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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18F-EF5 | EF5 is a nitroimidazole derivative used in oncology research. Due to its similarity in chemical structure to etanidazole, EF5 binds in cells displaying hypoxia.
Non-labeled EF5 has been extensively used in immunohistochemical studies for several years and its hypoxia specificity has been comprehensively evaluated The 18F-radiolabeled derivative of EF5 is being studied for its possibility to be used in positron emission tomography (PET) to detect low levels of oxygen in brain tumors and several other malignant tumors. This can help show how a tumor will respond to treatment.
Targeting tumor hypoxia in cancer treatment aims to overcome radiotherapy resistance of hypoxic tumors. Thus, a major clinical implication for 18F-EF5-PET imaging is expected to be guiding of radiotherapy dose modulation. Clinical studies on 18F-EF5-PET/CT imaging have indicated clinically acceptable biodistribution and dosimetric profile, and in head and neck cancer also favorable imaging characteristics, prognostic value and repeatability. A recent 18F-EF5-PET/MR study showed promising potential in detecting tumor hypoxia in cervical cancer. However, 18F-EF5-PET/CT is not feasible in imaging of ovarian cancer due to physiological intra-abdominal 18F-EF5-accumulation. Further studies evaluating the clinical use of 18F-EF5 PET imaging in head and neck cancer are ongoing.
References
Nitroimidazoles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equipossibility | Equipossibility is a philosophical concept in possibility theory that is a precursor to the notion of equiprobability in probability theory. It is used to distinguish what can occur in a probability experiment. For example, it is the difference between viewing the possible results of rolling a six sided dice as {1,2,3,4,5,6} rather than {6, not 6}. The former (equipossible) set contains equally possible alternatives, while the latter does not because there are five times as many alternatives inherent in 'not 6' as in 6. This is true even if the die is biased so that 6 and 'not 6' are equally likely to occur (equiprobability).
The Principle of Indifference of Laplace states that equipossible alternatives may be accorded equal probabilities if nothing more is known about the underlying probability distribution. However, it is a matter of contention whether the concept of equipossibility, also called equispecificity (from equispecific), can truly be distinguished from the concept of equiprobability.
In Bayesian inference, one definition of equipossibility is "a transformation group which leaves invariant one's state of knowledge". Equiprobability is then defined by normalizing the Haar measure of this symmetry group. This is known as the principle of transformation groups.
References
External links
Book Chapter by Henry E. Kyburg Jr. on equipossibility, with the 6/not-6 example above
Quotes on equipossibility in classical probability
Probability interpretations
Possibilit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20temperature | In fluid thermodynamics, the film temperature () is an approximation of the temperature of a fluid inside a convection boundary layer. It is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the temperature at the surface of the solid boundary wall () and the free-stream temperature ():
The film temperature is often used as the temperature at which fluid properties are calculated when using the Prandtl number, Nusselt number, Reynolds number or Grashof number to calculate a heat transfer coefficient, because it is a reasonable first approximation to the temperature within the convection boundary layer.
Somewhat confusing terminology may be encountered in relation to boilers and heat exchangers, where the same term is used to refer to the limit (hot) temperature of a fluid in contact with a hot surface.
References
Fluid dynamics
Heat transfer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equiprobability | Equiprobability is a property for a collection of events that each have the same probability of occurring. In statistics and probability theory it is applied in the discrete uniform distribution and the equidistribution theorem for rational numbers. If there are events under consideration, the probability of each occurring is
In philosophy it corresponds to a concept that allows one to assign equal probabilities to outcomes when they are judged to be equipossible or to be "equally likely" in some sense. The best-known formulation of the rule is Laplace's principle of indifference (or principle of insufficient reason), which states that, when "we have no other information than" that exactly mutually exclusive events can occur, we are justified in assigning each the probability This subjective assignment of probabilities is especially justified for situations such as rolling dice and lotteries since these experiments carry a symmetry structure, and one's state of knowledge must clearly be invariant under this symmetry.
A similar argument could lead to the seemingly absurd conclusion that the sun is as likely to rise as to not rise tomorrow morning. However, the conclusion that the sun is equally likely to rise as it is to not rise is only absurd when additional information is known, such as the laws of gravity and the sun's history. Similar applications of the concept are effectively instances of circular reasoning, with "equally likely" events being assigned equal probab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20Titensor | Glen Weston Titensor (born February 21, 1958) is a former American football offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at Brigham Young University.
Early years
Titensor attended Bolsa Grande High School and was a three-year starter at tackle on both offense and defense for the football, receiving All-County honors as a junior. He was injured in the first game of his senior year and missed the entire season. He also practiced track & field.
He received a football scholarship from UCLA, where he played at nose guard and defensive tackle backing up All-American Manu Tuiasosopo for two years. He transferred at the end of his sophomore season to Brigham Young University and sat out the 1978 season.
He was named the starter at left defensive tackle as a junior, before moving to defensive end, where he received All-WAC and honorable-mention All-American honors.
As a senior, he registered 41 tackles (5 for loss), 13 sacks (led the team) and 38 quarterback hurries. He finished his college career with 88 tackles (12 for loss), 17 sacks, 57 quarterback hurries and 3 forced fumbles.
Professional career
Titensor was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the third round (81st overall) of the 1981 NFL Draft as a defensive end. The Cowboys offense needed help and like Blaine Nye, John Fitzgerald, Pat Donovan and Kurt Petersen before him, he was switched to the offensive line to play tackle as a rookie. During the season he was |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingosine%20kinase%201 | Sphingosine kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SPHK1 gene.
Sphingosine kinase 1 phosphorylates sphingosine to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). SK1 is normally a cytosolic protein but is recruited to membranes rich in phosphatidate (PA), a product of phospholipase D (PLD).
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a novel lipid messenger with both intracellular and extracellular functions. Intracellularly, it regulates proliferation and survival, and extracellularly, it is a ligand for EDG1. Various stimuli increase cellular levels of S1P by activation of sphingosine kinase (SPHK), the enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of sphingosine. Competitive inhibitors of SPHK block formation of S1P and selectively inhibit cellular proliferation induced by a variety of factors, including platelet-derived growth factor and serum.
Interactions
SPHK1 has been shown to interact with TRAF2.
References
Further reading
External links
EC 2.7.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioimmunoblastic%20T-cell%20lymphoma | Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL, sometimes misspelled AILT, formerly known as "angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia") is a mature T-cell lymphoma of blood or lymph vessel immunoblasts characterized by a polymorphous lymph node infiltrate showing a marked increase in follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and high endothelial venules (HEVs) and systemic involvement.
Signs and symptoms
Patients with AITL usually present at an advanced stage and show systemic involvement. The clinical findings typically include a pruritic skin rash and possibly edema, ascites, pleural effusions, and arthritis.
Sites of involvement
Due to the systemic nature of AITL, neoplastic cells can be found in lymph nodes, liver, spleen, skin, and bone marrow.
Causes
AITL was originally thought to be a premalignant condition, termed angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, and this atypical reactive lymphadenopathy carried a risk for transformation into a lymphoma. It is postulated that the originating cell for AITL is a mature (post-thymic) CD4+ T-cell that arises de novo, or that the disease has a premalignant subtype. The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is observed in the majority of cases, being identified in the reactive (i.e. non-malignant) B-cells that comprise part of the polymorphous infiltrate of AITL. These EBV+ B cells have numerous non-malignant crippling mutations, often proliferate excessively, and in some cases may transform into EBV+ B cell lymphomas. The other cell types in th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Script%20typeface | Script typefaces are based on the varied and often fluid stroke created by handwriting. They are generally used for display or trade printing, rather than for extended body text in the Latin alphabet. Some Greek alphabet typefaces, especially historically, have been a closer simulation of handwriting.
Styles
Script typefaces are organized into highly regular formal types similar to cursive writing and looser, more casual scripts.
Formal scripts
A majority of formal scripts are based upon the letterforms of seventeenth and eighteenth century writing-masters like George Bickham, George Shelley and George Snell. The letters in their original form are generated by a quill or metal nib of a pen. Both are able to create fine and thick strokes. Typefaces based upon their style of writing appear late in the eighteenth century and early nineteenth century. Contemporary revivals of formal script faces can be seen in Kuenstler Script and Matthew Carter's typeface Snell Roundhand. These typefaces are frequently used for invitations and diplomas to effect an elevated and elegant feeling. They may use typographic ligatures to have letters connect.
Casual scripts
Casual scripts show a less formal, more active hand. The strokes may vary in width but often appear to have been created by wet brush rather than a pen nib. They appeared in the early twentieth century, and with the advent of photocomposition in the early 1950s, their number rapidly increased. They were popularly used in adve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Mosley%20%28American%20football%29 | Michael Gene Mosley (born June 30, 1958) is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL).
Early years
Mosley starred at Humble High School in Humble, Texas. He played quarterback at Texas A&M where he finished his career 3rd all-time for the Aggies in rushing yards by a quarterback. As a freshman, Mosley replaced an injured David Walker against TCU and led the Aggies to victory in Fort Worth rushing for 96 yards and a touchdown in a 52-23 thrashing of the Horned Frogs. Mosley would not relinquish the job, becoming the Aggies' starting quarterback for the next three seasons.
NFL
He was selected as a receiver by the Buffalo Bills in the third round of the 1981 NFL Draft. During his three NFL seasons, he was a special teams standout as the primary kick and punt returner on the 1982 Bills team. Unfortunately, a series of injuries cut short his promising NFL career and forced Mosley to retire after the 1984 season.
References
External links
NFL.com player page
Stats
Gridiron Greats article
1958 births
Living people
People from Hillsboro, Texas
American football wide receivers
Texas A&M Aggies football players
Buffalo Bills players |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl-MMDA-2 | N-Methyl-2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine (methyl-MMDA-2; 6-methoxy-MDMA) is a psychedelic drug of the amphetamine class. It is the N-methylated derivative of MMDA-2, and it is also an analog of MDMA and 6-methyl-MDA.
Methyl-MMDA-2 was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and was described in his book PiHKAL. He states that it is essentially inactive at a dose of 70 mg, and he did not try any higher; however, Methyl-MMDA-2 is still likely to be active, perhaps in the 125-250 mg range. This reduction in hallucinogenic activity relative to MMDA-2 parallels that of MDA and MDMA, indicating that with phenethylamines, N-methylation substantially reduces 5-HT2A receptor affinity.
See also
MMDA-2
MDMA
6-Methyl-MDA
References
External links
Erowid - PiHKAL entry for Methyl-MMDA-2
Isomerdesign - PiHKAL entry for Methyl-MMDA-2
Methamphetamines
Benzodioxoles
Serotonin receptor agonists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20temperature | In atmospheric thermodynamics, the virtual temperature () of a moist air parcel is the temperature at which a theoretical dry air parcel would have a total pressure and density equal to the moist parcel of air.
The virtual temperature of unsaturated moist air is always greater than the absolute air temperature, however, as the existence of suspended cloud droplets reduces the virtual temperature.
The virtual temperature effect is also known as the vapor buoyancy effect. It has been described to increase Earth's thermal emission by warming the tropical atmosphere.
Introduction
Description
In atmospheric thermodynamic processes, it is often useful to assume air parcels behave approximately adiabatically, and approximately ideally. The specific gas constant for the standardized mass of one kilogram of a particular gas is variable, and described mathematically as
where is the molar gas constant, and is the apparent molar mass of gas in kilograms per mole. The apparent molar mass of a theoretical moist parcel in Earth's atmosphere can be defined in components of water vapor and dry air as
with being partial pressure of water, dry air pressure, and and representing the molar masses of water vapor and dry air respectively. The total pressure is described by Dalton's law of partial pressures:
Purpose
Rather than carry out these calculations, it is convenient to scale another quantity within the ideal gas law to equate the pressure and density of a dry parcel to a m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hose%20%28disambiguation%29 | A hose is a flexible hollow tube designed to carry fluids from one location to another.
Hose may also refer to:
Places
Hose, Leicestershire, England
Hose Mountains, a mountain range in central Sarawak, Malaysia
Other uses
Hose (surname)
The Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange
HOSE, a term used for playing a mixed game of poker consisting of four different poker games
Hose (band), "artcore" band from the 1980s
Hose (album), an album by Hose
Hose (clothing)
Boothose
Pantyhose
See also
Ho (disambiguation)
Hoser (disambiguation)
Rubber hose (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/ALE-55%20Fiber-Optic%20Towed%20Decoy | The AN/ALE-55 Fiber-Optic Towed Decoy, or ALE-55, is an RF (Radio Frequency) countermeasure under development by BAE Systems Electronic Solutions for the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet.
