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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20Markov%20compression | Dynamic Markov compression (DMC) is a lossless data compression algorithm developed by Gordon Cormack and Nigel Horspool. It uses predictive arithmetic coding similar to prediction by partial matching (PPM), except that the input is predicted one bit at a time (rather than one byte at a time). DMC has a good compression ratio and moderate speed, similar to PPM, but requires somewhat more memory and is not widely implemented. Some recent implementations include the experimental compression programs hook by Nania Francesco Antonio, ocamyd by Frank Schwellinger, and as a submodel in paq8l by Matt Mahoney. These are based on the 1993 implementation in C by Gordon Cormack.
Algorithm
DMC predicts and codes one bit at a time. It differs from PPM in that it codes bits rather than bytes, and from context mixing algorithms such as PAQ in that there is only one context per prediction. The predicted bit is then coded using arithmetic coding.
Arithmetic coding
A bitwise arithmetic coder such as DMC has two components, a predictor and an arithmetic coder. The predictor accepts an n-bit input string x = x1x2...xn and assigns it a probability p(x), expressed as a product of a series of predictions, p(x1)p(x2|x1)p(x3|x1x2) ... p(xn| x1x2...xn–1). The arithmetic coder maintains two high precision binary numbers, plow and phigh, representing the possible range for the total probability that the model would assign to all strings lexicographically less than x, given the bits of x s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive%20Everglades%20Restoration%20Plan | The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) is the plan enacted by the U.S. Congress for the restoration of the Everglades ecosystem in southern Florida.
When originally authorized by the U.S. Congress in 2000, it was estimated that CERP would cost a total of $8.2 billion and take approximately 30 years to complete. More recent estimates (2014) indicate that the plan would take approximately 50 years to implement, and would cost approximately $1.63 billion more than originally thought, plus additional adjustments for inflation.
Overview
The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) provides a framework and guide to restore, protect and preserve the water resources of central and southern Florida, including the Everglades. It covers 16 counties over an area and centers on an update of the Central & Southern Florida (C&SF) Project also known as the Restudy. The State of Florida (via the South Florida Water Management District) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are undertaking various projects under CERP to help ensure the proper quantity, quality, timing, and distribution of waters to the Everglades and all of South Florida.
The goal of CERP is to recapture the fresh water that is currently pumped out to the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico in order to reduce water levels in Lake Okeechobee and redirect it south to the Everglades National Park that has been receiving greatly reduced inflows since the 20th century drainage of the landscape.
The majo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20brake | A water brake is a type of fluid coupling used to absorb mechanical energy and usually consists of a turbine or propeller mounted in an enclosure filled with water.
As the turbine or propeller turns, mechanical energy is transferred to the water due to turbulence and friction. The shock caused by the acceleration of the water as it passes from pockets in the stator to the pockets in the spinning rotor requires energy. That energy heats the water due to the friction as the water moves through the water brake. Almost all of the horsepower of the system turning the rotor (usually an internal combustion engine) is converted into a temperature change of the water. A very small amount of energy is taken by the bearings and seals within the unit. Therefore, water must constantly move through the device at a rate proportional to the horse power that is being absorbed. Water temperature exiting the unit must be kept under 120–160 °F (50–70 °C) to prevent scale formation and cavitation. The water enters in the center of the device and after passing through the pockets in the stator and rotor exits the outside of the housing through a controlled orifice. The amount of loading is dependent on the level of water inside the housing. Some water brakes vary the load by controlling the inlet water volume only and have a set outlet orifice size depending on the desired hp to be absorbed and some control both input and output orifices at the same time which allows greater control over outlet w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Hoste | Frank Hoste (born 29 August 1955, in Ghent) is a retired Belgian racing cyclist, who won the points classification in the Tour de France in 1984 as well as three stage victories. Hoste was a professional cyclist from 1977 to 1991, then he started a bicycle factory.
He rode in 13 grand tours throughout his career, eight times in the Tour de France and five times in the Giro d'Italia. All total he won five stages in the Tour de France and during the 1983 Giro d'Italia he came in the top 5 on eight different stages, one of which was a stage win.
Major results
1982
Gent–Wevelgem
Belgian cycling road championship
Four Days of Dunkirk
1982 Tour de France: 8th stage
1983
Giro d'Italia: Stage 16A
Tour de Suisse: Stages 1, 2 and 8
1984
1984 Tour de France
Winner stages 1, 6 and 21
Winner of the Points classification
Grand Prix de Wallonie
Hasselt-Spa-Hasselt
1985
Giro d'Italia: Stage 6
1986
1986 Tour de France: Stage 15
GP Kanton Aargau Gippingen
References
External links
Frank Hoste's bicycle factory
1955 births
Belgian male cyclists
Cyclists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for Belgium
Belgian Tour de France stage winners
Belgian Giro d'Italia stage winners
Cyclists from Ghent
Living people
Tour de Suisse stage winners
20th-century Belgian people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertranscendental%20number | A complex number is said to be hypertranscendental if it is not the value at an algebraic point of a function which is the solution of an algebraic differential equation with coefficients in and with algebraic initial conditions.
The term was introduced by D. D. Morduhai-Boltovskoi in "Hypertranscendental numbers and hypertranscendental functions" (1949).
The term is related to transcendental numbers, which are numbers which are not a solution of a non-zero polynomial equation with rational coefficients. The number is transcendental but not hypertranscendental, as it can be generated from the solution to the differential equation .
Any hypertranscendental number is also a transcendental number.
See also
Hypertranscendental function
References
Hiroshi Umemura, "On a class of numbers generated by differential equations related with algebraic groups", Nagoya Math. Journal. Volume 133 (1994), 1-55. (Downloadable from ProjectEuclid)
Transcendental numbers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogataea%20polymorpha | Ogataea polymorpha is a methylotrophic yeast with unusual characteristics. It is used as a protein factory for pharmaceuticals.
Ogataea polymorpha belongs to a limited number of methylotrophic yeast species – yeasts that can grow on methanol. The range of methylotrophic yeasts includes Candida boidinii, Pichia methanolica, Pichia pastoris and Ogataea polymorpha. O. polymorpha is taxonomically a species of the family Saccharomycetaceae.
Strains
Three O. polymorpha strains, identified in the 1950s, are known. They have unclear relationships and are of independent origins. They are found in soil samples, the gut of insects or in spoiled concentrated orange juice. They exhibit different features and are used in basic research and to recombinant protein production:
strain CBS4732 (CCY38-22-2; ATCC34438, NRRL-Y-5445)
strain DL-1 (NRRL-Y-7560; ATCC26012)
strain NCYC495 (CBS1976; ATAA14754, NRLL-Y-1798)
Strains CBS4732 and NCYY495 can be mated whereas strain DL-1 cannot be mated with the other two. Strains CBS4732 and DL-1 are employed for recombinant protein production, strain NCYC495 is mainly used for the study of nitrate assimilation.
The entire genome of strain CBS4732 has completely been sequenced.
Ogataea polymorpha is a thermo-tolerant microorganism with some strains growing at temperatures above . The organism is able to assimilate nitrate and can grow on a range of carbon sources in addition to methanol. Cells grown under conditions of elevated temperature accumulate a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertranscendental%20function | A hypertranscendental function or transcendentally transcendental function is a transcendental analytic function which is not the solution of an algebraic differential equation with coefficients in (the integers) and with algebraic initial conditions.
History
The term 'transcendentally transcendental' was introduced by E. H. Moore in 1896; the term 'hypertranscendental' was introduced by D. D. Morduhai-Boltovskoi in 1914.
Definition
One standard definition (there are slight variants) defines solutions of differential equations of the form
,
where is a polynomial with constant coefficients, as algebraically transcendental or differentially algebraic. Transcendental functions which are not algebraically transcendental are transcendentally transcendental. Hölder's theorem shows that the gamma function is in this category.
Hypertranscendental functions usually arise as the solutions to functional equations, for example the gamma function.
Examples
Hypertranscendental functions
The zeta functions of algebraic number fields, in particular, the Riemann zeta function
The gamma function (cf. Hölder's theorem)
Transcendental but not hypertranscendental functions
The exponential function, logarithm, and the trigonometric and hyperbolic functions.
The generalized hypergeometric functions, including special cases such as Bessel functions (except some special cases which are algebraic).
Non-transcendental (algebraic) functions
All algebraic functions, in particular polynom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacetyl%20reductase | Diacetyl reductase is the name of two acetoin forming enzymes:
Diacetyl reductase ((R)-acetoin forming)
Diacetyl reductase ((S)-acetoin forming) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyltransferase%20like%202 | Acyltransferase like 2 (or lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase) is an enzyme which converts lysophospatidylcholine and phosphatidylcholine.
See also
Platelet-activating factor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qvarforth | Qvarforth is a surname whose origins may have begun in Germany. Qvarforth, or one of its derivatives, is a surname used in Scandinavia, Germany, Belgium and other areas located in northern Europe.
Its origin can be traced back to Anders Qvarfordt born in Querfod, Saxony (Germany).
This may have later developed into the surname of two melters, Mikkel and Anders Querfood, who worked at Baerums factory in Norway in 1610.
The name Qvarfordt is first mentioned in 1627 from an area then known as Risinge until 1942, since 1971 Finspång Municipality, Östergötland County, Sweden, with Anders Qvarfordt. He and his nine children are mentioned in a court order in Risinge 1695. Five of his six sons were blacksmiths and two of his three daughters were married to blacksmiths.
The theory is that the family is German and not from Wallonia. There is a town in Saxony called Querfurt and it is believed that descendants of Querfurt as they moved throughout got the name "Franz of Querfurt", which over time turned into varieties of Querfurt in the different regions. There are 16 different varieties of Qvarfordt. The form Qvarfordt makes up about half of all instances of the broader name.
Qvarforth comes in many varieties:
References
Baerums verks historie, Yngvar Hauge,Oslo 1953
Kurt G Trägårdh (Barn III:5, s)
Homepage for a family line
Surnames |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SecureLog | In cryptology, SecureLog is an algorithm used to convert digital data into trusted data that can be verified if the authenticity is questioned. SecureLog is used in IT solutions that generates data to support compliance regulations like SOX.
History
An algorithm used to make datalogs secure from manipulation. The first infrastructure supporting the algorithm was available on the Internet in 2006.
Operation
SecureLog involves an active key provider, a managed data store and a verification provider.
Active Key Provider
An active key provider distributes active keys to subscribers. An active key contains encrypted data representing time and a private secret. An active key has a validity period that is set by the active key provider.
Managed data store
The managed data store is a subscriber to the active keys delivered by the active key provider. The managed data store uses the active keys to do asymmetric encryption, timestamping and archive the data into a locked database.
Verification provider
The verification provider may read segments from the locked database and verify content, timestamps and that the integrity of the data has not been broken or manipulated since it was saved.
Uses
The algorithm is used in several different use cases:
Compliance issues
SecureLog is used to secure different types of data logs like access logs, email archives or transaction logs and is primarily in use where compliance might be an issue.
The administrator weak link problem
One drawback |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Cancer%20Genome%20Atlas | The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) is a project to catalogue the genetic mutations responsible for cancer using genome sequencing and bioinformatics. The overarching goal was to apply high-throughput genome analysis techniques to improve the ability to diagnose, treat, and prevent cancer through a better understanding of the genetic basis of the disease.
TCGA was supervised by the National Cancer Institute's Center for Cancer Genomics and the National Human Genome Research Institute funded by the US government. A three-year pilot project, begun in 2006, focused on characterization of three types of human cancers: glioblastoma multiforme, lung squamous carcinoma, and ovarian serous adenocarcinoma. In 2009, it expanded into phase II, which planned to complete the genomic characterization and sequence analysis of 20–25 different tumor types by 2014. Ultimately, TCGA surpassed that goal, characterizing 33 cancer types including 10 rare cancers.
The project initially set out to collect and characterize 500 patient samples, more than most genomics studies of its time, and used a variety of different molecular techniques. Techniques included gene expression profiling, copy number variation profiling, SNP genotyping, genome wide DNA methylation profiling, microRNA profiling, and exon sequencing. With restraints of nascent technology and costs at the start of the project, many array-based technologies and limited targeted gene sequencing were performed. During II, TCGA was able to begin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosamine-6%20sulfatase | N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the GALNS gene.
This gene encodes N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase, which is a lysosomal exohydrolase required for the degradation of the glycosaminoglycans keratan sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate. Sequence alterations including point, missense and nonsense mutations, as well as those that affect splicing, result in a deficiency of this enzyme. Deficiencies of this enzyme lead to Morquio A syndrome, a lysosomal storage disorder.
References
Further reading
External links
PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-N-Acetylglucosaminidase | The enzyme α-N-acetylglucosaminidase (, α-acetylglucosaminidase, N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminidase, N-acetyl-α-glucosaminidase, α-D-2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucosidase) is a protein associated with Sanfilippo syndrome, with systematic name α-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminide N-acetylglucosaminohydrolase. It catalyses the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminides, and also UDP-N-acetylglucosamine.
References
External links
EC 3.2.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast%20expression%20platform | A yeast expression platform is a strain of yeast used to produce large amounts of proteins, sugars or other compounds for research or industrial uses. While yeast are often more resource-intensive to maintain than bacteria, certain products can only be produced by eukaryotic cells like yeast, necessitating use of a yeast expression platform. Yeasts differ in productivity and with respect to their capabilities to secrete, process and modify proteins. As such, different types of yeast (i.e. different expression platforms) are better suited for different research and industrial applications.
