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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyloglucan | Xyloglucan is a hemicellulose that occurs in the primary cell wall of all vascular plants; however, all enzymes responsible for xyloglucan metabolism are found in Charophyceae algae. In many dicotyledonous plants, it is the most abundant hemicellulose in the primary cell wall. Xyloglucan binds to the surface of cellulose microfibrils and may link them together. It is the substrate of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase, which cuts and ligates xyloglucans, as a means of integrating new xyloglucans into the cell wall. It is also thought to be the substrate of alpha-expansin, which promotes cell wall enlargement.
Chemistry
Xyloglucan has a backbone of β1→4-linked glucose residues, most of which are substituted with 1-6 linked xylose sidechains. The xylose residues are often capped with a galactose residue sometimes followed by a fucose residue. The specific structure of xyloglucan differs between plant families.
Biosynthesis
Xyloglucan is synthesized in Golgi trans cisternae and in the trans Golgi network (TGN) and is transported to the cell membrane by vesicles, where it is expelled and adsorbs on nascent cellulosic microfibrils.
Metabolism in the human gut
The human genome doesn't contain the genes coding for xyloglucan degradation even though xyloglucans are an important component of most human diets. Recent studies have shown that a discrete genetic locus confers xyloglucan metabolism in selected human gut Bacteroidota. This findings reveals that the metabolism of even highly |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth%20Adventure | Plymouth Adventure is a 1952 American Technicolor historical drama film with an ensemble cast starring Spencer Tracy, Gene Tierney, Van Johnson and Leo Genn, made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, directed by Clarence Brown, and produced by Dore Schary. The screenplay was adapted by Helen Deutsch from the 1950 novel The Voyage of the Mayflower by Ernest Gébler. The supporting cast includes Barry Jones, Dawn Addams, Lloyd Bridges and John Dehner.
This was veteran director Brown's final film.
Plot
The film tells a fictionalized version of the Pilgrims' voyage across the Atlantic Ocean to North America aboard the Mayflower. During the long sea voyage, Capt. Christopher Jones (Spencer Tracy) falls in love with Dorothy Bradford (Gene Tierney), the wife of William Bradford (Leo Genn). The love triangle is resolved in a tragic way at the film's conclusion. Ship's carpenter John Alden (Van Johnson)—said to be the first person to set foot on Plymouth Rock in 1620—catches the eye of Priscilla Mullins (Dawn Addams), one of the young Pilgrims following William Bradford. Alden ultimately wins Priscilla in another, if subtler, triangle with Miles Standish (Noel Drayton). Lloyd Bridges provides comic relief as the first-mate Coppin, and child star Tommy Ivo gives a touching performance as young William Button, the only passenger to die on the actual voyage across the storm-swept Atlantic, who, according to this film, wanted to be the first to sight land and to become a king in the New World. “ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek%20Chrobak | Marek Chrobak is a full professor at University of California, Riverside. He is known for his work competitive analysis of online algorithms, particularly for the k-server problem, on information dissemination in ad-hoc radio networks, and on graph drawing.
In automata theory, Chrobak is known for his contributions to the study of finite automata over a one-letter alphabet. In particular, "Chrobak normal form" for nondeterministic finite automata is known.
Chrobak obtained his PhD in Computer Science from Warsaw University in 1985.
References
External links
Bibliography of papers on online algorithms
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of California, Riverside faculty
University of Warsaw alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package-merge%20algorithm | The package-merge algorithm is an O(nL)-time algorithm for finding an optimal length-limited Huffman code for a given distribution on a given alphabet of size n, where no code word is longer than L. It is a greedy algorithm, and a generalization of Huffman's original algorithm. Package-merge works by reducing the code construction problem to the binary coin collector's problem.
The coin collector's problem
Suppose a coin collector has a number of coins of various denominations, each of which has a numismatic value unrelated to its denomination. The coin collector has run out of money and needs to use some of his coin collection to buy something of cost N. He wishes to select a subset of coins from his collection of minimum numismatic value whose denominations total N.
The binary version of this problem is that all denominations are powers of 2, that is, 1, 1/2, 1/4, etc. dollars.
Description of the package-merge algorithm
Assume that the largest denomination is 1 dollar, and that N is an integer. (The algorithm works even if these assumptions do not hold, by trivial modifications.) The coin collector first separates his coins into lists, one for each denomination, sorted by numismatic value. He then packages the smallest denomination coins in pairs, starting from the pair of smallest total numismatic value. If there is one coin left over, it will be the coin of highest numismatic value of that denomination, and it is set aside and ignored henceforth. These package |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Hirschberg | Daniel S. Hirschberg is a full professor in Computer Science at University of California, Irvine. His research interests are in the theory of design and analysis of algorithms.
He obtained his PhD in Computer Science from Princeton University in 1975. He supervised the PhD dissertation of Lawrence L. Larmore.
He is best known for his 1975 and 1977 work on the longest common subsequence problem: Hirschberg's algorithm for this problem and for the related string edit distance problem solves it efficiently in only linear space. He is also known for his work in several other areas, including Distributed Algorithms. In Nancy Lynch's book Distributed Algorithms she gives details of an algorithm by Hirschberg and J. B. Sinclair for leader election in a synchronous ring. Lynch named this algorithm the HS algorithm, after its authors.
Selected publications
References
External links
Dan Hirschberg's Webpage at UCI
American computer scientists
Living people
Princeton University alumni
University of California, Irvine faculty
Researchers in distributed computing
Theoretical computer scientists
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2027 | Interleukin 27 (IL-27) is a member of the IL-12 cytokine family. It is a heterodimeric cytokine that is encoded by two distinct genes, Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) and IL-27p28. IL-27 is expressed by antigen presenting cells and interacts with a specific cell-surface receptor complex known as IL-27 receptor (IL-27R). This receptor consists of two proteins, IL-27Rɑ and gp130. IL-27 induces differentiation of the diverse populations of T cells in the immune system and also upregulates IL-10.
Signal transduction
When IL-27 binds to the IL-27 receptor, signaling pathways including JAK-STAT and p38 MAPK pathways are turned on. There are two types of responses, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory, which involve different types of cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells. The response that is activated is very much dependent on the external surrounding of IL-27.
Differentiation of T cells
There are many different subsets of T cells, such as Th1, Th2, Th17, Tr1, and Treg cells; IL-27 is greatly involved in differentiation through inducing or suppressing of each T cell subset. Th1 cells, which express IFNγ, are generated by IL-27 through STAT1 dimerization and nuclear localization which subsequently leads to the expression of T-bet and signature Th1 genes. Th2 cells, which express IL-4, are inhibited by IL-27 through the transcription factor GATA-3. Th17 cells, which express IL-17, IL-22, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK%20Telecom%20Open | The SK Telecom Open is an annual professional golf tournament hosted in South Korea and sponsored by the Korean cell phone company SK Telecom. The tournament was inaugurated in June 1997 as "SK Telecom Classic", and renamed in 2001. It is part of the Korean Tour for men, and was co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour from 2001 to 2007. It was co-sanctioned by the OneAsia Tour from 2010 to 2015. Since 2017 it has had prize money of ₩1,200,000,000.
The tenth edition, held 4–7 May 2006, was shortened to 54 holes because of rain. The tournament that year made international headlines when teenage golfer Michelle Wie made the cut, only the second female golfer to do so in a Korean men's tournament after Se Ri Pak in 2003 and the first to do it in an Asian Tour tournament.
It has been staged at five different venues since its inception: Pinx Golf Club, Sky 72 Golf Club, BA Vista, IIdong Lake and the Lakeside Golf Clubs.
Winners
Source:
Notes
References
External links
Korean Tour events
Former Asian Tour events
Golf tournaments in South Korea
Recurring sporting events established in 1997
Spring (season) events in South Korea
1997 establishments in South Korea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirschberg%E2%80%93Sinclair%20algorithm | The Hirschberg–Sinclair algorithm is a distributed algorithm designed for leader election problem in a synchronous ring network. It is named after its inventors, Dan Hirschberg and J. B. Sinclair.
The algorithm requires the use of unique IDs (UID) for each process. The algorithm works in phases and sends its UID out in both directions. The message goes out a distance of 2Phase Number hops and then the message heads back to the originating process. While the messages are heading "out" each receiving process will compare the incoming UID to its own. If the UID is greater than its own UID then it will continue the message on. Otherwise if the UID is less than its own UID, it will not pass the information on. At the end of a phase, a process can determine if it will send out messages in the next round by if it received both of its incoming messages. Phases continue until a process receives both of its out messages, from both of its neighbors. At this time the process knows it is the largest UID in the ring and declares itself the leader.
References
Distributed algorithms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2026 | Interleukin-26 (IL-26) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL26 gene.
IL-26 is the most recently identified member of the IL-20 cytokine subfamily, which was formed according to the usage of common receptor subunits and similarities in target-cell profiles and functions. All cytokines belonging to this subfamily are members of the larger IL-10 family. IL-26 is expressed in certain herpesvirus-transformed T cells but not in primary stimulated T cells. IL-26 signals through a receptor complex comprising two distinct proteins called IL-20 receptor 1 and IL-10 receptor 2. By signaling through this receptor complex, IL-26 induces rapid phosphorylation of the transcription factors STAT1 and STAT3, which enhance IL-10 and IL-8 secretion and as expression of the CD54 molecule on the surface of epithelial cells.
Gene organization and protein structure
The IL26 gene is conserved in various vertebrates, but it is curiously absent in mice and rats. Paralogs of this gene have been identified in several non-mammalian species. The human gene is located on chromosome 12 (12q15), between the genes encoding IL-22 and IFNγ, and composed of five exons separated by three introns. This genomic cluster of genes encoding IL-22, IL-26, and IFNγ is present among all vertebrates.
IL-26 is a 171-amino acid protein that exhibits six alpha helices connected by loops and four conserved cysteine residues. Endogenous IL-26 is expressed as a 36 kDa homodimer. Originally named AK155, IL-26 was ca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid%20equilibrium | In thermodynamics and chemical engineering, the vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) describes the distribution of a chemical species between the vapor phase and a liquid phase.
The concentration of a vapor in contact with its liquid, especially at equilibrium, is often expressed in terms of vapor pressure, which will be a partial pressure (a part of the total gas pressure) if any other gas(es) are present with the vapor. The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is in general strongly dependent on temperature. At vapor–liquid equilibrium, a liquid with individual components in certain concentrations will have an equilibrium vapor in which the concentrations or partial pressures of the vapor components have certain values depending on all of the liquid component concentrations and the temperature. The converse is also true: if a vapor with components at certain concentrations or partial pressures is in vapor–liquid equilibrium with its liquid, then the component concentrations in the liquid will be determined dependent on the vapor concentrations and on the temperature. The equilibrium concentration of each component in the liquid phase is often different from its concentration (or vapor pressure) in the vapor phase, but there is a relationship. The VLE concentration data can be determined experimentally or approximated with the help of theories such as Raoult's law, Dalton's law, and Henry's law.
Such vapor–liquid equilibrium information is useful in designing columns for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2025 | Interleukin-25 (IL-25) – also known as interleukin-17E (IL-17E) – is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL25 gene on chromosome 14. IL-25 was discovered in 2001 and is made up of 177 amino acids.
IL-25 and IL-17 family
IL-25 is a cytokine that belongs to the IL-17 cytokine family together with IL-17A (named also IL-17), IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D and IL-17F. This is why IL-25 has the alternative name IL-17E. All members have homologous amino acid sequence segments and spatially conserved cysteines. It is the IL-25 that differs from other members in its function and structure.
IL-25 signals through a heterohexameric receptor complex containing IL-17RA and IL-17RB. In this complex, IL-25 forms a homodimer with IL-17RB, which then binds to IL-17RA. The IL-17RA subunit is common for IL-17A and IL-17F, and IL-17RB is common for IL-17B. Both IL-17RA and IL-17RB are essential for IL-25 functions. IL-25 does not bind directly to IL-17RA, but this subunit is necessary for its functions - as well as IL-17RB which directly bind IL-25.
Function
IL-25 is produced by many cell types. These cells include T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, epithelial cells and Paneth cells.
This cytokine can induce NF-κB activation, and stimulate the production of IL-8 (named also CXCL8), which is the major chemotactic substance of neutrophils.
Another important function of interleukin 25 is to support the Th2 immune response. IL-25 has been shown to induce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosthenuria | Isosthenuria refers to the excretion of urine whose specific gravity (concentration) is neither greater (more concentrated) nor less (more diluted) than that of protein-free plasma, typically 1.008-1.012. Isosthenuria reflects damage to the kidney's tubules or the renal medulla.
A closely related term is hyposthenuria, where the urine has a relatively low specific gravity "due to inability of the kidney to concentrate the urine normally". This specific gravity is not necessarily equal to that of plasma. Therefore, unlike isosthenuria, this condition is not associated with kidney failure as the kidney tubules have altered the glomerular filtrate.
Clinical significance
Isosthenuria may be seen in disease states as chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury in which the kidneys lack the ability to concentrate or dilute the urine and so the initial filtrate of the blood remains unchanged despite the need to conserve or excrete water based on the body's hydration status.