Overview
The ALE-55 is an RF countermeasure designed to protect an aircraft from radar guided missiles. It consists of an aircraft-towed decoy and onboard electronics. It works together with the aircraft's electronic warfare system to provide radar jamming. In addition, it can also be used in a backup mode as a signal repeater, which allows it to lure incoming missiles away from their actual target. It is currently in use with the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, but can be adapted to a wide variety of platforms with minimal modification.
Defensive Techniques
The ALE-55 provides three layers of defensive jamming against a radar-based threat: preventing radars from tracking, breaking radar locks, and acting as a target for incoming missiles.
Suppression
The system detects a threat radar in its acquisition mode and tries to prevent it from locking by using jamming techniques. The onboard electronic warfare package analyzes the threat, while the towed decoy emits the jamming signals to confuse the tracking radar.
Deflection
In the case that a radar obtains a lock on the aircraft or decoy system, the electronics on board the aircraft analyze the emissions and then determine the optimum jamming technique to break the radar lock. The jamming is done by the decoy. The ALE-55 also possesses the useful abi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%20protein | Ci protein, short for Cubitus interruptus, is a zinc finger containing transcription factor involved in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In the absence of a signal to the Hedgehog signaling pathway, the Ci protein is cleaved and destroyed in proteasomes. It isn't, however, completely destroyed; part of the protein survives and acts as a repressor in the nucleus, keeping genes responsive to the Hedgehog signal silent.
Degradation of Ci
The degradation of Ci protein depends on a large multiprotein complex, which contains a serine/threonine kinase of unknown function, an anchoring protein that binds to microtubules (to keep the Ci protein out of the nucleus) and an adaptor protein. When the Hedgehog signaling pathway is turned on, the Ci proteolysis is suppressed and the unprocessed CI protein enters the nucleus, where it activates the transcription of its target genes. Ci undergoes complete or partial degradation in the cells, the detailed molecular mechanism is poorly understood. It has been reported that an AAA ATPase Ter94 complex and K11/K48 ubiquitin chains are involved in the selection of Ci degradation.
Target genes
The Wingless protein in Drosophila, which is crucial to the embryogenesis of the fruit fly, and acts through the Wnt signaling pathway.
The Patched receptor protein of the Hedgehog signaling pathway, which production acts as a negative feedback, since the resulting increase in Patched protein on the cell surface inhibits the Hedgehog pathway.
References
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance%20Tipper | Constance Tipper (born Constance Fligg Elam; 16 February 1894 – 14 December 1995) was an English metallurgist and crystallographer. She investigated brittle fracture and the ductile-brittle transition of metals used in the construction of warships, and was the first female full-time faculty member at Cambridge University Department of Engineering.
Early life and career
Constance Fligg Elam was born in New Barnet, Hertfordshire, the daughter of surgeon William Henry Elam, and Lydia Coombes. She was educated at Saint Felix School, Southwold before studying engineering at Newnham College, Cambridge (1912). Tipper achieved a third class in Part I of the Natural Science Tripos.
In 1915 she joined the Metallurgical Department of the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington, but moved in 1916 to the Royal School of Mines, where in 1917 she was appointed research assistant to Sir Harold Carpenter and, in 1921, elected to the Frecheville Research Fellowship. Also in 1917 she was elected a member of the Institute of Materials. It was subsequently arranged that she should work at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge. In 1923, under the name C. F. Elam she received the Royal Society's Bakerian Medal with G. I. Taylor. Unfortunately, the Royal Society had not realized that she was a woman and their dinner club did not allow women attendees.
In 1924 she was appointed to the first Research Fellowship in Metallurgy given by the Worshipful Company of Armourers and Braziers. In 1927, Elam |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piecewise%20linear%20continuation | Simplicial continuation, or piecewise linear continuation (Allgower and Georg), is a one-parameter continuation method which is well suited to small to medium embedding spaces. The algorithm has been generalized to compute higher-dimensional manifolds by (Allgower and Gnutzman) and (Allgower and Schmidt).
The algorithm for drawing contours is a simplicial continuation algorithm, and since it is easy to visualize, it serves as a good introduction to the algorithm.
Contour plotting
The contour plotting problem is to find the zeros (contours) of ( a smooth scalar valued function) in the square ,
The square is divided into small triangles, usually by introducing points at the corners of a regular square mesh , , making a table of the values of at each corner , and then dividing each square into two triangles. The value of at the corners of the triangle defines a unique Piecewise Linear interpolant to over each triangle. One way of writing this interpolant on the triangle with corners
is as the set of equations
The first four equations can be solved for (this maps the original triangle to a right unit triangle), then the remaining equation gives the interpolated value of . Over the whole mesh of triangles, this piecewise linear interpolant is continuous.
The contour of the interpolant on an individual triangle is a line segment (it is an interval on the intersection of two planes). The equation for the line can be found, however the points where the line |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiDNA | Signal interfering DNA (siDNA) is a class of short modified double stranded DNA molecules, 8–64 base pairs in length. siDNA molecules are capable of inhibiting DNA repair activities by interfering with multiple repair pathways. These molecules are known to act by mimicking DNA breaks and interfering with recognition and repair of DNA damage induced on chromosomes by irradiation or genotoxic products.
Dbait
Dbait is a specific siDNA molecule that has been shown to mimic signalling of double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) in vivo. Currently, Dbait is the only type of siDNA molecule having been reviewed.
Mechanism of Action of Dbait
The siDNA family, led by Dbait, consists of 32 base pairs deoxyribonucleotide forming an intramolecular double helix, which mimicks DNA double-strand break lesions. In the event of a double-stranded break in the genome, the cell most commonly repairs the damaged segment via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). NHEJ involves the ligation of the damaged segments without using a homologous strand as a template, and can lead to frameshift mutations and failure of the cell to properly halt the cell division cycle, which could lead to the cancerization of the cell. Dbait functions primarily by targeting the NHEJ pathway, with the cell detecting the presence of siDNA molecules as double stranded breaks (DSBs). Dbait triggers baited activation of signalling enzymes involved in NHEJ-mediated genome repair to initiate the appropriate cellular response. Dbait is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum-free%20set | In additive combinatorics and number theory, a subset A of an abelian group G is said to be sum-free if the sumset A + A is disjoint from A. In other words, A is sum-free if the equation has no solution with .
For example, the set of odd numbers is a sum-free subset of the integers, and the set {N + 1, ..., 2N } forms a large sum-free subset of the set {1, ..., 2N }. Fermat's Last Theorem is the statement that, for a given integer n > 2, the set of all nonzero nth powers of the integers is a sum-free set.
Some basic questions that have been asked about sum-free sets are:
How many sum-free subsets of {1, ..., N } are there, for an integer N? Ben Green has shown that the answer is , as predicted by the Cameron–Erdős conjecture.
How many sum-free sets does an abelian group G contain?
What is the size of the largest sum-free set that an abelian group G contains?
A sum-free set is said to be maximal if it is not a proper subset of another sum-free set.
Let be defined by is the largest number such that any subset of with size n has a sum-free subset of size k. The function is subadditive, and by the Fekete subadditivity lemma, exists. Erdős proved that , and conjectured that equality holds. This was proved by Eberhard, Green, and Manners.
See also
Erdős–Szemerédi theorem
Sum-free sequence
References
Sumsets
Additive combinatorics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1roly%20Schaffer | Károly Schaffer (September 7, 1864, Vienna – October 16, 1939, Budapest) was a Hungarian anatomist and neurologist. He was born in Vienna. The axon projection from CA3 to CA1 neurons in hippocampus, Schaffer collateral, is named after him.
He was involved in the early studies of Tay–Sachs disease.
Authored Books
Über das morphologische Wesen und die Histopathologie der hereditär-systematischen Nervenkrankheiten (Berlin, 1926)
Az elmebetegségek és kapcsolatos idegbetegségek kórtana (Pathology of mental diseases and their related nervous disorders. Budapest, 1927)
Anatomische Wesenbestimmung der hereditär-organischen Nerven-Geisteskrankheiten (With Dezsö Miskolczy. Szeged, 1936)
Histopathologie des Neurons (Budapest-Leipzig, 1938)
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155841/http://www.kereso.hu/yrk/Ryrgenwm/13218 (in Hungarian)
Hungarian anatomists
Austrian anatomists
Hungarian histologists
Austrian histologists
Hungarian neurologists
Austrian neurologists
Scientists from Vienna
1864 births
1939 deaths
Scientists from Austria-Hungary |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20Turkish%20motorcycle%20Grand%20Prix | The 2007 Turkish motorcycle Grand Prix was the third round of the 2007 MotoGP championship. It took place on the weekend of 20–22 April 2007 at the Istanbul Park circuit.
MotoGP classification
250cc classification
125cc classification
Championship standings after the race (MotoGP)
Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round three has concluded.
Riders' Championship standings
Constructors' Championship standings
Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
References
Turkish motorcycle Grand Prix
Turkish
Motorcycle
April 2007 sports events in Turkey |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%20probe | The mercury probe is an electrical probing device to make rapid, non-destructive contact to a sample for electrical characterization. Its primary application is semiconductor measurements where otherwise time-consuming metallizations or photolithographic processing are required to make contact to a sample. These processing steps usually take hours and have to be avoided where possible to reduce device processing times.
The mercury probe applies mercury contacts of well-defined areas to a flat sample. The nature of the mercury-sample contacts and the instrumentation connected to the mercury probe define the application. If the mercury-sample contact is ohmic (non-rectifying) then current-voltage instrumentation can be used to measure resistance, leakage currents, or current-voltage characteristics. Resistance can be measured on bulk samples or on thin films. The thin films can be composed of any material that does not react with mercury. Metals, semiconductors, oxides, and chemical coatings have all been measured successfully.
Applications
The mercury probe is a versatile tool for investigation of parameters of conducting, insulating and semiconductor materials.
One of the first successful mercury probe applications was the characterization of epitaxial layers grown on silicon. It is critical to device performance to monitor the doping level and thickness of an epitaxial layer. Prior to the mercury probe, a sample had to undergo a metallization process, which coul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20methods%20%28crystallography%29 | In crystallography, direct methods are a family of methods for estimating the phases of the Fourier transform of the scattering density from the corresponding magnitudes. The methods generally exploit constraints or statistical correlations between the phases of different Fourier components that result from the fact that the scattering density must be a positive real number.
In two dimensions, it is relatively easy to solve the phase problem directly, but not so in three dimensions. The key step was taken by Hauptman and Karle, who developed a practical method to employ the Sayre equation for which they were awarded the 1985 Nobel prize in Chemistry. The Nobel Prize citation was "for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures."
At present, direct methods are the preferred method for phasing crystals of small molecules having up to 1000 atoms in the asymmetric unit. However, they are generally not feasible by themselves for larger molecules such as proteins.
Several software packages implement direct methods.
See also
Direct methods (electron microscopy)
Phase problem
X-ray crystallography
References
Crystallography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20fingerprinting | Protein fingerprinting can refer to any of the several methods for identifying or differentiating proteins:
Peptide mass fingerprinting, a method developed in 1993 that uses protein mass spectrometry following SDS-PAGE
Older techniques using two-dimensional chromatography and/or protein electrophoresis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral%20parrot | A feral parrot is a parrot that has adapted to life in an ecosystem to which it is not native. The birds are often descended from pets that have escaped or been deliberately released. Many species of parrots are highly social, and like to gather in large flocks. Not all feral parrots are able to adapt to life outside of captivity, although having a pre-existing nearby parrot colony can assist with the adaptation process.
Feral parrots may affect native biodiversity, human economy and wellness. They are present in many countries, including in North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, and in the Middle East.
Parrots living in non-native environments
Rainbow lorikeet
Feral colonies of rainbow lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus) have been established in Perth, Western Australia and in Auckland, New Zealand.
Eastern rosella
The eastern rosella (Platycercus eximius) has become naturalized in the North Island of New Zealand.