Products
Since the onset of genetic engineering, a number of microorganisms have been developed for the production of biological products. These products are used in medicine and industry to create pharmaceuticals like hepatitis B vaccines or insulin. Common platforms for the development of medicine and other products include the bacterium E. coli, and several yeasts and mammalian cells (including, notably, Chinese hamster ovary cells). In general a microorganism used as an expression platform has to meet several criteria: it should be able grow rapidly in large containers, produce proteins in an efficient way (i.e. with minimal resource input), be safe and, in case of pharmaceuticals, it should produce and modify the products to be as ready for human consumption as possible.
Strains used
Yeasts are common hosts for the production of proteins from recombinant DNA. They offer relatively |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase | N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase (EC 3.1.6.14, glucosamine (N-acetyl)-6-sulfatase, systematic name N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate 6-sulfohydrolase) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GNS gene. It is deficient in Sanfilippo Syndrome type IIId. It catalyses the hydrolysis of the 6-sulfate groups of the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate units of heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate
Function
N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase is a lysosomal enzyme found in all cells. It is involved in the catabolism of heparin, heparan sulphate, and keratan sulphate.
Clinical significance
Deficiency of this enzyme results in the accumulation of undergraded substrate and the lysosomal storage disorder mucopolysaccharidosis type IIID (Sanfilippo D syndrome). Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIID is the least common of the four subtypes of Sanfilippo syndrome.
Nomenclature
The systematic name of this enzyme is "N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate 6-sulfohydrolase". Other accepted names include:
N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase,
glucosamine (N-acetyl)-6-sulfatase,
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-sulfate sulfatase,
N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfate sulfatase,
O,N-disulfate O-sulfohydrolase,
acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase,
chondroitinsulfatase, and
glucosamine-6-sulfatase.
References
External links
EC 3.1.6 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bridge%20to%20Total%20Freedom | The Bridge to Total Freedom, also known as the Classification, Gradation and Awareness Chart, is Scientology's primary action plan and road map to guide a person through the sequential steps to attain Scientology's concept of spiritual freedom. Displayed in every Scientology organization as an enormous poster using red ink, the comprehensive chart contains almost every service available within Scientology. All steps on the Bridge cost money.
History
In 1950, L. Ron Hubbard wrote Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health. In it, he used the analogy of bridge engineering: "We are here at a bridge between one state of Man and a next. We are above the chasm which divides a lower from a higher plateau and this chasm marks an artificial evolutionary step in the progress of Man. [...] In this handbook we have the basic axioms and a therapy which works. For God's sake, get busy and build a better bridge!"
In 1965, Hubbard codified his "Bridge" as a more systematic approach to moving Scientologists to the state of Clear. Hubbard added a series of steps he called "releases" which handled memory, communication, problems, "overts and withholds" (sins, crimes and secrets), upsets, and justifications for failure. The steps were numbered Grade 0 through Grade IV, and each step had a specific ability gained.
Description
The Bridge to Total Freedom is displayed as a large wall chart, printed with red ink on white paper. There are two main columns: "Training" on the left and "Proce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.%20R.%20Mallory%20and%20Co%20Inc | P. R. Mallory and Co Inc was a US producer of dry cell batteries (Mercury; alkaline Duracell), electronic components including electrolytic capacitors, and audible warning devices ("Sonalert"). It also was the parent firm of Mallory Batteries Ltd., an Irish producer of Ever Ready batteries. British Ever Ready had a large stake in it by World War II and had a close relationship with Mallory by the late 1960s. In the US, "Eveready" batteries were a trademark of Union Carbide, which had no relationship with P. R. Mallory.
Scientists George Wallis and Daniel I. Pomerantz at P. R. Mallory and Co discovered anodic bonding of glass to silicon. Their work was published in 1969 in the Journal of Applied Physics and is protected under U.S. Patent No 3,397,278.
History
The company was founded in 1916 by Philip Rogers Mallory, and initially manufactured tungsten wire for lamp filaments. The P.R. Mallory Company also manufactured resistance welding electrodes. In 1924 the company moved its headquarters to 3029 East Washington Street in Indianapolis, Indiana, and had several divisions besides Duracell batteries including Mallory Capacitor Company with manufacturing plants in Greencastle, Indiana; Huntsville, Alabama; Waynesboro, Tennessee; and Glasgow, Kentucky. Mallory Controls had a manufacturing plant in Frankfort, Indiana, and Mallory Distributor Products had a plant in Indianapolis.
In 1942, inventor Samuel Ruben, with Mallory, developed a practical balanced form of mercury batt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezomagnetism | Piezomagnetism is a phenomenon observed in some antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic crystals. It is characterized by a linear coupling between the system's magnetic polarization and mechanical strain. In a piezomagnetic material, one may induce a spontaneous magnetic moment by applying mechanical stress, or a physical deformation by applying a magnetic field.
Piezomagnetism differs from the related property of magnetostriction; if an applied magnetic field is reversed in direction, the strain produced changes signs. Additionally, a non-zero piezomagnetic moment can be produced by mechanical strain alone, at zero fields, which is not true of magnetostriction. According to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): "Piezomagnetism is the linear magneto-mechanical effect analogous to the linear electromechanical effect of piezoelectricity. Similarly, magnetostriction and electrostriction are analogous second-order effects. These higher-order effects can be represented as effectively first-order when variations in the system parameters are small compared with the initial values of the parameters".
The piezomagnetic effect is made possible by an absence of certain symmetry elements in a crystal structure; specifically, symmetry under time reversal forbids the property.
The first experimental observation of piezomagnetism was made in 1960, in the fluorides of cobalt and manganese.
The strongest piezomagnet known is uranium dioxide, with magnetoelastic memory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Folan | Anthony Stephen Folan (born 18 September 1978) is a former professional footballer who played as a midfielder for Brentford and Crystal Palace. Born in England, he represented Republic of Ireland at age-group level.
Club career
Crystal Palace
Folan was born in Lewisham, England. Growing up in Galway, he was a classmate of Colin Hawkins at St. Joseph's Patrician College and played youth football at Galway Hibernians. At the age of 14, he signed schoolboy terms at Crystal Palace. He made steady progress through the ranks at the club, signing a professional contract in 1995 and appearing in the 1997 FA Youth Cup final against Leeds United. With Palace's relegation from the Premiership already confirmed, Folan made his first team debut in the final match of the 1997–98 season against Sheffield Wednesday, when he replaced Saša Ćurčić after 75 minutes. Early in the 1998–99 season, he appeared in the first leg of Palace's Intertoto Cup third round match against Samsunspor, but was replaced by Simon Rodger after 63 minutes. Folan subsequently injured his groin and was out for six weeks after undergoing surgery. He turned down the offer of a contract extension from new manager Terry Venables and departed Selhurst Park in September 1998.
Brentford
Folan dropped down two divisions to sign for Third Division club Brentford for a £110,000 fee on 22 September 1998. He enjoyed a solid first season, making 35 appearances, scoring six goals and being awarded a Third Division winner's medal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannose%20phosphate%20isomerase | Mannose-6 phosphate isomerase (MPI), alternately phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) () is an enzyme which facilitates the interconversion of fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) and mannose-6-phosphate (M6P). Mannose-6-phosphate isomerase may also enable the synthesis of GDP-mannose in eukaryotic organisms. M6P can be converted to F6P by mannose-6-phosphate isomerase and subsequently utilized in several metabolic pathways including glycolysis and capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis. PMI is monomeric and metallodependent on zinc as a cofactor ligand. PMI is inhibited by erythrose 4-phosphate, mannitol 1-phosphate, and to a lesser extent, the alpha anomer of M6P.
Mechanism
MPI must convert an aldose (mannose) to a ketose (fructose), in addition to opening and closing the rings for these sugars. In humans a mechanism has been suggested which involves a hydrogen transfer between C1 and C2, mediated by Tyr278, and the movement of a proton from O1 and O2 mediated by the associated Zn2+ ion. The ring opening step may be catalyzed by His99 and Asp270, and isomerization is likely a cis-enediol mechanism.
PMI shows a high degree of selectivity for the beta anomer of M6P, and the alpha anomer has no activity, and may in fact act as an inhibitor. Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) has a very similar function to PMI, (as it catalyzes the interconversion of glucose 6-phosphate and F6P) however PGI can anomerize alpha and beta G6P, and may also catalyze the conversion of alpha M6P to beta M6P, while PMI |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20and%20Einstein%20frames | The Lagrangian in scalar-tensor theory can be expressed in the Jordan frame in which the scalar field or some function of it multiplies the Ricci scalar, or in the Einstein frame in which Ricci scalar is not multiplied by the scalar field. There exist various transformations between these frames. Despite the fact that these frames have been around for some time there is has been debate about whether either, both, or neither frame is a 'physical' frame which can be compared to observations and experiment.
Christopher Hill and Graham Ross have shown that there exist ``gravitational contact terms" in the Jordan frame, whereby the action is modified by graviton exchange. This modification leads back to the Einstein frame as the effective theory.
Contact interactions arise in Feynman diagrams when a vertex contains a power of the exchanged momentum, , which then cancels against the Feynman propagator, , leading to a point-like interaction. This must be included as part of the effective action of the theory. When the contact term is included results for amplitudes in the Jordan frame will be equivalent to those in the Einstein frame, and
results of physical calculations in the Jordan frame that omit the contact terms will generally be incorrect. This implies that the Jordan frame action is misleading, and the Einstein frame is uniquely correct for fully representing the physics.
Equations and physical interpretation
If we perform the Weyl rescaling , then the Riemann and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose%201-phosphate | Fructose-1-phosphate is a derivative of fructose. It is generated mainly by hepatic fructokinase but is also generated in smaller amounts in the small intestinal mucosa and proximal epithelium of the renal tubule. It is an important intermediate of glucose metabolism. Because fructokinase has a high Vmax fructose entering cells is quickly phosphorylated to fructose 1-phosphate. In this form it is usually accumulated in the liver until it undergoes further conversion by aldolase B (the rate limiting enzyme of fructose metabolism).
Aldolase B converts it into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). Glyceraldehyde is then phosphorylated by triose kinase to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Metabolism of fructose thus essentially results in intermediates of glycolysis. This means that fructose has the same fate as glucose after it gets metabolised. The final product of glycolysis (pyruvate) may then undergo gluconeogenesis, enter the TCA cycle or be stored as fatty acids.
Clinical significance
In hereditary fructose intolerance caused by defects in aldolase B, fructose 1-phosphate accumulates in the liver and causes a number of adverse defects. Hypoglycemia results from inhibition of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. It depletes intracellular phosphate reserves which leads to loss of ATP and inhibition of biosynthetic pathways. Symptoms of hereditary fructose intolerance are apathy, drowsiness, sweatiness and tremulousness.
References
Monosaccharide derivatives
Orga |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic%20fructokinase | Hepatic fructokinase (or ketohexokinase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose to produce fructose-1-phosphate.
ATP + ADP +
ATP + D-fructose → ADP + D-fructose-1-phosphate
Pathology
A deficiency is associated with essential fructosuria.
References
External links
EC 2.7.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream%20processors | Stream processors may refer to:
Stream processing, a technique used to accelerate the processing of many types of video and image computations
Stream Processors, Inc, a semiconductor company that has commercialized stream processing for DSP applications
Event stream processing, a set of technologies designed to assist the construction of event-driven information systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential%20fructosuria | Essential fructosuria, caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hepatic fructokinase, is a clinically benign condition characterized by the incomplete metabolism of fructose in the liver, leading to its excretion in urine. Fructokinase (sometimes called ketohexokinase) is the first enzyme involved in the degradation of fructose to fructose-1-phosphate in the liver.
This defective degradation does not cause any clinical symptoms, fructose is either excreted unchanged in the urine or metabolized to fructose-6-phosphate by alternate pathways in the body, most commonly by hexokinase in adipose tissue and muscle.
Cause
Essential fructosuria is a genetic condition that is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Mutations in the KHK gene, located on chromosome 2p23.3-23.2 are responsible. The incidence of essential fructosuria has been estimated at 1:130,000. The actual incidence is likely higher, because those affected are asymptomatic.
Diagnosis
A diagnosis of essential fructosuria is typically made after a positive routine test for reducing sugars in the urine. An additional test with glucose oxidase must also be carried out (with a negative result indicating essential fructosuria) as a positive test for reducing sugars is most often a result of glucosuria secondary to diabetes mellitus. The excretion of fructose in the urine is not constant, it depends largely on dietary intake.
Treatment
No treatment is indicated for essential fructosuria, while the degree of fructosuria |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade%20%28finance%29 | In finance, a trade is an exchange of a security (stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, derivatives or any valuable financial instrument) for "cash", typically a short-dated promise to pay in the currency of the country where the 'exchange' is located. The price at which a financial instrument is traded, is determined by the supply and demand for that financial instrument.