Sickle-cell trait, the heterozygous form of sickle-cell disease, presents with a normal hematological picture but is associated with hyposthenuria.
See also
Hypersthenuria
References
Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for urine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangau%20District | The Selangau District is a district in Sarawak, Malaysia.
History
Selangau was declared a district on 1 March 2002.
Demographics
According to the Department of Statistics Malaysia, Selangau has a population of 26,100.
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20separation | Frequency separation within astrophysics, is a term used in both Helioseismology and Asteroseismology. It refers to the spacing in frequency between adjacent modes of oscillation, having the same angular degree (l) but different radial order (n).
For a Sun-like star, the frequency can be further described using the 'large frequency spacing' between modes of different radial order (136 μHz in the Sun), and the 'small frequency spacing' between modes of even and odd angular degree within the same radial order (9.0 μHz in the Sun). The period corresponding to the large frequency spacing can be shown to be approximately the same as the time required for a sound wave to travel to the centre of the Sun and return, confirming the global nature of the oscillations seen.
A further frequency separation, the rotational splitting can be seen in high-resolution solar data between modes of the same angular degree, but different azimuthal order (m). This gives information
References
Seismology measurement
Astrophysics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemarene | Stemarene is a diterpene hydrocarbon can be produced biosynthetically through enzyme extracts from rice.
References
Diterpenes
Cyclopentanes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemodene | Stemodene is a labdane-related diterpene whose corresponding terpene synthase has been discovered in rice and subsequently cloned and functionally characterized. The gene responsible for stemodene production has not been found in the completed rice genome, thus suggesting that perhaps other genes are as yet undiscovered in the "completed" genome. Stemarene synthase demonstrates high sequence homology with stemodene synthase, thus accounting for the latter's discovery by Dana Morrone in 2005. Additionally, the corresponding olefin produced by each cyclase shows structural similarities and is derived from the common precursor of syn-copalyl diphosphate.
References
Diterpenes
Cyclopentanes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular%20distribution | In probability, a singular distribution is a probability distribution concentrated on a set of Lebesgue measure zero, where the probability of each point in that set is zero.
Other names
These distributions are sometimes called singular continuous distributions, since their cumulative distribution functions are singular and continuous.
Properties
Such distributions are not absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure.
A singular distribution is not a discrete probability distribution because each discrete point has a zero probability. On the other hand, neither does it have a probability density function, since the Lebesgue integral of any such function would be zero.
In general, distributions can be described as a discrete distribution (with a probability mass function), an absolutely continuous distribution (with a probability density), a singular distribution (with neither), or can be decomposed into a mixture of these.
Example
An example is the Cantor distribution; its cumulative distribution function is a devil's staircase. Less curious examples appear in higher dimensions. For example, the upper and lower Fréchet–Hoeffding bounds are singular distributions in two dimensions.
See also
Singular measure
Lebesgue's decomposition theorem
External links
Singular distribution in the Encyclopedia of Mathematics
Types of probability distributions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BKM%20algorithm | The BKM algorithm is a shift-and-add algorithm for computing elementary functions, first published in 1994 by Jean-Claude Bajard, Sylvanus Kla, and Jean-Michel Muller. BKM is based on computing complex logarithms (L-mode) and exponentials (E-mode) using a method similar to the algorithm Henry Briggs used to compute logarithms. By using a precomputed table of logarithms of negative powers of two, the BKM algorithm computes elementary functions using only integer add, shift, and compare operations.
BKM is similar to CORDIC, but uses a table of logarithms rather than a table of arctangents. On each iteration, a choice of coefficient is made from a set of nine complex numbers, 1, 0, −1, i, −i, 1+i, 1−i, −1+i, −1−i, rather than only −1 or +1 as used by CORDIC. BKM provides a simpler method of computing some elementary functions, and unlike CORDIC, BKM needs no result scaling factor. The convergence rate of BKM is approximately one bit per iteration, like CORDIC, but BKM requires more precomputed table elements for the same precision because the table stores logarithms of complex operands.
As with other algorithms in the shift-and-add class, BKM is particularly well-suited to hardware implementation. The relative performance of software BKM implementation in comparison to other methods such as polynomial or rational approximations will depend on the availability of fast multi-bit shifts (i.e. a barrel shifter) or hardware floating point arithmetic.
Overview
In order to solve t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20pump | Oil pump may refer to:
Hydraulic pump, which pressurizes hydraulic fluid in a hydraulic system
Oil pump (internal combustion engine), a part of the lubrication system that pressurizes motor oil for distribution around the engine
Pumpjack, often used to pump oil out of wells
Submersible pump, often used to pump oil out of wells
Vacuum pump, of a design which uses an oil seal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20state%20machine | A liquid state machine (LSM) is a type of reservoir computer that uses a spiking neural network. An LSM consists of a large collection of units (called nodes, or neurons). Each node receives time varying input from external sources (the inputs) as well as from other nodes. Nodes are randomly connected to each other. The recurrent nature of the connections turns the time varying input into a spatio-temporal pattern of activations in the network nodes. The spatio-temporal patterns of activation are read out by linear discriminant units.
The soup of recurrently connected nodes will end up computing a large variety of nonlinear functions on the input. Given a large enough variety of such nonlinear functions, it is theoretically possible to obtain linear combinations (using the read out units) to perform whatever mathematical operation is needed to perform a certain task, such as speech recognition or computer vision.
The word liquid in the name comes from the analogy drawn to dropping a stone into a still body of water or other liquid. The falling stone will generate ripples in the liquid. The input (motion of the falling stone) has been converted into a spatio-temporal pattern of liquid displacement (ripples).
LSMs have been put forward as a way to explain the operation of brains. LSMs are argued to be an improvement over the theory of artificial neural networks because:
Circuits are not hard coded to perform a specific task.
Continuous time inputs are handled "naturally".
C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoside%20phosphoramidite | Nucleoside phosphoramidites are derivatives of natural or synthetic nucleosides. They are used to synthesize oligonucleotides, relatively short fragments of nucleic acid and their analogs. Nucleoside phosphoramidites were first introduced in 1981 by Beaucage and Caruthers. To avoid undesired side reactions, reactive hydroxy and exocyclic amino groups present in natural or synthetic nucleosides are appropriately protected. As long as a nucleoside analog contains at least one hydroxy group, the use of the appropriate protecting strategy allows one to convert that to the respective phosphoramidite and to incorporate the latter into synthetic nucleic acids. To be incorporated in the middle of an oligonucleotide chain using phosphoramidite strategy, the nucleoside analog must possess two hydroxy groups or, less often, a hydroxy group and another nucleophilic group (amino or mercapto). Examples include, but are not limited to, alternative nucleotides, LNA, morpholino, nucleosides modified at the 2'-position (OMe, protected NH2, F), nucleosides containing non-canonical bases (hypoxanthine and xanthine contained in natural nucleosides inosine and xanthosine, respectively, tricyclic bases such as G-clamp, etc.) or bases derivatized with a fluorescent group or a linker arm.
Preparation
There are three main methods for the preparation of nucleoside phosphoramidites.
The common method involves treatment of a protected nucleoside bearing a single free hydroxy group with phosphorodiamidi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20bundle | In mathematics, the dual bundle is an operation on vector bundles extending the operation of duality for vector spaces.
Definition
The dual bundle of a vector bundle is the vector bundle whose fibers are the dual spaces to the fibers of .
Equivalently, can be defined as the Hom bundle that is, the vector bundle of morphisms from to the trivial line bundle
Constructions and examples
Given a local trivialization of with transition functions a local trivialization of is given by the same open cover of with transition functions (the inverse of the transpose). The dual bundle is then constructed using the fiber bundle construction theorem. As particular cases:
The dual bundle of an associated bundle is the bundle associated to the dual representation of the structure group.
The dual bundle of the tangent bundle of a differentiable manifold is its cotangent bundle.
Properties
If the base space is paracompact and Hausdorff then a real, finite-rank vector bundle and its dual are isomorphic as vector bundles. However, just as for vector spaces, there is no natural choice of isomorphism unless is equipped with an inner product.
This is not true in the case of complex vector bundles: for example, the tautological line bundle over the Riemann sphere is not isomorphic to its dual. The dual of a complex vector bundle is indeed isomorphic to the conjugate bundle but the choice of isomorphism is non-canonical unless is equipped with a hermitian product.
The Hom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play%20Your%20Hunch | Play Your Hunch was an American game show first hosted by Merv Griffin from 1958 to 1962 and then hosted by Gene Rayburn and finally by Robert Q. Lewis until 1963. The announcers for the show were, respectively, Johnny Olson, Wayne Howell and Roger Tuttle. In 2001, Play Your Hunch was ranked #43 on TV Guide's "50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time".
Play Your Hunch was a Mark Goodson-Bill Todman production. It has been considered to be something of a "spin-off" of another successful Goodson-Todman game, To Tell the Truth.
It featured one of Robert Redford's first professional acting roles, with Ted Koppel also making an early career appearance.
Broadcast history
The show first aired on CBS from 1958 to 1959. ABC picked it up in the same year, and then NBC aired it for the rest of its run, concluding in 1963. During the NBC run, two different prime time versions aired - one in 1960, and one in 1962.
Hosts and announcers
The series was originally hosted by Merv Griffin. He left on September 28, 1962, to begin his talk show. Gene Rayburn briefly took over from October 15 to November 16, 1962, before being reassigned to The Match Game. Robert Q. Lewis then took over for the rest of the run.
Announcer Johnny Olson substituted for Griffin on December 29, 1961 and March 6, 1962. This was Olson's first regular announcing job with longtime employer Mark Goodson.
Game play
Two couples (or occasionally pairs with other relationships) competed. The game revolved around "problems" whi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Jordan%20Lloyd | Dorothy Jordan Lloyd (1 May 1889 – 21 November 1946) was an early protein scientist who studied the interactions of water with proteins, particularly gelatin. She was also Director of the British Leather Manufacturers' Research Association. She was the first to propose that the structure of globular proteins was maintained by hydrogen bonds, an idea championed later by Linus Pauling and others.
Early life
She was one of four children, and was born in Birmingham. Her father was George Jordan Lloyd, a surgeon who later became later professor of surgery at the University of Birmingham. Her mother was Marian Hampson Simpson. She went to school at King Edward VI High School for Girls in Birmingham and, in 1908, went on to university at Newnham College, Cambridge. There, in 1910, she was placed in the first class in part one of the natural sciences tripos as well as in part two (zoology) in 1912. She was a Bathurst student, and became the third Newnham fellow (1914–21).
She worked at Cambridge on issues surrounding osmotic phenomena and regeneration of muscle tissue. She subsequently studied osmotic phenomena in simpler, non-living colloidal systems. The First World War interrupted this research, but was asked by the Medical Research Committee to investigate alternative media for the culturing of bacteria, as well as what causes ropiness in bread (i.e. bacterial spoilage and fruity odours in freshly-cooked loaves), and how this can be avoided.
Research and later life
In 1921, R |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsien%20Wu | Hsien Wu (; 24 November 1893 – 8 August 1959) was a Chinese biochemist and geneticist. He was the first to propose that protein denaturation was a purely conformational change, i.e., corresponded to protein unfolding and not to some chemical alteration of the protein. This crucial idea was popularized later by Linus Pauling and Alfred Mirsky.
Wu was born in Fuzhou, Fujian, China. He studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (undergraduate), and then trained at Harvard University (graduate) under Otto Folin, developing the first small-volume (≥ 0.1-mL sample) assay for blood sugar (Folin-Wu method). Wu then returned to China to a position at Peking Union Medical College, becoming head of the biochemistry department in 1924. At the end of that year, he married his research assistant Daisy Yen and would continue collaborating with her until his death in 1959.
Wu left China in 1947 to reside in the United States; his wife and children joined him in 1949.
Wu's son, Ray J. Wu, became the Liberty Hyde Bailey Professor of Molecular Genetics and Biology at Cornell University, and developed the first method for sequencing DNA and studying transgenic plants.
References
Further reading
1893 births
1959 deaths
20th-century American biochemists
American geneticists
Biologists from Fujian
Chemists from Fujian
Chinese biochemists
Chinese Civil War refugees
Chinese emigrants to the United States
Chinese geneticists
Educators from Fujian
Harvard University alumni
Massa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-Grammotoxin%20SIA | omega-Grammotoxin SIA (ω-grammotoxin SIA) is a protein toxin that inhibits P, Q, and N voltage-gated calcium channels (Ca2+ channels) in neurons.
Sources
The source of ω-grammotoxin SIA is the venom of a tarantula spider (Grammostola rosea).
Chemistry
Amino acid sequence: Asp-Cys-Val-Arg-Phe-Trp-Gly-Lys-Cys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Ser-Asp-Cys-Cys-Pro-His-Leu-Ala-Cys-Lys-Ser-Lys-Trp-Pro-Arg-Asn-Ile-Cys-Val-Trp-Asp-Gly-Ser-Val
Molecular formula: C177H268N52O50S6
ω-Grammotoxin SIA can be purified from Grammostola rosea venom by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography.