Rose-ringed parakeet
Native to India, Sri Lanka and parts of Africa, sizeable populations of naturalized rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri) exist around the world. They can be found in England, the Netherlands, Belgium and along the river Rhine in Germany. The largest UK roost of these is thought to be in Esher, Surrey, numbering several thousand. Feral rose-ringed parakeets also occur in the United States, South Africa, Egypt (resident, breeding all over Giza territory in June), Israel (with many seasonally present in Yarkon P |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythium%20aphanidermatum | Pythium aphanidermatum is a soil borne plant pathogen. Pythium is a genus in the class Oomycetes, which are also known as water molds. Oomycetes are not true fungi, as their cell walls are made of cellulose instead of chitin, they are diploid in their vegetative state, and they form coenocytic hyphae (lacking crosswalls). Also, they reproduce asexually with motile biflagelette zoospores that require water to move towards and infect a host. Sexually, they reproduce with structures called antheridia, oogonia, and oospores.
Hosts
Pythium aphanidermatum has a wide host range, and can have an economic impact on the cultivation of soybeans, beets, peppers, chrysanthemum, cucurbits, cotton and turf-grasses, however, because P. aphanidermatum requires warmer temperatures, it is often seen in greenhouses and has a large impact in poinsettia production. It is a major cause of root rot in papaya production in subtropical areas. While this is almost exclusively a plant pathogen, there is one documented case of P. aphanidermatum infecting a human being injured in the Afghanistan conflict.
Symptoms
Pythium aphanidermatum is responsible for pre- and post-emergence damping off. Pre-emergence damping off is when the seed is infected prior to germination. This can result in poor or no germination, and is observable as a browning or rotting of the seed. Post-emergence damping off takes place after germination and results in a thinning, water-soaked stem near the plant collar, which e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whewell%20equation | The Whewell equation of a plane curve is an equation that relates the tangential angle () with arclength (), where the tangential angle is the angle between the tangent to the curve and the -axis, and the arc length is the distance along the curve from a fixed point. These quantities do not depend on the coordinate system used except for the choice of the direction of the -axis, so this is an intrinsic equation of the curve, or, less precisely, the intrinsic equation. If a curve is obtained from another by translation then their Whewell equations will be the same.
When the relation is a function, so that tangential angle is given as a function of arclength, certain properties become easy to manipulate. In particular, the derivative of the tangential angle with respect to arclength is equal to the curvature. Thus, taking the derivative of the Whewell equation yields a Cesàro equation for the same curve.
The concept is named after William Whewell, who introduced it in 1849, in a paper in the Cambridge Philosophical Transactions. In his conception, the angle used is the deviation from the direction of the curve at some fixed starting point, and this convention is sometimes used by other authors as well. This is equivalent to the definition given here by the addition of a constant to the angle or by rotating the curve.
Properties
If the curve is given parametrically in terms of the arc length , then is determined by
which implies
Parametric equations for the curve can be ob |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade%20effect%20%28ecology%29 | An ecological cascade effect is a series of secondary extinctions that are triggered by the primary extinction of a key species in an ecosystem. Secondary extinctions are likely to occur when the threatened species are: dependent on a few specific food sources, mutualistic (dependent on the key species in some way), or forced to coexist with an invasive species that is introduced to the ecosystem. Species introductions to a foreign ecosystem can often devastate entire communities, and even entire ecosystems. These exotic species monopolize the ecosystem's resources, and since they have no natural predators to decrease their growth, they are able to increase indefinitely. Olsen et al. showed that exotic species have caused lake and estuary ecosystems to go through cascade effects due to loss of algae, crayfish, mollusks, fish, amphibians, and birds. However, the principal cause of cascade effects is the loss of top predators as the key species. As a result of this loss, a dramatic increase (ecological release) of prey species occurs. The prey is then able to overexploit its own food resources, until the population numbers decrease in abundance, which can lead to extinction. When the prey's food resources disappear, they starve and may go extinct as well. If the prey species is herbivorous, then their initial release and exploitation of the plants may result in a loss of plant biodiversity in the area. If other organisms in the ecosystem also depend upon these plants as food |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ces%C3%A0ro%20equation | In geometry, the Cesàro equation of a plane curve is an equation relating the curvature () at a point of the curve to the arc length () from the start of the curve to the given point. It may also be given as an equation relating the radius of curvature () to arc length. (These are equivalent because .) Two congruent curves will have the same Cesàro equation. Cesàro equations are named after Ernesto Cesàro.
Examples
Some curves have a particularly simple representation by a Cesàro equation. Some examples are:
Line: .
Circle: , where is the radius.
Logarithmic spiral: , where is a constant.
Circle involute: , where is a constant.
Cornu spiral: , where is a constant.
Catenary: .
Related parameterizations
The Cesàro equation of a curve is related to its Whewell equation in the following way: if the Whewell equation is then the Cesàro equation is .
References
External links
Curvature Curves at 2dcurves.com.
Curves |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra%20element%20theorem | The Extra Element Theorem (EET) is an analytic technique developed by R. D. Middlebrook for simplifying the process of deriving driving point and transfer functions for linear electronic circuits. Much like Thévenin's theorem, the extra element theorem breaks down one complicated problem into several simpler ones.
Driving point and transfer functions can generally be found using Kirchhoff's circuit laws. However, several complicated equations may result that offer little insight into the circuit's behavior. Using the extra element theorem, a circuit element (such as a resistor) can be removed from a circuit, and the desired driving point or transfer function is found. By removing the element that most complicate the circuit (such as an element that creates feedback), the desired function can be easier to obtain. Next, two correctional factors must be found and combined with the previously derived function to find the exact expression.
The general form of the extra element theorem is called the N-extra element theorem and allows multiple circuit elements to be removed at once.
General formulation
The (single) extra element theorem expresses any transfer function as a product of the transfer function with that element removed and a correction factor. The correction factor term consists of the impedance of the extra element and two driving point impedances seen by the extra element: The double null injection driving point impedance and the single injection driving point impe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graco | Graco may refer to:
Graco (baby products)
Graco (fluid handling) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony%20924 | Symphony 924 (also known as FM Stereo and Radio 5) is a 24-hour classical music radio station run by Mediacorp in Singapore. It was officially very first frequency to introduced as FM Stereo in Singapore on 18 July 1969. It is the only classical music radio station in Singapore. Symphony 924 was officially similar and related to BBC Radio 3.
History
A fifth radio station 92.4FM playing classical music was officially formal full launched. FM Stereo network begins operations was officially introducing stereo broadcast to Singapore. 92.4FM was officially launched. Singapore's first radio station to broadcast in FM Stereo since its launch with 8 hour daily broadcasts from 6:00am to 9:00am and 6:00pm to 11:00pm SST. The first broadcast was on 18 July 1969.
Until the SBC radio reforms of 1990, the station also broadcast in Mandarin, since then the station broadcasts exclusively in English.
The station converted to 24/7 broadcasts on 1 January 2008.
Tagline
Symphony's current tagline is "Only The Finest Music" and was coined in 2015. Previous taglines are include "Home Of The Arts" (till 2015) and "Classical In All Ways" (1994-2014).
Frequencies
National anthem
The National anthem plays at 06:00 SST daily at the start of the broadcasting day. The National anthem is played in full with the lyrics being sung.
Similar classical music radio
BBC Radio 3
See also
List of radio stations in Singapore
References
External links
Official Website
Radio stations in Singapore
Clas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization%20spectroscopy | Polarization spectroscopy comprises a set of spectroscopic techniques based on polarization properties of light (not necessarily visible one; UV, X-ray, infrared, or in any other frequency range of the electromagnetic radiation). By analyzing the polarization properties of light, decisions can be made about the media that emitted the light (or the media the light passes/scatters through). Alternatively, a source of polarized light may be used to probe a media; in this case, the changes in the light polarization (compared to the incidental light) allow inferences about the media's properties.
In general, any kind of anisotropy in the media results in some sort of change in polarization. Such an anisotropy can be either inherent to the media (e.g., in the case of a crystal substance), or imposed externally (e.g., in the presence of magnetic field in plasma or by another laser beam).
See also
Faraday effect
Plasma diagnostics
Stark effect
Zeeman effect
References
Spectroscopy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty%20Napoleon | Marty Napoleon (June 2, 1921 – April 27, 2015) was an American jazz pianist. He replaced Earl Hines in Louis Armstrong's All Stars band in 1952. In 1946 he worked with Gene Krupa and went on to work with his uncle Phil Napoleon, a trumpeter, in Phil's Original Memphis Five. In the 1950s he also worked with his brother Teddy Napoleon, a pianist, and from 1966 to 1971 he performed with Armstrong again. One highlight of his work with Armstrong was a swing version of "Sunrise, Sunset", from the musical Fiddler on the Roof. Napoleon was born Matthew Napoli in Brooklyn to Sicilian immigrants; he later legally changed his name.
Discography
As leader
Marty Napoleon Swings and Sings (Bethlehem, 1955)
Marty Napoleon and His Music (Stere-o-Craft, 1958)
The Napoleon Brothers: A Rare Musical Vintage (Herald, 1958)
Lionel Hampton Presents: Who's Who In Jazz Louis Armstrong Alumni (Who's Who in Jazz, 1977)
As sideman
Louis Armstrong, Louis (Mercury, 1966)
Louis Armstrong, What a Wonderful World (Stateside, 1968)
Louis Armstrong, The Night Before Christmas (Continental, 1971)
Phil Bodner, Fine and Dandy (Stash, 1981)
Ruby Braff, Swinging with Ruby Braff (Jazztone, 1955)
Ruby Braff, Easy Now (RCA Victor, 1959)
Chubby Jackson, Chubby Jackson Discovers Maria Marshall (Crown, 1961)
References
1921 births
2015 deaths
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American pianists
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
American people of Italian descent
Dixieland jazz mu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical%20systems%20theory | Biochemical systems theory is a mathematical modelling framework for biochemical systems, based on ordinary differential equations (ODE), in which biochemical processes are represented using power-law expansions in the variables of the system.
This framework, which became known as Biochemical Systems Theory, has been developed since the 1960s by Michael Savageau, Eberhard Voit and others for the systems analysis of biochemical processes. According to Cornish-Bowden (2007) they "regarded this as a general theory of metabolic control, which includes both metabolic control analysis and flux-oriented theory as special cases".
Representation
The dynamics of a species is represented by a differential equation with the structure:
where Xi represents one of the nd variables of the model (metabolite concentrations, protein concentrations or levels of gene expression). j represents the nf biochemical processes affecting the dynamics of the species. On the other hand, ij (stoichiometric coefficient), j (rate constants) and fjk (kinetic orders) are two different kinds of parameters defining the dynamics of the system.
The principal difference of power-law models with respect to other ODE models used in biochemical systems is that the kinetic orders can be non-integer numbers. A kinetic order can have even negative value when inhibition is modeled. In this way, power-law models have a higher flexibility to reproduce the non-linearity of biochemical systems.
Models using power-law exp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason%27s%20invariant | In electronics, Mason's invariant, named after Samuel Jefferson Mason, is a measure of the quality of transistors.
"When trying to solve a seemingly difficult problem, Sam said to concentrate on the easier ones first; the rest, including the hardest ones, will follow," recalled Andrew Viterbi, co-founder and former vice-president of Qualcomm. He had been a thesis advisee under Samuel Mason at MIT, and this was one lesson he especially remembered from his professor. A few years earlier, Mason had heeded his own advice when he defined a unilateral power gain for a linear two-port device, or U. After concentrating on easier problems with power gain in feedback amplifiers, a figure of merit for all three-terminal devices followed that is still used today as Mason's Invariant.
Origin
In 1953, transistors were only five years old, and they were the only successful solid-state three-terminal active device. They were beginning to be used for RF applications, and they were limited to VHF frequencies and below. Mason wanted to find a figure of merit to compare transistors, and this led him to discover that the unilateral power gain of a linear two-port device was an invariant figure of merit.
In his paper Power Gain in Feedback Amplifiers published in 1953, Mason stated in his introduction, "A vacuum tube, very often represented as a simple transconductance driving a passive impedance, may lead to relatively simple amplifier designs in which the input impedance (and hence the powe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme%20activator | Enzyme activators are molecules that bind to enzymes and increase their activity. They are the opposite of enzyme inhibitors. These molecules are often involved in the allosteric regulation of enzymes in the control of metabolism. An example of an enzyme activator working in this way is fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, which activates phosphofructokinase 1 and increases the rate of glycolysis in response to the hormone glucagon. In some cases, when a substrate binds to one catalytic subunit of an enzyme, this can trigger an increase in the substrate affinity as well as catalytic activity in the enzyme's other subunits, and thus the substrate acts as an activator.
