a technique used in X-ray crystallography that facilitates the determination of the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules (e.g. DNA, drug receptors) via solution of the phase problem.
MAD was developed by Wayne Hendrickson while working as a postdoctoral researcher under Jerome Karle at the United States Naval Research Laboratory. The mathematics upon which MAD (and progenitor Single wavelength anomalous dispersion) were based were developed by Jerome Karle, work for which he was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (along with Herbert Hauptman).
See also
Single wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD)
Multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR)
Anomalous scattering
Anomalous X-ray scattering
Patterson map
References
Further reading
External links
MAD phasing — an in depth tutorial with examples, illustrations, and references.
HHMI Bio for Wayne Hendrickson
Wayne Hendrickson Home Page
Hendrickson Laboratory Summary of Research
Jerome Karl Nobel Biography
NRL Recognition of Nobel Prize
Computer programs
The SSRL Absorption Package —
CHOOCH —
Shake-and-Bake (SnB) —
SHELX —
Tutorials and examples
Crystallography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabatierite | Sabatierite (Cu6TlSe4) is a mineral found in the Czech Republic. The composition of the mineral is more likely (Cu4TlSe3) that has been chemically and crystalographically characterized having tetragonal symmetry. It is named for the French mineralogist Germain Sabatier (born 1923).
See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people
References
Copper(I,II) minerals
Thallium minerals
Selenide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aheylite | Aheylite is a rare phosphate mineral with formula (Fe2+Zn)Al6[(OH)4|(PO4)2]2·4(H2O). It occurs as pale blue to pale green triclinic crystal masses. Aheylite was made the newest member of the turquoise group in 1984 by International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names.
Composition
The turquoise group has a basic formula of A0-1B6(PO4)4−x(PO3OH)x(OH)8·4H2O. This group contains five other minerals. In addition to aheylite: planerite, turquoise, faustite, chalcosiderite, and an unnamed Fe2+-Fe3+ analogue. Aheylite is distinguished in this group by having Fe2+ dominant in the A-site. The ideal aheylite has a formula of Fe2+Al6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O. Its color is pale blue or green. With turquoise family the blue color is said to come from the octahedral coordination of Cu2+ in the absence of Fe3+.
Name and discovery
It was first described for an occurrence in the Huanuni mine, Huanuni, Oruro Department, Bolivia, and named for Allen V. Heyl (1918–2008), an economic geologist for the United States Geological Survey. It was discovered by Eugene Foord and Joseph Taggart.
Occurrence
In addition to the type locality in Bolivia it has been reported from the Bali Lo prospect in the Capricorn Range, Western Australia and the Les Montmins Mine, Auvergne, France.
It is a turquoise group mineral and occurs as a late hydrothermal phase in a tin deposit associated with variscite, vivianite, wavellite, cassiterite, sphalerite, pyrite and quartz in the type local |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia%20of%20Statistical%20Sciences | The Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences is an encyclopaedia of statistics published by John Wiley & Sons.
The first edition, in nine volumes, was published in 1982; it was edited by Norman Lloyd Johnson and Samuel Kotz. The second edition, in 16 volumes, was published in 2006; the senior editor was Samuel Kotz.
See also
International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science
References
External links
Wiley page
Statistical Sciences
Statistics books |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rynersonite | Rynersonite is an oxide mineral. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system. It is dull, translucent mineral, fibrous in nature. Usually off-white to pale pink in color. It occurs in granitic pegmatites and was first described for an occurrence in San Diego County, California in 1978.
Besides the San Diego, California area, Rynersonite is also found in Colorado and Kampala, Uganda.
References
Niobium minerals
Tantalum minerals
Oxide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Minerals described in 1978 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscommon%20High%20School | Roscommon High School is located in Roscommon, Michigan. It is the secondary institution for the Roscommon Area Public School District. Roscommon, or RHS, is a class C/Division 3 School.
Statistics
2009
Enrollment: 440
ACT Average Score: 21.0
ACT Participation Rate: 44%
2005
Drop Out Rate: 3.43%
Graduation Rate: 87.22%
Demographics (2009)
White: 97.9%
Hispanic: 0.95%
Asian/Pacific Islander: 1.13%
Black: 0.38%
American Indian/Alaskan: 0.95%
Two or more races: 0%
Athletics
Highlights
2013 MHSAA Class B Volleyball Districts Runner-Up
2013 Jack Pine Conference Volleyball Champions
2006 MHSAA Division 3 Boys' Soccer State Runner-Up
2006 MHSAA Division 3 Wrestling State Runner-Up
1989 MHSAA Class C Boys Basketball Regional Champions
1989 MHSAA Clas C Baseball State Semi-Finalists
1988 MHSAA Class C Boys' Basketball State Runner-Up
2001 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2002 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2003 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2004 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2005 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2006 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2007 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2008 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2009 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2010 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2011 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2012 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2013 Division 3 District Wrestling Champions
2012 Division 3 Regional Wrestling Champions
Teams
Boys |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa%2C%20Botswana | Goa is a small town in Botswana. It lies near the Namibian border, near the Caprivi Strip, and about 11 kilometres from Shakawe which is also the nearest airport.
Statistics
Elevation = 999m
References
North-West District (Botswana)
Villages in Botswana |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZJB | LZJB is a lossless data compression algorithm invented by Jeff Bonwick to compress crash dumps and data in ZFS. The software is CDDL license licensed. It includes a number of improvements to the LZRW1 algorithm, a member of the Lempel–Ziv family of compression algorithms. The name LZJB is derived from its parent algorithm and its creator—Lempel Ziv Jeff Bonwick. Bonwick is also one of two architects of ZFS, and the creator of the Slab Allocator.
References
External links
LZJB python binding
Javascript port of the LZJB algorithm
Lossless compression algorithms
Sun Microsystems software
Free software
Software using the CDDL license |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20deprivation%20test | A fluid or water deprivation test is a medical test which can be used to determine whether the patient has diabetes insipidus as opposed to other causes of polydipsia (a condition of excessive thirst that causes an excessive intake of water). The patient is required, for a prolonged period, to forgo intake of water completely, to determine the cause of the thirst.
This test measures changes in body weight, urine output, and urine composition when fluids are withheld. Sometimes measuring blood levels of ADH (a synonym for vasopressin) during this test is also necessary.
If there is no change in the water loss despite fluid deprivation, desmopressin may be administered to distinguish between the two types of diabetes insipidus which are central & nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
The time of deprivation may vary from 4 to 18 hours.
The serum osmolality and urine osmolality are both measured in the test.
Interpretation of WDT
The conditions can be distinguished in the following way:
References
External links
Water deprivation test protocol
Medical tests
Thirst
Dynamic endocrine function tests |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential%20alignment | The preferential alignment is a criterion of an orientation of a molecule or atom. The preferential alignment can be related to the formation of the crystal structure of an amorphous structure.