Target
ω-Grammotoxin SIA is a 36 amino acid residue protein toxin from spider venom that inhibits P, Q, and N-type voltage-gated calcium channels in neurons. It binds to the channels with high affinity (if closed). It also binds to potassium channels but with lower affinity than to the calcium channels.
The toxin binding site has high affinity when channels are in closed states and low affinity when channels are activated. (4)
Mode of action
It is believed that ω-grammotoxin SIA inhibits channel function by binding with high affinity to closed, resting states of the channel and that bound toxin makes it more difficult for channels to be opened by depolarization, so much larger depolarizations are required for channel activation.
References
Spider toxins
Ion channel toxins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20Wisdom | Protein Wisdom may refer to:
Protein Wisdom (blog) – a conservative-libertarian weblog created by Jeff Goldstein
"Protein Wisdom" – a low-protein diet advocated by the London eccentric Stanley Owen Green
Protein WISDOM – a software tool for protein design |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belatacept | Belatacept, sold under the brand name Nulojix, is a fusion protein composed of the Fc fragment of a human IgG1 immunoglobulin linked to the extracellular domain of CTLA-4, which is a molecule crucial in the regulation of T cell costimulation, selectively blocking the process of T-cell activation. It is intended to provide extended graft and transplant survival while limiting the toxicity generated by standard immune suppressing regimens, such as calcineurin inhibitors. It differs from abatacept (Orencia) by only two amino acids.
Belatacept was developed by Bristol-Myers-Squibb and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 15, 2011.
References
External links
Engineered proteins
Bristol Myers Squibb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrichite | Ulrichite is a rare green uranium phosphate mineral (CaCu(UO2)[PO4]2·4H2O). It crystallizes as monoclinic prisms which occur as apple green acicular radiating clusters. It is radioactive and exhibits strong yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet radiation.
Ulrichite was first described in 1988 for samples from the Lake Boga granite quarry, Lake Boga, Victoria, Australia. It was named for George H. F. Ulrich (1830–1900), a 19th-century government geologist and mines department inspector. The type locality at Lake Boga is the only reported occurrence and the type specimen is located at the Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, as #M38576.
It is of secondary origin in granite pegmatites where it is found in miarolitic cavities. It occurs associated with turquoise, chalcosiderite, cyrilovite, torbernite, libethenite, sampleite, saleeite and fluorapatite.
References
Copper(II) minerals
Uranium(VI) minerals
Phosphate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uricite | Uricite is a rare organic mineral form of uric acid, C5H4N4O3. It is a soft yellowish white mineral which crystallizes in the monoclinic system.
Discovery and occurrence
It was first described in 1973 for an occurrence in bat guano in Dingo Donga Cave, Eucla, Western Australia. The name is for its composition, anhydrous uric acid.
It occurs with biphosphammite, brushite and syngenite at the type locality in Dingo Donga Cave.
References
Organic minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Minerals described in 1973 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabinaite | Sabinaite (Na4Zr2TiO4(CO3)4) is a rare carbonate mineral. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system as colorless to white prisms within cavities. It is more typically found as powdery coatings and masses. It has a specific gravity of 3.36.
It has been found in vugs in a carbonatite sill on Montreal Island and within sodalite syenite in the alkali intrusion at Mont Saint-Hilaire in Quebec, Canada.
It was first described in 1980 for an occurrence in the Francon quarry, Montreal Island. It is named after Ann Sabina (1930–2015), a mineralogist working for the Geological Survey of Canada.
References
Mineral Handbook
Data from Mindat
Webmineral data
See also
Sodium minerals
Zirconium minerals
Titanium minerals
Oxide minerals
Carbonate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 15 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidiuretic | An antidiuretic is a substance that helps to control fluid balance in an animal's body by reducing urination, opposing diuresis. Its effects are opposite that of a diuretic. The major endogenous antidiuretics are antidiuretic hormone (ADH; also called vasopressin) and oxytocin. Both of those are also used exogenously as medications in people whose bodies need extra help with fluid balance via suppression of diuresis. In addition, there are various other antidiuretic drugs, some molecularly close to ADH or oxytocin and others not. Antidiuretics reduce urine volume, particularly in diabetes insipidus (DI), which is one of their main indications.
The antidiuretic hormone class includes vasopressin (ADH), argipressin, desmopressin, lypressin, ornipressin, oxytocin, and terlipressin. Miscellaneous others include chlorpropamide and carbamazepine.
See also
Diuretic
Electrolyte
Water-electrolyte imbalance
References
External links
Drugs acting on the genito-urinary system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%20and%20God | "Me and God" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Josh Turner, recorded as a duet with Ralph Stanley, with backing vocals from Marty Roe, Gene Johnson, and Dana Williams of Diamond Rio. It was released in November 2006 as the third single from his album Your Man. The song was nominated for a 2007 Academy of Country Music award for Vocal Event of the Year.
Chart performance
"Me and God" debuted at number 54 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of November 25, 2006.
References
2006 singles
Josh Turner songs
Song recordings produced by Frank Rogers (record producer)
MCA Nashville Records singles
Songs written by Josh Turner
2006 songs
Male vocal duets |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloclasite | Alloclasite () is a sulfosalt mineral (IMA symbol: Acl). It is a member of the arsenopyrite group. Alloclasite crystallizes in the monoclinic system and typically forms as columnar to radiating acicular prismatic clusters. It is an opaque steel-gray to silver-white, with a metallic luster and a black streak. It is brittle with perfect cleavage, a Mohs hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 5.91–5.95.
It was first described in 1866 for an occurrence in Romania. Its name is derived from Greek for "other" and "to break," in reference to its distinct cleavage which distinguished it from the similar appearing mineral marcasite.
The mineral is monoclinic in the P21 space group.
References
Cobalt minerals
Iron minerals
Sulfosalt minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baotite | Baotite Ba4Ti4(Ti, Nb, Fe)4(Si4O12)O16Cl is a rare mineral recognized as having a unique four-fold silicate ring. Crystals are tetragonal, though commonly deformed to the extent of appearing monoclinic. Named for the locality of first discovery, Baotou, China, baotite has been found in hydrothermal veins and alkalic rocks in various locations around the world.
Structure
Simonov first determined the crystal structure of baotite in which (Ti, Nb, Fe)-octahedra share edges, forming chains and cross-linking at the corners forming a 4-fold screw axis in the (001); these columns are analogous to those in rutile. Four silicate tetrahedra share corners creating characteristic rings in the plane perpendicular to the c axis. The barium cation is between the rings and rutile columns, while chloride fills the void between each pair of rings. Chlorine's presence is not necessary for the structure to balance electrostatically.
Geologic occurrence
The first sample of baotite was found with galena, pyrite, albite, aegirine and alkali amphiboles in a quartz vein cutting quartzite at the Bayan Obo Mine in China. Grains from Ravalli County, Montana were found in a thin calcite crust on masses of eschynite within a carbonatic vein. Baotite also occurs at Haast River, New Zealand as an accessory phase of carbonatite, fenite and hydrothermal fluid veins associated with a dike swarm. The dike intrusion of mantle-derived magmas can likely be attributed to the close proximity of the Alpine fault p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income%20in%20the%20United%20States |
Income in the United States is measured by the various federal agencies including the Internal Revenue Service, Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Commerce, and the US Census Bureau. Additionally, various agencies, including the Congressional Budget Office compile reports on income statistics. The primary classifications are by household or individual. The top quintile in personal income in 2019 was $103,012 (included in the chart below). The differences between household and personal income are considerable, since 61% of households now have two or more income earners.
Median personal income in 2020 was $56,287 for full time workers.
This difference becomes very apparent when comparing the percentage of households with six figure incomes to that of individuals. Overall, including all households/individuals regardless of employment status, the median household income was $67,521 in 2020 while the median personal income (including individuals aged 15 and over) was $35,805.
While wages for women have increased greatly, median earnings of male wage earners have remained stagnant since the late 1970s. Household income, however, has risen due to the increasing number of households with more than one income earner and women's increased presence in the labor force.
Income Percentiles 2019
Inflation adjusted US Dollars - see IRS for further reading IRS.GOV income statistics
Income at a glance
See also
Compensation in the United States
Economy of the United State |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDHA | Succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein variant is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHA gene. This gene encodes a major catalytic subunit of succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, a complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The complex is composed of four nuclear-encoded subunits and is localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane. SDHA contains the FAD binding site where succinate is deprotonated and converted to fumarate. Mutations in this gene have been associated with a form of mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency known as Leigh Syndrome. A pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 3q29. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Structure
The SDHA gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 5 at locus 15 and is composed of 16 exons. The SDHA protein encoded by this gene is 664 amino acids long and weighs 72.7 kDA.
SDHA protein has four subdomains, including capping domain, helical domain, C-terminal domain and most notably, β-barrel FAD-binding domain at N-terminus. Therefore, SDHA is a flavoprotein (Fp) due to the prosthetic group flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Crystal structure suggests that FAD is covalently bound to a histidine residue (His99) and further coordinated by hydrogen bonds with number of other amino acid residues within the FAD-binding domain. FAD which is derived from riboflavin (vitamin B2) is thus essential cofactor for SDHA and whole complex II fu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20algorithms%20in%20economics | Genetic algorithms have increasingly been applied to economics since the pioneering work by John H. Miller in 1986. It has been used to characterize a variety of models including the cobweb model, the overlapping generations model, game theory, schedule optimization and asset pricing. Specifically, it has been used as a model to represent learning, rather than as a means for fitting a model.
Genetic algorithm in the cobweb model
The cobweb model is a simple supply and demand model for a good over t periods. Firms (agents) make a production quantity decision in a given period, however their output is not produced until the following period. Thus, the firms are going to have to use some sort of method to forecast what the future price will be. The GA is used as a sort of learning behaviour for the firms. Initially their quantity production decisions are random, however each period they learn a little more. The result is the agents converge within the area of the rational expectations (RATEX) equilibrium for the stable and unstable case. If the election operator is used, the GA converges exactly to the RATEX equilibrium.
There are two types of learning methods these agents can be deployed with: social learning and individual learning. In social learning, each firm is endowed with a single string which is used as its quantity production decision. It then compares this string against other firms' strings. In the individual learning case, agents are endowed with a pool of strin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-rater%20reliability | In statistics, inter-rater reliability (also called by various similar names, such as inter-rater agreement, inter-rater concordance, inter-observer reliability, inter-coder reliability, and so on) is the degree of agreement among independent observers who rate, code, or assess the same phenomenon.
Assessment tools that rely on ratings must exhibit good inter-rater reliability, otherwise they are not valid tests.
There are a number of statistics that can be used to determine inter-rater reliability. Different statistics are appropriate for different types of measurement. Some options are joint-probability of agreement, such as Cohen's kappa, Scott's pi and Fleiss' kappa; or inter-rater correlation, concordance correlation coefficient, intra-class correlation, and Krippendorff's alpha.
Concept
There are several operational definitions of "inter-rater reliability," reflecting different viewpoints about what is a reliable agreement between raters. There are three operational definitions of agreement:
Reliable raters agree with the "official" rating of a performance.
Reliable raters agree with each other about the exact ratings to be awarded.
Reliable raters agree about which performance is better and which is worse.
These combine with two operational definitions of behavior:
Statistics
Joint probability of agreement
The joint-probability of agreement is the simplest and the least robust measure. It is estimated as the percentage of the time the raters agree in a nomina |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Scales%20Avery | John Scales Avery (born in 1933) is a theoretical chemist noted for his research publications in quantum chemistry, thermodynamics, evolution, and history of science. Since the early 1990s, Avery has been an active world peace activist. During these years, he was part of a group associated with the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. In 1995, this group received the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts. Presently, he is an Associate Professor in quantum chemistry at the University of Copenhagen. His 2003 book Information Theory and Evolution set forth the view that the phenomenon of life, including its origin and evolution, that including human cultural evolution, has it background situated over thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and information theory.
Early life
Avery was born in Lebanon to American parents. Avery's parents were both born in the United States, in the state of Michigan, where they studied at the University of Michigan. His father studied medicine while his mother studied bacteriology. After graduation, his parents did research together at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Later, his father did research in a borderline area between physics and medicine with Arthur Holly Compton, discoverer of the "Compton effect", at the University of Chicago.
In 1926, his father moved the family to Beirut, where his father worked as a professor of anatomy at the American University of Beirut. The family stayed in Beirut unti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonferroni%20correction | In statistics, the Bonferroni correction is a method to counteract the multiple comparisons problem.
Background
The method is named for its use of the Bonferroni inequalities.
An extension of the method to confidence intervals was proposed by Olive Jean Dunn.
Statistical hypothesis testing is based on rejecting the null hypothesis if the likelihood of the observed data under the null hypotheses is low. If multiple hypotheses are tested, the probability of observing a rare event increases, and therefore, the likelihood of incorrectly rejecting a null hypothesis (i.e., making a Type I error) increases.
The Bonferroni correction compensates for that increase by testing each individual hypothesis at a significance level of , where is the desired overall alpha level and is the number of hypotheses. For example, if a trial is testing hypotheses with a desired , then the Bonferroni correction would test each individual hypothesis at . Likewise, when constructing multiple confidence intervals the same phenomenon appears.