Securities trade life cycle
Order initiation and execution. (Front office function)
Risk management and order routing. (Middle office function)
Order matching and conversion into trade. (Front office function)
Affirmation and confirmation. (back office function)
Clearing and Settlement. (back office function)
See also
Electronic trading platform
Stockbroker
Stock exchange
Stock market
Trader
References
Share trading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological%20derivative | The topological derivative is, conceptually, a derivative of a shape functional with respect to infinitesimal changes in its topology, such as adding an infinitesimal hole or crack. When used in higher dimensions than one, the term topological gradient is also used to name the first-order term of the topological asymptotic expansion, dealing only with infinitesimal singular domain perturbations. It has applications in shape optimization, topology optimization, image processing and mechanical modeling.
Definition
Let be an open bounded domain of , with , which is subject to a nonsmooth perturbation confined in a small region of size with an arbitrary point of and a fixed domain of . Let be a characteristic function associated to the unperturbed domain and be a characteristic function associated to the perforated domain . A given shape functional associated to the topologically perturbed domain, admits the following topological asymptotic expansion:
where is the shape functional associated to the reference domain, is a positive first order correction function of and is the remainder. The function is called the topological derivative of at .
Applications
Structural mechanics
The topological derivative can be applied to shape optimization problems in structural mechanics. The topological derivative can be considered as the singular limit of the shape derivative. It is a generalization of this classical tool in shape optimization. Shape optimization concerns |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danskin%27s%20theorem | In convex analysis, Danskin's theorem is a theorem which provides information about the derivatives of a function of the form
The theorem has applications in optimization, where it sometimes is used to solve minimax problems. The original theorem given by J. M. Danskin in his 1967 monograph provides a formula for the directional derivative of the maximum of a (not necessarily convex) directionally differentiable function.
An extension to more general conditions was proven 1971 by Dimitri Bertsekas.
Statement
The following version is proven in "Nonlinear programming" (1991). Suppose is a continuous function of two arguments,
where is a compact set.
Under these conditions, Danskin's theorem provides conclusions regarding the convexity and differentiability of the function
To state these results, we define the set of maximizing points as
Danskin's theorem then provides the following results.
Convexity
is convex if is convex in for every .
Directional semi-differential
The semi-differential of in the direction , denoted is given by where is the directional derivative of the function at in the direction
Derivative
is differentiable at if consists of a single element . In this case, the derivative of (or the gradient of if is a vector) is given by
Example of no directional derivative
In the statement of Danskin, it is important to conclude semi-differentiability of and not directional-derivative as explains this simple example.
Set , we get |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote%20Differential%20Compression | Remote Differential Compression (RDC) is a client–server synchronization algorithm that allows the contents of two files to be synchronized by communicating only the differences between them. It was introduced with Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2, is included with later Windows client and server operating systems, but by 2019 is not being developed and is not used by any Microsoft product.
Unlike Binary Delta Compression (BDC), which is designed to operate only on known versions of a single file, RDC does not make assumptions about file similarity or versioning. The differences between files are computed on the fly, therefore RDC is suitable for efficient synchronization of files that have been updated independently, where network bandwidth is small, or where the files are large but the differences between them are small.
The algorithm used is based on fingerprinting blocks on each file locally at both ends of the replication partners. Since many types of file changes can cause the file contents to move without other significant change (for example, a small insertion or deletion at the beginning of a file can cause the rest of the file to become misaligned to the original content) the blocks used for comparison are not based on static arbitrary cut points but on cut points defined by the contents of each file segment. This means that if a part of a file changes in length, or blocks of the contents get moved to other parts of the file, the block boundaries for the parts tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete%20phase-type%20distribution | The discrete phase-type distribution is a probability distribution that results from a system of one or more inter-related geometric distributions occurring in sequence, or phases. The sequence in which each of the phases occur may itself be a stochastic process. The distribution can be represented by a random variable describing the time until absorption of an absorbing Markov chain with one absorbing state. Each of the states of the Markov chain represents one of the phases.
It has continuous time equivalent in the phase-type distribution.
Definition
A terminating Markov chain is a Markov chain where all states are transient, except one which is absorbing.
Reordering the states, the transition probability matrix of a terminating Markov chain with transient states is
where is a matrix, and are column vectors with entries, and . The transition matrix is characterized entirely by its upper-left block .
Definition. A distribution on is a discrete phase-type distribution if it is the distribution of the first passage time to the absorbing state of a terminating Markov chain with finitely many states.
Characterization
Fix a terminating Markov chain. Denote the upper-left block of its transition matrix and the initial distribution.
The distribution of the first time to the absorbing state is denoted or .
Its cumulative distribution function is
for , and its density function is
for . It is assumed the probability of process starting in the absorbing state is zer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemosis | Nemosis is a process of cell activation and death in human fibroblasts.
Initially discovered as programmed necrosis, the name nemosis, is a derivative from the Goddess Nemesis in Greek mythodology. This name was adopted for fibroblast activation based on its initiation by direct cell–cell interactions as opposed to preference for extracellular matrix (ECM) contacts. Contacts between normal diploid fibroblasts induce cell activation leading to programmed cell death, PCD. This type of PCD has features of necrosis rather than apoptosis.
Nemosis of fibroblasts, or mesenchymal cells in general, generates large amounts of mediators of inflammation, such as prostaglandins, as well as growth factors such as hepatocyte growth factor. It is thus indicated to contribute to processes like acute and chronic inflammation, and cancer. Factors secreted by nemotic fibroblasts also
break down the ECM. Such factors include several matrix metalloproteinases, and plasminogen activation.
References
Cellular processes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20ferrioxalate | Potassium ferrioxalate, also called potassium trisoxalatoferrate or potassium tris(oxalato)ferrate(III) is a chemical compound with the formula . It often occurs as the trihydrate . Both are crystalline compounds, lime green in colour.
The compound is a salt consisting of ferrioxalate anions, , and potassium cations . The anion is a transition metal complex consisting of an iron atom in the +3 oxidation state and three bidentate oxalate ions anions acting as ligands. Potassium acts as a counterion, balancing the −3 charge of the complex. In solution, the salt dissociates to give the ferrioxalate anion, , which appears fluorescent green in color.
The ferrioxalate anion is quite stable in the dark, but is decomposed by light and high-energy electromagnetic radiation. This photo-sensitive property is used for chemical actinometry, the measure of luminous flux, and for preparation of blueprints.
Preparation
The complex can be synthesized by the reaction between iron(III) sulfate, barium oxalate and potassium oxalate:
As can be read in the reference above, iron(III) sulfate, barium oxalate and potassium oxalate are combined in water and digested for several hours on a steam bath. Oxalate ions from barium oxalate will then replace the sulfate ions in solution, removing them as which can then be filtered and the pure material can be crystallized.
Structure
The structures of the trihydrate and of the anhydrous salt have been extensively studied. which indicates that the Fe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Gemmrich | Albert Gemmrich (born 13 February 1955) is a French former professional footballer who played as a striker. He obtained five caps scoring twice for the France national team.
Career statistics
Scores and results list France's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Gemmrich goal.
Honours
French championship in 1979 with RC Strasbourg
References
External links
French Football Federation Profile
Stats
1955 births
Living people
People from Haguenau
Footballers from Bas-Rhin
French men's footballers
France men's international footballers
French people of German descent
Men's association football forwards
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
AS Mutzig players
RC Strasbourg Alsace players
FC Girondins de Bordeaux players
Lille OSC players
OGC Nice players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose-1-phosphate%20uridylyltransferase%20deficiency | Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase deficiency (classic galactosemia) is the most common type of galactosemia, an inborn error of galactose metabolism, caused by a deficiency of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. It is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that can cause liver disease and death if untreated. Treatment of galactosemia is most successful if initiated early and includes dietary restriction of lactose intake. Because early intervention is key, galactosemia is included in newborn screening programs in many areas. On initial screening, which often involves measuring the concentration of galactose in blood, classic galactosemia may be indistinguishable from other inborn errors of galactose metabolism, including galactokinase deficiency and galactose epimerase deficiency. Further analysis of metabolites and enzyme activities are needed to identify the specific metabolic error.
Symptoms and signs
In undiagnosed and untreated children, the accumulation of precursor metabolites due to the deficient activity of galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) can lead to feeding problems, failure to thrive, liver damage, bleeding, and infections. The first presenting symptom in an infant is often prolonged jaundice. Without intervention in the form of galactose restriction, infants can develop hyperammonemia and sepsis, possibly leading to shock. The accumulation of galactitol and subsequent osmotic swelling can lead to cataracts whic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Amylase | α-Amylase is an enzyme (; systematic name 4-α-D-glucan glucanohydrolase) that hydrolyses α bonds of large, α-linked polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen, yielding shorter chains thereof, dextrins, and maltose:
Endohydrolysis of (1→4)-α-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides containing three or more (1→4)-α-linked D-glucose units
It is the major form of amylase found in humans and other mammals. It is also present in seeds containing starch as a food reserve, and is secreted by many fungi. It is a member of glycoside hydrolase family 13.
In human biology
Although found in many tissues, amylase is most prominent in pancreatic juice and saliva, each of which has its own isoform of human α-amylase. They behave differently on isoelectric focusing, and can also be separated in testing by using specific monoclonal antibodies. In humans, all amylase isoforms link to chromosome 1p21 (see AMY1A).
Salivary amylase (ptyalin)
Amylase is found in saliva and breaks starch into maltose and dextrin. This form of amylase is also called "ptyalin" , which was named by chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius. The name derives from the Greek word πτυω (I spit), because the substance was obtained from saliva. It will break large, insoluble starch molecules into soluble starches (amylodextrin, erythrodextrin, and achrodextrin) producing successively smaller starches and ultimately maltose. Ptyalin acts on linear α(1,4) glycosidic linkages, but compound hydrolysis requires an enzyme that acts on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial%20shuttle | The mitochondrial shuttles are biochemical transport systems used to transport reducing agents across the inner mitochondrial membrane. NADH as well as NAD+ cannot cross the membrane, but it can reduce another molecule like FAD and [QH2] that can cross the membrane, so that its electrons can reach the electron transport chain.
The two main systems in humans are the glycerol phosphate shuttle and the malate-aspartate shuttle. The malate/a-ketoglutarate antiporter functions move electrons while the aspartate/glutamate antiporter moves amino groups. This allows the mitochondria to receive the substrates that it needs for its functionality in an efficient manner.
Shuttles
In humans, the glycerol phosphate shuttle is primarily found in brown adipose tissue, as the conversion is less efficient, thus generating heat, which is one of the main purposes of brown fat. It is primarily found in babies, though it is present in small amounts in adults around the kidneys and on the back of our necks. The malate-aspartate shuttle is found in much of the rest of the body.
The shuttles contains a system of mechanisms used to transport metabolites that lack a protein transporter in the membrane, such as oxaloacetate.
Malate shuttle
The malate shuttle allows the mitochondria to move electrons from NADH without the consumption of metabolites and it uses two antiporters to transport metabolites and keep balance within the mitochondrial matrix and cytoplasm.
On the cytoplasmic side a transam |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakohypaphorine | Plakohypaphorines are halogenated indolic non-proteinogenic amino acids named for their similarity to hypaphorine (N,N,N-trimethyltryptophan). First reported in the Caribbean sponge Plakortis simplex in 2003, plakohypaphorines A-C were the first iodine-containing indoles to be discovered in nature. Plakohypaphorines D-F, also found in P. simplex, were reported in 2004 by a group including the researchers who discovered the original plakohypaphorines.
References
Taglialatela-Scafati Orazio et al., 2003. Plakohypaphorines A-C, Iodine-Containing Alkaloids from the Caribbean Sponge Plakortis simplex. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2003(2), pp. 284–287.
Borrelli, Francesca, et al., 2004. Iodinated Indole Alkaloids From Plakortis simplex, New Plakohypaphorines and an Evaluation of Their Antihistamine Activity. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2004(15), pp. 3227–3232.
Alpha-Amino acids
Non-proteinogenic amino acids
Halogen-containing alkaloids
Organoiodides
Tryptamines
Zwitterions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Harris%20%28footballer%29 | Richard Harris (born 23 October 1980) is a former professional footballer who played in the Football League for Crystal Palace and Wycombe Wanderers during the late 1990s and early 2000s. He made an appearance in the FA Youth Cup final against Leeds United in the 1996–97 season against players like Paul Robinson, Harry Kewell and Alan Smith.
Career
Born in Croydon, Harris joined Crystal Palace as a seven-year-old and progressed through the youth and reserve teams to the first team, for whom he made his debut against Huddersfield Town in May 1999. He made 13 league and cup appearances for Crystal Palace, and had loan spells at Mansfield Town and Wycombe Wanderers, before joining Wycombe Wanderers on a permanent basis in April 2002. Harris scored eight goals in 39 appearances in all competitions for Wycombe Wanderers, including two goals in a League Cup victory over First Division side Wimbledon in August 2003. He joined non-league side Woking in December 2003, and later Maidenhead United, before being released by Wycombe Wanderers at the end of the 2003–04 season. He then dropped into non-league football with spells at Eastbourne Borough, Maidenhead United, Horsham, Merthyr Tydfil, Llanelli, Sutton United, and Tonbridge Angels.