Examples
Hexokinase-I
Hexokinase-I (HK-I) is an enzyme activator because it draws glucose into the glycolysis pathway. Its function is to phosphorylate glucose releasing glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) as the product. HK-I not only signals the activation of glucose into glycolysis but also maintains a low glucose concentration to facilitate glucose diffusion into the cell. It has two catalytic domains (N-terminal domain and C-terminal domain) which are connected through an α-helix. The N-terminal acts as an allosteric regulator of C-terminal; the C-terminal is the only one involved in the catalytic activity. HK-I is regulated by the concentration of G6P, where G6P acts as a feedback inhibitor. At low G6P concentration, HK-I is activated; at high G6P concentration, the HK-I is inhibited.
Glucokinase
Glucokinase (GK) is an e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20Heritage%20Library | The Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) is the world’s largest open access digital library for biodiversity literature and archives. BHL operates as a worldwide consortium of natural history, botanical, research, and national libraries working together to address this challenge by digitizing the natural history literature held in their collections and making it freely available for open access as part of a global "biodiversity community". The BHL consortium works with the international taxonomic community, publishers, bioinformaticians, and information technology professionals to develop tools and services to facilitate greater access, interoperability, and reuse of content and data. BHL provides a range of services, data exports, and APIs to allow users to download content, harvest source data files, and reuse materials for research purposes. Through taxonomic intelligence tools developed by Global Names Architecture, BHL indexes the taxonomic names throughout the collection, allowing researchers to locate publications about specific taxa. In partnership with the Internet Archive and through local digitization efforts, BHL's portal provides free access to hundreds of thousands of volumes, comprising over 59 million pages, from the 15th-21st centuries.
Founded in 2006, BHL soon became the third broad digitization project for biodiversity literature, after Gallica and AnimalBase. In 2008, the size of Gallica and AnimalBase was passed, and BHL is now by far the world's largest |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mef2 | In the field of molecular biology, myocyte enhancer factor-2 (Mef2) proteins are a family of transcription factors which through control of gene expression are important regulators of cellular differentiation and consequently play a critical role in embryonic development. In adult organisms, Mef2 proteins mediate the stress response in some tissues. Mef2 proteins contain both MADS-box and Mef2 DNA-binding domains.
Discovery
Mef2 was originally identified as a transcription factor complex through promoter analysis of the muscle creatine kinase (mck) gene to identify nuclear factors interacting with the mck enhancer region during muscle differentiation. Three human mRNA coding sequences designated RSRF (Related to Serum Response Factor) were cloned and shown to dimerize, bind a consensus sequence similar to the one present in the MCK enhancer region, and drive transcription. RSRFs were subsequently demonstrated to encode human genes now named Mef2A, Mef2B and Mef2D.
Species distribution
The Mef2 gene is widely expressed in all branches of eukaryotes from yeast to humans. While Drosophila has a single Mef2 gene, vertebrates have at least four versions of the Mef2 gene (human versions are denoted as MEF2A, MEF2B, MEF2C, and MEF2D), all expressed in distinct but overlapping patterns during embryogenesis through adulthood.
Sequence and structure
All of the mammalian Mef2 genes share approximately 50% overall amino acid identity and about 95% similarity throughout the highl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammeline | Ammeline (4,6-diamino-2-hydroxy-1,3,5-triazine) is a triazine derivative. It is the hydrolysis product of melamine.
Synthesis
Ammeline can be synthesized by the pyrolysis of urea or the condensation reaction among 2 moles of dicyandiamide and 1 mole of biuret.
2 C2H4N4 + C2H5N3O2 → 2C3H5N5O + NH3
Chemical properties
Ammeline is weakly acidic with pKa ~9. It can form nitrate, sulfate, chromate, and oxalate salts. Ammeline reacts with boiling dilute hydrochloric acid to form melem and ammonia.
Ammeline is the first step in melamine hydrolysis. Further hydrolysis (e.g. boiling ammeline with dilute alkali) yields ammelide.
References
Triazines
Aromatic amines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack%20Vector%3A%20Tactical | Attack Vector: Tactical (AV:T) is a space combat wargame published by Ad Astra Games. The game is consciously designed to model comparatively realistic space combat and eschew common conventions of space warfare. Attack Vector: Tactical is set in the "Ten Worlds," a region of space expanded ten parsecs from Sol.
Some factors, unusual to the genre of space combat games, that AV:T includes:
Energy inputs, thermodynamic efficiencies, wavelengths and focal array sizes of beam weapons.
The thermodynamic problems of power generation and heat dissipation for closed-loop coolant reactors on spaceships.
Specific impulse () and propellant mass fraction of the fusion torches used to power the drive. While the fusion torch in AV:T, with its high Isp (around 100,000 seconds) and thrusts measured in 125 milligee increments are decidedly speculative, they are considerably more conservative than is common in reaction drives in science fiction. (They are probably off by merely an order of magnitude, rather than several orders of magnitude, for example.)
Thrust is continuous over time, tracking displacement, and even tracking changes in maximum acceleration due to reduction of the ship's mass from spending fuel.
Stealth is impossible due to the high energy output of the engines, allowing all players to see the location of the space ships of all other players. Speed of light propagation is not modeled since the players are within a few light minutes of each other.
Beyond its physics m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercially%20useful%20enzymes | Commercially useful enzymes (CUEs) are enzymes which have commercial uses. Microbial enzymes have well-known applications as biocatalysts in several areas of industry, such as biotechnology, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, etc. Metagenomic data provide a unique resource for discovering novel commercially useful enzymes (CUEs) from yet unidentified microbes belonging to complex microbial communities in diverse ecosystems.
Classification
A set of 510 CUEs was manually curated using publicly available information and classified into nine broad application categories based on their function. By comprehensive homology-based mining of ten diverse publicly available metagenomic data sources, several novel CUEs, homologous to those in the set of known CUEs, were identified. Using this strategy, a comprehensive Metagenomic BioMining Engine (MetaBioME) platform to facilitate homology-based computational identification of homologs for known CUEs from metagenomic datasets is developed. This is a useful resource to identify novel homologs to the existing known CUEs and to also identify new ones, both of which can be used as leads for further experimental verification.
This is available at MetaBioME.
References
Enzymes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20League%20Soccer%20records%20and%20statistics | Several Major League Soccer teams and players hold various records and statistics.
MLS Cup and Supporters' Shield winners
MLS Cup finals
Teams with most trophies
Player records (career)
Bold indicates an active player. All statistics are for regular season only.
Goals
As of the end of the 2023 regular season.
Goals from free kicks
Assists
As of the end of the 2022 regular season.
Minutes played
As of the end of the 2023 regular season.
Goals against average
As of the end of the 2020 regular season; minimum 75 matches played.
Player records (single season)
All statistics are for regular season only.
Most goals
Most assists
Most clean sheets
All-time regular season success
Supporters' Shield Standings through 2022 season.
Miami Fusion and Tampa Bay Mutiny folded after completion of the 2001 season.
Chivas USA folded after completion of the 2014 season.
All-time regular season table
Through completion of 2022 regular season.
1 – Ranking based number of points per season.
2 – Includes shoot-out wins from 1996–1999 season.
3 – Includes shoot-out losses from 1996–1999 seasons.
4 – Based on combined conference results before single format for playoff qualification was inaugurated in 2007.
All-time playoffs success
Through 2022 playoffs.
Shows number of best finishes at each playoff level through completion of 2022 playoffs. Does not include the 2020 "Play-In Round."
All-time playoffs table
Through 2020 playoffs.
1 – Ranking based on overall number |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAR%20LSM%201.0 | The National Center for Atmospheric Research Land Surface Model (LSM) is a unidimensional computational model developed by Gordon Bonan that describes ecological processes joined in many ecosystem models, hydrological processes found in hydrological models and flow of surface common in surface models using atmospheric models.
In this way, the model examines interactions especially biogeophysics (sensible and latent heat, momentum, albedo, emission of long waves) and biogeochemistry (CO2) of the land-atmosphere the effect of surface of the land in the climate and composition of the atmosphere.
This model has a simplified treatment of the surface flows that reproduce at the very least computational cost the essential characteristics of the important interactions of the land-atmosphere for climatic simulations.
As the types of surface vegetated for some species are several, have a standardization of types of covering being enclosed surfaces covered with water as lakes (amongst others); thus the model wheel for each point of independent form, with the same average of the atmospheric interactions. The model functions in a space grating that can vary of a point until global.
References
Bonan, G.B. (1996). A land surface model (LSM version 1.0) for ecological, hydrological, and atmospheric studies: technical description and user's guide. NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-417+STR. National Center for Atmospheric Research 1-150.
Bonan, G.B. (1996). Model Documentation: copy technical |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleaved%20polling%20with%20adaptive%20cycle%20time | Interleaved polling with adaptive cycle time (IPACT) is an algorithm designed by Glen Kramer, Biswanath Mukherjee and Gerry Pesavento of the Advanced Technology Lab at the University of California, Davis in 2002. IPACT is a dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm for use in Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs).
IPACT uses the Gate and Report messages provided by the EPON Multi-Point Control Protocol (MPCP) to allocate bandwidth to Optical Network Units (ONUs). If the optical line terminal grants bandwidth to an ONU and waits until it has received that particular ONU's transmission before granting bandwidth to another ONU, then time equivalent to a whole messaging round-trip is wasted during which the upstream may remain idle. IPACT eliminates this idle time by sending downstream grant messages to succeeding ONUs while receiving transmissions from previously granted ONUs. It accomplishes this by calculating the time at which a transmission grant allocated to a previous ONU ends.
References
External links
Original paper, published January 2002
Network scheduling algorithms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth%20guaranteed%20polling | Bandwidth Guaranteed Polling (BGP) in computing and telecommunications is a dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm for Ethernet passive optical networks designed by Maode Ma et al. at the National University of Singapore. This is an instance of an algorithm that allocates bandwidth based on fixed weights.
BGP divides a window of time into fixed-sized slots, a number of which are allocated to each Optical Network Unit (ONU). The number allocated depends upon the ONU customer's service level agreement (SLA). If an ONU does not wish to use its entire allocated time slot, it may inform the OLT about this. The OLT may then decide to reallocate the remaining time slot to another ONU which does not have an SLA.
The BGP algorithm may not be entirely compatible with the MPCP standard. This is because the MPCP does not provide any way for the ONU to inform the OLT about the fraction of the time slot that it wishes to use.
References
M. Ma, Y. Zhu, T. H. Cheng, "Bandwidth Guaranteed Polling MAC Protocol for Ethernet Passive Optical Networks", INFOCOM 2003.
Network performance |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawn%20to%20Life | Drawn to Life is an action-adventure platform video game for the Nintendo DS developed by 5th Cell and published by THQ in 2007. It was later published by Agatsuma Entertainment in Japan in 2008 under the name , and in Korea under the title Geuryeora, Touch! Naega Mandeuneun Sesang. In the game, the player creates their own playable characters, level objects, and accessories by drawing them using the DS's stylus and touchscreen. The game was ported to iOS by WayForward Technologies and released by 505 Games on May 21, 2014.
Drawn to Life requires the player to create a hero in order to free a cursed village from an encroaching darkness. It features numerous platforming levels, a top-down central village, and other elements such as vehicles, weapons, and platforms, which are drawn or colored by the player using the stylus.
Two sequels followed, both under the title Drawn to Life: The Next Chapter – one released for the DS, and another released for the Wii. A spin-off title, Drawn to Life: SpongeBob SquarePants Edition (based on the SpongeBob SquarePants episode "Frankendoodle"), was developed by Altron for the DS. A third installment in the series, titled Drawn to Life: Two Realms, developed by Digital Continue and published by 505 Games, was released on December 7, 2020 for Nintendo Switch, iOS, Android, and Microsoft Windows.
Gameplay
Drawn to Life is a 2D game where the player must draw their own character, weapons and accessories, platforms, and objects. The game is se |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%20base%2013%20function | The Conway base 13 function is a function created by British mathematician John H. Conway as a counterexample to the converse of the intermediate value theorem. In other words, it is a function that satisfies a particular intermediate-value property—on any interval (a, b), the function f takes every value between f(a) and f(b)—but is not continuous.
In 2018, a much simpler function with the property that every open set is mapped onto the full real line was constructed by Aksel Bergfeldt. This function is also nowhere continuous.
Purpose
The Conway base 13 function was created as part of a "produce" activity: in this case, the challenge was to produce a simple-to-understand function which takes on every real value in every interval, that is, it is an everywhere surjective function. It is thus discontinuous at every point.