For a polymer material with liquid crystals, the liquid crystals are molecules shaped like rigid rods. Just as logs being floated down a river tend to travel parallel to the direction of the river, liquid crystals have a preferential alignment with each other. At high temperatures, this alignment is disrupted and the material is said to be in the isotropic state. At lower temperatures, the alignment will take place and the liquid crystals are said to be in the pneumatic state [Hoong.C.C].
Crystallography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rado%20graph | In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Rado graph, Erdős–Rényi graph, or random graph is a countably infinite graph that can be constructed (with probability one) by choosing independently at random for each pair of its vertices whether to connect the vertices by an edge. The names of this graph honor Richard Rado, Paul Erdős, and Alfréd Rényi, mathematicians who studied it in the early 1960s; it appears even earlier in the work of . The Rado graph can also be constructed non-randomly, by symmetrizing the membership relation of the hereditarily finite sets, by applying the BIT predicate to the binary representations of the natural numbers, or as an infinite Paley graph that has edges connecting pairs of prime numbers congruent to 1 mod 4 that are quadratic residues modulo each other.
Every finite or countably infinite graph is an induced subgraph of the Rado graph, and can be found as an induced subgraph by a greedy algorithm that builds up the subgraph one vertex at a time. The Rado graph is uniquely defined, among countable graphs, by an extension property that guarantees the correctness of this algorithm: no matter which vertices have already been chosen to form part of the induced subgraph, and no matter what pattern of adjacencies is needed to extend the subgraph by one more vertex, there will always exist another vertex with that pattern of adjacencies that the greedy algorithm can choose.
The Rado graph is highly symmetric: any isomorphism of its finite induc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Petchey | George W. Petchey (24 June 1931 – 23 December 2019) was an English footballer and manager who made 400 appearances in the Football League for West Ham United, Queens Park Rangers and Crystal Palace, playing at wing half (defensive midfield). He was well known for being a hard tackling, midfield general or enforcer, whilst also being one of the first of his generation to play an attractive, keep ball style of play at the same time.
Playing career
Petchey was born in Whitechapel, London. He joined West Ham in 1948 and transferred to QPR in 1953. He made his Rangers debut against Brighton in August 1953 and over the next seven seasons, played 255 league games for Rangers scoring 22 goals.
Petchey signed for Crystal Palace in May 1960. He went on to play 143 league games for Palace scoring 12 goals. In season 1960–61, he was ever present as Palace achieved promotion. Subsequently, he suffered a serious eye injury which ultimately hastened his retirement. He returned from the injury in a home FA Cup quarter final tie against Leeds United, in March 1965, and made one further appearance, in the league, the following month. He retired to become coach at Crystal Palace and later manager at Orient, Millwall and Brighton, whilst also having roles at Chelsea. Following these stints as manager he then became first team coach at Brighton, moving on to manager whilst at the Goldstone ground in Hove. Petchey was well known for being an excellent coach of young players (he was the first Eng |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20linear%20array%20model | In statistics, the generalized linear array model (GLAM) is used for analyzing data sets with array structures. It based on the generalized linear model with the design matrix written as a Kronecker product.
Overview
The generalized linear array model or GLAM was introduced in 2006. Such models provide a structure and a computational procedure for fitting generalized linear models or GLMs whose model matrix can be written as a Kronecker product and whose data can be written as an array. In a large GLM, the GLAM approach gives very substantial savings in both storage and computational time over the usual GLM algorithm.
Suppose that the data is arranged in a -dimensional array with size ; thus, the corresponding data vector has size . Suppose also that the design matrix is of the form
The standard analysis of a GLM with data vector and design matrix proceeds by repeated evaluation of the scoring algorithm
where represents the approximate solution of , and is the improved value of it; is the diagonal weight matrix with elements
and
is the working variable.
Computationally, GLAM provides array algorithms to calculate the linear predictor,
and the weighted inner product
without evaluation of the model matrix
Example
In 2 dimensions, let , then the linear predictor is written where is the matrix of coefficients; the weighted inner product is obtained from and is the matrix of weights; here is the row tensor function of the matrix given by
where m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattens | Wattens is a market town of the Innsbruck-Land District in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It is chiefly known as home of the Swarovski crystal glass company.
Geography
Wattens is located in the Lower Inn Valley of North Tyrol, about east of Innsbruck. The municipal area stretches from the southern shore of the Inn River into the Wattental side valley, leading to the Wattentaler Lizum head within the Tux Alps range.
It has access to the Inn Valley Autobahn (A 12) and is served by ÖBB trains at Fritzens-Wattens station on the Lower Inn Valley Railway line.
History
Archaeological settlement traces date back to the La Tène era; the name Wattens was first mentioned as Vuattanes in a 930 deed, when the area was part of the German stem duchy of Bavaria. The region was held by the Counts of Tyrol from the 12th century onwards and acquired by the Austrian House of Habsburg in 1363.
In 1559 a paper mill was established at Wattens, the first in the Austrian lands. The local economy was further promoted, when in 1895 Daniel Swarovski (1862–1956), a glass cutter from Jiřetín pod Bukovou in Bohemia, settled here to start the production of crystal jewelry. Wattens received market rights in 1895.
Population
Economy
The Swarovski company is Wattens' main employer. In 1995, it celebrated its one-hundred-years jubilee by the establishment of the Swarovski Kristallwelten museum. André Heller designed several cabinets of curiosities modelled on the historic chambers of Ambras Castle. The m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20porosity | Effective porosity is most commonly considered to represent the porosity of a rock or sediment available to contribute to fluid flow through the rock or sediment, or often in terms of "flow to a borehole". Porosity that is not considered "effective porosity" includes water bound to clay particles (known as bound water) and isolated "vuggy" porosity (vugs not connected to other pores). The effective porosity is of great importance in considering the suitability of rocks or sediments as oil or gas reservoirs, or as aquifers.
The term lacks a single or straightforward definition. Even some of the terms used in its mathematical description ("” and “”) have multiple definitions.
Background for multiple definitions
Quartz
"Quartz" (more aptly termed “non-clay minerals”) forms part of the matrix, or in core analysis terms, part of the grain volume.
Clay layers
"Clay layers" are dry clay (Vcl) which also form part of the grain volume. If a core sample is dried in a normal dry oven (non-humidified atmosphere) the clay layers and quartz together form the grain volume, with all other components constituting core analysis “total porosity” (notwithstanding comments in ). This core total porosity will generally be equivalent to the total porosity derived from the density log when representative values for matrix and fluid density are used.
The clay layers contain groups (often termed “structural water”). This structural water is never part of the pore volume. However, since neutro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonelli | Tonelli is a surname, and may refer to:
Tonelli (surname)
Arts
Tonelli (film), a 1943 German film
Science
Tonelli's theorem (functional analysis)
Tonelli's theorem
Tonelli–Shanks algorithm
Tonelli–Hobson test
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20military%20engineering | Roman military engineering was of a scale and frequency far beyond that of its contemporaries. Indeed, military engineering was in many ways endemic in Roman military culture, as demonstrated by each Roman legionary having as part of his equipment a shovel, alongside his gladius (sword) and pila (spears).