See also
FA Youth Cup Finals of the 1990s
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Croydon
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Wycombe Wanderers F.C. players
Woking F.C. players
Sutton United F.C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Calvin%20Tillman | James Calvin Tillman is a man who was wrongfully convicted of rape, and served 18.5 years in prison before being exonerated by DNA testing on July 11, 2006. Tillman, of East Hartford Connecticut, was convicted of kidnapping in the first degree, sexual assault in the first degree, robbery and assault in the third degree in 1989, and freed in 2007.
Crime
Tillman, a black man, was wrongfully convicted for an attack on a white woman in Hartford, Connecticut that occurred on January 22, 1988. The victim entered her car in an outdoor parking lot at approximately 12:45 A.M. after leaving a bar. Her attacker opened the driver's side door of her car and raped her.
Judicial appeal
Tillman appealed the conviction in the Supreme Court of Connecticut in 1991 (220 Conn. 487, 600 A.2d 738). The Supreme Court upheld the conviction finding that the jury array was not unconstitutionally assembled, alleged errors in jury instruction did not warrant a new trial and certain field notes were not improperly excluded from evidence.
Tillman argued that the jury selection was improper because court clerks had excused a number of potential jurors due to financial hardship. He claimed that the minority candidates were more likely to face this hardship and that this contributed to the fact that there were no African American males on his jury. The court noted that in a murder trial that drew from the same array there were three black persons chosen to serve.
Tillman also raised several issues regard |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylallyltranstransferase | Dimethylallyltranstransferase (DMATT), also known as farnesylpyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) or as farnesyldiphosphate synthase (FDPS), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FDPS gene and catalyzes the transformation of dimethylallylpyrophosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) into farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP).
Pyrophosphate is also involved, as both a reactant and a product. Geranylpyrophosphate is created in an intermediate step.
See also
Geranyltranstransferase
References
External links
EC 2.5.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searching%20the%20conformational%20space%20for%20docking | In molecular modelling, docking is a method which predicts the preferred orientation of one molecule to another when bound together in a stable complex. In the case of protein docking, the search space consists of all possible orientations of the protein with respect to the ligand. Flexible docking in addition considers all possible conformations of the protein paired with all possible conformations of the ligand.
With present computing resources, it is impossible to exhaustively explore these search spaces; instead, there are many strategies which attempt to sample the search space with optimal efficiency. Most docking programs in use account for a flexible ligand, and several attempt to model a flexible protein receptor. Each "snapshot" of the pair is referred to as a pose.
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations
In this approach, proteins are typically held rigid, and the ligand is allowed to freely explore their conformational space. The generated conformations are then docked successively into the protein, and an MD simulation consisting of a simulated annealing protocol is performed. This is usually supplemented with short MD energy minimization steps, and the energies determined from the MD runs are used for ranking the overall scoring. Although this is a computer-expensive method (involving potentially hundreds of MD runs), it has some advantages: for example, no specialized energy/scoring functions are required. MD force-fields can typically be used to find poses t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple%20F.%20Smith | Temple Ferris Smith (born March 7, 1939) is an emeritus professor in biomedical engineering who helped to develop the Smith-Waterman algorithm with Michael Waterman in 1981. The Smith-Waterman algorithm serves as the basis for multi sequence comparisons, identifying the segment with the maximum local sequence similarity, see sequence alignment. This algorithm is used for identifying similar DNA, RNA and protein segments. He was director of the BioMolecular Engineering Research Center at Boston University for twenty years and is now professor emeritus.
Education
Smith obtained his bachelor's degree in 1963 from the Physics Department, Purdue University, followed by a PhD in 1969 in the Physics Department, University of Colorado at Boulder.
Research and career
After his PhD, Smith did postdoctoral research from March 1969 to August 1971 in the Department of Biophysics and Genetics, University of Colorado Medical School, Boulder.
His research is centered on the application of various computer science and mathematical methods for the discovery of the syntactic and semantic patterns in nucleic acid and amino acid sequences. In recent years this has focus on molecular evolution of protein families. such as the WD-repeat beta propellers, translation associated GTPase, and the ribosomal proteins. He is known for the creation of the Smith-Waterman algorithm.
Smith has held the following appointments:
1965–1966: Instructor, US Air Force Lowery, Denver, CO
1971–1984: Professor, De |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population%20change | Population change is simply the change in the number of people in a specified area during a specific time period. Demographics (or demography) is the study of population statistics, their variation and its causes. These statistics include birth rates, death rates (and hence life expectancy), migration rates and sex ratios. All of these statistics are investigated by censuses and surveys conducted over a period of time. Some demographic information can also be obtained from historical maps, and aerial photographs.
A major purpose of demography is to inform government and business planning of the resources that will be required as a result of population changes.
Population trends
The change in total population over a period is equal to the number of births, minus the number of deaths, plus or minus the net amount of migration in a population. The number of births can be projected as the number of females at each relevant age multiplied by the assumed fertility rate. The number of deaths can be projected as the sum of the numbers of each age and sex in the population multiplied by their respective mortality rates. For many centuries, the overall population of the world changed relatively slowly: very broadly, the numbers of births were balanced by numbers of deaths (including high rates of infant immortality). Infant mortality was high for various reasons such as ignorance, insufficient health facilities, and sometimes lack of food. Occasionally, farmers were unable to produce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashlik%20%28physics%29 | In high energy physics detectors, shashlik is a layout for a sampling calorimeter. It refers to a stack of alternating slices of absorber (e.g. lead, brass) and scintillator materials (crystal or plastic), which is penetrated by a wavelength shifting fiber running perpendicular to the absorber and scintillator tiles.
The absorber has a small interaction length, so that a particle radiates energy in a short track. The scintillator material produces visible light when transversed by the particle's radiated energy. This occurs with an electromagnetic calorimeter, in the form of photons and/or electron+positron pairs. The energy of the particle may be then measured by the intensity of scintillation light produced by the various scintillator slices. An example detector that uses a shashlik electromagnetic calorimeter is the LHCb detector.
This type of calorimeter was likely named after the shashlik, a popular form of shish kebab sold by street vendors in the former Soviet Union, by the Russian and Ukrainian scientists who first proposed it.
References
Calorimetry
Particle physics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase%2012 | Caspase 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CASP12 gene. The protein belongs to a family of enzymes called caspases which cleave their substrates at C-terminal aspartic acid residues. It is closely related to caspase 1 and other members of the caspase family, known as inflammatory caspases, which process and activate inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 and interleukin 18.
Gene
It is found on chromosome 11 in humans in a locus with other inflammatory caspases.
CASP12 orthologs have been identified in numerous mammals for which complete genome data are available.
Clinical significance
The CASP12 gene is subject to polymorphism, which can generate a full-length caspase protein (Csp12L) or an inactive truncated form (Csp12S). The functional form appears to be confined to people of African descent and is linked with susceptibility to sepsis; people carrying the functional gene have decreased responses to bacterial molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
A study in May 2009 by McGill University Health Centre has suggested that estrogen may serve to block the production of caspase-12, resulting in a stronger inflammatory reaction to bacterial pathogens. The trials were carried out on laboratory mice which had been implanted with the human caspase-12 gene.
The inactive truncated form (Csp12S) of the CASP12 gene was spread and nearly fixed in non-African populations due to positive selection beginning perhaps 60–100 thousand years ago. Its selective |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20classification%3A%20making%20a%20hash%20of%20it%3F | Drug classification: making a hash of it? is a 2006 report written by the UK Science and Technology Select Committee and submitted to the British House of Commons. The report suggested that the current system of recreational drug classification in the UK was arbitrary and unscientific, suggesting a more scientific measure of harm be used for classifying drugs. The report also strongly criticised the decision to place fresh psychedelic mushrooms in Class A, the same category as cocaine and heroin.
Report
Authors
UK Science and Technology Select Committee
Background
Drug classification: making a hash of it? formed part of a major inquiry, launched in November 2005, into the Government's handling of scientific advice, risk and evidence in policy-making. The report was the second of three reports into different areas of policy: the first report ("Watching the Directives: Scientific Advice on the EU Physical Agents (Electromagnetic Fields) Directive") examined the EU Physical Agents (Electromagnetic Fields) Directive; the third ("Identity Card Technologies: Scientific Advice, Risk and Evidence") examined the government's ID cards proposal.
Context
A legal loophole meant that fresh magic mushrooms were not treated as controlled drugs, providing that they had not been 'prepared' (dried, packaged, cooked, etc.). The government made them a controlled substance by means of a clarification to the law, rather than as a reclassification decision, and there was thus no obligation to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter%20Nimtz | Günter Nimtz (born 22 September 1936) is a German physicist, working at the 2nd Physics Institute at the University of Cologne in Germany. He has investigated narrow-gap semiconductors and liquid crystals. His claims show that particles may travel faster than the speed of light when undergoing quantum tunneling.
Academic career
Günter Nimtz studied Electrical Engineering in Mannheim and Physics at the University of Heidelberg. He graduated from the University of Vienna and became a professor of physics at the University of Cologne in 1983. During 1977 he was a research associate for teaching and researching at McGill University, Montreal/Canada. He achieved emeritus status in 2001. During 2004 he was Visiting Professor at the University of Shanghai and of the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications. From 2001 to 2008 he was teaching and doing fundamental research at the University of Koblenz-Landau.
Industrial research and development
In 1993 Günter Nimtz and Achim Enders invented a novel absorber for electromagnetic anechoic chambers.
It is based on a 10 nanometer -thick metal film placed on an incombustible pyramidal carrier. At the Merck Company in Darmstadt Nimtz designed an apparatus for the production of ceramic aerosols.
Experiments related to superluminal quantum tunneling
Nimtz and his coauthors have been investigating superliminal quantum tunneling since 1992. Their experiment involved microwaves either being sent across two space-separated prisms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Biodiversity%20Network | The National Biodiversity Network (UK) (NBN) is a collaborative venture set up in 2000 in the United Kingdom committed to making biodiversity information available through various media, including on the internet via the NBN Atlas—the data search website of the NBN.
Description
It is estimated that up to 60,000 people routinely record biodiversity information in the UK and Ireland. Most of this effort is voluntary and is organised through about 2,000 national societies and recording schemes. The UK government through its agencies also collects biodiversity data and one of the principal elements for the collation and interpretation of this data is the network of Local Environmental Records Centres.
In 2012, it had been listed in the top 1,000 UK charities that raised most donations.
NBN Trust
The NBN Trust—the organisation facilitating the building of the Network—supports agreed standards for the collection, collation and exchange of biodiversity data and encourages improved access. The present partnership consists of over 200 public and voluntary organisations and individual members.
The NBN Atlas currently holds over 230 million species records from over 900 different datasets (September 2020). Data on the NBN Atlas can be accessed by anyone interested in UK, Northern Ireland and Isle of Man wildlife and can be searched at many different levels, as it allows the viewing of distribution maps and the downloading of data by using a variety of interactive tools. The maps ca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach%20reflection | Mach reflection is a supersonic fluid dynamics effect, named for Ernst Mach, and is a shock wave reflection pattern involving three shocks.
Introduction
Mach reflection can exist in steady, pseudo-steady and unsteady flows. When a shock wave, which is moving with a constant velocity, propagates over a solid wedge, the flow generated by the shock impinges
on the wedge thus generating a second reflected shock, which ensures that the velocity of
the flow is parallel to the wedge surface. Viewed in the frame of the reflection point, this
flow is locally steady, and the flow is referred to as pseudosteady. When
the angle between the wedge and the primary shock is sufficiently large, a single reflected
shock is not able to turn the flow to a direction parallel to the wall and a transition to Mach
reflection occurs.
In a steady flow situation, if a wedge is placed into a steady supersonic flow in such
a way that its oblique attached shock impinges on a flat wall parallel to the free stream,
the shock turns the flow toward the wall and a reflected shock is required to turn the flow
back to a direction parallel to the wall. When the shock angle exceeds a certain value, the
deflection achievable by a single reflected shock is insufficient to turn the flow back to a
direction parallel to the wall and transition to Mach reflection is observed.
Mach reflection consists of three shocks, namely the incident shock, the reflected shock and a Mach stem, as well as a slip plane. The point |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archard%20equation | The Archard wear equation is a simple model used to describe sliding wear and is based on the theory of asperity contact. The Archard equation was developed much later than (sometimes also known as energy dissipative hypothesis), though both came to the same physical conclusions, that the volume of the removed debris due to wear is proportional to the work done by friction forces. Theodor Reye's model became popular in Europe and it is still taught in university courses of applied mechanics. Until recently, Reye's theory of 1860 has, however, been totally ignored in English and American literature where subsequent works by Ragnar Holm and John Frederick Archard are usually cited. In 1960, and Mikhail Alekseevich Babichev published a similar model as well. In modern literature, the relation is therefore also known as Reye–Archard–Khrushchov wear law. In 2022, the steady-state Archard wear equation was extended into the running-in regime using the bearing ratio curve representing the initial surface topography.
Equation
where:
Q is the total volume of wear debris produced
K is a dimensionless constant
W is the total normal load
L is the sliding distance
H is the hardness of the softest contacting surfaces
Note that is proportional to the work done by the friction forces as described by Reye's hypothesis.
Also, K is obtained from experimental results and depends on several parameters. Among them are surface quality, chemical affinity between the material of two su |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystatin%20C | Cystatin C or cystatin 3 (formerly gamma trace, post-gamma-globulin, or neuroendocrine basic polypeptide), a protein encoded by the CST3 gene, is mainly used as a biomarker of kidney function. Recently, it has been studied for its role in predicting new-onset or deteriorating cardiovascular disease. It also seems to play a role in brain disorders involving amyloid (a specific type of protein deposition), such as Alzheimer's disease.