Sketch of definition
Every real number x can be represented in base 13 in a unique canonical way; such representations use the digits 0–9 plus three additional symbols, say {A, B, C}. For example, the number 54349589 has a base-13 representation B34C128.
If instead of {A, B, C}, we judiciously choose the symbols {+, −, .}, something interesting happens: some numbers in base 13 will have representations that look like well-formed decimals in base 10: for example, the number 54349589 has a base-13 representation of −34.128. Of course, most numbers will not be intelligible in this way; for example, the number 3629265 has the base-13 representation 9+0−− |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-Nitrophenylphosphate | para-Nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) is a non-proteinaceous chromogenic substrate for alkaline and acid phosphatases used in ELISA and conventional spectrophotometric assays. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of pNPP liberating inorganic phosphate and the conjugate base of para-nitrophenol (pNP). The resulting phenolate is yellow, with a maximal absorption at 405 nm. This property can be used to determine the activity of various phosphatases including alkaline phosphatase (AP) and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP).
PNPP is classified as a chromogenic substrate because of its ability to transform from a colorless compound to a colored compound through a biological mechanism, dephosphorylation. PNPP is used because of its low cost and the rate of the reactions can be measured over a wide range of substrate concentrations because the concentration of the substrate is not a limiting factor in the reaction. The limitations of PNPP is that it is a small molecule and perhaps does not entirely represent the conditions and structures that are encountered physiologically.
A PNPP assay involves mixing the sample with a PNPP-containing mixture and permitting the reaction to run its course for a predetermined period of time. After that point, the process is halted through the addition of a stop solution, often made of a potent alkali like sodium hydroxide.
The substance is sensitive to light, and thus should be stored protected from light. This is also important after adding the subst |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford%20City%20Radio | Bradford City Radio or BCR as it was also known, was a small radio station in the early 1990s. It used the old Pennine Radio frequency of 103.2 FM to broadcast and was one of the Independent Broadcasting Authority's incremental stations.
Broadcasting mainly to the region's ethnic minority communities, Bradford City Radio Ltd trading as SUNRISE RADIO (Yorkshire), was formally launched on 9 December 1989 from studios based in Little Germany, just two minutes walk from Pennine Radio itself.
The frequency is now used to broadcast a local version of Sunrise Radio called Sunrise Radio (Yorkshire).
References
Defunct radio stations in the United Kingdom
Mass media in Bradford
Radio stations in Yorkshire |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perisesarma | Perisesarma is a genus of mangrove crabs in the family Sesarmidae (or Grapsidae in some classifications) predominantly found in the Indo-Pacific. Some 23 species are described as of late 2006, with two from West Africa: P. kammermani (De Man, 1883) and P. alberti Rathbun, 1921. They are typically small, semiterrestrial crabs found on the forest floor at low tide. They eat nearly anything they can, and try to eat anything that does not threaten them — including pencils and other objects dropped on the forest floor. The last species of the genus described is P. samawati Gillikin and Schubart (2004). It can be found in East Africa along with P. guttatum, but its sister species is P. eumolpe from Malaysian mangroves.
Species
Perisesarma alberti Rathburn, 1921
Perisesarma bengalense Davie, 2003
Perisesarma bidens De Haan, 1835
Perisesarma brevicristatum Campbell, 1967
Perisesarma cricotus Rahayu and Davie, 2002
Perisesarma darwinensis Campbell, 1967
Perisesarma dussumieri H. Milne Edwar ds, 1953
Perisesarma eumolpe De Man, 1895
Perisesarma fasciatum Lanchester, 1900
Perisesarma foresti Rahayu and Davie, 2002
Perisesarma guttatum A. Milne Edwards, 1869
Perisesarma haswelli De Man, 1887
Perisesarma huzardi Desmarest, 1825
Perisesarma indiarum De Man, 1902
Perisesarma kammermani De Man, 1883
Perisesarma lanchesteri Tweedie, 1936
Perisesarma lividum A. Milne Edwards, 1869
Perisesarma longicristatum Campbell, 1967
Perisesarma maipoensis Soh, 1978
Perisesarma messa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Quiet%20Achiever | The Quiet Achiever, also known as the Holden Solar Trek, was the world's first practical long-distance solar-powered car powered entirely by photovoltaic solar cells.
The project was promoted by adventurer Hans Tholstrup, with the Australian-made car developed by Larry Perkins and his brother Garry; and sponsored by BP. In December 1982, the car, driven by Hans Tholstrup and Larry Perkins, performed the first manned transcontinental journey using only solar power, traversing Australia from west to east.
Description
The Quiet Achiever was hand-built by Larry and Garry Perkins. The body skin was made of fiberglass, while the skeleton framework was constructed of steel tubing, similar to what might be used in lightweight aircraft. The car had a large curved frontal window for the driver to see through, and side windows of clear fiberglass. The vehicle had a photovoltaic power system rated at 1 kilowatt, which powered it to an average speed of . The car's roof-mounted solar array consisted of two rows of ten 36-cell solar panels that were joined, giving a total roof area of around .
History
Development
Hans Thostrup initially had the idea of auto racing using solar energy because he was interested in conserving non-renewable resources. He and Larry Perkins were inspired by the Sunmobile, a solar-powered miniature car built by General Motors which was publicly demonstrated in Chicago, United States, in 1955. BP sponsored the Quiet Achiever project, which was labelled the BP S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuijken | Kuijken (meaning "the hatched young of a bird, especially fowl"; modern Dutch spelling kuiken) is a Dutch surname. The name comes from the city of Cuijk, it is a derivative of the Celtic word Keujka with the meaning of a river meander. It may refer to:
A Belgian family of musicians
Barthold Kuijken – baroque flute player
Sigiswald Kuijken – conductor and baroque violin player
Wieland Kuijken – viol and cello player
Marleen Kuijken-Thiers – viola player; wife of Sigiswald Kuijken
Marie Kuijken – soprano and fortepianist; stage director. Daughter of Sigiswald
Sara Kuijken – baroque violinist. Daughter of Sigiswald
Veronica Kuijken – violinist and pianist. Daughter of Sigiswald
Filip Kuijken – luthier in Japan
Ivar Kuijken (b. 1987) – woodwind player. Son of Barthold
Piet Kuijken (b. 1972) – fortepiano player. Son of Wieland
See also
Susan Kuijken (born 1986), Dutch distance runner
Friedrich Wilhelm Kücken (Low German form)
Andreas Kück, German keyboardist
Dutch words and phrases
Archaic words and phrases
Dutch-language surnames |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DM | HLA-DM (human leukocyte antigen DM) is an intracellular protein involved in the mechanism of antigen presentation on antigen presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system. It does this by assisting in peptide loading of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II membrane-bound proteins. HLA-DM is encoded by the genes HLA-DMA and HLA-DMB.
HLA-DM is a molecular chaperone that works in lysosomes and endosomes in cells of the immune system. It works in APCs like macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells by interacting with MHC class II molecules. HLA-DM protects the MHC class II molecules from breaking down, and regulates which proteins or peptides bind to them as well. This regulates how and when a peptide acts as an antigen initiating an immune response. Thus, HLA-DM is necessary for the immune system to respond effectively to a foreign invader. Impairment in HLA-DM function can result in immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases.
Genetics
The genes for HLA-DM are located in the MHCII region of the human chromosome 6. The genes code for the alpha and beta chains that make up the protein.
The gene is nonpolymorphic.
Function
MHC class II + peptide interactions
HLA-DM is an integral protein in the mechanism regulating which antigens are presented extracellularly on APCs. It binds partially to the peptide-binding groove of MHC class II molecules. This can affect how well your immune system responds to foreign invaders.
HLA-DM is required to release CLIP from MHC class |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%20chain | The Joining (J) chain is a protein component that links monomers of antibodies IgM and IgA to form polymeric antibodies capable of secretion. The J chain is well conserved in the animal kingdom, but its specific functions are yet to be fully understood. It is a 137 residue polypeptide, encoded by the IGJ gene.
Structure
The J chain is a glycoprotein of molecular weight 15 kDa. Its secondary structure remains undetermined but is believed to adopt either a single β-barrel or two-domain folded structure with standard immunoglobulin domains. The J chain's primary structure is unusually acidic having a high content of negatively charged amino acids. It has 8 cysteine residues, 6 of which are involved in intramolecular disulfide bonds while the remaining two function to bind the Fc tailpiece regions of IgA or IgM antibodies, the α chain and μ chain respectively. An N-linked carbohydrate resulting from N-glycosylation is also essential in the protein's incorporation to antibody polymers. There is no known protein family with significant homology to the J chain.
Function
Antibody polymerization
The J chain regulates the multimerization of IgM and IgA in mammals. When expressed in cells, it favors the formation of a pentameric IgM and an IgA dimer. IgM pentamers are most commonly found with a single J chain, but some studies have seen as many as 4 J chains associated to a single IgM pentamer.
The J chain is incorporated late in the formation of IgM polymers and thermodynamic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest%20expression | A manifest expression is a programming language construct that a compiler can analyse to deduce which values it can take without having to execute the program. This information can enable compiler optimizations, in particular loop nest optimization, and parallelization through data dependency analysis. An expression is called manifest if it is computed only from outer loop counters and constants (a more formal definition is given below).
When all control flow for a loop or condition is regulated by manifest expressions, it is called a manifest loop resp. condition.
Most practical applications of manifest expressions also require the expression to be integral and affine (or stepwise affine) in its variables.
Definition
A manifest expression is a compile time computable function which depends only on
compile-time constants,
manifest variable references, and
loop counters of loops surrounding the expression.
A manifest variable reference is itself defined as a variable reference with
a single, unambiguous definition of its value,
which is itself a manifest expression.
The single, unambiguous definition is particularly relevant in procedural languages, where pointer analysis and/or data flow analysis is required to find the expression that defines the variable value. If several defining expressions are possible (e.g. because the variable is assigned in a condition), the variable reference is not manifest.
See also
Polytope model which requires manifest loops and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymeric%20immunoglobulin%20receptor | Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the PIGR gene. It is an Fc receptor which facilitates the transcytosis of the soluble polymeric isoforms of immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M (pIg) and immune complexes. pIgRs are mainly located on the epithelial lining of mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract. The composition of the receptor is complex, including 6 immunoglobulin-like domains, a transmembrane region, and an intracellular domain. pIgR expression is under the strong regulation of cytokines, hormones, and pathogenic stimuli.
Structure
pIgR is produced among others by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and bronchial epithelial cells. pIgR belongs to the family of type I transmembrane proteins. The extracellular portion of the protein contains 6 domains: 5 evolutionary conserved immunoglobulin-like domains, and 1 non-homologous domain, which is involved in proteolytic cleavage of pIg-pIgR complex from the apical side of the IECs. The quite long intracellular domain of the receptor, along with the transmembrane region, is responsible for the transduction of highly conserved signals. During transcytosis, an essential part of pIgR, the secretory component, is attached to the ligand and later cleaved with the ligand to form fully functioning secreted IgA.
History
Per Brandtzaeg showed that secretory component acts as a plasma membrane receptor on epithelial cells for polymeric immunoglobulin A and immuno |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCF7L2 | Transcription factor 7-like 2 (T-cell specific, HMG-box), also known as TCF7L2 or TCF4, is a protein acting as a transcription factor that, in humans, is encoded by the TCF7L2 gene. The TCF7L2 gene is located on chromosome 10q25.2–q25.3, contains 19 exons. As a member of the TCF family, TCF7L2 can form a bipartite transcription factor and influence several biological pathways, including the Wnt signalling pathway.
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this gene are especially known to be linked to higher risk to develop type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, multiple neurodevelopmental disorders including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder, as well as other diseases. The SNP rs7903146, within the TCF7L2 gene, is, to date, the most significant genetic marker associated with type 2 diabetes risk.
Function
TCF7L2 is a transcription factor influencing the transcription of several genes thereby exerting a large variety of functions within the cell. It is a member of the TCF family that can form a bipartite transcription factor (β-catenin/TCF) alongside β-catenin. Bipartite transcription factors can have large effects on the Wnt signalling pathway. Stimulation of the Wnt signaling pathway leads to the association of β-catenin with BCL9, translocation to the nucleus, and association with TCF7L2, which in turn results in the activation of Wnt target genes. The activation of the Wnt target genes specifically represses proglucagon synthesis in enteroendocrine cells. The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price%20optimization | Price optimization is the use of mathematical analysis by a company to determine how customers will respond to different prices for its products and services through different channels. It is also used to determine the prices that the company determines will best meet its objectives such as maximizing operating profit. The data used in price optimization can include survey data, operating costs, inventories, and historic prices & sales. Price optimization practice has been implemented in industries including retail, banking, airlines, casinos, hotels, car rental, cruise lines and insurance industries.