Fabri were workers, craftsmen, or artisans in Roman society. Descriptions of early Roman army structure (initially by phalanx, later by legion) attributed to king Servius Tullius state that two centuriae of fabri served under an officer, the praefectus fabrum.
Roman military engineering took both routine and extraordinary forms, the former a part of standard military procedure, and the latter of an extraordinary or reactive nature.
Proactive and routine military engineering
The Roman legionary fortified camp
Each Roman legion had a legionary fort as its permanent base. However, when on the march, particularly in enemy territory, the legion would construct a fortified camp or castra, using only earth, turf and timber. Camp construction was the responsibility of engineering units to which specialists of many types belonged, officered by architecti (engineers), from a class of troops known as immunes who were excused from regular duties. These engineers would requisition manual labour from the soldiers at large as required. A legion could throw up a camp under enemy attack in a few hours. The names of the different types of camps apparently represent the amount of investme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Rubin | Donald Bruce Rubin (born December 22, 1943) is an Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Harvard University, where he chaired the department of Statistics for 13 years. He also works at Tsinghua University in China and at Temple University in Philadelphia.
He is most well known for the Rubin causal model, a set of methods designed for causal inference with observational data, and for his methods for dealing with missing data.
In 1977 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.
Biography
Rubin was born in Washington, D.C. into a family of lawyers. As an undergraduate Rubin attended the accelerated Princeton University PhD program where he was one of a cohort of 20 students mentored by the physicist John Wheeler (the intention of the program was to confer degrees within 5 years of freshman matriculation). He switched to psychology and graduated in 1965. He began graduate school in psychology at Harvard with a National Science Foundation fellowship, but because his statistics background was considered insufficient, he was asked to take introductory statistics courses.
Rubin became a PhD student again, this time in Statistics under William Cochran at the Harvard Statistics Department. After graduating from Harvard in 1970, he began working at the Educational Testing Service in 1971, and served as a visiting faculty member at Princeton's new statistics department. He published his major papers on the Rubin causal model in 1974–1980, seminal papers on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA%20display | mRNA display is a display technique used for in vitro protein, and/or peptide evolution to create molecules that can bind to a desired target. The process results in translated peptides or proteins that are associated with their mRNA progenitor via a puromycin linkage. The complex then binds to an immobilized target in a selection step (affinity chromatography). The mRNA-protein fusions that bind well are then reverse transcribed to cDNA and their sequence amplified via a polymerase chain reaction. The result is a nucleotide sequence that encodes a peptide with high affinity for the molecule of interest.
Puromycin is an analogue of the 3’ end of a tyrosyl-tRNA with a part of its structure mimics a molecule of adenosine, and the other part mimics a molecule of tyrosine. Compared to the cleavable ester bond in a tyrosyl-tRNA, puromycin has a non-hydrolysable amide bond. As a result, puromycin interferes with translation, and causes premature release of translation products.
All mRNA templates used for mRNA display technology have puromycin at their 3’ end. As translation proceeds, ribosome moves along the mRNA template, and once it reaches the 3’ end of the template, the fused puromycin will enter ribosome’s A site and be incorporated into the nascent peptide. The mRNA-polypeptide fusion is then released from the ribosome (Figure 1).
To synthesize an mRNA-polypeptide fusion, the fused puromycin is not the only modification to the mRNA template. Oligonucleotides and other s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsort | Spreadsort is a sorting algorithm invented by Steven J. Ross in 2002. It combines concepts from distribution-based sorts, such as radix sort and bucket sort, with partitioning concepts from comparison sorts such as quicksort and mergesort. In experimental results it was shown to be highly efficient, often outperforming traditional algorithms such as quicksort, particularly on distributions exhibiting structure and string sorting. There is an open-source implementation with performance analysis and benchmarks, and HTML documentation
.
Quicksort identifies a pivot element in the list and then partitions the list into two sublists, those elements less than the pivot and those greater than the pivot. Spreadsort generalizes this idea by partitioning the list into n/c partitions at each step, where n is the total number of elements in the list and c is a small constant (in practice usually between 4 and 8 when comparisons are slow, or much larger in situations where they are fast). It uses distribution-based techniques to accomplish this, first locating the minimum and maximum value in the list, and then dividing the region between them into n/c equal-sized bins.
Where caching is an issue, it can help to have a maximum number of bins in each recursive division step, causing this division process to take multiple steps. Though this causes more iterations, it reduces cache misses and can make the algorithm run faster overall.
In the case where the number of bins is at least the nu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKK | IKK may refer to:
IκB kinase, an enzyme
Greater Kankakee Airport
Ikk (film), a 2021 Indian film |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocher%27s%20point | Kocher's point is a common entry point through the frontal bone for an intraventricular catheter to drain cerebrospinal fluid from the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle. It is located 2–3 centimeters lateral to the midline (at approximately the mid-pupillary line) and approximately 11 cm posterior to the nasion, or 10 cm posterior from the glabella. During cannulation of the lateral ventricle, Kocher's point is landmarked as a point of entry, and care must be taken to be at least 1 cm anterior to the coronal suture to avoid damaging the primary motor cortex. It is most often used to remove cerebrospinal fluid for the treatment of hydrocephalus.
See also
Ventriculostomy
References
Human head and neck
Neurosurgery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar | Petar (, ) is a South Slavic masculine given name, their variant of the Biblical name Petros cognate to Peter.
Derivative forms include Pero, Pejo, Pera, Perica, Petrica, Periša. Feminine equivalent is Petra.
People mononymously known as Petar include:
Petar of Serbia ( – 917), early Prince of the Serbs
Petar of Duklja (), early archont in Dioclea
Petar Krešimir (died 1074/1075), King of Croatia and Dalmatia
Notable people with the name are numerous:
See also
Sveti Petar (disambiguation)
Petrić
Petričević
References
Serbian masculine given names
Bulgarian masculine given names
Croatian masculine given names
Masculine given names |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20LeBell | Ivan “Judo” Gene LeBell (October 9, 1932 – August 9, 2022) was an American judoka, stunt performer, actor, and professional wrestler. Nicknamed "The Godfather of Grappling", he popularized grappling in professional fighting circles, serving as a precursor to modern mixed martial arts. He worked on over 1,000 films and TV shows and authored 12 books.
In 2000, the United States Ju-Jitsu Federation (USJJF) promoted LeBell to 9th dan in jujitsu and taihojutsu. On August 7, 2004, the World Martial Arts Masters Association promoted him to 10th degree. In February 2005, the USJJF made him 9th dan in judo.
LeBell has been reported as the inspiration for the character of Cliff Booth (Brad Pitt) in Quentin Tarantino's Once Upon a Time in Hollywood. However, Tarantino disputes this claim.
Early life
Ivan Gene LeBell was born in Los Angeles, California. He started training in catch wrestling and boxing from his early childhood, influenced by his mother, "Red Head" Aileen Eaton, a promoter of both sports who owned the Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles. LeBell took up catch wrestling under Ed "Strangler" Lewis at age 7, and later moved to train in judo. After getting his black belt, he went to Japan to train in judo at the Kodokan.