In humans, all cells with a nucleus (cell core containing the DNA) produce cystatin C as a chain of 120 amino acids. It is found in virtually all tissues and body fluids. It is a potent inhibitor of lysosomal proteinases (enzymes from a special subunit of the cell that break down proteins) and probably one of the most important extracellular inhibitors of cysteine proteases (it prevents the breakdown of proteins outside the cell by a specific type of protein degrading enzymes). Cystatin C belongs to the type 2 cystatin gene family.
Role in medicine
Kidney function
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a marker of kidney health, is most accurately measured by injecting compounds such as inulin, radioisotopes such as 51chromium-EDTA, 125I-iothalamate, 99mTc-DTPA or radiocontrast agents such as iohexol, but these techniques are complicated, costly, time-consuming and have potential side-effects.
Creatinine is the most widely used biomarker of kidney function. It is inaccurate at detecting mild renal impairment, and levels can vary with muscle mass but |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicoid%203%E2%80%B2-UTR%20regulatory%20element | The bicoid 3′-UTR regulatory element is an mRNA regulatory element that controls the gene expression of the bicoid protein in fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster.
The structured RNA element consists of four domains (denoted as II, III, IV and V) in the 3′UTR of the mRNA. It is essential for the correct transport and localisation of bicoid mRNA during oocyte and embryo differentiation, which has been studied most thoroughly in the development of Drosophila melanogaster (fruitfly) larvae.
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Animal developmental biology
Drosophila melanogaster genetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Stott | Christopher Bryan Robert "Chris" Stott (born July 1969) is a Manx-born American space entrepreneur. He is best known for co-founding the regulatory and orbital frequency services company, ManSat, Odyssey Moon, and the International Institute of Space Commerce.
ManSat was covered in Forbes magazine in 2001. In 2010 he was named Celton Isle of Man Business Man of the Year.
Christopher Stott was born in July 1969, in Douglas, Isle of Man. He is married to Nicole P. Stott, an American astronaut. They have one son. They live near St. Petersburg, Florida.
Education
Educated at Millfield School in Somerset, England, Chris Stott attended the University of Kent, Canterbury, where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts Degree, with Honours, in American Studies, Politics and Government. After matriculation from Canterbury, Stott received a Diploma from the University of California, San Diego, where he studied International Relations and Marine Policy (at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography). Stott also holds a master's degree in Space Studies from the International Space University (ISU).
Career
Early in his career, Stott worked extensively in British and American politics as an office manager in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and as an Intern in the US Senate and as a political aide on two US Presidential Campaigns. Stott also served as Special Projects Director with Life Education International, a children's health education and drug prevention program and United Nations Non-Go |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfolene | Sulfolene, or butadiene sulfone is a cyclic organic chemical with a sulfone functional group. It is a white, odorless, crystalline, indefinitely storable solid, which dissolves in water and many organic solvents. The compound is used as a source of butadiene.
Production
Sulfolene is formed by the cheletropic reaction between butadiene and sulfur dioxide. The reaction is typically conducted in an autoclave. Small amounts of hydroquinone or pyrogallol are added to inhibit polymerization of the diene. The reaction proceeds at room temperature over the course of days. At 130 °C, only 30 minutes are required. An analogous procedure gives the isoprene-derived sulfone.
Reactions
Acid-base reactivity
The compound is unaffected by acids. It can even be recrystallized from conc. HNO3.
The protons in the 2- and 5-positions rapidly exchange with deuterium oxide under alkaline conditions. Sodium cyanide catalyzes this reaction.
Isomerization to 2-sulfolene
In the presence of base or cyanide, 3-sulfolene isomerizes to a mixture of 2-sulfolene and 3-sulfolene.
At 50 °C an equilibrium mixture is obtained containing 42% 3-sulfolene and 58% 2-sulfolene. The thermodynamically more stable 2-sulfolene can be isolated from the mixture of isomers as pure substance in the form of white plates (m.p. 48-49 °C) by heating for several days at 100 °C, because of the thermal decomposition of the 3-sulfolene at temperatures above 80 °C.
Hydrogenation
Catalytic hydrogenation yields sulfolane, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20White%20%28preacher%29 | Rev. George White (March 12, 1802 – April 30, 1887) was an Episcopalian preacher, amateur historian, and archaeologist in Georgia, United States. In 1849 he published Statistics of the State of Georgia: Including an Account of Its Natural, Civil, and Ecclesiastical History Together with a Particular Description of Each County, Notices of the Manners and Customs of Its Aboriginal Tribes, and a Correct Map of the State. His book entitled Historical Collections of Georgia: Containing the Most Interesting Facts, Traditions, Biographical Sketches, Etc., Relating to Its History and Antiquities, from Its First Settlement to the Present Time, has been widely referenced by scholars working with Georgia history since its publication in 1854.
References
Coulter, E. Merton (1936) "What the South Has Done About Its History," Journal of Southern History 2(1):3-28.
1802 births
1887 deaths
19th-century American Episcopalians
American archaeologists
American Episcopal priests
19th-century American historians
19th-century American male writers
People from Georgia (U.S. state)
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
19th-century American clergy
American male non-fiction writers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-box | An E-box (enhancer box) is a DNA response element found in some eukaryotes that acts as a protein-binding site and has been found to regulate gene expression in neurons, muscles, and other tissues. Its specific DNA sequence, CANNTG (where N can be any nucleotide), with a palindromic canonical sequence of CACGTG, is recognized and bound by transcription factors to initiate gene transcription. Once the transcription factors bind to the promoters through the E-box, other enzymes can bind to the promoter and facilitate transcription from DNA to mRNA.
Discovery
The E-box was discovered in a collaboration between Susumu Tonegawa's and Walter Gilbert's laboratories in 1985 as a control element in immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer. They found that a region of 140 base pairs in the tissue-specific transcriptional enhancer element was sufficient for different levels of transcription enhancement in different tissues and sequences. They suggested that proteins made by specific tissues acted on these enhancers to activate sets of genes during cell differentiation.
In 1989, David Baltimore's lab discovered the first two E-box binding proteins, E12 and E47. These immunoglobulin enhancers could bind as heterodimers to proteins through bHLH domains. In 1990, another E-protein, ITF-2A (later renamed E2-2Alt) was discovered that can bind to immunoglobulin light chain enhancers. Two years later, the third E-box binding protein, HEB, was discovered by screening a cDNA library from HeLa cells. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trizol | TRIzol is a widely used chemical solution used in the extraction of DNA, RNA, and proteins from cells. The solution was initially used and published by Piotr Chomczyński and Nicoletta Sacchi in 1987.
TRIzol is the brand name of guanidinium thiocyanate from the Ambion part of Life Technologies, and Tri-Reagent is the brand name from MRC, which was founded by Chomczynski.
Uses in extraction
The correct name of the method is guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. The use of TRIzol can result in DNA yields comparable to other extraction methods, and it leads to >50% bigger RNA yield. An alternative method for RNA extraction is phenol extraction and TCA/acetone precipitation. Chloroform should be exchanged with 1-bromo-3-chloropropane when using the new generation TRI Reagent.
DNA and RNA from TRIzol and TRI reagent can also be extracted using the Direct-zol Miniprep kit by Zymo Research. This method eliminates the use of Chloroform and 1-bromo-3-chloropropane completely, bypassing phase-separation and precipitation steps.
TRIzol is light-sensitive and is often stored in a dark-colored, glass container covered in foil. It is stored at room temperature.
When used, it resembles cough syrup, bright pink. The smell of the phenol is extremely strong. TRIzol works by maintaining RNA integrity during tissue homogenization, while at the same time disrupting and breaking down cells and cell components.
Hazards
Vigilant caution should be taken while using TRIzol (due t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Oak%20Energy | Blue Oak Energy is an American full-service photovoltaic system design, engineering and consulting firm. The company engineers commercial and utility solar photovoltaic (PV) energy systems in the United States and abroad.
The company engineered and constructed the Google campus in Mountain View, California, the San Francisco International Airport, and the 37MW Long Island Solar Farm, and has designed solar installations for Whole Foods, Staples, Walmart, the US Navy, and the State of California.
History
In 2003, Tobin Booth established Blue Oak Energy in Davis, California.
In 2006, the firm was selected to engineer the campus-wide distributed generation solar facility at the Google headquarters in Mountain View, California.
In 2008, Blue Oak Energy began delivering commercial rooftop solar projects for REI retail stores and warehouse facilities throughout the United States.
In late 2011, the firm partnered with Baker Electric Solar to complete the design and construction oversight for a 1.5MW project for the U.S. Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center in Twentynine Palms, California. Blue Oak Energy designed hardware for the solar panel mounting involved in the project.
In December 2012, Blue Oak Energy constructed Arizona's largest rooftop solar array (4.2MW) at a First Solar facility.
By 2013, the firm engineered and constructed a 4.4MW utility scale solar farm located in Shasta County, California.
In 2014, Blue Oak Energy engineered and constructed the 2.6MW Putah C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20Deutschland%20Tour | These are the results for the 2004 edition of the Deutschland Tour cycling race, which was won by Germany's Patrik Sinkewitz.
Final classification
Stages
31-05-2004: Karlsruhe-Karlsruhe, 23 km
01-06-2004: Bad Urach-Wangen im Allgäu, 180 km
02-06-2004: Wangen im Allgäu-St. Anton am Arlberg, 170 km
03-06-2004: Bad Tölz-Landshut, 190 km
04-06-2004: Kelheim-Kulmbach, 192 km
05-06-2004: Kulmbach-Oberwiesenthal, 180 km
06-06-2004: Chemnitz-Leipzig, 170 km
External links
Race website
Wielersite Results
2004
2004 in road cycling
2004 in German sport
May 2004 sports events in Germany
June 2004 sports events in Germany |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introselect | In computer science, introselect (short for "introspective selection") is a selection algorithm that is a hybrid of quickselect and median of medians which has fast average performance and optimal worst-case performance. Introselect is related to the introsort sorting algorithm: these are analogous refinements of the basic quickselect and quicksort algorithms, in that they both start with the quick algorithm, which has good average performance and low overhead, but fall back to an optimal worst-case algorithm (with higher overhead) if the quick algorithm does not progress rapidly enough. Both algorithms were introduced by David Musser in , with the purpose of providing generic algorithms for the C++ Standard Library that have both fast average performance and optimal worst-case performance, thus allowing the performance requirements to be tightened.
However, in most C++ Standard Library implementations, a different "introselect" algorithm is used, which combines quickselect and heapselect, and has a worst-case running time of O(n log n). The C++ draft standard, as of 2022, does not have requirements on the worst-case performance, therefore allowing such choice.
Algorithms
Introsort achieves practical performance comparable to quicksort while preserving O(n log n) worst-case behavior by creating a hybrid of quicksort and heapsort. Introsort starts with quicksort, so it achieves performance similar to quicksort if quicksort works, and falls back to heapsort (which has optima |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20A.%20Wolff | Peter Adalbert Wolff (November 15, 1923 – September 5, 2013) was an American physicist who is considered a pioneer in semiconductor research. He earned his PhD in physics at UC Berkeley with Robert Serber as thesis advisor in 1951 and began his career at the Bell Telephone Laboratories the following year. Thereafter Wolff joined the physics department of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1970, becoming head of the condensed matter and atomic physics division. Together with P. M. Platzman, he coauthored the textbook Waves and Interactions in Solid State Plasmas (1973). In 1976 he moved on to the directorship of the Research Laboratory of Electronics and then of the Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory in 1981. Wolff left the director's chair in 1987 and retired from his faculty position in 1989 to become a fellow of the newly created NEC Research Institute at Princeton University. In 1994 he returned to MIT as the leader of the physics/industry forum for the physics department and remained a professor emeritus there until his death.
References
1923 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American physicists
21st-century American physicists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Scientists at Bell Labs
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Princeton University fellows |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20relation | In linear algebra, a linear relation, or simply relation, between elements of a vector space or a module is a linear equation that has these elements as a solution.
More precisely, if are elements of a (left) module over a ring (the case of a vector space over a field is a special case), a relation between is a sequence of elements of such that
The relations between form a module. One is generally interested in the case where is a generating set of a finitely generated module , in which case the module of the relations is often called a syzygy module of . The syzygy module depends on the choice of a generating set, but it is unique up to the direct sum with a free module. That is, if and are syzygy modules corresponding to two generating sets of the same module, then they are stably isomorphic, which means that there exist two free modules and such that and are isomorphic.
Higher order syzygy modules are defined recursively: a first syzygy module of a module is simply its syzygy module. For , a th syzygy module of is a syzygy module of a -th syzygy module. Hilbert's syzygy theorem states that, if is a polynomial ring in indeterminates over a field, then every th syzygy module is free. The case is the fact that every finite dimensional vector space has a basis, and the case is the fact that is a principal ideal domain and that every submodule of a finitely generated free module is also free.