Overview
Price optimization utilizes data analysis to predict the behavior of potential buyers to different prices of a product or service. Depending on the type of methodology being implemented, the analysis may leverage survey data (e.g. such as in a conjoint pricing analysis) or raw data (e.g. such as in a behavioral analysis leveraging 'big data' ). Companies use price optimization models to determine pricing structures for initial pricing, promotional pricing and discount pricing.
Market simulators are often used to simulate the choices people make to predict how demand varies at different price points. This data can be combined with cost and inventory levels to develop a profitable price point for that product or service. This model is also used to evaluate pricing for different customer segments by simulating how targeted customers will respond to price changes with dat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt%28II%29%20naphthenate | Cobalt(II) naphthenate is a mixture of cobalt(II) derivatives of naphthenic acids. These coordination complexes are widely used as oil drying agents for the autoxidative crosslinking of drying oils. Metal naphthenates are not well defined in conventional chemical sense that they are mixtures. They are widely employed catalysts because they are soluble in the nonpolar substrates, such as the alkyd resins or linseed oil. The fact that naphthenates are mixtures helps to confer high solubility. A second virtue of these species is their low cost. A well-defined compound that exhibits many of the properties of cobalt naphthenate is the cobalt(II) complex of 2-ethylhexanoic acid. Often in technical literature, naphthenates are described as salts, but they are probably also non-ionic coordination complexes with structures similar to basic zinc acetate.
The catalytic properties of cobalt(II) naphthenates are similar to those of related compounds containing manganese and iron. Such species are sometimes classified as active driers. Active driers are catalysts that feature redox-active metal centers. Such centers promote redox reactions with hydroperoxide-containing intermediates.
Toxicity and safety
Cobalt Naphthenate is a moderately toxic substance which can cause a range of acute and chronic conditions, and it is also a carcinogen. It is most commonly used diluted in mineral spirit or mineral oil. Safety equipment must be used to avoid eye and skin contact. The pure compound h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCF4 | Transcription factor 4 (TCF-4) also known as immunoglobulin transcription factor 2 (ITF-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCF4 gene located on chromosome 18q21.2.
Function
TCF4 proteins act as transcription factors which will bind to the immunoglobulin enhancer mu-E5/kappa-E2 motif. TCF4 activates transcription by binding to the E-box (5’-CANNTG-3’) found usually on SSTR2-INR, or somatostatin receptor 2 initiator element. TCF4 is primarily involved in neurological development of the fetus during pregnancy by initiating neural differentiation by binding to DNA. It is found in the central nervous system, somites, and gonadal ridge during early development. Later in development it will be found in the thyroid, thymus, and kidneys while in adulthood TCF4 it is found in lymphocytes, muscles, mature neurons, and gastrointestinal system.
Clinical significance
Mutations in TCF4 cause Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome (PTHS). These mutations cause TCF4 proteins to not bind to DNA properly and control the differentiation of the nervous system. It has been suggested that TCF4 loss-of-function leads to decreased Wnt signaling and, consequently, a reduced neural progenitor proliferation. In most cases that have been studied, the mutations were de novo, meaning it was a new mutation not found in other family members of the patient. Common symptoms of Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome include a wide mouth, gastrointestinal problems, developmental delay of fine motor skills, speech and breathi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%20Martin%20Bijvoet | Johannes Martin Bijvoet (23 January 1892, Amsterdam – 4 March 1980, Winterswijk) was a Dutch chemist and crystallographer at the van 't Hoff Laboratory at Utrecht University. He is famous for devising a method of establishing the absolute configuration of molecules. In 1946, he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
The concept of tetrahedrally bound carbon in organic compounds stems back to the work by van 't Hoff and Le Bel in 1874. At this time, it was impossible to assign the absolute configuration of a molecule by means other than referring to the projection formula established by Fischer, who had used glyceraldehyde as the prototype and assigned randomly its absolute configuration.
In 1949 Bijvoet outlined his principle, which relies on the anomalous dispersion of X-ray radiation. Instead of the normally observed elastic scattering of X-rays when they hit an atom, which generates a scattered wave of the same energy but with a shift in phase, X-ray radiation near the absorption edge of an atom creates a partial ionisation process. Some new X-ray radiation is generated from the inner electron shells of the atoms. The X-ray radiation already being scattered is interfered with by the new radiation, both amplitude and phase being altered. These additional contributions to the scattering may be written as a real part f''' and an imaginary one, f". Whereas the real part is either positive or negative, the imaginary is always positive, resulting |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity%20cell | A commodity cell is a type of battery made in large volumes for use by original equipment manufacturers. For example, commodity cells are used in laptops and cell phones, as the energy storage element in its batteries.
Production
The auto industry battery consortium, USABC, set about to invent automotive batteries made from specialty cells for cars.
Tesla Motors uses commodity cells to make their automotive batteries.
Practically all commodity cells today are made in Asia – mainly Japan, South Korea, and China. There is no significant production anywhere in the US. A modern lithium ion cell plant – such as those in Japan – is a highly automated affair with very low labor content.
See also
List of battery types
References
http://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/050107testme.pdf
External links
Tesla Motors
http://www.finance.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/050107testme.pdf
Battery applications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocyte%20nuclear%20factors | Hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNFs) are a group of phylogenetically unrelated transcription factors that regulate the transcription of a diverse group of genes into proteins. These proteins include blood clotting factors and in addition, enzymes and transporters involved with glucose, cholesterol, and fatty acid transport and metabolism.
Function
As the name suggests, hepatocyte nuclear factors are expressed predominantly in the liver. However HNFs are also expressed and play important roles in a number of other tissues so that the name hepatocyte nuclear factor is somewhat misleading. Nevertheless, the liver is the only tissue in which a significant number of different HNFs are expressed at the same time. In addition, there are a number of genes which contain multiple promoter and enhancer regions each regulated by a different HNF. Furthermore, efficient expression of these genes require synergistic activation by multiple HNFs. Hence hepatocyte nuclear factors function to ensure liver specific expression of certain genes.
As is the case with many transcription factors, HNFs regulate the expression of a wide variety of target genes and therefore functions. These functions (and especially functions involving the liver) include development and metabolic homeostasis of the organism. For example, HNFs influence expression of the insulin gene as well as genes involved in glucose transport and metabolism. In embryo development, HNF4α is thought to have an important role |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rho%20family%20of%20GTPases | The Rho family of GTPases is a family of small (~21 kDa) signaling G proteins, and is a subfamily of the Ras superfamily. The members of the Rho GTPase family have been shown to regulate many aspects of intracellular actin dynamics, and are found in all eukaryotic kingdoms, including yeasts and some plants. Three members of the family have been studied in detail: Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA. All G proteins are "molecular switches", and Rho proteins play a role in organelle development, cytoskeletal dynamics, cell movement, and other common cellular functions.
History
Identification of the Rho family of GTPases began in the mid-1980s. The first identified Rho member was RhoA, isolated serendipitously in 1985 from a low stringency cDNA screening. Rac1 and Rac2 were identified next, in 1989 followed by Cdc42 in 1990. Eight additional mammalian Rho members were identified from biological screenings until the late 1990s, a turning point in biology where availability of complete genome sequences allowed full identification of gene families. All eukaryote cells contain Rho GTPase (ranging from 6 in yeast to 20 in mammals). In mammals, the Rho family is thus made of 20 members distributed in 8 subfamilies: Rho, Rnd, RhoD/F, RhoH, Rac, Cdc42, RhoU/V and RhoBTB.
As early as 1990, Paterson et al. began expressing activated Rho protein in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts.
By the mid-1990s, Rho proteins had been observed to affect the formation of cellular projections ("processes") in fibroblasts. In a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo%20in%20Budapest | Zoo in Budapest is a 1933 American Pre-Code romance/melodrama film directed by Rowland V. Lee and starring Loretta Young, Gene Raymond, O.P. Heggie, and Paul Fix. Gene Raymond, playing Zani, a young, mischievous man who has grown up only around the animals and the people that work and visit the zoo. Loretta Young plays Eve, who is an orphan who only wants to escape her situation and be out in the real world. O.P. Heggie plays Dr. Grunbaum, a father-like figure to Zani, as well as the zoo's doctor. The original 35mm prints of the film contained sequences tinted in amber or blue.
Produced by Jesse L. Lasky. Written by Melville Baker, Jack Kirkland, Dan Totheroh, Louise Long, and screenplay by Rowland V. Lee. With Oscar winning cinematographer Lee Garmes.
Plot
Flamboyant Zani (Gene Raymond) is a kindly young man who grew up entirely and works in the zoo in Budapest, Hungary. His only true friends are the zoo's animals, and indeed Zani has been chastised by his boss for being too nice to them. His dad was one of the finest caretakers of the animals, but unfortunately passed away early in Zani's life, and for his mother who died at childbirth, so Zani was raised with the animals that became his only friends. You also meet the other main character Eve (Loretta Young) a young and beautiful orphan girl. Eve must somehow escape from her strict orphan school, since she is faced with the prospect of being forced to work as an indentured servant (more like a slave) until she grows up. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20deficiency | Complement deficiency is an immunodeficiency of absent or suboptimal functioning of one of the complement system proteins. Because of redundancies in the immune system, many complement disorders are never diagnosed. Some studies estimate that less than 10% are identified. Hypocomplementemia may be used more generally to refer to decreased complement levels, while secondary complement disorder means decreased complement levels that are not directly due to a genetic cause but secondary to another medical condition.
Signs and symptoms
The following symptoms (signs) are consistent with complement deficiency in general:
Complications
Vaccinations for encapsulated organisms (e.g., Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae) is crucial for preventing infections in complement deficiencies. Among the possible complications are the following:
Deficiencies of the terminal complement components increases susceptibility to infections by Neisseria.
Causes
The cause of complement deficiency is genetics (though cases of an acquired nature do exist post infection). The majority of complement deficiencies are inherited as autosomal recessive conditions, while properdin deficiency occurs through X-linked inheritance. MBL deficiency can be inherited by either manner.
Inherited
Properdin deficiency is an X-linked disorder that also causes susceptibility to Neisseria infections.
C1-inhibitor deficiency or hereditary angioedema will have low C4 with normal C1 levels.
Acquired
Acq |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual%20frame | In video compression algorithms a residual frame is formed by subtracting the reference frame from the desired frame. This difference is known as the error or residual frame. The residual frame normally has less information entropy, due to nearby video frames having similarities, and therefore requires fewer bits to compress.
An encoder will use various algorithms such as motion estimation to construct a frame that describes the differences. This allows a decoder to use the reference frame plus the differences to construct the desired frame.
See also
Motion compensation
References
Video compression |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappalysin-1 | Pappalysin-1, also known as pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 protease is a protein encoded by the PAPPA gene in humans. PAPPA is a secreted protease whose main substrate is insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Pappalysin-1 is also used in screening tests for Down syndrome.
Function
PAPPA encodes a secreted metalloproteinase which cleaves insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs). PAPPA's proteolytic function is activated upon collagen binding. It is thought to be involved in local proliferative processes such as wound healing and bone remodeling. Low plasma level of this protein has been suggested as a biochemical marker for pregnancies with aneuploid fetuses (fetuses with an abnormal number of chromosomes). For example, low PAPPA may be commonly seen in prenatal screening for Down syndrome. Low levels may alternatively predict issues with the placenta, resulting in adverse complications such as intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia, placental abruption, premature birth, or fetal death.
This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction:
Cleavage of the Met135-Lys bond in insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-4, and the Ser143-Lys bond in IGFBP-5
This enzyme belongs to the peptidase family M43.
Interactions
Pappalysin-1 has been shown to interact with major basic protein.
Studies conducted at the Royal London Hospital in the United Kingdom, have shown that a marker of D |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectorbeam | Vectorbeam was an arcade game manufacturer active in the late 1970s who specialized in vector graphics-based arcade games. It was formed after splitting off from its primary competitor, Cinematronics, and disappeared after re-merging with them soon after.
Vectorbeam was founded by Larry Rosenthal based on his graduate work from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and which he patented for a custom arcade vector display. Vectorbeam was in direct competition with other arcade game manufacturers. The company ceased operations soon after poor sales of its Barrier arcade game, and sold its assets to Cinematronics.