Career
Early career
After returning to the United States, LeBell competed as a heavyweight. In 1954 and 1955, while only 22 years of age, he captured both the heavyweight and overall Amateur Athletic Union National Judo Championships. His very first match w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Trouble%20with%20Romance | The Trouble with Romance is a 2007 comedy-drama film directed by Gene Rhee and starring Kip Pardue, David Eigenberg, Roger Fan, Josie Davis, Sheetal Sheth, and Coby Ryan McLaughlin.
External links
2007 films
2007 comedy-drama films
American comedy-drama films
2007 comedy films
2007 drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrase%20inhibitor | Integrase inhibitors (INIs) are a class of antiretroviral drug designed to block the action of integrase, a viral enzyme that inserts the viral genome into the DNA of the host cell. Since integration is a vital step in retroviral replication, blocking it can halt further spread of the virus. Integrase inhibitors were initially developed for the treatment of HIV infection, but have been applied to other retroviruses. The class of integrase inhibitors called integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are in established medical use. Other classes, such as integrase binding inhibitors (INBIs), are still experimental.
The development of integrase inhibitors led to a first approval for the class by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on October 12, 2007, for raltegravir (brand name Isentress). Research published at the time supported the conclusion that "[for people living with HIV,] raltegravir plus optimized background therapy provided better viral suppression than optimized background therapy alone for at least 48 weeks."
Since integrase inhibitors target a distinct step in the retroviral life cycle, they may be taken in combination with other types of HIV drugs to minimize adaptation by the virus. They are also useful in salvage therapy for patients whose virus has mutated and acquired resistance to other drugs.
Drugs in use and under development
In use
Raltegravir (Isentress), developed by Merck & Co., was the first INSTI approved by the FDA in October 2007.
E |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20bin%20Hasan%20al-Baghdadi | Muḥammad bin al-Ḥasan bin Muḥammad bin al-Karīm al-Baghdadi, usually called al-Baghdadi (d. 1239 AD), was the compiler of an early Arab cookbook of the Abbasid period, كتاب الطبيخ Kitab al-Ṭabīḫ (The Book of Dishes), written in 1226. The original book contained 160 recipes, and 260 recipes were later added.
Manuscripts and Turkish translations
The only original manuscript of Al-Baghdadi's book survives at Süleymaniye Library in Istanbul, Turkey, and according to Charles Perry, "for centuries, it had been the favorite cook-book of the Turks". Further recipes had been added to the original by Turkish compilers at an unknown date and retitled as Kitâbü’l-Vasfi’l-Et‘ime el-Mu‘tâde, with two of its known three copies found at the Topkapı Palace Library. Eventually, Muhammad ibn Mahmud al-Shirwani, the physician of Murad II, prepared a Turkish translation of the book adding around 70 contemporary recipes. This translation was published in modern Turkish in 2005, whereas a modern Turkish translation of the original book (co-edited by Charles Perry) was published in 2009.
See also
Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq, author of a 10th-century Arabic cookbook by the same name
References
Bibliography
A.J. Arberry, "A Baghdad cookery-book", Islamic Culture 13 (1939), pp. 21–47 and 189–214. A translation of al-Kitab al-Ṭabīḫ.
Charles Perry, A Baghdad Cookery Book (Petits Propos Culinaires), Prospect Books, 2006. . A new translation.
Iraqi male writers
1239 deaths
Arab cuisine
13th-century Ara |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle%20routing%20problem | The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a combinatorial optimization and integer programming problem which asks "What is the optimal set of routes for a fleet of vehicles to traverse in order to deliver to a given set of customers?" It generalises the travelling salesman problem (TSP). It first appeared in a paper by George Dantzig and John Ramser in 1959, in which the first algorithmic approach was written and was applied to petrol deliveries. Often, the context is that of delivering goods located at a central depot to customers who have placed orders for such goods. The objective of the VRP is to minimize the total route cost. In 1964, Clarke and Wright improved on Dantzig and Ramser's approach using an effective greedy algorithm called the savings algorithm.
Determining the optimal solution to VRP is NP-hard, so the size of problems that can be optimally solved using mathematical programming or combinatorial optimization may be limited. Therefore, commercial solvers tend to use heuristics due to the size and frequency of real world VRPs they need to solve.
VRP has many direct applications in industry. Vendors of VRP routing tools often claim that they can offer cost savings of 5%–30%.
Setting up the problem
The VRP concerns the service of a delivery company. How things are delivered from one or more depots which has a given set of home vehicles and operated by a set of drivers who can move on a given road network to a set of customers. It asks for a determination of a set |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20photovoltage | Surface photovoltage (SPV) measurements are a widely used method to determine the minority carrier diffusion length of semiconductors. Since the transport of minority carriers determines the behavior of the p-n junctions that are ubiquitous in semiconductor devices, surface photovoltage data can be very helpful in understanding their performance. As a contactless method, SPV is a popular technique for characterizing poorly understood compound semiconductors where the fabrication of ohmic contacts or special device structures may be difficult.
Theory
As the name suggests, SPV measurements involve monitoring the potential of a semiconductor surface while generating electron-hole pairs with a light source. The surfaces of semiconductors are often depletion regions (or space charge regions) where a built-in electric field due to defects has swept out mobile charge carriers. A reduced carrier density means that the electronic energy band of the majority carriers is bent away from the Fermi level. This band-bending gives rise to a surface potential. When a light source creates electron-hole pairs deep within the semiconductor, they must diffuse through the bulk before reaching the surface depletion region. The photogenerated minority carriers have a shorter diffusion length than the much more numerous majority carriers, with which they can radiatively recombine. The change in surface potential upon illumination is therefore a measure of the ability of minority carrier |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales%20of%20the%20Crystals | Tales of the Crystals is an interactive children's fantasy role playing game, aimed mostly towards young girls (ages 8 and up). It was published in 1993 by Milton Bradley Company.
The game contains an audio cassette that gives the players certain tasks to do to guide them through four different adventures. There are also cards that list various tasks as well. The game also contains a few props to add to the excitement of the game such as "magic" crystals and a journal that the players can use to write about their adventures.
The game requires the players to co-operate and interact together. It is required of the players to act, recite, and perform tasks. As opposed to remaining seated and inactive during gameplay, players must move around their physical environment and are encouraged to use their imagination to recreate a fantasy world around them.
External links
Tales of the Crystals rules on Hasbro's website
Milton Bradley Company games
Fantasy board games |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2015 | Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL15 gene. IL-15 is an inflammatory cytokine with structural similarity to Interleukin-2 (IL-2). Like IL-2, IL-15 binds to and signals through a complex composed of IL-2/IL-15 receptor beta chain (CD122) and the common gamma chain (gamma-C, CD132). IL-15 is secreted by mononuclear phagocytes (and some other cells) following infection by virus(es). This cytokine induces the proliferation of natural killer cells, i.e. cells of the innate immune system whose principal role is to kill virally infected cells.