The construction of higher order syzygy modules is genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule%20184 | Rule 184 is a one-dimensional binary cellular automaton rule, notable for solving the majority problem as well as for its ability to simultaneously describe several, seemingly quite different, particle systems:
Rule 184 can be used as a simple model for traffic flow in a single lane of a highway, and forms the basis for many cellular automaton models of traffic flow with greater sophistication. In this model, particles (representing vehicles) move in a single direction, stopping and starting depending on the cars in front of them. The number of particles remains unchanged throughout the simulation. Because of this application, Rule 184 is sometimes called the "traffic rule".
Rule 184 also models a form of deposition of particles onto an irregular surface, in which each local minimum of the surface is filled with a particle in each step. At each step of the simulation, the number of particles increases. Once placed, a particle never moves.
Rule 184 can be understood in terms of ballistic annihilation, a system of particles moving both leftwards and rightwards through a one-dimensional medium. When two such particles collide, they annihilate each other, so that at each step the number of particles remains unchanged or decreases.
The apparent contradiction between these descriptions is resolved by different ways of associating features of the automaton's state with particles.
The name of Rule 184 is a Wolfram code that defines the evolution of its states. The earliest resea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin%20beta%203 | Integrin beta-3 (β3) or CD61 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGB3 gene. CD61 is a cluster of differentiation found on thrombocytes.
Structure and function
The ITGB3 protein product is the integrin beta chain beta 3. Integrins are integral cell-surface proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. A given chain may combine with multiple partners resulting in different integrins. Integrin beta 3 is found along with the alpha IIb chain in platelets. Integrins are known to participate in cell adhesion as well as cell-surface-mediated signaling.
Role in endometriosis
Defectively expressed β3 integrin subunit has been correlated with presence of endometriosis, and has been suggested as a putative marker of this condition.
Interactions
CD61 has been shown to interact with PTK2, ITGB3BP, TLN1 and CIB1.
See also
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
References
Further reading
External links
ITGB3 Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway
Integrins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphomycetes | Hyphomycetes are a form classification of fungi, part of what has often been referred to as fungi imperfecti, Deuteromycota, or anamorphic fungi. Hyphomycetes lack closed fruit bodies, and are often referred to as moulds (or molds). Most hyphomycetes are now assigned to the Ascomycota, on the basis of genetic connections made by life-cycle studies or by phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences; many remain unassigned phylogenetically.
Although no longer considered a phylogenetically defined taxon, the prevalence of hyphomycete forms in nature, the built environment, and laboratories means that identification of members this group remains of practical importance.
Taxonomic and nomenclatural history
Because asexual forms of fungi usually occur separately from their sexual forms, when microscopic fungi began to be studied in the early 19th century, it was often unknown when two morphologically different forms were actually part of one species. The tendency for some organisms to apparently only have asexual forms, or for their sexual forms to be discovered long after the asexual forms, meant that an independent taxonomy was developed for asexual fungi. Near the beginning of the 20th century, when it became clearer that many asexual and sexual forms were related, the concept of 'form taxa' was developed. The independent taxonomy of asexual forms was regarded as artificial, not representative of evolutionary relationships, and intended to be practical for identification purposes. T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzpatrick%20scale | The Fitzpatrick scale (also Fitzpatrick skin typing test; or Fitzpatrick phototyping scale) is a numerical classification schema for human skin color. It was developed in 1975 by American dermatologist Thomas B. Fitzpatrick as a way to estimate the response of different types of skin to ultraviolet (UV) light. It was initially developed on the basis of skin color to measure the correct dose of UVA for PUVA therapy, and when the initial testing based only on hair and eye color resulted in too high UVA doses for some, it was altered to be based on the patient's reports of how their skin responds to the sun; it was also extended to a wider range of skin types. The Fitzpatrick scale remains a recognized tool for dermatological research into human skin pigmentation.
The following list shows the six categories of the Fitzpatrick scale in relation to the 36 categories of the older von Luschan scale (in parentheses):
Type I (scores 0–6) always burns, never tans (palest; freckles)
Type II (scores 7–13) usually burns, tans minimally (light colored but darker than fair)
Type III (scores 14–20) sometimes mild burn, tans uniformly (golden honey or olive)
Type IV (scores 21–27) burns minimally, always tans well (moderate brown)
Type V (scores 28–34) very rarely burns, tans very easily (dark brown)
Type VI (scores 35–36) never burns (deeply pigmented dark brown to darkest brown)
Emoji modifiers
The Fitzpatrick scale is also the basis of skin color in emoji, with five modifiers a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acratocnus | Acratocnus is an extinct genus of ground sloths that were found on Cuba, Hispaniola (today the Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Puerto Rico.
Classification
Like all of the Antillean sloths, Acratocnus was formerly thought on the basis of morphological evidence to be a member of the family Megalonychidae, which was also thought to include Choloepus, the two-toed tree sloths. Recent molecular evidence has clarified that Caribbean sloths represent a separate basal branch of the sloth radiation, now placed in the family Megalocnidae.
Location
Fossils of Acratocnus were found on the islands of Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Hispaniola, where they inhabited the montane forests of the highlands. The Puerto Rican ground sloth, Acratocnus odontrigonus is known from several poorly documented cave excavations in northwestern Puerto Rico. The various species are regarded as being semi-arboreal because of their (relatively speaking) small size and their large hooked claws.
Size
The various species of Acratocnus ranged in weight from , and were thus much larger than living tree sloths (genera Choloepus and Bradypus), which do not exceed .
Extinction
As with many sloth fossils, these species of sloth have not been radiometrically dated. It is suggested that the Puerto Rican and Hispaniolan Acratocnus species survived into the late Pleistocene but disappeared by the mid-Holocene. The related Cuban ground sloth, Megalocnus rodens, survived until at least c. 6600 BP, and the latest survival |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol%20Parc%20Hotel | The Carol Parc Hotel in Bucharest, Romania, is a five star hotel near historical Carol Park. Opened in 2007, it contains one of the largest Murano crystal chandeliers in the world, stretching over four stories tall. Several celebrities have stayed there, including foreign dignitaries, singer Beyoncé Knowles, Deep Purple, Angela Gheorghiu, and Enrique Iglesias.
Located in the heart of Bucharest, on Aleea Suter Str. near the historical Carol Park, the hotel is located on one of the city's highest geographic locations, Filaret Hill (named after a late 18th-century metropolitan bishop of the region). The cul-de-sac is named after Suter, a German architect who helped in the planning of the park and parts of the neighborhood, including the symmetrically built Suter street. Aleea is Romanian for "alley."
Press coverage and awards
Newsweek included the hotel in its "Best of Romania" article, later following up with an exclusive in which the "extravagant services" are detailed.
Peter Imre, a Romanian restaurant critic, compared the hotel and its POEM Restaurant to the luxurious venues of the Interbellum Era, saying that "Sitting here, you expect King Carol and Queen Elisabeta to enter at any time.".<ref>Peter Imre, "La restaurant cu Peter Imre: Poemul din Parcul Carol", Ziarul Financiar', September 7, 2007</ref>
The building also received an award for "Best Renovation/Restoration Project in 2007" from the Romanian Architects Association.
History
The hotel comprises two build |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden%2048-215 | The Holden 48-215 is a mid-size sedan which was produced by the Australian automaker Holden between November 1948 and October 1953. A coupe utility derivative, coded as the 50-2106 and marketed as the Holden Coupe Utility, was produced from January 1951.
The 48-215 was the first model from General Motors in Australia to bear the Holden name. In mainstream parlance, the official name of "Holden 48-215" was eschewed in favour of the shortened "Holden" designation. Following the replacement of the first Holden, the 48-215 gained the unofficial nickname of Holden FX. This designation was first used in the Drawing Office at GM-H in 1952 as an unofficial means of distinguishing between early 48-215 vehicles with front suspension using lever-action shock absorbers, and those with the new telescopic shock absorber front suspension introduced in 1953 - the term "FX" was pencilled onto a parts list for the new suspension components. The title "FX" later came into use in used car advertisements to describe models with the later suspension, first being used by Melbourne dealer Reg Smith Motors in two advertisements in the 10 February 1960 issue of The Age. Use of the term "FX" gradually spread to cover all 48-215 and 50-2106 vehicles, although the term has never been used by Holden in any official manner.
The design was originally conceived in the United States by Chevrolet, but was not used because it was deemed too small for the U.S. market as it developed after the war. Instead the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20and%20molecular%20biology | Cell and molecular biology are related fields of biology that are often combined.
Cell biology
Molecular biology
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (disambiguation)
GRE Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test
International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology
American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology
Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology
Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics
Molecular Biology of the Cell
Molecular Biology of the Cell (textbook)
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MStar | MStar Semiconductor, Inc. () was a Taiwanese fabless semiconductor company specializing in mixed-mode integrated circuit technologies, based in Hsinchu Hsien. MStar made hardware for multimedia and wireless communications, in the form of display ICs and mixed-mode (i.e. combining analog and digital functions) ASIC/IPs, in addition to chip sets for GSM mobile handsets. MStar employed approx. 1300 in more than 10 branches worldwide. The company's revenue was around US$1067 million in 2010. The growth has been substantial, their revenue in 2005 was US$175 million. MStar is listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange under the code 3697.
MStar was often referred as "Little-M" or "Morning Star" in Chinese community, as a contrary part of the bigger semiconductor company "Big-M", a.k.a. MediaTek.
MStar was a spin-off (2-1 stock split) from System General Technology in May 2002, where the power IC product line stayed in System General Technology while the employees with the display and RFID product lines transferred to the new spin-off. After the spin-off, System General Technology regretted the decision, and a 1-2 stock swap was taken to exchange the two companies back to their corresponding shareholders. Chairman and CEO of MStar was Wayne Liang (梁公偉), while Dr. Steve Yang (楊偉毅) was the executive vice president and co-founder.
In 2004, after being involved in a court case where in a ruling by the International Trade Commission (ITC), MStar Semiconductor were found guilty over infringin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20entropy%20spectral%20estimation | Maximum entropy spectral estimation is a method of spectral density estimation. The goal is to improve the spectral quality based on the principle of maximum entropy. The method is based on choosing the spectrum which corresponds to the most random or the most unpredictable time series whose autocorrelation function agrees with the known values. This assumption, which corresponds to the concept of maximum entropy as used in both statistical mechanics and information theory, is maximally non-committal with regard to the unknown values of the autocorrelation function of the time series. It is simply the application of maximum entropy modeling to any type of spectrum and is used in all fields where data is presented in spectral form. The usefulness of the technique varies based on the source of the spectral data since it is dependent on the amount of assumed knowledge about the spectrum that can be applied to the model.
In maximum entropy modeling, probability distributions are created on the basis of that which is known, leading to a type of statistical inference about the missing information which is called the maximum entropy estimate. For example, in spectral analysis the expected peak shape is often known, but in a noisy spectrum the center of the peak may not be clear. In such a case, inputting the known information allows the maximum entropy model to derive a better estimate of the center of the peak, thus improving spectral accuracy.
Method description
In the periodogr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative%20oxidase | The alternative oxidase (AOX) is an enzyme that forms part of the electron transport chain in mitochondria of different organisms. Proteins homologous to the mitochondrial oxidase and the related plastid terminal oxidase have also been identified in bacterial genomes.
The oxidase provides an alternative route for electrons passing through the electron transport chain to reduce oxygen. However, as several proton-pumping steps are bypassed in this alternative pathway, activation of the oxidase reduces ATP generation. This enzyme was first identified as a distinct oxidase pathway from cytochrome c oxidase as the alternative oxidase is resistant to inhibition by the poison cyanide.
Function
This metabolic pathway leading to the alternative oxidase diverges from the cytochrome-linked electron transport chain at the ubiquinone pool. Alternative pathway respiration only produces proton translocation at Complex 1 (NADH dehydrogenase) and so has a lower ATP yield than the full pathway. The expression of the alternative oxidase gene AOX is influenced by stresses such as cold, reactive oxygen species and infection by pathogens, as well as other factors that reduce electron flow through the cytochrome pathway of respiration. Although the benefit conferred by this activity remains uncertain, it may enhance an organism's ability to resist these stresses by maintaining the oxidized state of the upstream electron-transport components, thereby reducing the level of oxidative stress induced |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curraghs | The Curraghs or Ballaugh Curraghs are a wetland in Ballaugh parish in the north-west of the Isle of Man. The area has a rich and varied biodiversity and is also the location of the Curraghs Wildlife Park, a zoo and nature reserve that incorporates the wetlands.
History
During the last ice age the area was covered in sheets of ice. When this ice retreated, a depression was left at the bottom of the northern hills and the wetlands were formed in this basin.
Over the years the land has been used to graze animals and grow hay, one of the few exploitable crops suited to the conditions of the wetlands. The Curraghs has also been a valuable resource for humans, as well as providing aesthetic appeal; the area is rich in peat, which was used as a fuel in the island's homes. The nearby village of Kirk Michael was a great consumer of the peat in the Curraghs.
It was the exploitation of peat that made the land slightly drier than it is today. When the practice of peat cutting was discontinued, the ditches in the area filled with water and bogs were formed.
In the 1930s, the Manx government intended to make a profit by growing New Zealand flax on the Curraghs. This plan failed, but in the 1950s the government pressed ahead with another plan to drain the Curraghs, so that the area could be extensively farmed. However, with the land 15 m above sea level, it was decided that it was not economically viable to drain the wetlands.