List of Vectorbeam games
Space War (arcade game) (1977)
Barrier (1979)
Speed Freak (arcade game) (1979)
Tail Gunner (1979)
Warrior (arcade game) (1979)
References
Defunct video game companies of the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next%20Byte%20Codes | Next Byte Codes (NBC) is a simple language with an assembly language syntax that can be used to program Lego Mindstorms NXT programmable bricks. The command line compiler outputs NXT compatible machine code, and is supported on Windows, Mac OS and Linux. It is maintained by John Hansen, a Mindstorms Developer Program member.
The NBC compiler is released under the Mozilla Public License. The integrated development environment (IDE) is Bricx Command Center.
The NBC debugger was developed by SorosyDotCom and can be downloaded as freeware.
References
External links
Robotics lecture using NBC
Assembly languages
Lego Mindstorms
Robot programming languages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXC | NXC may refer to:
nxc, NX technology library
Namco × Capcom, a turn-based strategy console game
Not eXactly C, a high level language, similar to C, built on top of the Next Byte Codes compiler
Nuveen California Select Tax-Free Income Portfolio
National Express Coaches
National Express Coventry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iktaba | Iktaba () is a Palestinian town located four kilometers Northeast of the city of Tulkarm in the Tulkarm Governorate in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 2,665 inhabitants in 2007 and 2,997 by 2017. Refugees make-up 33% of the entire population in 1997.
History
In 1265, after the Mamluks had defeated the Crusaders, Iktaba (Sabahiya) was mentioned among the estates which Sultan Baibars granted his followers. The village was given to the emir Alam al-Din Tardaj al-Amadi.
Ottoman era
Iktaba was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers under the name of Staba, being in the Nahiya of Qaqun of the Liwa of Nablus. It had a population of 21 households, all Muslims. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on various agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and/or beehives, in addition to "occasional revenues" and a press for olive oil or grapes; a total of 4,100 akçe.
In 1870, the French explorer Victor Guérin noted that village, which he called Astaba, was a "Small hamlet located on a high hill. Ancient cisterns testify to the existence here of an ancient locality. Fig trees and pomegranates grow around the dwellings."
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as: "A place to which a certan effendi of Nablus comes down in spring, a sort of 'Azbeh or s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20A/G | Protein A/G is a recombinant fusion protein that combines IgG binding domains of both Protein A and Protein G. Protein A/G contains four Fc binding domains from Protein A and two from Protein G, yielding a final mass of 50,460 daltons. The binding of Protein A/G is less pH-dependent than Protein A, but otherwise has the additive properties of Protein A and G.
Protein A/G binds to all subclasses of human IgG, making it useful for purifying polyclonal or monoclonal IgG antibodies whose subclasses have not been determined. In addition, it binds to IgA, IgE, IgM and (to a lesser extent) IgD. Protein A/G also binds to all subclasses of mouse IgG but does not bind mouse IgA, IgM or serum albumin. This allows Protein A/G to be used for purification and detection of mouse monoclonal IgG antibodies, without interference from IgA, IgM and serum albumin. Mouse monoclonal antibodies commonly have a stronger affinity to the chimeric Protein A/G than to either Protein A or Protein G. Protein A/G also has been used for purification of macaque IgG.
Other antibody binding proteins
In addition to Protein A/G, other immunoglobulin-binding bacterial proteins such as Protein A, Protein G and Protein L are all commonly used to purify, immobilize or detect immunoglobulins. Each of these immunoglobulin-binding proteins has a different antibody binding profile in terms of the portion of the antibody that is recognized and the species and type of antibodies.
References
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante%27s%20law | In dentistry, Ante's law is a postulate about crown-to-root ratio put forth by Irwin H. Ante in a thesis paper he wrote in 1926.
Ante's law states that:
"the total periodontal membrane area of the abutment teeth must equal or exceed that of the teeth to be replaced."
Later claims were made that:
"the length of the periodontal membrane attachment of the abutment tooth should be at least one half to two thirds of that of its normal root attachment".
Because of these unsubstantiated, empirical concepts, many teeth were subsequently excluded from suitability as an abutment for fixed partial dentures and double abutments became a popular means of complying with Ante's law.
Ante's law has not been confirmed by long-term clinical trials.
References
Dentistry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism%20in%20Colombia | The National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) does not collect religious statistics, and accurate reports are difficult to obtain. However, based on various studies and a survey, about 90% of the population adheres to Christianity, the majority of which (70.9%) are Roman Catholic, while a significant minority (16.7%) adhere to Protestantism (primarily Evangelicalism).
In 2020, figures suggest that Protestants make up 14% of the country's population.
Protestant Christians present in Colombia are Baptists, Lutherans, Mennonites, Nazarenes, Pentecostals and Seventh-day Adventists.
List of Denominations
Alianza Cristiana y Misionera
Assemblies of God
Asociación de Iglesias Hermanos Menonitas de Colombia: 831 (1998)
Church of God Ministry of Jesus Christ International
Church of the Nazarene: 12,860 (1998)
Hermanos en Cristo
Iglesia Cruzada Evangélica
Iglesia de Dios
Iglesia Evangélica Luterana
Misión Evangélica
Mision Indigena
Misión Nuevas Tribus
Presbyterian Church of Colombia
Unión Misionera Evangélica
Seventh-day Adventist Church
Freedom of religion
The constitution provides for freedom of religion and the government generally is in support of this. However, international NGOs have stated that indigenous Protestants face threats, harassment and arbitrary detention in their communities due to their religious beliefs; in particular, Indigenous authorities in the Pizarro and Litoral de San Juan municipalities in the Chocó Department have prohibited the practi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surprise%20%28Crystal%20Waters%20album%29 | Surprise is the debut album by American singer-songwriter Crystal Waters released on June 25, 1991 by Mercury Records. It includes the hit singles "Makin' Happy", "Surprise" and the top ten hit "Gypsy Woman (She's Homeless)", which peaked at number 8 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and number 2 on the UK Singles Chart.
Although the album stalled at number 197 on the US Billboard 200, it performed better in both the club/dance and urban music markets, peaking at number 65 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It also peaked at number 23 on the Top Heatseekers chart.
Track listing
Chart positions
Album
Singles
References
1991 debut albums
Crystal Waters albums
Mercury Records albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotaxin | Autotaxin, also known as ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 2 (E-NPP 2), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ENPP2 gene.
Function
Autotaxin is a secreted enzyme important for generating the lipid signaling molecule lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Autotaxin has lysophospholipase D activity that converts lysophosphatidylcholine into LPA.
Autotaxin was originally identified as a tumor cell-motility-stimulating factor; later it was shown to be LPA (which signals through lysophospholipid receptors), the lipid product of the reaction catalyzed by autotaxin, which is responsible for its effects on cell-proliferation.
The protein encoded by this gene functions as a phosphodiesterase. Autotaxin is secreted and further processed to make the biologically active form. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified. Autotaxin is able to cleave the phosphodiester bond between the α and the β position of triphosphate nucleotides, acting as an ectonucleotide phosphodiesterase producing pyrophosphate, as most members of the ENPP family. Importantly, autotaxin also acts as phospholipase, catalyzing the removal of the head group of various lysolipids. The physiological function of autotaxin is the production of the signalling lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in extracellular fluids. LPA evokes growth factor-like responses including stimulation of cell proliferation and chemotaxis. This gene product stimulates the motility of tumo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20B.%20R.%20Lickorish | William Bernard Raymond Lickorish (born 19 February 1938) is a mathematician. He is emeritus professor of geometric topology in the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, University of Cambridge, and also an emeritus fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge. His research interests include topology and knot theory. He was one of the discoverers of the HOMFLY polynomial invariant of links, and proved the Lickorish-Wallace theorem which states that all closed orientable 3-manifolds can be obtained by Dehn surgery on a link.
Education
Lickorish received his Ph.D from Cambridge in 1964; his thesis was written under the supervision of Christopher Zeeman.
Recognition and awards
In 1991, Lickorish received the Senior Whitehead Prize from the London Mathematical Society. Lickorish and Kenneth Millett won the 1991 Chauvenet Prize for their paper "The New Polynomial Invariants of Knots and Links".
Lickorish was included in the 2019 class of fellows of the American Mathematical Society "for contributions to knot theory and low-dimensional topology".
Selected publications
See also
Lickorish twist theorem
Lickorish–Wallace theorem
References
1935 births
Living people
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Topologists
Fellows of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Cambridge mathematicians
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Whitehead Prize winners |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse~Link | Pulse~LINK is a privately held fabless integrated circuit semiconductor corporation headquartered in Carlsbad, California, located just north of San Diego California, in the United States. Pulse~LINK commercializes ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, for both wireless and wired networks.
Company
Pulse~Link developed a UWB technology based on continuous pulsed UWB (C-UWB) for whole-home distribution of interactive high data rate multimedia content over wired, wireless and hybrid networks. One implementation of the technology is designed to coexist with existing CATV signals over existing coax to the home.
Pulse~LINK's CWave implementation of C-UWB provides raw data rates up to a 2.7 Gigabits per second over coaxial cable and wireless networks. It is promoted for its ability to co-exist with CATV signals, as an "overlay" to bring more data to consumer's homes. Pulse~LINK's CWave implementations of C-UWB can support the simultaneous operation of IEEE 1394, Gigabit Ethernet and HDMI-equivalent connections with end-to-end quality of service (QoS).
Pulse~LINK developed a set of integrated circuits for media access control (MAC) and radio frequency (RF) layers, and later brought a single integrated MCM module incorporating the baseband/mac/rf plus system ram.
After joining both the UWB Forum and WiMedia Alliance in 2004, in February 2005, it positioned its technology as a third alternative to the technologies promoted by the after groups.
It had raised $38 million by then.
Demons |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen%20%28disambiguation%29 | Semen may refer to:
Semen, the genital fluid also known as seminal fluid indicating fluid reabsorption in the pinocytotic vessels
Semen (wasp), a wasp genus in the subfamily Encyrtinae
Semen Gresik, the largest cement producing company in Indonesia
Semen (name):
Semen or Xemen, a medieval Basque and neighbour given name
a popular Ukrainian given name (Семен)
a romanization of Russian given names Семён (Semyon) or Симон (Simon)
Semen Korsakov
See also
Seamen, the plural of seaman
Semem Creek
Semens, a commune in the Gironde department in southwestern France
Siemens, German industrial and technology conglomerate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMSA%20GTP | Grand Touring Prototype (GTP) is the name of a former classification designated to sports prototypes in sports car racing competing in the IMSA GT Championship, maintained by IMSA between 1981 and 1993. The early cars were based on the almost same identical ruleset as the FIA's Group C category, but eventually evolved into a separate category. It was the successor to the Grand Touring Experimental (GTX) class, which were based on FIA Group 5 and Group 6 cars.
The IMSA GTP moniker was revived in 2023 to replace DPi as the top class of the IMSA SportsCar Championship for the merger of DPi and the World Endurance Championship Hypercar class.
History
GTP era
In 1981, purpose-built GTP cars (Grand Touring Prototypes) appeared in the championship, and were similar to the new FIA Group C cars which would be introduced to the World Endurance Championship from 1982. The main difference between the two categories was that the former had no emphasis on fuel consumption which was highlighted by Derek Bell saying "Race fans do not come to races to watch an economy run." Brian Redman was the first GTP champion, driving a Lola T600 with a Chevrolet engine. March also fielded prototypes, with Al Holbert winning the 1983 championship with a Chevrolet powered car, changing to Porsche power later in the season; and Randy Lanier a year later with Chevrolet power. 1984 also saw the introduction of the Porsche 962, which dominated the series from '85 to '87. Nissan then took control of the ser |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC%20Northern%20Tasmania | ABC Northern Tasmania (call sign: 7NT) is the ABC Local Radio station for northern Tasmania, based in Launceston, owned by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. It broadcasts on the frequency of 91.7 MHz on the FM band from Mount Barrow at a power of 192 kW which covers much of Northern Tasmania.
In addition, the station has many low power repeater stations across the state including:
Bicheno 89.7 MHz
Burnie 102.5 MHz
Devonport 100.5 MHz
Fingal 1161 kHz AM
King Island 88.6 MHz
Lileah 91.3 MHz
Queenstown/Zeehan 90.5 MHz
Rosebery 106.3 MHz
Savage River 104.1 MHz
St Helens 1584 kHz AM
St Marys 102.7 MHz
Strahan 107.5 MHz
Swansea 106.1 MHz
Waratah 103.3 MHz
Weldborough 97.3 MHz
Launceston CBD 102.7 MHz
History
ABC Northern Tasmania was the ABC radio's first regional station in Launceston. It was opened by Prime Minister Joseph Lyons on 3 August 1935.