Expression
IL-15 was discovered in 1994 by two different laboratories, and characterized as T cell growth factor. Together with Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-7 (IL-7), Interleukin-9 (IL-9), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-15 belongs to the four α-helix bundle family of cytokines.
IL-15 is constitutively expressed by a large number of cell types and tissues, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), keratinocytes, fibroblasts, myocyte and nerve cells. As a pleiotropic cytokine, it plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunity.
Gene
IL-15 is 14–15 kDa glycoprotein encoded by the 34 kb region of chromosome 4q31 in humans, and at the central region of chromosome 8 in mice. The human IL-15 gene comprises nine exons (1–8 and 4A) and eight introns, four of which (exons 5 throug |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2018 | Interleukin-18 (IL-18), also known as interferon-gamma inducing factor is a protein which in humans is encoded by the IL18 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a proinflammatory cytokine. Many cell types, both hematopoietic cells and non-hematopoietic cells, have the potential to produce IL-18. It was first described in 1989 as a factor that induced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production in mouse spleen cells. Originally, IL-18 production was recognized in Kupffer cells, liver-resident macrophages. However, IL-18 is constitutively expressed in non-hematopoietic cells, such as intestinal epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells. IL-18 can modulate both innate and adaptive immunity and its dysregulation can cause autoimmune or inflammatory diseases.
Processing
Cytokines usually contain the signal peptide which is necessary for their extracellular release. In this case, IL18 gene, similar to other IL-1 family members, lacks this signal peptide. Furthermore, similar to IL-1β, IL-18 is produced as a biologically inactive precursor. IL-18 gene encodes for a 193 amino acids precursor, first synthesized as an inactive 24 kDa precursor with no signal peptide, which accumulates in cell cytoplasm. Similarly to IL-1β, the IL-18 precursor is processed intracellularly by caspase 1 in the NLRP3 inflammasome into its mature biologically active molecule of 18 kDa.
Receptor and signaling
IL-18 receptor consists of the inducible component IL-18Rα, which binds the mature IL-18 wi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2016 | Interleukin 16 is a pro-inflammatory pleiotropic cytokine. It's precursor, pro-interleukin-16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL16 gene. This gene was discovered in 1982 at Boston University by Dr. David Center and Dr. William Cruikshank.
Function
The cytokine encoded by this gene is a pleiotropic cytokine that functions as a chemoattractant, a modulator of T cell activation, and an inhibitor of HIV replication. The signaling process of this cytokine is mediated by CD4. The product of this gene undergoes proteolytic processing, which is found to yield two functional proteins. The cytokine function is exclusively attributed to the secreted C-terminal peptide, while the N-terminal product may play a role in cell cycle control. Caspase 3 is reported to be involved in the proteolytic processing of this protein. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. Interleukin 16 (IL-16) is released by a variety of cells (including lymphocytes and some epithelial cells) that has been characterized as a chemoattractant for certain immune cells expressing the cell surface molecule CD4. IL-16 was originally described as a factor that could attract activated T cells in humans, it was previously called lymphocyte chemoattractant factor (LCF). Since then, this interleukin has been shown to recruit and activate many other cells expressing the CD4 molecule, including monocytes, eosinophils, and dendritic cells.
The structure of IL- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20Tycoon | Fish Tycoon is a casual game created and developed by Last Day of Work. One of the top-selling downloadable games of 2004, 2005, and 2006, Fish Tycoon was later ported to cell phone, retail, and Nintendo DS.
Gameplay
Players take on the role of a fish store owner who must breed and care for hundreds of different kinds of exotic fish, all the while attempting to keep the fish store economically viable long enough to achieve the ultimate objective: breeding the Seven Magic Fish of Isola. The story for this game is that on the mysterious island of Isola there was a lagoon where the most magnificent fish swam. These fish were held together by the 7 magic fish but one day all of the fish have disappeared. Thus, the player has to cross-breed fish to rediscover the 7 magic fish, solve the genetic puzzle, and "restore the island to its former glory."
Awards
Parents' Choice Award 2004
iParenting Media Award 2006
Handango Champion Award 2005
PocketPC Magazine Best Software Award Nominee edeedxerStar Award 2005
References
External links
The Official Website of Fish Tycoon
Fish Tycoon Breeding Guide
Fish Tycoon Google Play
2004 video games
Android (operating system) games
Big Fish Games games
Business simulation games
IOS games
Last Day of Work games
MacOS games
Majesco Entertainment games
Mobile games
Nintendo DS games
Palm OS games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows Mobile Professional games |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling%20mathematics | The mathematics of gambling is a collection of probability applications encountered in games of chance and can get included in game theory. From a mathematical point of view, the games of chance are experiments generating various types of aleatory events, and it is possible to calculate by using the properties of probability on a finite space of possibilities.
Experiments, events, and probability spaces
The technical processes of a game stand for experiments that generate aleatory events. Here are a few examples:
The occurrences could be defined; however, when formulating a probability problem, they must be done extremely carefully. From a mathematical point of view, the events are nothing more than subsets, and the space of events is a Boolean algebra. We find elementary and compound events, exclusive and nonexclusive events, and independent and non-independent events.
In the experiment of rolling a die:
Event {3, 5} (whose literal definition is the occurrence of 3 or 5) is compound because {3, 5}= {3} U {5};
Events {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {5}, {6} are elementary;
Events {3, 5} and {4} are incompatible or exclusive because their intersection is empty; that is, they cannot occur simultaneously;
Events {1, 2, 5} and {2, 5} are nonexclusive, because their intersection is not empty;
In the experiment of rolling two dice one after another, the events obtaining "3" on the first die and obtaining "5" on the second die are independent because the occurrence of the first does not |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcicludine | Calcicludine (CaC) is a protein toxin from the venom of the green mamba that inhibits high-voltage-activated calcium channels, especially L-type calcium channels.
Sources
Calcicludine is a toxin in the venom of the green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps).
Chemistry
Calcicludine is a 60-amino acid polypeptide with six cysteines forming three disulfide bridges. Calcicludine structurally resembles dendrotoxin, but works differently, since even at high concentrations, calcicludine has no effect on dendrotoxin-sensitive potassium channels in chicken and rat neurons.
Target
Calcicludine is a blocker of high-voltage-activated calcium channels (L-, N- and P-type channels). It has highest affinity to the L-type calcium channel (IC50 = 88nM[2]). However, sensitivity of the drug on the channel depends on the species and the tissue. For example, the IC50 for block of L-type calcium channels on a cerebellar granule cell is 0.2 nM, but the IC50 of the block of rat peripheral DRG neuronal L-type channels is around 60-80 nM.
Mode of Action
Calcicludine has a unique mode of action, which is still incompletely understood. It has been suggested to act by a partial pore block or an effect on channel gating.
Toxicity
Calcicludine has been shown to work on rat cardiac cells and rat cerebellum granule cells.