In 1963, much of the area came under the control of the Ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Oxalocrotonate%20tautomerase | 4-Oxalocrotonate tautomerase (EC 5.3.2.6) or 4-OT is an enzyme that converts 2-hydroxymuconate to the αβ-unsaturated ketone, 2-oxo-3-hexenedioate. This enzyme forms part of a bacterial metabolic pathway that oxidatively catabolizes toluene, o-xylene, 3-ethyltoluene, and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene into intermediates of the citric acid cycle. With a monomer size of just 62 amino acid residues, the 4-Oxalocrotonate tautomerase is one of the smallest enzyme subunits known. However, in solution, the enzyme forms a hexamer of six identical subunits, so the active site may be formed by amino acid residues from several subunits. This enzyme is also unusual in that it uses a proline residue at the amino terminus as an active site residue.
References
EC 5.3.2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20rate | In the mathematical theory of probability, the entropy rate or source information rate of a stochastic process is, informally, the time density of the average information in a stochastic process. For stochastic processes with a countable index, the entropy rate is the limit of the joint entropy of members of the process divided by , as tends to infinity:
when the limit exists. An alternative, related quantity is:
For strongly stationary stochastic processes, . The entropy rate can be thought of as a general property of stochastic sources; this is the asymptotic equipartition property. The entropy rate may be used to estimate the complexity of stochastic processes. It is used in diverse applications ranging from characterizing the complexity of languages, blind source separation, through to optimizing quantizers and data compression algorithms. For example, a maximum entropy rate criterion may be used for feature selection in machine learning.
Entropy rates for Markov chains
Since a stochastic process defined by a Markov chain that is irreducible, aperiodic
and positive recurrent has a stationary distribution, the entropy rate is independent of the initial distribution.
For example, for such a Markov chain defined on a countable number of states, given the transition matrix , is given by:
where is the asymptotic distribution of the chain.
A simple consequence of this definition is that an i.i.d. stochastic process has an entropy rate that is the same as the entr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor%20activity-modifying%20protein | Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) are a class of protein that interact with and modulate the activities of several Class B G protein-coupled receptors including the receptors for secretin, calcitonin (CT), glucagon, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). There are three distinct types of RAMPs in mammals (though more in fish), designated RAMP1, RAMP2, and RAMP3, each encoded by a separate gene.
Function
Currently, the function of RAMPs is divided into classes of activities. When associated with the Calcitonin receptor (CTR) or Calcitonin receptor-like (CALCRL) (below), RAMPs can change the selectivity of the receptor for a specific hormone. In the cases of the other receptors mentioned, however, there is no evidence that they can do this, but instead function to regulate trafficking of receptors from the ER / golgi to the membrane. These functions appear to be ones where there is redundancy, as neither RAMP1 nor RAMP3 knockout mice (KO) have grossly abnormal phenotypes. The likelihood is that the phenotype of RAMP2 KO mice is more connected with the abolition of most adrenomedullin (AM) signalling than effects on trafficking of other receptors, as those mice are almost identical to AM KO mice and mice lacking the Calcitonin-like receptor which are unable to form either AM1 or AM-2 adrenomedullin receptors (CLR/RAMP2 and CLR/RAMP3 respectively).
Types
Association of RAMPs with either the CT or CALCRL proteins forms 6 different receptors from the calciton |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMP1 | Receptor activity modifying protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAMP1 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the RAMP family of single-transmembrane-domain proteins, called receptor (calcitonin) activity modifying proteins (RAMPs). RAMPs are type I transmembrane proteins with an extracellular N terminus and a cytoplasmic C terminus. RAMPs are required to transport calcitonin-receptor-like receptor (CALCRL) to the plasma membrane. CALCRL, a receptor with seven transmembrane domains, can function as either a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor or an adrenomedullin receptor, depending on which members of the RAMP family are expressed. In combination with the RAMP1 protein, CALCRL functions as the CGRP receptor. The RAMP1 protein is involved in the terminal glycosylation, maturation, and presentation of the CGRP receptor to the cell surface. The RAMP1 protein can also interact with the calcitonin receptor (CT) protein, where heteromerisation of RAMP1 with CT converts CT from a calcitonin receptor to the amylin receptor AMY1
See also
Receptor activity-modifying protein
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMP2 | Receptor activity modifying protein 2, also known as RAMP2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the RAMP2 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the RAMP family of single-transmembrane-domain proteins, called receptor (calcitonin) activity modifying proteins (RAMPs). RAMPs are type I transmembrane proteins with an extracellular N-terminus and a cytoplasmic C-terminus. RAMPs are required to transport calcitonin-receptor-like receptor (CRLR) to the plasma membrane. CRLR, a receptor with seven transmembrane domains, can function as either a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor or an adrenomedullin receptor, depending on which members of the RAMP family are expressed. In the presence of this (RAMP2) protein, CRLR functions as an adrenomedullin receptor. The RAMP2 protein is involved in core glycosylation and transportation of adrenomedullin receptor to the cell surface.
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMP3 | Receptor activity modifying protein 3, also known as RAMP3, is a human gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the RAMP family of single-transmembrane-domain proteins, called receptor (calcitonin) activity modifying proteins (RAMPs). RAMPs are type I transmembrane proteins with an extracellular N terminus and a cytoplasmic C terminus. RAMPs are required to transport calcitonin-receptor-like receptor (CRLR) to the plasma membrane. CRLR, a receptor with seven transmembrane domains, can function as either a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor or an adrenomedullin receptor, depending on which members of the RAMP family are expressed. In humans and other mammals, there are 3 RAMPS, while in fish there are more, with sub-variants. In the presence of this (RAMP3) protein, CRLR functions as an adrenomedullin receptor with low affinity for CGRP.
References
Further reading
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase%2013 | Caspase 13 or ERICE ("evolutionarily related interleukin-1β converting enzyme") is a protein that was identified in cattle. It belongs to a family of enzymes called caspases that cleave their substrates at C-terminal aspartic acid residues. Although this enzyme was originally reported as a human caspase that could be activated by caspase 8, later studies confirmed the gene identified for caspase 13 came from bovine origin, and is the likely orthologue of human caspase 4.
References
External links
The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: C14.017
EC 3.4.22
Caspases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice%20type | A voice type is a group of voices with similar vocal ranges, capable of singing in a similar tessitura, and with similar vocal transition points (passaggi). Voice classification is most strongly associated with European classical music, though it, and the terms it utilizes, are used in other styles of music as well.
A singer will choose a repertoire that suits their voice. Some singers such as Enrico Caruso, Rosa Ponselle, Joan Sutherland, Maria Callas, Jessye Norman, Ewa Podleś, and Plácido Domingo have voices that allow them to sing roles from a wide variety of types; some singers such as Shirley Verrett and Grace Bumbry change type and even voice part over their careers; and some singers such as Leonie Rysanek have voices that lower with age, causing them to cycle through types over their careers. Some roles are hard to classify, having very unusual vocal requirements; Mozart wrote many of his roles for specific singers who often had remarkable voices, and some of Verdi's early works make extreme demands on their singers.
Number of voice types
Many different voice types are used in vocal pedagogy in a variety of voice classification systems. Most of these types, however, are grouped into seven or eight major voice categories that are, for the most part, acknowledged across the major voice classification systems. Women are typically divided into three groups: soprano, mezzo-soprano, and contralto. Men are usually divided into four groups: countertenor, tenor, baritone, an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Professor%27s%20Beloved%20Equation%20%28film%29 | is a Japanese film released January 21, 2006 and directed by Takashi Koizumi. It is based on the novel The Housekeeper and the Professor.
Background
In contrast to the original work, which is told from the perspective of the narrator, the film is shown from the perspective of a 29-year-old Root as he recounts his memories of the professor to a group of new pupils. Though there are a few differences between the film and the original work (for example, the movie touches on the relationship between the professor and the widow while the book does not give much detail), the film is generally faithful to the original.
Cast
Akira Terao as Professor
Eri Fukatsu as Kyoko
Takanari Saito as Root
Hidetaka Yoshioka as Teacher (Root after age 19)
Ruriko Asaoka as the widow
Staff
Original story by: Yōko Ogawa (Published by Shinchosha)
Directed by: Takashi Koizumi
Written by: Takashi Koizumi
Produced by: Miyako Araki, Tsutomu Sakurai
Cinematography: Hiroyuki Kitazawa, Masaharu Ueda
Artwork: Ken Sakei
Sound: Benitani Sen'ichi
Lighting: Hideaki Yamakawa
Wardrobe: Kazuko Kurosawa
Music by: Takashi Kako
Distributed by: Asmik Ace Entertainment
References
External links
2006 films
2006 drama films
Japanese drama films
Films about mathematics
Films about educators
2000s Japanese-language films
Films based on Japanese novels
Films directed by Takashi Koizumi
2000s Japanese films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20retrieval | Phase retrieval is the process of algorithmically finding solutions to the phase problem. Given a complex signal , of amplitude , and phase :
where x is an M-dimensional spatial coordinate and k is an M-dimensional spatial frequency coordinate. Phase retrieval consists of finding the phase that satisfies a set of constraints for a measured amplitude. Important applications of phase retrieval include X-ray crystallography, transmission electron microscopy and coherent diffractive imaging, for which . Uniqueness theorems for both 1-D and 2-D cases of the phase retrieval problem, including the phaseless 1-D inverse scattering problem, were proven by Klibanov and his collaborators (see References).
Problem formulation
Here we consider 1-D discrete Fourier transform (DFT) phase retrieval problem. The DFT of a complex signal is given by
,
and the oversampled DFT of is given by
,
where .
Since the DFT operator is bijective, this is equivalent to recovering the phase . It is common recovering a signal from its autocorrelation sequence instead of its Fourier magnitude. That is, denote by the vector after padding with zeros. The autocorrelation sequence of is then defined as
,
and the DFT of , denoted by , satisfies .
Methods
Error reduction algorithm
The error reduction is a generalization of the Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm. It solves for from measurements of by iterating a four-step process. For the th iteration the steps are as follows:
Step (1): , , and a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20statistics | Medical statistics deals with applications of statistics to medicine and the health sciences, including epidemiology, public health, forensic medicine, and clinical research. Medical statistics has been a recognized branch of statistics in the United Kingdom for more than 40 years but the term has not come into general use in North America, where the wider term 'biostatistics' is more commonly used. However, "biostatistics" more commonly connotes all applications of statistics to biology. Medical statistics is a subdiscipline of statistics. "It is the science of summarizing, collecting, presenting and interpreting data in medical practice, and using them to estimate the magnitude of associations and test hypotheses. It has a central role in medical investigations. It not only provides a way of organizing information on a wider and more formal basis than relying on the exchange of anecdotes and personal experience, but also takes into account the intrinsic variation inherent in most biological processes."
Pharmaceutical statistics
Pharmaceutical statistics is the application of statistics to matters concerning the pharmaceutical industry. This can be from issues of design of experiments, to analysis of drug trials, to issues of commercialization of a medicine.
There are many professional bodies concerned with this field including:
European Federation of Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry (EFSPI)
Statisticians In The Pharmaceutical Industry (PSI)
There are also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysophospholipid%20receptor | The lysophospholipid receptor (LPL-R) group are members of the G protein-coupled receptor family of integral membrane proteins that are important for lipid signaling. In humans, there are eleven LPL receptors, each encoded by a separate gene. These LPL receptor genes are also sometimes referred to as "Edg" (an acronym for endothelial differentiation gene).
Ligands
The ligands for LPL-R group are the lysophospholipid extracellular signaling molecules, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P).
Origin of name
The term lysophospholipid (LPL) refers to any phospholipid that is missing one of its two O-acyl chains. Thus, LPLs have a free alcohol in either the sn-1 or the sn-2 position. The prefix 'lyso-' comes from the fact that lysophospholipids were originally found to be hemolytic, however it is now used to refer generally to phospholipids missing an acyl chain. LPLs are usually the result of phospholipase A-type enzymatic activity on regular phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidic acid, although they can also be generated by the acylation of glycerophospholipids or the phosphorylation of monoacylglycerols. Some LPLs serve important signaling functions such as lysophosphatidic acid.
Function
LPL receptor ligands bind to and activate their cognate receptors located in the cell membrane. Depending on which ligand, receptor, and cell type is involved, the activated receptor can have a range of effects on the cell. These include |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitesimal%20character | In mathematics, the infinitesimal character of an irreducible representation ρ of a semisimple Lie group G on a vector space V is, roughly speaking, a mapping to scalars that encodes the process of first differentiating and then diagonalizing the representation. It therefore is a way of extracting something essential from the representation ρ by two successive linearizations.
Formulation
The infinitesimal character is the linear form on the center Z of the universal enveloping algebra of the Lie algebra of G that the representation induces. This construction relies on some extended version of Schur's lemma to show that any z in Z acts on V as a scalar, which by abuse of notation could be written ρ(z).
In more classical language, z is a differential operator, constructed from the infinitesimal transformations which are induced on V by the Lie algebra of G. The effect of Schur's lemma is to force all v in V to be simultaneous eigenvectors of z acting on V. Calling the corresponding eigenvalue
λ = λ(z),
the infinitesimal character is by definition the mapping
z → λ(z).