Definition
Let be a family of hypotheses and their corresponding p-values. Let be the total number of null hypotheses, and let be the number of true null hypotheses (which is presumably unknown to the researcher). The family-wise error rate (FWER) is the probability of rejecting at least one true , that is, of making at least one type I error. The Bonferroni correction rejects the null hypothesis for each , thereby controlling the FWER at . Proof of this c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarized%20membrane | A polarized membrane is a lipid membrane that has a positive electrical charge on one side and a negative charge on another side, which produces the resting potential in living cells. Whether or not a membrane is polarized is determined by the distribution of dissociable protons and permeant ions inside and outside the membrane that travel passively through ion channel or actively via ion pump, creating an action potential.
See also
Membrane transporter
References
Membrane biology
Electrophysiology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neddylation | Neddylation (also NEDDylation) is the process by which the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 is conjugated to its target proteins. This process is analogous to ubiquitination, although it relies on its own E1 and E2 enzymes. No NEDD8-specific E3 has yet been identified and it is possible that the Neddylation system relies on E3 ligases with dual specificity.
NEDD8
NEDD8 (neural-precursor-cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 8) is a protein involved in the regulation of cell growth, viability and development.
Neddylation process
NEDD8 links itself to a protein through an isopeptide linkage between its carboxy-terminal glycine and the lysine of the substrate.
The neddylation of the substrate causes in a structural change, and there are three main biochemical effects that result. First, neddylation can cause a conformational change in the substrate which may restrict molecular movement and the positioning of different binding partners. Second, it can cause the target protein to become incompatible with other proteins that it usually binds with. For example, CAND1 does not bind to neddylated proteins. In addition, neddylation can recruit NEDD8-interacting proteins. When NEDD8 binds to the ubiquitin E2 Ubc4, the interaction stimulates cullin-based ubiquitin ligases, although the exact mechanism is unclear.
Disease association
Neddylation is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease where its activation appears to drive neurons into apoptosis by initiating cel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional%20Data%20Exchange%20System | RDES (the Regional Data Exchange System on food and agricultural statistics in Asia and Pacific countries) is a unitary statistical information system which includes a database on food and agricultural statistics and the web portal of APCAS (Asia and Pacific Commission on Agricultural Statistics) countries under the FAO/Japan cooperative regional project (GCP/RAS/184/JPN). RDES had operated from March 2003 to 2011. The concept of RDES is succeeded to the CountrySTAT project, FAOSTAT.
Database
RDES was designed to contribute to member nations' capacity building and policy analysis through the development of the food and agricultural statistical framework in APCAS countries. It is especially expected to role-play the database on food and agricultural statistics for users, such as policy-makers, decision-makers, researchers, etc.
Time scale
The calendar year is recommended as time scale of the RDES, due to the difference of the crop year in each country.
Definitions
Definitions of the data should be FAO definitions. The unit of the crop production data are production (metric ton), area harvested (hectare), and yield (kilogram per hectare).
Data items
Most data of RDES are crop production and livestock data. Although it depends on the background of food production in each country, the major 19 agricultural products in this region are registered as the basic data items: rice, wheat, maize, cereals, cassava, potatoes, pulses, groundnuts, soybean, seed cotton, sugar cane, tea, c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Ocean%20Ecosystem%20Dynamics | Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) is the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) core project responsible for understanding how global change will affect the abundance, diversity and productivity of marine populations. The programme was initiated by SCOR and the IOC of UNESCO in 1991, to understand how global change will affect the abundance, diversity and productivity of marine populations comprising a major component of oceanic ecosystems.
The aim of GLOBEC is to advance our understanding of the structure and functioning of the global ocean ecosystem, its major subsystems, and its response to physical forcing so that a capability can be developed to forecast the responses of the marine ecosystem to global change.
Structure
GLOBEC encompasses an integrated suite of research activities consisting of Regional Programmes, National Activities and cross-cutting research focal activities. The GLOBEC programme has been developed by the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) and is co-ordinated through the GLOBEC International Project Office (IPO).
Regional Programmes:
Ecosystem Structure of Subarctic Seas (ESSAS)
CLimate Impacts on Oceanic TOp Predators (CLIOTOP)
ICES Cod and Climate Change (CCC)
PICES Climate Change and Carrying Capacity (CCCC)
Southern Ocean GLOBEC (SO GLOBEC)
Small Pelagic Fish and Climate Change (SPACC)
National Programmes:
GLOBEC has several active national programmes and scientists from nearly 30 countries participate in GLOBEC activities |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive%20flow%20machining | Abrasive flow machining (AFM), also known as abrasive flow deburring or extrude honing, is an interior surface finishing process characterized by flowing an abrasive-laden fluid through a workpiece. This fluid is typically very viscous, having the consistency of putty, or dough. AFM smooths and finishes rough surfaces, and is specifically used to remove burrs, polish surfaces, form radii, and even remove material. The nature of AFM makes it ideal for interior surfaces, slots, holes, cavities, and other areas that may be difficult to reach with other polishing or grinding processes. Due to its low material removal rate, AFM is not typically used for large stock-removal operations, although it can be.
Abrasive flow machining was first patented by the Extrude Hone Corporation in 1970.
Process
In abrasive flow machining, the abrasive fluid flows through the workpiece, effectively performing erosion. Abrasive particles in the fluid contact raised features on the surface of the workpiece and remove them. The fluid is forced through the workpiece by a hydraulic ram, where it acts as a flexible file, or slug, molding itself precisely to the shape of the workpiece. The highest amount of material removal occurs in areas where the flow of the fluid is restricted; according to Bernoulli's Principle, the flow speed and pressure of the fluid decrease in these areas, facilitating a higher material removal rate (MRR). The pressure exerted by the fluid on all contacting surfaces also result |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20End%20of%20London%20and%20Crystal%20Palace%20Railway | The West End of London and Crystal Palace Railway (WELCPR) was an early railway company in south London between Crystal Palace station and Wandsworth, which was opened in 1856. The line was extended in 1858 to a station at Battersea Wharf near the bridge to Pimlico. Throughout its brief existence the railway was operated by the London Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) to which it was leased in 1858 and sold in 1859. This relatively short line was of considerable importance to the history of railways of south London as it was the first line to create a corridor from the south and east towards Westminster and led to the development of London Victoria railway station.
History
Opening
To coincide with the reopening of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham Hill on 10 June 1854, the LB&SCR opened a short spur line linking a new Crystal Palace station to Sydenham station on the Brighton Main Line from London Bridge. The WELCPR was an independent company that aimed to create an additional line from Wandsworth to the LB&SCR station at Crystal Palace and thence to Norwood Junction, whence it would have running powers over the LB&SCR to East Croydon railway station. The line would also continue in an easterly direction towards Beckenham and Bromley. The intention was also to link the northern end of the railway to the London and South Western Railway at a point south east of Clapham Junction, whence trains would continue to Waterloo. The first part of the line, from New Wandsworth to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric%20level-index%20arithmetic | The level-index (LI) representation of numbers, and its algorithms for arithmetic operations, were introduced by Charles Clenshaw and Frank Olver in 1984.
The symmetric form of the LI system and its arithmetic operations were presented by Clenshaw and Peter Turner in 1987.
Michael Anuta, Daniel Lozier, Nicolas Schabanel and Turner developed the algorithm for symmetric level-index (SLI) arithmetic, and a parallel implementation of it. There has been extensive work on developing the SLI arithmetic algorithms and extending them to complex and vector arithmetic operations.
Definition
The idea of the level-index system is to represent a non-negative real number as
where and the process of exponentiation is performed times, with . and are the level and index of respectively. is the LI image of . For example,
so its LI image is
The symmetric form is used to allow negative exponents, if the magnitude of is less than 1. One takes or and stores it (after substituting +1 for 0 for the reciprocal sign since for the LI image is and uniquely defines and we can do away without a third state and use only one bit for the two states −1 and +1) as the reciprocal sign . Mathematically, this is equivalent to taking the reciprocal (multiplicative inverse) of a small magnitude number, and then finding the SLI image for the reciprocal. Using one bit for the reciprocal sign enables the representation of extremely small numbers.
A sign bit may also be used to allow negati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trk | TRK or trk may refer to:
Juwata International Airport (IATA code: TRK), an international airport in Tarakan, North Kalimantan, Indonesia
Potassium transport proteins (Trk), a constituent of the protein family bacterial potassium transporter
Trk receptor, a family of tyrosine kinases that regulates synaptic strength and plasticity in the mammalian nervous system
Truckee Tahoe Airport (FAA LID code: TRK), a public airport two miles east of Truckee, California, United States
Turkic languages (ISO 639-5 code: trk), a language family of at least 35 documented languages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal%20convex%20hull | In geometry, a set is defined to be orthogonally convex if, for every line that is parallel to one of standard basis vectors, the intersection of with is empty, a point, or a single segment. The term "orthogonal" refers to corresponding Cartesian basis and coordinates in Euclidean space, where different basis vectors are perpendicular, as well as corresponding lines. Unlike ordinary convex sets, an orthogonally convex set is not necessarily connected.
The orthogonal convex hull of a set is the intersection of all connected orthogonally convex supersets of .
These definitions are made by analogy with the classical theory of convexity, in which is convex if, for every line , the intersection of with is empty, a point, or a single segment. Orthogonal convexity restricts the lines for which this property is required to hold, so every convex set is orthogonally convex but not vice versa. For the same reason, the orthogonal convex hull itself is a subset of the convex hull of the same point set. A point belongs to the orthogonal convex hull of if and only if each of the closed axis-aligned orthants having as apex has a nonempty intersection with .
The orthogonal convex hull is also known as the rectilinear convex hull, or, in two dimensions, the - convex hull.
Example
The figure shows a set of 16 points in the plane and the orthogonal convex hull of these points. As can be seen in the figure, the orthogonal convex hull is a polygon with some degenerate edges connec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2024 | Interleukin 24 (IL-24) is a protein in the interleukin family, a type of cytokine signaling molecule in the immune system. In humans, this protein is encoded by the IL24 gene.
IL-24 is a cytokine belonging to the IL-10 family of cytokines that signals through two heterodimeric receptors: IL-20R1/IL-20R2 and IL-22R1/IL-20R2. This interleukin is also known as melanoma differentiation-associated 7 (mda-7) due to its discovery as a tumour suppressing protein. IL-24 appears to control cell survival and proliferation by inducing rapid activation of particular transcription factors called STAT1 and STAT3. This cytokine is predominantly released by activated monocytes, macrophages and T helper 2 (Th2) cells and acts on skin, lung, and reproductive tissues. IL-24 performs important roles in wound healing, arthritis, psoriasis and cancer. Several studies have shown that cell death occurs in cancer cells/cell lines following exposure to IL-24. The gene for IL-24 is located on chromosome 1 in humans.
Structure
The structure of IL-24 has been found through crystallization by fusing a flexible linker with a ligand to its two receptors, IL-22R1 and IL-20R2. The structure revealed that there is a lack of disulfides, which is present in most cytokines, and is likely the reason why IL-24 is unstable compared to other interleukins.
IL-24 is a secreted protein that is highly conserved throughout evolution with sequence homology between species including yeast, dog, cat, monkey and cow. It |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Fisher%20%281960s%20pitcher%29 | Thomas Gene Fisher (April 4, 1942 – November 21, 2016) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. Nicknamed "Big Fish", the 6'0", 180 lb. right-hander was signed by the Baltimore Orioles as an amateur free agent before the 1962 season. He played briefly for the Orioles in 1967.
Fisher had a record of 10–6 with a 3.04 earned run average for the Triple-A Rochester Red Wings when he was called up to Baltimore in September 1967. His career minor league record at the time was 65–33, a winning percentage of .663. He made his major league debut in relief on September 20 against the Washington Senators at D.C. Stadium. He pitched 1.1 scoreless innings, walking two batters. His second big league action came two days later, in a home game against the Boston Red Sox. He hurled two more scoreless innings, striking out one batter, All-Star catcher Elston Howard.
On April 30, 1969 he was traded by the Orioles along with pitcher John O'Donoghue to the Seattle Pilots, and never again made it to the major league level. His lifetime ERA for 3.1 innings stands at 0.00.
Minor League Trivia
Fisher led Northern League pitchers with 16 complete games while playing for the Aberdeen Pheasants in 1964.
He led Eastern League pitchers in complete games (16), shutouts (4), winning percentage (.700), strikeouts (142), and ERA (1.88) while playing for the Elmira Pioneers in 1966.
He tied for the International League lead with 5 shutouts in 1967.
External links
, or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Wint |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2022 | Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is protein that in humans is encoded by the IL22 gene.
Structure
IL-22 is an α-helical cytokine. IL-22 binds to a heterodimeric cell surface receptor composed of IL-10R2 and IL-22R1 subunits. IL-22R is expressed on tissue cells, and it is absent on immune cells.
Crystallization is possible if the N-linked glycosylation sites are removed in mutants of IL-22 bound with high-affinity cell-surface receptor sIL-22R1. The crystallographic asymmetric unit contained two IL-22-sIL-22R1 complexes.