References
Dendroaspis
Neurotoxins
Snake toxins
Ion channel toxins
Calcium channel blockers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested%20loop%20join | A nested loop join is a naive algorithm that joins two relations by using two nested loops. Join operations are important for database management.
Algorithm
Two relations and are joined as follows:
algorithm nested_loop_join is
for each tuple r in R do
for each tuple s in S do
if r and s satisfy the join condition then
yield tuple <r,s>
This algorithm will involve nr*bs+ br block transfers and nr+br seeks, where br and bs are number of blocks in relations R and S respectively, and nr is the number of tuples in relation R.
The algorithm runs in I/Os, where and is the number of tuples contained in and respectively and can easily be generalized to join any number of relations ...
The block nested loop join algorithm is a generalization of the simple nested loops algorithm that takes advantage of additional memory to reduce the number of times that the relation is scanned. It loads large chunks of relation R into main memory. For each chunk, it scans S and evaluates the join condition on all tuple pairs, currently in memory. This reduces the number of times S is scanned to once per chunk.
Index join variation
If the inner relation has an index on the attributes used in the join, then the naive nest loop join can be replaced with an index join.
algorithm index_join is
for each tuple r in R do
for each tuple s in S in the index lookup do
yield tuple <r,s>
The time complexity for this variation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20nested%20loop | A block-nested loop (BNL) is an algorithm used to join two relations in a relational database.
This algorithm is a variation of the simple nested loop join and joins two relations and (the "outer" and "inner" join operands, respectively). Suppose . In a traditional nested loop join, will be scanned once for every tuple of . If there are many qualifying tuples, and particularly if there is no applicable index for the join key on , this operation will be very expensive.
The block nested loop join algorithm improves on the simple nested loop join by only scanning once for every group of tuples. Here groups are disjoint sets of tuples in and the union of all groups has the same tuples as . For example, one variant of the block nested loop join reads an entire page of tuples into memory and loads them into a hash table. It then scans , and probes the hash table to find tuples that match any of the tuples in the current page of . This reduces the number of scans of that are necessary.
algorithm block_nested_loop_join is
for each page pr in R do
for each page ps in S do
for each tuple r in pr do
for each tuple s in ps do
if r and s satisfy the join condition then
yield tuple <r,s>
A more aggressive variant of this algorithm loads as many pages of as can be fit in the available memory, loading all such tuples into a hash table, and then repeatedly scans . This further reduces the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2021 | Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL21 gene.
Interleukin-21 is a cytokine that has potent regulatory effects on cells of the immune system, including natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells that can destroy virally infected or cancerous cells. This cytokine induces cell division/proliferation in its target cells.
Gene
The human IL-21 gene is about 8.43kb, mapped to chromosome 4 and 180kb from IL-2 gene, and the mRNA product is 616 nucleotides long.
Tissue and cell distribution
IL-21 is expressed in activated human CD4+ T cells but not in most other tissues. In addition, IL-21 expression is up-regulated in Th2 and Th17 subsets of T helper cells, as well as T follicular cells. In fact, it was shown that IL-21 can be used to identify peripheral T follicular helper cells. Furthermore, IL-21 is expressed in NK T cells regulating the function of these cells.
Interleukin-21 is also produced by Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) cancer cells (which is surprising because IL-21 was thought to be produced only in T cells). This observation may explain a great deal of the behavior of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma including clusters of other immune cells gathered around HL cells in cultures. Targeting IL-21 may be a potential treatment or possibly a test for HL.
Receptor
The IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) is expressed on the surface of T, B and NK cells. IL-21r is similar in structure to the receptors for other type I cytokines like IL-2R or IL-15 an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2033 | Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL33 gene.
Interleukin 33 is a member of the IL-1 family that potently drives production of T helper-2 (Th2)-associated cytokines (e.g., IL-4). IL33 is a ligand for ST2 (IL1RL1), an IL-1 family receptor that is highly expressed on Th2 cells, mast cells and group 2 innate lymphocytes.
IL-33 is expressed by a wide variety of cell types, including fibroblasts, mast cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, osteoblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells.
Structure
IL-33 is a member of the IL-1 superfamily of cytokines, a determination based in part on the molecules β-trefoil structure, a conserved structure type described in other IL-1 cytokines, including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1Ra and IL-18. In this structure, the 12 β-strands of the β-trefoil are arranged in three pseudorepeats of four β-strand units, of which the first and last β-strands are antiparallel staves in a six-stranded β-barrel, while the second and third β-strands of each repeat form a β-hairpin sitting atop the β-barrel. IL-33 is a ligand that binds to a high-affinity receptor family member ST2. The complex of these two molecules with IL-1RAcP indicates a ternary complex formation. The binding area appears to be a mix of polar and non-polar regions that create a specific binding between ligand and receptor. The interface between the molecules has been shown to be extensive. Structural data on the IL-33 molecule was determined by solution NMR |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2032 | Interleukin 32 (IL32) is proinflammatory cytokine that in humans is encoded by the IL32 gene. Interleukin 32 can be found in higher mammals but not in rodents. It is mainly expressed intracellularly and the protein has nine different isoforms, because the pre-mRNA can be alternatively spliced. The most active and studied isoform is IL-32γ. It was first reported in 2005, although the IL-32 gene was first described in 1992. It does not belong to any cytokine family because there is almost no homology with other cytokines.
mRNA of IL-32 is mostly expressed in immune cells but also can be expressed in other tissues such as spleen, thymus, lung, small intestine, colon, prostate, heart, placenta, liver, muscle, kidney, pancreas and brain.
Interleukin 32 is connected with several diseases, including cancer.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the cytokine family. The protein contains a tyrosine sulfation site, 3 potential N-myristoylation sites, multiple putative phosphorylation sites, and an RGD cell-attachment sequence. Expression of this protein is increased after the activation of T-cells by mitogens or the activation of NK cells by IL-2. This protein induces the production of TNF-alpha from macrophage cells. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.
Interleukin 32 (IL-32) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that can induce cells of the immune system (such as monocytes and macrophages) to secrete inflammatory c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbus%20%28cipher%29 | In cryptography, Nimbus is a block cipher invented by Alexis Machado in 2000. It was submitted to the NESSIE project, but was not selected.
The algorithm uses a 128-bit key. It operates on blocks of 64 bits and consists of 5 rounds of
encryption. The round function is exceedingly simple. In each round the block is XORed with a subkey, the order of its bits is reversed, and then it is multiplied mod 264 by another subkey, which is forced to be odd.
Nimbus was broken by Vladimir Furman; he found a differential attack using only 256 chosen plaintexts.
References
Broken block ciphers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basu%27s%20theorem | In statistics, Basu's theorem states that any boundedly complete minimal sufficient statistic is independent of any ancillary statistic. This is a 1955 result of Debabrata Basu.
It is often used in statistics as a tool to prove independence of two statistics, by first demonstrating one is complete sufficient and the other is ancillary, then appealing to the theorem. An example of this is to show that the sample mean and sample variance of a normal distribution are independent statistics, which is done in the Example section below. This property (independence of sample mean and sample variance) characterizes normal distributions.