There is scope for further formulation. By the Harish-Chandra isomorphism, the center Z can be identified with the subalgebra of elements of the symmetric algebra of the Cartan subalgebra a that are invariant under the Weyl group, so an infinitesimal character can be identified with an element of
a*⊗ C/W,
the orbits under the Weyl group W of the space a*⊗ C of complex linear functions on the Cartan subal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box%E2%80%93Behnken%20design | In statistics, Box–Behnken designs are experimental designs for response surface methodology, devised by George E. P. Box and Donald Behnken in 1960, to achieve the following goals:
Each factor, or independent variable, is placed at one of three equally spaced values, usually coded as −1, 0, +1. (At least three levels are needed for the following goal.)
The design should be sufficient to fit a quadratic model, that is, one containing squared terms, products of two factors, linear terms and an intercept.
The ratio of the number of experimental points to the number of coefficients in the quadratic model should be reasonable (in fact, their designs kept in the range of 1.5 to 2.6).
The estimation variance should more or less depend only on the distance from the centre (this is achieved exactly for the designs with 4 and 7 factors), and should not vary too much inside the smallest (hyper)cube containing the experimental points. (See "rotatability" in "Comparisons of response surface designs".)
Box-Behnken design is still considered to be more proficient and most powerful than other designs such as the three-level full factorial design, central composite design (CCD) and Doehlert design, despite its poor coverage of the corner of nonlinear design space.
The design with 7 factors was found first while looking for a design having the desired property concerning estimation variance, and then similar designs were found for other numbers of factors.
Each design can be thought o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SREBP%20cleavage-activating%20protein | Sterol regulatory element-binding protein cleavage-activating protein, also known as SREBP cleavage-activating protein or SCAP, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SCAP gene.
SCAP contains a sterol-sensing domain (SSD) and seven WD domains. In cholesterol-depleted cells, this protein binds to sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) and mediates their transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. The SREBPs are then proteolytically cleaved and stimulate sterol biosynthesis.
Function
SCAP is a regulatory protein that is required for the proteolytic cleavage of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP). SCAP is an integral membrane protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). One of the cytosolic regions of SCAP contains a hexapeptide amino acid sequence, MELADL, that functions to detect cellular cholesterol. When cholesterol is present, SCAP undergoes a conformational change that prevents it from activating SREBP and cholesterol synthesis does not occur.
Structure
Scap has 8 transmembrane domains and both the N-terminal and C-terminal face the cytoplasm. Also, it binds SREBP by a series of consecutive WD repeats on its C-terminus.
References
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20motor%20neuron%20lesion | A lower motor neuron lesion is a lesion which affects nerve fibers traveling from the lower motor neuron(s) in the anterior horn/anterior grey column of the spinal cord, or in the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves, to the relevant muscle(s).
One major characteristic used to identify a lower motor neuron lesion is flaccid paralysis – paralysis accompanied by loss of muscle tone. This is in contrast to an upper motor neuron lesion, which often presents with spastic paralysis – paralysis accompanied by severe hypertonia.
Signs and symptoms
Muscle paresis or paralysis
Fibrillations
Fasciculations – caused by increased receptor concentration on muscles to compensate for lack of innervation.
Hypotonia or atonia – Tone is not velocity dependent.
Hyporeflexia - Along with deep reflexes even cutaneous reflexes are also decreased or absent.
Strength – weakness is limited to segmental or focal pattern, Root innervated pattern
The extensor plantar reflex (Babinski sign) is usually absent. Muscle paresis/paralysis, hypotonia/atonia, and hyporeflexia/areflexia are usually seen immediately following an insult. Muscle wasting, fasciculations and fibrillations are typically signs of end-stage muscle denervation and are seen over a longer time period. Another feature is the segmentation of symptoms – only muscles innervated by the damaged nerves will be symptomatic.
Causes
The most common causes of lower motor neuron injuries are trauma to peripheral nerves that serve the axons, an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20oldest%20and%20youngest%20Academy%20Award%20winners%20and%20nominees | This is a list of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees in the award categories Acting and Directing.
This list is based on "statistics valid through the nomination announcement for the 2015 (88th Academy Awards), announced on January 14, 2016", as documented in The Official Academy Awards Database.
At the 90th Academy Awards, James Ivory became the oldest-ever Oscar winner in any category, at age 89, after receiving the award for Best Adapted Screenplay for his work on Call Me by Your Name. At the 93rd Academy Awards, Ann Roth became the oldest-ever woman to win an Oscar in any category, at age 89, after receiving the award for Best Costume Design for her work on Ma Rainey's Black Bottom.
At the 95th Academy Awards, John Williams became the oldest Oscar nominee in any category, at age 90, after receiving his 53rd Oscar nomination for Best Original Score for his work on The Fabelmans.
There are only three people in Oscar history who have won two Oscars by the age of 30 or younger:
Luise Rainer for The Great Ziegfeld and The Good Earth
Jodie Foster for The Accused and The Silence of the Lambs
Hilary Swank for Boys Don't Cry and Million Dollar Baby
all in the Best Actress in a Leading Role category.
Superlatives
Among the oldest and youngest winners and nominees of Academy Awards in standard competitive categories, the following superlatives emerge:
Best Director
Oldest winners
Source: "Academy Award Statistics: Directing: Oldest/Youngest Directin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integro-differential%20equation | In mathematics, an integro-differential equation is an equation that involves both integrals and derivatives of a function.
General first order linear equations
The general first-order, linear (only with respect to the term involving derivative) integro-differential equation is of the form
As is typical with differential equations, obtaining a closed-form solution can often be difficult. In the relatively few cases where a solution can be found, it is often by some kind of integral transform, where the problem is first transformed into an algebraic setting. In such situations, the solution of the problem may be derived by applying the inverse transform to the solution of this algebraic equation.
Example
Consider the following second-order problem,
where
is the Heaviside step function. The Laplace transform is defined by,
Upon taking term-by-term Laplace transforms, and utilising the rules for derivatives and integrals, the integro-differential equation is converted into the following algebraic equation,
Thus,
.
Inverting the Laplace transform using contour integral methods then gives
.
Alternatively, one can complete the square and use a table of Laplace transforms ("exponentially decaying sine wave") or recall from memory to proceed:
.
Applications
Integro-differential equations model many situations from science and engineering, such as in circuit analysis. By Kirchhoff's second law, the net voltage drop across a closed loop equals the voltage impress |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhomboclase | Rhomboclase is an acidic iron sulfate mineral with a formula reported as H5Fe3+O2(SO4)2·2(H2O) or HFe(SO4)2·4(H2O). It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system and typically occurs as tabular crystals with a rhombic outline. It occurs as transparent colorless, blue, green, yellow or grey crystals with a vitreous to pearly luster.
Rhomboclase forms within the oxidizing environment of pyrite rich ore deposits and is reported as a post mine mineral of arid regions.
It was first described in 1888 for an occurrence in Slovakia and was named from Latin, rhombus, rhomb, and Greek klasis, to break, for its crystal form and perfect basal cleavage.
References
Sulfate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20G.%20Donnan | Frederick George Donnan CBE FRS FRSE (6 September 1870 – 16 December 1956) was a British-Irish physical chemist who is known for his work on membrane equilibria, and commemorated in the Donnan equilibrium describing ionic transport in cells. He spent most of his career at University College London.
Life
Donnan was born in Colombo, Ceylon, the son of William Donnan, a Belfast merchant, and his wife, Jane Ross Turnley Liggate. He spent his early life in Ulster. He was blind in one eye as the result of a childhood accident, and is often shown in profile. He studied at Queen's College, Belfast gaining a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1894, then at the University of Leipzig with Wilhelm Ostwald, resulting in a PhD in 1896, followed by research with J. H. van't Hoff. Donnan then became a research student at University College London, joining the academic staff in 1901.
In 1903 he became a lecturer on organic chemistry at the Royal College of Science, Dublin, followed a chair in physical chemistry at the University of Liverpool in 1906. In 1913 he returned to University College London, where he remained until his retirement, serving as Head of Department from 1928 to 1937.
He died in Canterbury on 16 December 1956. He was unmarried and had no children.
Work
During the First World War, Donnan was a consultant to the Ministry of Munitions, and worked with chemical engineer K. B. Quinan on plants for the fixation of nitrogen, for compounds essential for the manufacture of munitions. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVFN | WVFN (730 AM) is a radio station licensed to East Lansing, Michigan, broadcasting a sports format known as "The Game". It broadcasts on AM frequency 730 kHz and is under the ownership of Townsquare Media. 730 AM is a Mexican and Canadian clear-channel frequency.
As WVIC, AM 730 was a Top 40 music station in Lansing for many years (see also: WMMQ, current sister station and former simulcast partner).
WVFN is an affiliate of the Detroit Tigers baseball and Grand Valley State Laker football radio networks.
WVFN began broadcasting as WVIC in 1965 with a Middle-of-the-Road (MOR) format, as sister station WVIC-FM programmed a Beautiful Music format. WVIC and WVIC-FM adopted a full-time Top 40 format in 1968, competing with cross-town rivals WJIM and WILS. WVIC and WVIC-FM would simulcast the Top 40 format full-time for most of the 1970s, eventually leading WVIC-FM to beat out its AM competitors with the advantage of a 24-hour FM stereo signal. WVIC, during this time, was licensed to operate from 6:00 am to local sunset, and aired a promotional announcement at nightly sign-off, encouraging listeners to tune to WVIC-FM. WVIC made a partial break in their simulcast with WVIC-FM in 1979, airing an Urban Contemporary format during the midday, while continuing to simulcast WVIC-FM for the remainder of the broadcast day.
WVIC and WVIC-FM were purchased by Goodrich Broadcasting in August 1981, and WVIC was reprogrammed with Al Hamm's Music of Your Life format, featuring Big Band music |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DWC | DWC may refer to:
Al Maktoum International Airport, United Arab Emirates (IATA code)
Daniel Webster College, a former college in Nashua, New Hampshire, US
Darwin Core, biodiversity data standards
Deep water culture, of hydroponics
Diamond wire cutting
Douglas World Cruiser, a 1923 aircraft
Subarctic climate (Köppen classification) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static%20light%20scattering | Static light scattering is a technique in physical chemistry that measures the intensity of the scattered light to obtain the average molecular weight Mw of a macromolecule like a polymer or a protein in solution. Measurement of the scattering intensity at many angles allows calculation of the root mean square radius, also called the radius of gyration Rg. By measuring the scattering intensity for many samples of various concentrations, the second virial coefficient, A2, can be calculated.
Static light scattering is also commonly utilized to determine the size of particle suspensions in the sub-μm and supra-μm ranges, via the Lorenz-Mie (see Mie scattering) and Fraunhofer diffraction formalisms, respectively.
For static light scattering experiments, a high-intensity monochromatic light, usually a laser, is launched into a solution containing the macromolecules. One or many detectors are used to measure the scattering intensity at one or many angles. The angular dependence is required to obtain accurate measurements of both molar mass and size for all macromolecules of radius above 1–2% of the incident wavelength. Hence simultaneous measurements at several angles relative to the direction of the incident light, known as multi-angle light scattering (MALS) or multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS), are generally regarded as the standard implementation of static light scattering. Additional details on the history and theory of MALS may be found in multi-angle light scatter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20tail | White tail or whitetail may refer to:
Places
Whitetail, Montana
Whitetail Ski Resort
Animals
Mammals
White-tailed deer
White-tailed jackrabbit
Fish
Centropyge flavicauda or whitetail angelfish, an angelfish from the Indo-pacific Ocean
Whitetail dascyllus or white-tailed damselfish, a common aquarium fish
Whitetail dogfish, a sleeper shark from the Indian Ocean
Sufflamen albicaudatum or whitetail trigger, a triggerfish from the Indian Ocean
Birds
White-tailed eagle
White-tailed kite
Other animals
Bothrops leucurus or whitetail lancehead, a Brazilian pit viper
Two North American dragonflies in the genus Ladona:
Common whitetail
Desert whitetail
White-tailed spider
Other uses
An aerospace manufacturing term for an aircraft or rocket that has been built but not yet sold.
Animal common name disambiguation pages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/89.9%20TheLight | 89.9 TheLight (call sign 3TSC) is a Christian community radio station in Melbourne, Australia attracting more than a million listeners per month. It broadcasts on the FM band with the frequency of 89.9, on DAB+ digital radio and streams online via website and mobile app. Studios are located at 333 Mitcham Road, in Mitcham with FM transmitter on Mount Dandenong
History
The station's beginnings can be traced to 1977, when Melbourne Christian Radio was founded. It conducted test broadcasts in 1980, 1981, and 1982 as 3MCR before purchasing air time on commercial station 3DB.
89.9 TheLight is run by Positive Media Inc, which was formerly called Triple Seven Communications and 89.9 LightFM and Light Melbourne Inc. They conducted a three-month temporary broadcast in late 2001 and was informed in December of that year that they were successful for one of the four community licences available from the Australian Broadcasting Authority, now the Australian Communications and Media Authority. 89.9 TheLight began full-time permanent broadcasting on Sunday 1 December 2002.
In January 2017 it was announced that 89.9 TheLight reaches over a million people a month.
Initiatives
LightNews
89.9 TheLight has its own dedicated news service that provides hourly updates throughout the day, and every half an hour during the breakfast (6am-9am) program. Previously, 89.9 TheLight had broadcast the Macquarie National News program every hour.
Nine News simulcast
An exclusive simulcast of Nine News |
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