Function
IL-22 is produced by several populations of immune cells at a site of inflammation. Producers are αβ T cells classes Th1, Th22 and Th17 along with γδ T cells, NKT, ILC3, neutrophils and macrophages. IL-22 takes effect on non-hematopoietic cells – mainly stromal and epithelial cells. Effects involve stimulation of cell survival, proliferation and synthesis of antimicrobials including S100, Reg3β, Reg3γ and defensins. IL-22 thus participates in both wound healing and in protection against microbes. IL-22 dysregulation takes part in pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.
IL-22 biological activity is initiated by binding to a cell-surface complex composed of IL-22R1 and IL-10R2 receptor chains and further regulated by interactions with a soluble binding protein, IL-22BP, which shares sequence similarity with an extracellular region of IL-22R1 (sIL-22R1). IL-22 and IL-10 receptor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welch%27s%20t-test | In statistics, Welch's t-test, or unequal variances t-test, is a two-sample location test which is used to test the (null) hypothesis that two populations have equal means. It is named for its creator, Bernard Lewis Welch, is an adaptation of Student's t-test, and is more reliable when the two samples have unequal variances and possibly unequal sample sizes. These tests are often referred to as "unpaired" or "independent samples" t-tests, as they are typically applied when the statistical units underlying the two samples being compared are non-overlapping. Given that Welch's t-test has been less popular than Student's t-test and may be less familiar to readers, a more informative name is "Welch's unequal variances t-test" — or "unequal variances t-test" for brevity.
Assumptions
Student's t-test assumes that the sample means being compared for two populations are normally distributed, and that the populations have equal variances. Welch's t-test is designed for unequal population variances, but the assumption of normality is maintained. Welch's t-test is an approximate solution to the Behrens–Fisher problem.
Calculations
Welch's t-test defines the statistic t by the following formula:
where and are the sample mean and its standard error, with denoting the corrected sample standard deviation, and sample size .
Unlike in Student's t-test, the denominator is not based on a pooled variance estimate.
The degrees of freedom associated with this variance estimate is appr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2020 | Interleukin 20 (IL20) is a protein that is in humans encoded by the IL20 gene which is located in close proximity to the IL-10 gene on the 1q32 chromosome. IL-20 is a part of an IL-20 subfamily which is a part of a larger IL-10 family.
IL-20 subfamily also includes other cytokines, including IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, and IL-26. Members of the cytokine IL-20 subfamily form an important link between the immune system and epithelial tissues due to the fact that receptors for these cytokines are highly expressed on epithelial cells and are almost exclusively produced by cells of the immune system.
IL-20 requires an IL-β-subunit receptor (IL-20RB) for signaling, which can form a functional heterodimeric receptor with either the α-subunit of the IL-20 receptor (IL-20RA) or the α1-subunit of the IL-22 receptor (IL-22RA1). Both of these receptor variants allow efficient IL-20 signaling. Receptors for IL-20 are expressed in the skin, lungs, ovary, testes, and placenta. IL-20 is mainly produced by myeloid cells such as monocytes, granulocytes, and dendritic cells but can also be produced by keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The expression of IL-20 is stimulated by IL-1β, IL-17, IL-22, TNF, and LPS. The main cellular targets of IL-20 are keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and adipocytes. IL-20 has been shown to transduce its signal through signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in keratinocytes.
Function
IL-20 has a broad range of functions and is involved in a v |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20Richards%20%28statistician%29 | Donald St. P. Richards (born 1955, in Mandeville, Jamaica) is an American statistician conducting research on multivariate statistics, zonal polynomials, distance correlation, total positivity, and hypergeometric functions of matrix argument. He currently serves as a distinguished professor of statistics at the Pennsylvania State University, and is a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Richards obtained his PhD in 1978 at the University of the West Indies, where the statistician Rameshwar D. Gupta was his doctoral advisor.
In 1999, he was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics.
In 2012, he was elected a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Personal life
Richards became an American citizen in 1990. He was married to Mercedes Richards, an American Jamaican-born professor of astronomy and astrophysics, until her death in 2016.
References
External links
1955 births
Living people
American statisticians
Jamaican statisticians
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Fellows of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl%27s%20lemma%20%28Laplace%20equation%29 | In mathematics, Weyl's lemma, named after Hermann Weyl, states that every weak solution of Laplace's equation is a smooth solution. This contrasts with the wave equation, for example, which has weak solutions that are not smooth solutions. Weyl's lemma is a special case of elliptic or hypoelliptic regularity.
Statement of the lemma
Let be an open subset of -dimensional Euclidean space , and let denote the usual Laplace operator. Weyl's lemma states that if a locally integrable function is a weak solution of Laplace's equation, in the sense that
for every smooth test function with compact support, then (up to redefinition on a set of measure zero) is smooth and satisfies pointwise in .
This result implies the interior regularity of harmonic functions in , but it does not say anything about their regularity on the boundary .
Idea of the proof
To prove Weyl's lemma, one convolves the function with an appropriate mollifier and shows that the mollification satisfies Laplace's equation, which implies that has the mean value property. Taking the limit as and using the properties of mollifiers, one finds that also has the mean value property, which implies that it is a smooth solution of Laplace's equation. Alternative proofs use the smoothness of the fundamental solution of the Laplacian or suitable a priori elliptic estimates.
Generalization to distributions
More generally, the same result holds for every distributional solution of Laplace's equation: If s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic%20Word%20List | The Academic Word List (AWL) is a word list of 570 English words which appear with great frequency in a broad range of academic texts. The target readership is English as a second or foreign language students intending to enter English-medium higher education, and teachers of such students. The AWL was developed by Averil Coxhead at the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, and divided into ten sublists in decreasing order of frequency. The AWL excludes words from the General Service List (the 2000 highest-frequency words in general texts); however, many words in the AWL are general vocabulary rather than restricted to an academic domain, such as area, approach, create, similar, and occur in Sublist One.
The list is available on the Simple English Wiktionary.
See also
General Service List
References
Coxhead, A. (2000). A New Academic Word List. TESOL Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 2 (Summer, 2000), pp. 213-238 https://www.jstor.org/stable/3587951
Hyland, K., & Tse, P. (June 2007). Is there an "Academic Vocabulary"? TESOL Quarterly, Volume 41, Number 2, pp. 235-253.
Hancioglu, N., Neufeld, S., & Eldridge, J. (2008). Through the looking glass and into the land of lexico-grammar. English for Specific Purposes 27/4, 459-479
External links
Academic Vocabulary
Vocabulary in EAP
Levels tests online
Lexis (linguistics)
Lists of English words |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetosphaeridium%20globosum | Chaetosphaeridium globosum is a one-celled alga which is thought to represent an ancient lineage of the green plants. This organism exists in a filamentous form with one flagella per cell. It is a freshwater species. The flagellum is covered in scales in a 3-prong irregular shape called ‘maple leafs’. The cells are usually in diameter and with one pyrenoid. Each cell bears long bristle.
Researchers have found that the mitochondrial DNA of Chaetosphaeridium is markedly different from that of land plants, suggesting that the mitochondria of land plants evolved significantly after the common ancestor between them and living green algae. A very slight similarity exists between liverwort mtDNA and Chaetosphaeridium. The chloroplast DNA is markedly similar, however, indicating that a close relationship had existed between the Viridiplantae and the clade that includes Chaetosphaeridium. This seems to argue that chloroplasts in green plants originated in prehistoric green algae; the family which includes Chaetosphaeridium globosum.
Chloroplasts are known to be captured (symbiotic) cyanobacteria with their own genome. Part of this genome has been transferred to the nucleus and part has been retained in the chloroplast for the continuation of metabolic processes. This symbiosis, now proven by modern genomics, has shown us how Chaetosphaeridium globosum links ancient cyanobacteria with modern green plants.
References
Hausmann, Klaus. Hülsmann, Norbert. Radek, Renate. Protistology. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarite | Margarite is a calcium rich member of the mica group of the phyllosilicates with formula: CaAl2(Al2Si2)O10(OH)2. It forms white to pinkish or yellowish gray masses or thin laminae. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system. It typically has a specific gravity of around 3 and a Mohs hardness of 4. It is translucent with perfect 010 cleavage and exhibits crystal twinning.
It occurs commonly as an alteration product of corundum, andalusite and other aluminous minerals. It has been reported as forming alteration pseudomorphs of chiastolite along with muscovite and paragonite. The margarite in this occurrence forms preferentially along the dark graphite rich inclusions with the chiastolite crystals.
Margarite is found in the emery deposits of Turkey and the Aegean islands, and with corundum
at several localities in the United States.
References
Deer, W.A., R.A. Howie, and J. Zussman (1963) Rock-forming minerals, v. 3, Sheet Silicates, p. 95-98.
Mineral Data Publishing PDF
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 9
Mica group |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiesterase%203 | PDE3 is a phosphodiesterase. The PDEs belong to at least eleven related gene families, which are different in their primary structure, substrate affinity, responses to effectors, and regulation mechanism.
Most of the PDE families are composed of more than one gene. PDE3 is clinically significant because of its role in regulating heart muscle, vascular smooth muscle and platelet aggregation. PDE3 inhibitors have been developed as pharmaceuticals, but their use is limited by arrhythmic effects and they can increase mortality in some applications.
Function
PDE3 enzymes are involved in regulation of cardiac and vascular smooth muscle contractility. Molecules that inhibit PDE3 were originally investigated for the treatment of heart failure, but, because of unwanted arrhythmic side-effects, they are not studied for that indication any longer. Nonetheless, the PDE3 inhibitor milrinone is approved for use in heart failure in intravenous form.
Both PDE3A and PDE3B are expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells and are likely to modulate contraction. Their expression in vascular smooth muscle is altered under specific conditions such as elevated cAMP and hypoxia.
Isoforms and genes
The PDE3 family in mammals consists of two members, PDE3A and PDE3B. The PDE3 isoforms are structurally similar, containing an N-terminal domain important for the localization and a C-terminus end. The 44-amino acid insertion in the catalytic domain differs in the PDE3 isoforms, and the N-terminal porti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BH3%20interacting-domain%20death%20agonist | The BH3 interacting-domain death agonist, or BID, gene is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 protein family. Bcl-2 family members share one or more of the four characteristic domains of homology entitled the Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains (named BH1, BH2, BH3 and BH4), and can form hetero- or homodimers. Bcl-2 proteins act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities.
Interactions
BID is a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein containing only the BH3 domain. In response to apoptotic signaling, BID interacts with another Bcl-2 family protein, Bax, leading to the insertion of Bax into organelle membranes, primarily the outer mitochondrial membrane. Bax is believed to interact with, and induce the opening of the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel, VDAC. Alternatively, growing evidence suggest that activated Bax and/or Bak form an oligomeric pore, MAC in the outer membrane. This results in the release of cytochrome c and other pro-apoptotic factors (such as SMAC/DIABLO) from the mitochondria, often referred to as mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, leading to activation of caspases. This defines BID as a direct activator of Bax, a role common to some of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins containing only the BH3 domain.
The anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, including Bcl-2 itself, can bind BID and inhibit BID's ability to activate Bax. As a result, the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins may inhibit apoptosis by sequestering B |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53%20upregulated%20modulator%20of%20apoptosis | The p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) also known as Bcl-2-binding component 3 (BBC3), is a pro-apoptotic protein, member of the Bcl-2 protein family. In humans, the Bcl-2-binding component 3 protein is encoded by the BBC3 gene. The expression of PUMA is regulated by the tumor suppressor p53. PUMA is involved in p53-dependent and -independent apoptosis induced by a variety of signals, and is regulated by transcription factors, not by post-translational modifications. After activation, PUMA interacts with antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members, thus freeing Bax and/or Bak which are then able to signal apoptosis to the mitochondria. Following mitochondrial dysfunction, the caspase cascade is activated ultimately leading to cell death.
Structure
The PUMA protein is part of the BH3-only subgroup of Bcl-2 family proteins. This group of proteins only share sequence similarity in the BH3 domain, which is required for interactions with Bcl-2-like proteins, such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Structural analysis has shown that PUMA directly binds to antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins via an amphiphatic α-helical structure which is formed by the BH3 domain. The mitochondrial localization of PUMA is dictated by a hydrophobic domain on its C-terminal portion. PUMA protein degradation is regulated by phosphorylation at a conserved serine residue at position 10.[31]
Mechanism of action
Biochemical studies have shown that PUMA interacts with antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members such as Bcl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced%20protein%201 | Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PMAIP1 gene, and is also known as Noxa.
Noxa (Latin for damage) is a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 protein family. Bcl-2 family members can form hetero- or homodimers, and they act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities. The expression of Noxa is regulated by the tumor suppressor p53, and Noxa has been shown to be involved in p53-mediated apoptosis.
Interactions
Noxa has been shown to interact with:
BCL2-like 1,
Bcl-2, and
MCL1.