Statement
Let be a family of distributions on a measurable space and a statistic maps from to some measurable space . If is a boundedly complete sufficient statistic for , and is ancillary to , then conditional on , is independent of . That is, .
Proof
Let and be the marginal distributions of and respectively.
Denote by the preimage of a set under the map . For any measurable set we have
The distribution does not depend on because is ancillary. Likewise, does not depend on because is sufficient. Therefore
Note the integrand (the function inside the integral) is a function of and not . Therefore, since is boundedly complete the function
is zero for almost all values of and thus
for almost all . Therefore, is independent of .
Example
Independence of sample mean and sample variance of a normal distribution
Let X1, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%20%28cipher%29 | In cryptography, Q is a block cipher invented by Leslie McBride. It was submitted to the NESSIE project, but was not selected.
The algorithm uses a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits. It operates on blocks of 128 bits using a substitution–permutation network structure. There are 8 rounds for a 128-bit key and 9 rounds for a longer key. Q uses S-boxes adapted from Rijndael (also known as AES) and Serpent. It combines the nonlinear operations from these ciphers, but leaves out all the linear transformations except the permutation. Q also uses a constant derived from the golden ratio as a source of "nothing up my sleeve numbers".
Q is vulnerable to linear cryptanalysis; Keliher, Meijer, and Tavares have an attack that succeeds with 98.4% probability using 297 known plaintexts.
References
Broken block ciphers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Elston | Robert Gene Elston (March 26, 1922 – September 5, 2015) was a Major League Baseball (MLB) broadcaster, primarily with the Houston Astros.
Early life and career
A native of Fort Dodge, Iowa, Elston was born on March 26, 1922. He started work in 1940 with the radio station KVFD. He did baseball and high school basketball before he was sent to serve in World War II. He returned in 1944 for the station. He moved to Waterloo, Iowa to cover the minor league baseball Waterloo White Hawks of the Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League in 1946. His first job in the major leagues was eight years later in 1954, when he became the number two radio announcer for the Chicago Cubs, alongside Bert Wilson. In 1958, he moved to a national radio audience by announcing the Game of the Day on the Mutual Broadcasting System, with Bob Feller.
Houston
In 1961, Elston joined veteran radio broadcaster Loel Passe to announce the final season of Houston's minor league franchise, the Houston Buffs. With the expansion of the major league and the inaugural 1962 season of the Houston Colt 45s, Elston was chosen to lead the radio broadcast. Passe stayed on as the color commentator with Elston until Passe retired in 1976. Elston had numerous broadcast partners, such as Harry Kalas (1965 to 1970), Bob Prince (1976), Dewayne Staats (1977 to 1984), and Larry Dierker (1980 to 1986).
The team changed its name to the Astros three years later, and Elston continued as their main announcer through 1986, when he ended his asso |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer%20hunting | Deer hunting is hunting for deer for meat and sport, an activity which dates back tens of thousands of years. Venison, the name for deer meat, is a nutritious and natural food source of animal protein that can be obtained through deer hunting. There are many different types of deer around the world that are hunted for their meat. For sport, often hunters try to kill deer with the largest and most antlers to score them using inches. There are two different categories of antlers. They are typical and nontypical. They measure tine length, beam length, and beam mass by each tine. They will add all these measurements up to get a score. This score is the score without deductions. Deductions occur when the opposite tine is not the same length as it is opposite. That score is the deducted score.
Hunting deer is a regulated activity in many territories. In the United States, a state government agency such as a Department of Fish and Wildlife (DFW) or Department of Natural Resources (DNR) oversees the regulations. In the United Kingdom, it is illegal to use bows or rifles chambered in bores smaller than .243 caliber (6mm) for hunting.
New Zealand
New Zealand has had 10 species of deer (Cervidae) introduced. From the 1850s, red deer were liberated, followed by fallow, sambar, wapiti, sika, rusa, and whitetail. The introduced herds of axis and moose failed to grow, and have become extinct. In the absence of predators to control populations, deer were thought to be a pest due to their |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianchi%20classification | In mathematics, the Bianchi classification provides a list of all real 3-dimensional Lie algebras (up to isomorphism). The classification contains 11 classes, 9 of which contain a single Lie algebra and two of which contain a continuum-sized family of Lie algebras. (Sometimes two of the groups are included in the infinite families, giving 9 instead of 11 classes.) The classification is important in geometry and physics, because the associated Lie groups serve as symmetry groups of 3-dimensional Riemannian manifolds. It is named for Luigi Bianchi, who worked it out in 1898.
The term "Bianchi classification" is also used for similar classifications in other dimensions and for classifications of complex Lie algebras.
Classification in dimension less than 3
Dimension 0: The only Lie algebra is the abelian Lie algebra R0.
Dimension 1: The only Lie algebra is the abelian Lie algebra R1, with outer automorphism group the multiplicative group of non-zero real numbers.
Dimension 2: There are two Lie algebras:
(1) The abelian Lie algebra R2, with outer automorphism group GL2(R).
(2) The solvable Lie algebra of 2×2 upper triangular matrices of trace 0. It has trivial center and trivial outer automorphism group. The associated simply connected Lie group is the affine group of the line.
Classification in dimension 3
All the 3-dimensional Lie algebras other than types VIII and IX can be constructed as a semidirect product of R2 and R, with R acting on R2 by some 2 by 2 matr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synuclein | Synucleins are a family of soluble proteins common to vertebrates, primarily expressed in neural tissue and in certain tumors.
The name is a blend of the words "synapse" and "nucleus", as it was first found in the synapses in the electromotor nucleus of the electric ray.
Family members
The synuclein family includes three known proteins: alpha-synuclein, beta-synuclein, and gamma-synuclein. Interest in the synuclein family began when alpha-synuclein was found to be mutated in several families with autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease.
All synucleins have in common a highly conserved alpha-helical lipid-binding motif with similarity to the class-A2 lipid-binding domains of the exchangeable apolipoproteins. Synuclein family members are not found outside vertebrates, although they have some conserved structural similarity with plant 'late-embryo-abundant' proteins.
Alpha-synuclein
Beta-synuclein
Gamma-synuclein
Function
Normal cellular functions have not been determined for any of the synuclein proteins. Some data suggest a role in the regulation of membrane stability and/or turnover. Mutations in alpha-synuclein are associated with early-onset familial Parkinson's disease and the protein aggregates abnormally in Parkinson's disease, Lewy body disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases. The gamma-synuclein protein's expression in breast tumors is a marker for tumor progression.
Human proteins containing this domain
SNCA; SNCB; SNCG;
References
Exte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20solution | In chemistry, a regular solution is a solution whose entropy of mixing is equal to that of an ideal solution with the same composition, but is non-ideal due to a nonzero enthalpy of mixing. Such a solution is formed by random mixing of components of similar molar volume and without strong specific interactions, and its behavior diverges from that of an ideal solution by showing phase separation at intermediate compositions and temperatures (a miscibility gap). Its entropy of mixing is equal to that of an ideal solution with the same composition, due to random mixing without strong specific interactions. For two components
where is the gas constant, the total number of moles, and the mole fraction of each component. Only the enthalpy of mixing is non-zero, unlike for an ideal solution, while the volume of the solution equals the sum of volumes of components.
Features
A regular solution can also be described by Raoult's law modified with a Margules function with only one parameter :
where the Margules function is
Notice that the Margules function for each component contains the mole fraction of the other component. It can also be shown using the Gibbs-Duhem relation that if the first Margules expression holds, then the other one must have the same shape. A regular solutions internal energy will vary during mixing or during process.
The value of can be interpreted as W/RT, where W = 2U12 - U11 - U22 represents the difference in interaction energy between like and unli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Aspnes | James Aspnes is a professor in Computer Science at Yale University. He earned his Ph.D. in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University in 1992. His main research interest is distributed algorithms.
In 1989, he wrote and operated TinyMUD, one of the first "social" MUDs that allowed players to build a shared virtual world.
He is the son of David E. Aspnes, Distinguished University Professor at North Carolina State University.
Awards
Dijkstra Prize, 2020.
Dylan Hixon '88 Prize for Teaching Excellence in the Natural Sciences, Yale College, 2000.
IBM Graduate Fellowship, 1991–1992.
NSF Graduate Fellowship, 1987–1990.
Phi Beta Kappa, 1987.
References
External links
James Aspnes's Home Page at Yale
Year of birth missing (living people)
MUD developers
Living people
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Yale University faculty |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20Concert%2C%20Z%C3%BCrich%2C%20October%2028%2C%201979 | In Concert, Zürich, October 28, 1979 is a jazz album by pianist Chick Corea and vibraphonist Gary Burton. It features live versions of instrumental pieces that the duo played on the albums Crystal Silence and Duet.
Technical details
In Concert was recorded live, as the title suggests, and released in 1980 as a double LP set. The original release contains 10 tracks with a total length of 79:59. The album was subsequently reissued on a single CD and in the process shortened to 8 tracks for a length of 61:16.
In 2009 the 4-CD set Crystal Silence, The ECM Recordings 1972-79 was released, containing the three albums: Crystal Silence (1973), Duet (1979) and the full LP-edition of In Concert (1980).
Track listing
Awards
In Concert won the 1982 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album, Individual or Group.
Chart performance
Sources
Chick Corea, Gary Burton, and Steve Swallow. In Concert, Zürich, October 28, 1979 (LP recording, 1980). Burbank, California: ECM, distributed by Warner Bros. Records. .
References
Gary Burton live albums
Instrumental duet albums
Chick Corea live albums
Collaborative albums
1980 live albums
ECM Records live albums
Albums produced by Manfred Eicher
Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Album |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhisiart%20ap%20Rhys | Rhisiart ap Rhys (fl. c. 1495 – c. 1510) was a Welsh-language poet from the cwmwd of Tir Iarll, Glamorgan.
He was the son of Rhys Brydydd and nephew, in all probability, to the poet Gwilym Tew. 36 of his poems are extant.
Bibliography
Eurys I. Roland (ed.), Gwaith Rhys Brydydd a Rhisiart ap Rhys (Cardiff, 1976)
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death unknown
15th-century Welsh poets
16th-century Welsh poets
Welsh male poets |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20and%20life | Research concerning the relationship between the thermodynamic quantity entropy and both the origin and evolution of life began around the turn of the 20th century. In 1910, American historian Henry Adams printed and distributed to university libraries and history professors the small volume A Letter to American Teachers of History proposing a theory of history based on the second law of thermodynamics and on the principle of entropy.
The 1944 book What is Life? by Nobel-laureate physicist Erwin Schrödinger stimulated further research in the field. In his book, Schrödinger originally stated that life feeds on negative entropy, or negentropy as it is sometimes called, but in a later edition corrected himself in response to complaints and stated that the true source is free energy. More recent work has restricted the discussion to Gibbs free energy because biological processes on Earth normally occur at a constant temperature and pressure, such as in the atmosphere or at the bottom of the ocean, but not across both over short periods of time for individual organisms.
Ideas about the relationship between entropy and living organisms have inspired hypotheses and speculations in many contexts, including psychology, information theory, the origin of life, and the possibility of extraterrestrial life.
Early views
In 1863, Rudolf Clausius published his noted memoir On the Concentration of Rays of Heat and Light, and on the Limits of Its Action, wherein he outlined a preliminary re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated%20optical%20inspection | Automated optical inspection (AOI) is an automated visual inspection of printed circuit board (PCB) (or LCD, transistor) manufacture where a camera autonomously scans the device under test for both catastrophic failure (e.g. missing component) and quality defects (e.g. fillet size or shape or component skew). It is commonly used in the manufacturing process because it is a non-contact test method. It is implemented at many stages through the manufacturing process including bare board inspection, solder paste inspection (SPI), pre-reflow and post-re-flow as well as other stages.
Historically, the primary place for AOI systems has been after solder re-flow or "post-production." Mainly because, post-re-flow AOI systems can inspect for most types of defects (component placement, solder shorts, missing solder, etc.) at one place in the line with one single system. In this way the faulty boards are reworked and the other boards are sent to the next process stage.
SMT inspection
AOIs for a PCB board with components may inspect the following features:
Area defects
Billboarding
Component offset
Component polarity
Component presence or absence
Component Skew
Excessive Solder Joints
Flipped component
Height Defects
Insufficient Paste around Leads
Insufficient Solder Joints
Lifted Leads
No Population tests
Paste Registration
Severely Damaged Components
Tombstoning
Volume Defects
Wrong Part
Solder Bridging
Presence of Foreign Material on the board
AOI can be us |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2031 | Interleukin-31 (IL-31) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL31 gene that resides on chromosome 12. IL-31 is an inflammatory cytokine that helps trigger cell-mediated immunity against pathogens. It has also been identified as a major player in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases, including atopic dermatitis.
IL-31 is produced by a variety of cells, namely type 2 helper (TH2) T-cells. IL-31 sends signals through a receptor complex made of IL-31RA and oncostatin M receptor β (OSMRβ) expressed in immune and epithelial cells. These signals activate three pathways: ERK1/2 MAP kinase, PI3K/AKT, and JAK1/2 signaling pathways.
Structure
IL-31 is a cytokine with an anti-parallel four-helix bundle structure in the gp130/IL-6 cytokine family. This family includes IL-6, IL-11, IL-27, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC), and neuropoietin (NP). The anti-parallel bundles that these proteins form have an "up-up-down-down" topology, which is a relevant structure regarding the cytokine binding to their respective receptor complex. The cytokines in the IL-6 family signal through type I cytokine receptors. Type I cytokine receptors are defined by sharing their cytokine binding domain (CBD) with conserved cysteine residues and a conserved WSxWS motif in the extracellular domain. The receptors form heteromeric complexes that usually contain the glycoprotein 130 (gp130 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.