See also
Apoptosis
Apoptosome
Bcl-2
Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX)
BH3 interacting domain death agonist (BID)
Caspases
Cytochrome c
Mitochondrion
p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA)
12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate)
References
Further reading
External links
Programmed cell death
Proteins
Apoptosis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriette%20Mertz | Henriette Mertz (1896 – August 17, 1985) was an American patent attorney from Chicago and a proponent of pseudoarchaeological hyperdiffusionism in relation to ancient American history. During World War II, she worked as a code-breaker for the U.S. government's cryptography department. She published several controversial works during the 1960s and 1970s relating to the early discovery and settlement of America.
She died on August 17, 1985, in Chicago at 89; her book The Mystic Symbol was published posthumously.
Career
Mertz was a cryptographer for the U.S. Navy during World War II. She then worked at the U.S. Copyright Office in Washington, D.C., as a patent lawyer. She traveled extensively to locations including the Amazon, the Andes, and Mexico.
Theories
In 1936, Mertz met a man in Mexico who she said "looked to be pure Chinese" but described himself as "Indian". It turned out that his family was originally from China, but had settled and lived in Mexico for many generations. After the war, she read An Inglorious Columbus (1885) by writer Edward P. Vining, which argued that Chinese explorers had founded Mexican culture and religion. To Mertz, this explained the curious case of the Mexican-Chinese-Indian man she had met many years prior. Lacking any training as a historian, she started developing her own theories about the Chinese discovery of the Americas, and decided to self-publish Pale Ink (1953) after the manuscript was rejected by commercial publishers.
Bat Creek |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helio%20Kickflip | The Kickflip, produced by VK Mobile, was one of Helio's two launch devices and was marketed heavily to MySpace users. The Kickflip is a swiveling cell phone, white in color and with a flat (screen-only) front. Some of the features included 2-megapixel camera, 90 minutes of video recording, side buttons, QVGA screen, and 8 day stand by/3 hour talk time battery life. Reviewers at PC Magazine and Infosync lauded the phones design aspects, but noted the lack of bluetooth capabilities and a wide range of bugs in the phone applications which affected the basic functionality of the phone.
References
Helio (wireless carrier)
Personal digital assistants |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing%20data | In statistics, missing data, or missing values, occur when no data value is stored for the variable in an observation. Missing data are a common occurrence and can have a significant effect on the conclusions that can be drawn from the data.
Missing data can occur because of nonresponse: no information is provided for one or more items or for a whole unit ("subject"). Some items are more likely to generate a nonresponse than others: for example items about private subjects such as income. Attrition is a type of missingness that can occur in longitudinal studies—for instance studying development where a measurement is repeated after a certain period of time. Missingness occurs when participants drop out before the test ends and one or more measurements are missing.
Data often are missing in research in economics, sociology, and political science because governments or private entities choose not to, or fail to, report critical statistics, or because the information is not available. Sometimes missing values are caused by the researcher—for example, when data collection is done improperly or mistakes are made in data entry.
These forms of missingness take different types, with different impacts on the validity of conclusions from research: Missing completely at random, missing at random, and missing not at random. Missing data can be handled similarly as censored data.
Types
Understanding the reasons why data are missing is important for handling the remaining data correc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBCA | NBCA may refer to:
Narrow Burst Cutting Area
National Basketball Coaches Association, union representing NBA coaches
National Biodiversity Conservation Area
n-Butyl cyanoacrylate
New Braunfels Christian Academy
New Brunswick Court of Appeal
New Brunswick Curling Association
Nuneaton and Bedworth Community Association |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia%206315i | The Nokia 6315i was a cell phone released in 2006 by Verizon Wireless for the United States market. Though branded as a Nokia model, the phone was manufactured by Pantech. The budget-priced 6315i featured Bluetooth, integrated video recording and speakerphone.
External links
Nokia 6315i (Verizon Wireless) - CNET Reviews
6315i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy%20Woman%20%28Crystal%20Waters%20song%29 | "Gypsy Woman (She's Homeless)" (also released as "Gypsy Woman (La da dee la da da)") is a song by American singer-songwriter Crystal Waters from her debut studio album, Surprise (1991). Written by Neal Conway and Waters, the song was released on April 3, 1991, as the lead single from the album. It is famous for its "la da dee, la dee da" refrain and its often-sampled keyboard riff, and is now widely regarded as one of the biggest classics of house music, being remixed several times since its release.
"Gypsy Woman" peaked at number eight on the US Billboard Hot 100 and topped the charts in Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, as well as on the Eurochart Hot 100. The song also peaked within the top 10 of the charts in at least eight countries, including Germany, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, and entered the top 20 in Australia and France. In 2020, Slant Magazine ranked "Gypsy Woman" number 10 in their list of "The 100 Best Dance Songs of All Time". And in 2022, Pitchfork and Rolling Stone featured it in their list of "The 250 Best Songs of the 1990s" and "200 Greatest Dance Songs of All Time".
Background
Crystal Waters grew up in a very musical family. Her great aunt, Ethel Waters, was a famous singer and actress in the 1940s. Waters' father was a jazz musician and her uncle was the lead saxophonist with MFSB. At age eleven, she began writing poetry and was inducted into the Poetry Society of America when she was 14, the youngest person ever to receive that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flicker%20vertigo | Flicker vertigo, sometimes called the Bucha effect, is "an imbalance in brain-cell activity caused by exposure to low-frequency flickering (or flashing) of a relatively bright light." It is a disorientation-, vertigo-, and nausea-inducing effect of a strobe light flashing at 1 Hz to 20 Hz, approximately the frequency of human brainwaves. The effects are similar to seizures caused by epilepsy (in particular photosensitive epilepsy), but are not restricted to people with histories of epilepsy.
This phenomenon has been observed during helicopter flight; a Dr. Bucha identified the phenomenon in the 1950s when called upon to investigate a series of similar and unexplained helicopter crashes. Flicker vertigo in a helicopter occurs when the pilot or front passenger looks up through the blades of the main rotor as it turns in the sun causing the light to strobe.
The strobe light effect can cause persons who are vulnerable to flicker vertigo to experience symptoms such as:
Become disoriented and/or nauseated
Blink rapidly
Experience rapid eye movements behind closed eyelids
Lose control of fine motor functions
Experience muscle rigidity
These effects are typically very minor and will most often subside within seconds once exposure to the strobe effect has ceased, though residual nausea and minor disorientation may be felt for several minutes.
In extremely rare cases, severe reactions can happen including:
Total persistent loss of bodily functions
Loss of muscle/motor respon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2017 | Interleukin 17 family (IL17 family) is a family of pro-inflammatory cystine knot cytokines. They are produced by a group of T helper cell known as T helper 17 cell in response to their stimulation with IL-23. Originally, Th17 was identified in 1993 by Rouvier et al. who isolated IL17A transcript from a rodent T-cell hybridoma. The protein encoded by IL17A is a founding member of IL-17 family (see below). IL17A protein exhibits a high homology with a viral IL-17-like protein () encoded in the genome of T-lymphotropic rhadinovirus Herpesvirus saimiri. In rodents, IL-17A is often referred to as CTLA8.
The biologically active IL-17 interacts with type I cell surface receptor IL-17R. In turn, there are at least three variants of IL-17R referred to as IL17RA, IL17RB, and IL17RC. After binding to the receptor, IL-17 activates several signalling cascades that, in turn, lead to the induction of chemokines. Acting as chemoattractants, these chemokines recruit the immune cells, such as monocytes and neutrophils to the site of inflammation. Typically, the signaling events mentioned above follow an invasion of the body by pathogens. Promoting the inflammation, IL-17 acts in concert with tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1. Moreover, an activation of IL-17 signalling is often observed in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune disorders, such as psoriasis.
Family members
The IL-17 family in humans comprises IL17A (sometimes confusingly called "IL-17"), IL17B, IL17C, IL17D, IL17E and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%2019 | Interleukin 19 (IL-19) is an immunosuppressive protein that belongs to the IL-10 cytokine subfamily.
Human IL-19 is encoded by the IL-19 gene which codes for 9 exons and is located on chromosome 1. The IL-19 protein is composed of 159 amino acids and has a quaternary structure with alpha helix motifs and loops. IL-19 is preferentially expressed in monocytes, macrophages, and T and B lymphocytes, but interacts with immune cells (macrophages, T cells, B cells) and non-immune cells (endothelial cells and brain resident glial cells, etc).
IL-19 initiates JAK-STAT signaling which activates genes and creates mRNA sequences (transcription) that are translated into proteins (translation) which have downstream effector functions. IL-19 signaling uses IL-20 dimer receptor complexes that bind the IL-19 ligand, Janus kinases (JAKs), and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) to initiate the molecular signaling cascade shown on the diagram on the right.
Function
IL-19 is associated with broad functions across inflammation, cell development, viral responses, and lipid metabolism. As an immunosuppressive cytokine, IL-19 promotes the Th2 (regulatory) T-cell response which supports an anti-inflammatory lymphocyte phenotype, dampens the Th1 T-cell response and inflammatory cytokine secretion (IFNγ), increases IL-10 (anti-inflammatory) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and inhibits the production of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from B cells.
Cell a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse%20relaxation-optimized%20spectroscopy | Transverse relaxation optimized spectroscopy (TROSY) is an experiment in protein NMR spectroscopy that allows studies of large molecules or complexes.
The application of NMR to large molecules is normally limited by the fact that the line widths generally increase with molecular mass. Larger molecules have longer rotational correlation times and consequently shorter transverse relaxation times (T2). In other words, the NMR signal from larger molecules decays more rapidly, leading to line broadening in the NMR spectrum and poor resolution.
In an HSQC spectrum in which decoupling has not been applied, peaks appear as multiplets due to J-coupling. Crucially the different multiplet components have different widths. This is due to constructive or destructive interaction between different relaxation mechanisms. Typically for large proteins at high magnetic field strengths, the transverse (T2) relaxation is dominated by the dipole-dipole (DD) mechanism and the chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) mechanism. As the relaxation mechanisms are generally correlated but contribute to the overall relaxation rate of a given component with different signs, the multiplet components relax with very different overall rates. The TROSY experiment is designed to select the component for which the different relaxation mechanisms have almost cancelled, leading to a single, sharp peak in the spectrum. This significantly increases both spectral resolution and sensitivity, both of which are at a premi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20logic | In mathematical logic, algebraic logic is the reasoning obtained by manipulating equations with free variables.
What is now usually called classical algebraic logic focuses on the identification and algebraic description of models appropriate for the study of various logics (in the form of classes of algebras that constitute the algebraic semantics for these deductive systems) and connected problems like representation and duality. Well known results like the representation theorem for Boolean algebras and Stone duality fall under the umbrella of classical algebraic logic .
Works in the more recent abstract algebraic logic (AAL) focus on the process of algebraization itself, like classifying various forms of algebraizability using the Leibniz operator .
Calculus of relations
A homogeneous binary relation is found in the power set of for some set X, while a heterogeneous relation is found in the power set of , where . Whether a given relation holds for two individuals is one bit of information, so relations are studied with Boolean arithmetic. Elements of the power set are partially ordered by inclusion, and lattice of these sets becomes an algebra through relative multiplication or composition of relations.
"The basic operations are set-theoretic union, intersection and complementation, the relative multiplication, and conversion."
The conversion refers to the converse relation that always exists, contrary to function theory. A given relation may be represented by a log |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tir%20Iarll | ; ), is the traditional name of an area of Glamorgan, Wales, which has long had a particular resonance in Welsh culture.
In medieval times Tir Iarll was a cwmwd covering the present-day parishes of Llangynwyd, Betws, Cynffig and Margam. It long preserved traditional customs, notably the Mari Lwyd or Grey Mare.
The late medieval Welsh poets Rhys Brydydd, his son Rhisiart ap Rhys and brother (or son) Gwilym Tew all came from Tir Iarll.
References
Commotes
History of Glamorgan
Welsh culture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue%20Trader%20%28film%29 | Rogue Trader is a 1999 British biographical drama film written and directed by James Dearden and starring Ewan McGregor and Anna Friel. The film centers on the life of former derivatives broker Nick Leeson and the 1995 collapse of Barings Bank.
Following an interview with Nick Leeson in prison, Sir David Frost realised the potential for a movie and optioned the rights to Nick's story. Frost executive produced the film, which was based on Leeson's 1996 book Rogue Trader: How I Brought Down Barings Bank and Shook the Financial World.
Plot
Rogue Trader tells the true story of Nick Leeson, a young employee of Barings Bank who after a successful spell working for the firm's office in Indonesia is sent to Singapore as General Manager of the Trading Floor on the SIMEX exchange. The movie follows Leeson's rise as he soon becomes one of Barings' key traders. However, everything isn't as it appears – through the 88888 error account, Nick is hiding huge losses as he gambles away Barings' money with little more than the bat of an eyelid from the powers-that-be back in London.
Eventually the losses mount up to well over £800 million and Nick, along with his wife Lisa, decide to leave Singapore and escape to Malaysia. Nick doesn't realise the severity of his losses until he reads in the newspaper that Barings has gone bankrupt. They then decide to return to London but Nick is arrested en route in Frankfurt. Nick is extradited to Singapore where he is sentenced to six and a half years i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93-Glutamylmethylamide | γ-Glutamylmethylamide (gamma-glutamylmethylamide, abbrev. GMA, synonyms N-methyl-L-glutamine, metheanine) is an amino acid analog of the proteinogenic amino acids L-glutamic acid and L-glutamine, found primarily in plant and fungal species; simply speaking, it is L-glutamine methylated on the amide nitrogen. It is an identified important biosynthetic intermediate allowing bacteria (e.g., methanotrophs) use of methylated amines as carbon and nitrogen source for growth (and so of significant biotechnological interest). Like its close relative theanine, it is a pharmacologically active constituent of green tea, with preliminary evidence for at least comparable activity to theanine as a hypotensive.
See also
Theanine
Health effects of tea
References
Alpha-Amino acids
Tea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20coefficient | The flow coefficient of a device is a relative measure of its efficiency at allowing fluid flow. It describes the relationship between the pressure drop across an orifice valve or other assembly and the corresponding flow rate.
Mathematically the flow coefficient (or flow-capacity rating of valve) can be expressed as
where
is the rate of flow (expressed in US gallons per minute),
SG is the specific gravity of the fluid (for water = 1),
is the pressure drop across the valve (expressed in psi).
In more practical terms, the flow coefficient is the volume (in US gallons) of water at that will flow per minute through a valve with a pressure drop of across the valve.
The use of the flow coefficient offers a standard method of comparing valve capacities and sizing valves for specific applications that is widely accepted by industry. The general definition of the flow coefficient can be expanded into equations modeling the flow of liquids, gases and steam using the discharge coefficient.
For gas flow in a pneumatic system the for the same assembly can be used with a more complex equation. Absolute pressures (psia) must be used for gas rather than simply differential pressure.
For air flow at room temperature, when the outlet pressure is less than 1/2 the absolute inlet pressure, the flow becomes quite simple (although it reaches sonic velocity internally). With = 1.0 and 200 psia inlet pressure, the flow is 100 standard cubic feet per minute (scfm). The flow is propo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-aligned%20gate | In semiconductor electronics fabrication technology, a self-aligned gate is a transistor manufacturing approach whereby the gate electrode of a MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) is used as a mask for the doping of the source and drain regions. This technique ensures that the gate is naturally and precisely aligned to the edges of the source and drain.
The use of self-aligned gates in MOS transistors is one of the key innovations that led to the large increase in computing power in the 1970s. Self-aligned gates are still used in most modern integrated circuit processes.
Introduction
IC construction
Integrated circuits (ICs, or "chips") are produced in a multi-step process that builds up multiple layers on the surface of a disk of silicon known as a "wafer". Each layer is patterned by coating the wafer in photoresist and then exposing it to ultraviolet light being shone through a stencil-like "mask". Depending on the process, the photoresist that was exposed to light either hardens or softens, and in either case, the softer parts are then washed away. The result is a microscopic pattern on the surface of the wafer where a portion of the top layer is exposed while the rest is protected under the remaining photoresist.
The wafer is then exposed to a variety of processes that add or remove materials from the portions of the wafer that are unprotected by the photoresist. In one common process, the wafer is heated to around 1000 C and then exposed to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluble%20cell%20adhesion%20molecules | Soluble cell adhesion molecules (sCAMs) are a class of
cell adhesion molecule (CAMs - cell surface binding proteins) that may represent important biomarkers for inflammatory processes involving activation or damage to cells such as platelets and the endothelium.
They include soluble isoforms of the cell adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin and P-selectin (distinguished as sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin and sP-selectin). The cellular expression of CAMs is difficult to assess clinically, but these soluble forms are present in the circulation and may serve as markers for CAMs.
Research has focused on their role in cardiovascular (particularly atherosclerosis), connective tissue and neoplastic diseases, where blood plasma levels may be a marker of the disease severity or prognosis, and they may be useful in evaluating progress of some treatments.
Many studies have postulated that increased production of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) on the vascular endothelium (blood vessel lining) plays a role in the development of arterial plaque, with the suggestion from both in vitro and in vivo studies that the CAM production is increased by dyslipidemia (abnormal lipid levels in the blood).
Research studies have used sCAMs as biomarkers to measure correlations with nutrients or nutrient levels as significant, or not.
Reference links
Transmembrane receptors
Signal transduction
Membrane biology
Cell adhesion proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamartino%20method | The Yamartino method is an algorithm for calculating an approximation of the circular variance of wind direction during a single pass through the incoming data.
Background
The simple method for calculating circular variance requires two passes through the list of values. The first pass determines the circular mean of those values, while the second pass determines the variance. This double-pass method requires access to all values.
There is also a single-pass method for calculating the standard deviation, but this method is unsuitable for angular data such as wind direction. Trying to calculate angular moments by naively applying the standard formulas to angular expressions yields absurd results. For example, a dataset that measures wind speeds of 1° and 359° would average to 180°, but expressing the same data as 1° and -1° (equal to 359°) would give an average of 0°. Thus, we define circular moments by placing all measured angles on a unit circle, then calculating the moments of these points.
The Yamartino method, introduced by Robert J. Yamartino in 1984, solves both problems
A further discussion of the Yamartino method, along with other methods of estimating the standard deviation of wind direction can be found in Farrugia & Micallef.
It is possible to calculate the exact standard deviation in one pass. However, that method needs slightly more calculation effort.
Algorithm
Over the time interval to be averaged across, n measurements of wind direction (θ) will be made |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAIH | WAIH was a student-run non-commercial radio station located in Potsdam, New York. Its 100-watt broadcast signal originated from the campus of the state university (SUNY Potsdam) on the frequency of 90.3 FM MHz. The station began free-air broadcasts on September 24, 1994, replacing a cable FM station (WRPS). The format of the station was mixed music, leaning towards "alternative" or less "pop-oriented" acts. WAIH also had a tradition of hosting many talk shows centered on subjects like sexuality, politics, and the general mix of talk and music. For many years, the station was referred to locally as "The Way," a moniker which students working at WAIH eventually adopted as an on-air tagline. On March 1, 2007, WAIH began simulcasting its radio signal over the Internet on its website.
WAIH's license was cancelled June 2, 2022. It was one of several SUNY-owned student radio stations whose licenses were allowed to lapse that day, without filing for renewal.
Trivia
Until the end in 2022, 90.3 "The Way" met every Sunday at 17:00 (5:00PM) in the second floor of the Barrington Student Union in the Fireside Lounge for their staff meetings
Every year until 2019, "The Way" hosted a shadow-cast of The Rocky Horror Picture Show, complete with a costume contest, and other means of obtaining prizes
References
External links
AIH
Radio stations established in 1994
1994 establishments in New York (state)
Radio stations disestablished in 2022
2022 disestablishments in New York (state)
Defun |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas%27s%20theorem | In number theory, Lucas's theorem expresses the remainder of division of the binomial coefficient by a prime number p in terms of the base p expansions of the integers m and n.
Lucas's theorem first appeared in 1878 in papers by Édouard Lucas.
Statement
For non-negative integers m and n and a prime p, the following congruence relation holds:
where
and
are the base p expansions of m and n respectively. This uses the convention that if m < n.
Proofs
There are several ways to prove Lucas's theorem.
Consequences
A binomial coefficient is divisible by a prime p if and only if at least one of the base p digits of n is greater than the corresponding digit of m.
In particular, is odd if and only if the binary digits (bits) in the binary expansion of n are a subset of the bits of m.
Variations and generalizations
Kummer's theorem asserts that the largest integer k such that pk divides the binomial coefficient (or in other words, the valuation of the binomial coefficient with respect to the prime p) is equal to the number of carries that occur when n and m − n are added in the base p.
Generalizations of Lucas's theorem to the case of p being a prime power are given by Davis and Webb (1990) and Granville (1997).
The q-Lucas theorem is a generalization for the q-binomial coefficients, first proved by J. Désarménien.
References
External links
Articles containing proofs
Theorems about prime numbers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank%20%28differential%20topology%29 | In mathematics, the rank of a differentiable map between differentiable manifolds at a point is the rank of the derivative of at . Recall that the derivative of at is a linear map
from the tangent space at p to the tangent space at f(p). As a linear map between vector spaces it has a well-defined rank, which is just the dimension of the image in Tf(p)N:
Constant rank maps
A differentiable map f : M → N is said to have constant rank if the rank of f is the same for all p in M. Constant rank maps have a number of nice properties and are an important concept in differential topology.
Three special cases of constant rank maps occur. A constant rank map f : M → N is
an immersion if rank f = dim M (i.e. the derivative is everywhere injective),
a submersion if rank f = dim N (i.e. the derivative is everywhere surjective),
a local diffeomorphism if rank f = dim M = dim N (i.e. the derivative is everywhere bijective).
The map f itself need not be injective, surjective, or bijective for these conditions to hold, only the behavior of the derivative is important. For example, there are injective maps which are not immersions and immersions which are not injections. However, if f : M → N is a smooth map of constant rank then
if f is injective it is an immersion,
if f is surjective it is a submersion,
if f is bijective it is a diffeomorphism.
Constant rank maps have a nice description in terms of local coordinates. Suppose M and N are smooth manifolds of dimensions m and n re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flippase | Flippases (rarely spelled flipases) are transmembrane lipid transporter proteins located in the membrane which belong to ABC transporter or P4-type ATPase families. They are responsible for aiding the movement of phospholipid molecules between the two leaflets that compose a cell's membrane (transverse diffusion, also known as a "flip-flop" transition). This is necessary to continue their normal function of growth and mobility. The possibility of active maintenance of an asymmetric distribution of molecules in the phospholipid bilayer was predicted in the early 1970s by Mark Bretscher. Although phospholipids diffuse rapidly in the plane of the membrane, their polar head groups cannot pass easily through the hydrophobic center of the bilayer, limiting their diffusion in this dimension. Some flippases - often instead called scramblases - are energy-independent and bidirectional, causing reversible equilibration of phospholipid between the two sides of the membrane, whereas others are energy-dependent and unidirectional, using energy from ATP hydrolysis to pump the phospholipid in a preferred direction. Flippases are described as transporters that move lipids from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic face, while floppases transport in the reverse direction.
Many cells maintain asymmetric distributions of phospholipids between their cytoplasmic and exoplasmic membrane leaflets. The loss of asymmetry, in particular the appearance of the anionic phospholipid phosphatidylserine on the e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeq | Seeq may refer to:
Seeq Technology, a semiconductor company founded in 1981 and sold to LSI Corporation in 1999
SEEQ Card, an electronic smartcard ticketing system used on TransLink (South East Queensland)
A race in the fictional universe setting Ivalice
Seeq Corporation, a data analytics software company founded in 2013
See also
SeeqPod |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphenylarsine | Triphenylarsine is the chemical compound with the formula As(C6H5)3. This organoarsenic compound, often abbreviated AsPh3, is a colorless crystalline solid that is used as a ligand and a reagent in coordination chemistry and organic synthesis. The molecule is pyramidal with As-C distances of 1.942–1.956 Å and C-As-C angles of 99.6–100.5°.
This compound is prepared by the reaction of arsenic trichloride with chlorobenzene using sodium as the reducing agent:
AsCl3 + 3 PhCl + 6 Na → AsPh3 + 6 NaCl
Reactions
Reaction of triphenylarsine with lithium gives lithium diphenylarsenide:
AsPh3 + 2 Li → LiAsPh2 + LiPh
Triphenylarsine is the precursor to tetraphenylarsonium chloride, [AsPh4]Cl, a popular precipitating agent.
AsPh3 forms metal complexes with metals. Most are analogues of the corresponding triphenylphosphine derivatives. Examples include [[IrCl(CO)(AsPh3)]]2, [[RhCl(AsPh3)3]], and [[Fe(CO)4(AsPh3)]].
Tetraphenylarsonium chloride is prepared from triphenylarsine:
(C6H5)3As + Br2 → (C6H5)3AsBr2
(C6H5)3AsBr2 + H2O → (C6H5)3AsO + 2 HBr
(C6H5)3AsO + C6H5MgBr → (C6H5)4AsOMgBr
(C6H5)4AsOMgBr + 3 HCl → (C6H5)4AsCl.HCl + MgBrCl
(C6H5)4AsCl.HCl + NaOH → (C6H5)4AsCl + NaCl + H2O
References
Phenyl compounds
Organoarsenic compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20D.%20Brown | Lawrence David (Larry) Brown (16 December 1940 – 21 February 2018) was Miers Busch Professor and Professor of Statistics at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is known for his groundbreaking work in a broad range of fields including decision theory, recurrence and partial differential equations, nonparametric function estimation, minimax and adaptation theory, and the analysis of census data and call-center data.
Career
Brown was educated at the California Institute of Technology and Cornell University, where he earned his Ph.D. in 1964. He earned numerous honors, including election to the United States National Academy of Sciences, and published widely, beginning with his Ph.D. research, which made major advances in admissibility. He was president of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics in 1992–93. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2013.
After having been assistant professor at University of California at Berkeley, associate professor at Cornell Universitywith the latter move entailing a change from a statistics to a mathematics department, allowing him to avoid being drafted for the Vietnam Warand professor at Cornell University and Rutgers University, he was invited to join the Department of Statistics at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Personal life
Brown was born in Los Angeles to parents Louis M. Brown and Hermione Brown. He was married to Linda Zhao, a fello |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roper%20resonance | The Roper resonance, also known as P11(1440) or N(1440)1/2+, is an unstable nucleon resonance with a mass of about 1,440 MeV/c2 and with a relatively wide full Breit-Wigner width Γ ≈ 300 MeV/c2. It contains three quarks (up (u) or down (d)) with total spin J = 1/2 and total isospin I = 1/2. In the quark model it is considered to be a radially excited three-quark state with radial quantum number N = 2 and positive parity. The Roper Resonance has been a subject of many studies because its mass is actually lower than three-quark states with radial quantum number N = 1. Only in the late 2000s was the lower-than-expected mass explained by theoretical calculations, revealing a quark core shielded by a dense cloud of mesons.
Discovery
The Roper resonance was discovered in 1963 by a computer fit of particle-scattering theory to large amounts of pion-nucleon scattering data. The analysis was done on computers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for Ph.D. thesis work of L. David Roper at Massachusetts Institute of Technology under the direction of Bernard Taub Feld at MIT and Michael J. Moravcsik at LLNL. The computer code was developed by Richard Allen Arndt and Robert M. Wright.
Decay
Because of the relatively large full width, which according to uncertainty principle means a shorter lifetime, the Roper resonance decays into a system consisting of other hadrons with sum of the masses less than the mass of the original state. The Roper resonance decays most of the time via |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Chandler | Donald Gene "Babe" Chandler (September 5, 1934 – August 11, 2011) was an American professional football player who was a punter and placekicker for 12 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) in the 1950s and 1960s. Chandler played college football for the Florida Gators, and thereafter, he played professionally for the New York Giants and the Green Bay Packers of the NFL.
Early years
Chandler was born in Council Bluffs, Iowa. He attended Will Rogers High School in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and he played for the Will Rogers Ropers high school football team.
College career
After graduating from high school, Chandler first attended Bacone College in Muskogee, Oklahoma, and then transferred to the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played halfback, punter and placekicker for coach Bob Woodruff's Florida Gators football team in 1954 and 1955. As a senior in 1955, Chandler led all major college punters with an average kick of 44.3 yards, narrowly beating out Earl Morrall of the Michigan State Spartans. Memorably, Chandler also kicked a 76-yard punt against the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets in 1955, which remains tied for the second longest punt in Gators history. Woodruff ranked him and Bobby Joe Green as the Gators' best kickers of the 1950s.
Chandler graduated from Florida with a bachelor's degree in 1956, and was later inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a "Gator Great."
Professional career
After college, he was selecte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-arginine%20translocation%20pathway | The twin-arginine translocation pathway (Tat pathway) is a protein export, or secretion pathway found in plants, bacteria, and archaea. In contrast to the Sec pathway which transports proteins in an unfolded manner, the Tat pathway serves to actively translocate folded proteins across a lipid membrane bilayer. In plants, the Tat translocase is located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, where it acts to export proteins into the thylakoid lumen. In bacteria, the Tat translocase is found in the cytoplasmic membrane and serves to export proteins to the cell envelope, or to the extracellular space. The existence of a Tat translocase in plant mitochondria is also proposed.
In the plant thylakoid membrane and in Gram-negative bacteria the Tat translocase is composed of three essential membrane proteins; TatA, TatB, and TatC. In the most widely studied Tat pathway, that of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, these three proteins are expressed from an operon with a fourth Tat protein, TatD, which is not required for Tat function. A fifth Tat protein TatE that is homologous to the TatA protein is present at a much lower level in the cell than TatA and is not believed to play any significant role in Tat function.
The Tat pathways of Gram-positive bacteria differ in that they do not have a TatB component. In these bacteria the Tat system is made up from a single TatA and TatC component, with the TatA protein being bifunctional and fulfilling the roles of both E. co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segura%20de%20la%20Sierra | Segura de la Sierra is a small village in the province of Jaén, (Spain), that belongs to the region of Sierra de Segura in eastern Andalusia.
According to data provided by Spain's national statistics agency, Instituto Nacional de Estadística de España (INE), in 2005 there were 1,771 people living in the town, all them located in the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas Natural Park that includes the following villages:
Cortijos Nuevos
El Ojuelo
Carrasco
La Alberquilla
El Robledo
Rihornos
Trujala
Arroyo frío
Río Madera and Arroyo Canales
Catena
El Tobazo
El Puerto
History
The most important period for Segura de la Sierra was during the Arab occupation, when the town was called Saqura (). The village was conquered in 781 AD by Abul-Asvar who was responsible for building the several walls that surround the town. People were under the rule of the walíes serving the Córdoba kings.
After fighting between the Almohads, the Christians took the control and the king Alfonso VIII donated the village to the military Order of Santiago, many nobles and personalities were born or lived there in those days, including the poet Jorge Manrique.
After it was taken by the Castilian troops, part of its inhabitants resettled in the city of Safi, where they are known to this day by last name Shequri.
With the invasion of Napoleon's troops, the town was set on fire and most of its Archive was destroyed, losing a great part of the history of the village that will never be recove |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Robotics%20Developer%20Studio | Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio (Microsoft RDS, MRDS) is a discontinued Windows-based environment for robot control and simulation that was aimed at academic, hobbyist, and commercial developers and handled a wide variety of robot hardware. It requires a Microsoft Windows 7 operating system or later.
RDS is based on Concurrency and Coordination Runtime (CCR): a .NET Framework-based concurrent library implementation for managing asynchronous parallel tasks. This technique involves using message-passing and a lightweight services-oriented runtime, Decentralized Software Services (DSS), which allows orchestrating multiple services to achieve complex behaviors.
Features include: a visual programming tool, Microsoft Visual Programming Language (VPL) to create and debug robot applications, web-based and windows-based interfaces, 3D simulation (including hardware acceleration), easy access to a robot's sensors and actuators. The primary programming language is C#.
Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio includes support for packages to add other services to the suite. Those currently available include Soccer Simulation and Sumo Competition by Microsoft, and a community-developed Maze Simulator, a program to create worlds with walls that can be explored by a virtual robot, and a set of services for OpenCV.
Components
RDS has four main components:
Concurrency and Coordination Runtime (CCR)
Decentralized Software Services (DSS)
Visual Programming Language (VPL)
Visual Simulati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces%20pastorianus | Saccharomyces pastorianus is a yeast used industrially for the production of lager beer, and was named in honour of Louis Pasteur by the German Max Reess in 1870. This yeast's complicated genome appears to be the result of hybridisation between two pure species in the Saccharomyces species complex, a factor that led to difficulty in establishing a proper taxonomy of the species.
The now-defunct synonym Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was and continues to be used in scientific literature, but is invalid, as the name Saccharomyces pastorianus (Reess 1870) has taxonomic precedence. The name S. carlsbergensis is typically attributed to Emil Christian Hansen from the era when he worked for the Danish brewery Carlsberg in 1883, but in actuality it was not officially described by Hansen as a distinct species until 1908, along with another synonym, Saccharomyces monacensis. The type strains of both synonyms are currently stored in yeast banks under the taxonomic name S. pastorianus.
History
So-called bottom-fermenting strains of brewing yeast were described as early as the 14th century in Nuremberg and have remained an indispensable part of both Franconian and Bavarian brewing culture in southern Germany through modern times. During the explosion of scientific mycological studies in the 19th century, the yeast responsible for producing these so-called "bottom fermentations" was finally given a taxonomical classification, Saccharomyces pastorianus, by the German Max Reess in 1870.
I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Adventures%20of%20Champion | The Adventures of Champion is an American Western serial radio drama directed by William Burch about screen cowboy Gene Autry's horse Champion. Each 15-minute episode was broadcast weekday afternoons on the Mutual Broadcasting System in 1949 and 1950. (Another source says that the program ran "June to November 1949.")
Background
The radio series was a spin-off from Gene Autry's Melody Ranch, a CBS radio network Sunday-afternoon program featuring the singing cowboy from 1940 to 1956. Jack French and David S. Siegel, in their book Radio Rides the Range: A Reference Guide to Western Drama on the Air, 1929-1967, opined: "The Adventures of Champion was not a spin-off of [Autry's] popular radio show, Melody Ranch, even though both programs had the efforts of the same people. Just grasping the basic scenario of The Adventures of Champion required a substantial suspension of belief in what its juvenile listeners knew to be gospel. Champion was Autry's horse and had a major role in all of his movies, television programs, and personal appearances."
Format
Episodes focus on 12-year-old Ricky West, who is raised in the wilderness by his adoptive Uncle Smoky and his German Shepherd named Rebel. Champion is depicted as a wild horse who lets only Ricky ride him. While the series covered gold mines, rustlers, and Indian problems, the primary focus was on the faith and loyalty between a boy, a dog, and a horse. Stories ran in five installments each, beginning on Monday and ending on Frida |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul%20Semiconductor | Seoul Semiconductor develops and commercializes light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for automotive, general illumination, specialty lighting, and backlighting markets. It is the fourth-largest LED manufacturer globally.
References
External links
Seoul Semiconductor
Emcod LED Drivers
Electronics companies established in 1992
Light-emitting diode manufacturers
Electronics companies of South Korea
South Korean brands
Companies listed on KOSDAQ
South Korean companies established in 1992 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Italy | South Italy ( or just ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a first level NUTS region and a European Parliament constituency. South Italy encompasses six of the country's 20 regions:
Abruzzo
Apulia
Basilicata
Calabria
Campania
Molise
South Italy is defined only for statistical and electoral purposes. It should not be confused with the Mezzogiorno, or Southern Italy, which refers to the areas of the former Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (once including the southern half of the Italian peninsula and Sicily) with the usual addition of the Western Mediterranean island of Sardinia. The latter and Sicily form a distinct statistical region, called Insular Italy.
Geography
South Italy borders central Italy to the northwest, while it is washed by the Adriatic Sea to the northeast, the Ionian Sea to the southeast and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the southwest.
The territory of south Italy is predominantly hilly and mountainous. The largest plains are the Tavoliere delle Puglie (second largest plain on the Italian peninsula), the Tavoliere salentino, the Campania plain, the Sele plain, the Metaponto plain, the Sibari plain and the Gioia Tauro plain. It is crossed from north to south by the Apennine Mountains, whose highest mountain is the Gran Sasso d'Italia ().
Demography
In 2022, the population resident in south Italy amounts to inhabitants.
Regions
Most populous municipalities
Below is the list of the populati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor%20spliceosome | The minor spliceosome is a ribonucleoprotein complex that catalyses the removal (splicing) of an atypical class of spliceosomal introns (U12-type) from messenger RNAs in some clades of eukaryotes. This process is called noncanonical splicing, as opposed to U2-dependent canonical splicing. U12-type introns represent less than 1% of all introns in human cells. However they are found in genes performing essential cellular functions.
Early evidence
A notable feature of eukaryotic nuclear pre-mRNA introns is the relatively high level of conservation of the primary sequences of 5' and 3' splice sites over a great range of organisms.
Between 1989 and 1991, several groups reported four independent examples of introns with a splice site that differed from the common intron:
Cartilage matrix protein (CMP/MATN1) gene in humans and chickens
Proliferating cell nucleolar protein P120 (NOL1) gene in humans
Mouse Rep3 gene, presumably involved in DNA repair
Drosophila prospero gene that encodes for a homeobox protein
In 1991 by comparing the intron sequences of P120 and CMP genes, IJ Jackson reported the existence of ATATCC (5') and YYCAC (3') splice sites in these introns. The finding indicated a possible novel splicing mechanism.
In 1994, S.L. Hall and R.A. Padgett compared the primary sequence of all reports on the four genes mentioned above. The results suggested a new type of introns with ATATCCTT 5' splice sites and YCCAC 3' splice sites and an almost invariant TCCTTAAC sequenc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaspalast%20%28Munich%29 | The Glaspalast (Glass Palace) was a glass and iron exhibition building located in the Old botanical garden in Munich modeled after the Crystal Palace in London. The Glaspalast opened for the first General German Industrial Exhibition on July 15, 1854.
Planning
Following other examples around Europe, the Glaspalast was ordered by Maximilian II, King of Bavaria, in order to hold the Erste Allgemeine Deutsche Industrieausstellung (First General German Industrial Exhibition) on July 15, 1854.
Originally it was planned to erect the building on . However, the relevant Commission decision preferred an area near the railway station. Designed by architect August von Voit and built by MAN AG, the building was built in 1854 to the north of the Old Botanical Garden close to the Stachus.
Construction
Following the completion of 1853 and the planned and conservatory of Munich Residence, a glass with cast iron design was used, using existing experience for this modern building.
As with the Crystal Palace in London, initial designs were relatively complex. Due to the short time available for construction, the design was significantly simplified and relied on use of standard components. Conventional construction methods were not possible due to the large amount of building materials required.
The two-storied building was long, wide and high. The elongated rectangular glass palace, in the form of a five-nave and two-storey main building in the hall with a transept in the middle and r |
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