7NT moved from AM (711 kHz) to FM (91.7 MHz) in 2006.
References
Northern Tasmania
Radio stations in Tasmania |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20reciprocal%20rank | The mean reciprocal rank is a statistic measure for evaluating any process that produces a list of possible responses to a sample of queries, ordered by probability of correctness. The reciprocal rank of a query response is the multiplicative inverse of the rank of the first correct answer: 1 for first place, for second place, for third place and so on. The mean reciprocal rank is the average of the reciprocal ranks of results for a sample of queries Q:
where refers to the rank position of the first relevant document for the i-th query.
The reciprocal value of the mean reciprocal rank corresponds to the harmonic mean of the ranks.
Example
For example, suppose we have the following three sample queries for a system that tries to translate English words to their plurals. In each case, the system makes three guesses, with the first one being the one it thinks is most likely correct:
Given those three samples, we could calculate the mean reciprocal rank as (1/3 + 1/2 + 1)/3 = 11/18 or about 0.61.
If none of the proposed results are correct, reciprocal rank is 0. Note that only the rank of the first relevant answer is considered, possible further relevant answers are ignored. If users are interested also in further relevant items, mean average precision is a potential alternative metric.
See also
Information retrieval
Question answering
References
Summary statistics
Information retrieval evaluation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20emulsion | Photographic emulsion is a light-sensitive colloid used in film-based photography. Most commonly, in silver-gelatin photography, it consists of silver halide crystals dispersed in gelatin. The emulsion is usually coated onto a substrate of glass, films (of cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate or polyester), paper, or fabric. The substrate is often flexible and known as a film base.
Photographic emulsion is not a true emulsion, but a suspension of solid particles (silver halide) in a fluid (gelatin in solution). However, the word emulsion is customarily used in a photographic context. Gelatin or gum arabic layers sensitized with dichromate used in the dichromated colloid processes carbon and gum bichromate are sometimes called emulsions. Some processes do not have emulsions, such as platinum, cyanotype, salted paper, or kallitype.
Components
Photographic emulsion is a fine suspension of insoluble light-sensitive crystals in a colloid sol, usually consisting of gelatin. The light-sensitive component is one or a mixture of silver halides: silver bromide, chloride and iodide. The gelatin is used as a permeable binder, allowing processing agents (e.g., developer, fixer, toners, etc.) in aqueous solution to enter the colloid without dislodging the crystals. Other polymer macromolecules are often blended, but gelatin has not been entirely replaced. The light-exposed crystals are reduced by the developer to black metallic silver particles that form the image. Color films and pap |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobic-polar%20protein%20folding%20model | The hydrophobic-polar protein folding model is a highly simplified model for examining protein folds in space. First proposed by Ken Dill in 1985, it is the most known type of lattice protein: it stems from the observation that hydrophobic interactions between amino acid residues are the driving force for proteins folding into their native state. All amino acid types are classified as either hydrophobic (H) or polar (P), and the folding of a protein sequence is defined as a self-avoiding walk in a 2D or 3D lattice. The HP model imitates the hydrophobic effect by assigning a negative (favorable) weight to interactions between adjacent, non-covalently bound H residues. Proteins that have minimum energy are assumed to be in their native state.
The HP model can be expressed in both two and three dimensions, generally with square lattices, although triangular lattices have been used as well. It has also been studied on general regular lattices.
Randomized search algorithms are often used to tackle the HP folding problem. This includes stochastic, evolutionary algorithms like the Monte Carlo method, genetic algorithms, and ant colony optimization. While no method has been able to calculate the experimentally determined minimum energetic state for long protein sequences, the most advanced methods today are able to come close.
For some model variants/lattices, it is possible to compute optimal structures (with maximal number of H-H contacts) using constraint programming techniques |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocolpos | Hydrocolpos is the distension of the vagina caused by accumulation of fluid due to congenital vaginal obstruction. The obstruction is often caused by an imperforate hymen or less commonly a transverse vaginal septum. The fluid consists of cervical and endometrial mucus or in rare instances urine accumulated through a vesicovaginal fistula proximal to the obstruction. In some cases, it is associated with Bardet-Biedl Syndrome. If it occurs in prepubertal girls, it may show up as abdominal swelling. It may be detected by using ultrasound. Prenatal diagnosis and early newborn imaging studies leads to early detection and treatment of these cases. It may also present at birth as a distended lower abdomen and vagina. It also associated with vaginal atresia. A high index of suspicion for hydrocolpos in a newborn presenting with fetal diagnosis of infraumbilical abdominal mass will facilitate timely intervention and prevention of complications.
References
Pediatrics
Women's health |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-enolase | Enolase 1 (ENO1), more commonly known as alpha-enolase, is a glycolytic enzyme expressed in most tissues, one of the isozymes of enolase. Each isoenzyme is a homodimer composed of 2 alpha, 2 gamma, or 2 beta subunits, and functions as a glycolytic enzyme. Alpha-enolase, in addition, functions as a structural lens protein (tau-crystallin) in the monomeric form. Alternative splicing of this gene results in a shorter isoform that has been shown to bind to the c-myc promoter and function as a tumor suppressor. Several pseudogenes have been identified, including one on the long arm of chromosome 1. Alpha-enolase has also been identified as an autoantigen in Hashimoto encephalopathy.
Structure
ENO1 is one of three enolase isoforms, the other two being ENO2 (ENO-γ) and ENO3 (ENO-β). Each isoform is a protein subunit that can hetero- or homodimerize to form αα, αβ, αγ, ββ, and γγ dimers. The ENO1 gene spans 18 kb and lacks a TATA box while possessing multiple transcription start sites. A hypoxia-responsive element can be found in the ENO1 promoter and allows the enzyme to function in aerobic glycolysis and contribute to the Warburg effect in tumor cells.
Relationship to Myc-binding protein-1
The mRNA transcript of the ENO1 gene can be alternatively translated into a cytoplasmic protein, with a molecular weight of 48 kDa, or a nuclear protein, with a molecular weight of a 37 kDa. The nuclear form was previously identified as Myc-binding protein-1 (MBP1), which downregulates the pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOBE | WOBE (100.7 FM, "100.7 Radio Now") is a radio station broadcasting a top 40/CHR format. Licensed to Crystal Falls, Michigan, with studios in Iron Mountain, it first began broadcasting in 1999, carrying the Oldies Radio package from ABC Radio Networks.
History
On June 14, 2012 WOBE changed their format from classic hits (as B-100.7) to Top 40/contemporary hit radio, branded as "100.7 Radio Now".
Sources
Michiguide.com - WOBE History
References
External links
OBE-FM
Contemporary hit radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1996 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGDN%20%28AM%29 | WGDN (1350 AM) is a radio station licensed to Gladwin, Michigan broadcasting a religious format. It is a daytime only station broadcasting on a frequency of 1350 kHz at a power output of 250 watts, non-directional.
History
Beginnings
WGDN's construction permit was issued on November 28, 1973, to Gladwin Broadcasting Company, headed by George Benko, a resident of Croswell, in Michigan's Thumb Area. Benko today owns Sanilac Broadcasting, licensee of WMIC, WTGV, and WBGV.
The station made its debut on December 7, 1974 as WJEB, broadcasting a country music format. The station did broadcast on its current frequency, but did so using a two-tower directional antenna system, allowing it to operate with an output power of 1,000 watts, but still daytime only. The station's studios, offices and transmitter facility were located at 3601 West Woods Road in Gladwin, and remain there today.
On December 10, 1974, shortly after its initial sign-on, the FCC granted WGDN pre-sunrise authorization to operate at 350 watts two hours before local sunrise, allowing it to sign-on at 6am year-round, rather than local sunrise time.
In 1977, Gladwin Broadcasting Company was granted a construction permit for an FM station. That station, WGMM, went on the air February 7, 1979 with an easy-listening format.
Sale to Apple Broadcasting
In December 1986, Gladwin Broadcasting Company agreed to sell WGDN and WGMM to Apple Broadcasting Company, for $75,000. The company was headed by Michael Baker, w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%E2%80%93American%E2%80%93British%20classification | The French–American–British (FAB) classification systems refers to a series of classifications of hematologic diseases. It is based on the presence of dysmyelopoiesis and the quantification of myeloblasts and erythroblasts.
It was first produced in 1976.
Types include:
FAB classification of acute lymphoblastic leukemias: L1–L3 (three subtypes)
FAB classification of acute myeloid leukemias: M0–M7 (eight subtypes)
FAB classification of myelodysplastic syndromes
Updates continued through at least 1989.
References
Hematologic neoplasms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough%20Farms | Marlborough Farms is the first album by the Brooklyn indie pop band The Ladybug Transistor. It was released on October 4, 1996.
The album was named after vocalist/guitarist Gary Olson's home studio.
Critical reception
Douglas Wolk, in Salon, called the album "a competent Pavement rip-off with some curious touches in its arrangements, like singer Gary Olson's trumpet parts."
Track listing
"Wheel"
"(Theme To) Lout"
"Magic Forest Report"
"Sneedle"
"Seadrift"
"Blaze"
"95 Miles Per Hour"
"Land"
"Twice a Lifetime"
"Song for Vocoder and Trumpet"
References
1996 debut albums
The Ladybug Transistor albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley%20Atonale | Beverley Atonale is the second album by the Brooklyn indie pop band The Ladybug Transistor. It was released on February 11, 1997.
Critical reception
The Chicago Reader wrote that "the young quartet's reach [exceeded] their grasp: aiming for the orchestral splendor of 60s pop, they got a handful of flat, rinky-dink indie rock played on too many instruments." CMJ New Music Monthly wrote that "there's something really delightful about the idea that four people can create their own little Pet Sounds."
Track listing
"Here Is Your Space"
"Rushes Of Pure Spring"
"Windy"
"The Swedish Libra And You"
"This Order Is Tall"
"Music For Tennis Courts"
"Your Wagging Tail (Single Space)"
"Stuck"
"Forest Marching Song"
"The Occasional"
"It Will Be A Lifetime"
"Thoughts Of You"
"The Swedish Libra II"
References
1997 albums
The Ladybug Transistor albums
Merge Records albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Albemarle%20Sound | The Albemarle Sound is the third album by the Brooklyn, New York, indie pop band The Ladybug Transistor. It was released on March 23, 1999.
Critical reception
The A.V. Club wrote: "Rich and instantly accessible, The Ladybug Transistor has created a sound, regardless of source material, that's entirely its own." The Hartford Courant called the album "a collection of panoramic, pastoral pop that reflects the sights and sounds of their world with the same loving texture and color that Brian Wilson illustrated the California shore with."
Track listing
"Oriental Boulevard"
"Six Times"
"Meadowport Arch"
"Today Knows"
"The Great British Spring"
"Like A Summer Rain"
"The Swimmer"
"Cienfuegos"
"The Automobile Song"
"Oceans In The Hall"
"Vale Of Cashmere"
"Aleida's Theme"
References
1999 albums
The Ladybug Transistor albums
Merge Records albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyle%20Heir | Argyle Heir is a studio album by the American indie pop band the Ladybug Transistor. It was released on May 22, 2001, via Merge Records.
Critical reception
The Austin American-Statesman wrote that "these Brooklyn nerds are at their best when they keep it simple, as on 'Echoes', a twangy number that sounds like an outtake from the Byrds' Sweetheart of the Rodeo, or on 'Going Up North', a waltz instrumental with warm Mellotron tones and, uh, sleigh bells (which make several appearances throughout the record)."
Track listing
"Fires On The Ocean"
"Echoes"
"Perfect For Shattering"
"Going Up North (Icicles)"
"Wooden Bars"
"Catherine Elizabeth"
"Nico Norte"
"Words Hang In The Air"
"Fjords Of Winter"
"In A Certain Place"
"Brighton Bound"
"The Reclusive Hero"
"The Glass Pane"
"Caton Gardens"
Personnel
Gary Olson - vocals and trumpet
Jeff Baron - guitar
Jennifer Baron - bass guitar
Sasha Bell - vocals, piano, organ and flute
San Fadyl - drums
Julia Rydholm - violin
References
2001 albums
The Ladybug Transistor albums
Merge Records albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ladybug%20Transistor%20%28album%29 | The Ladybug Transistor is an album by the Brooklyn indie pop band The Ladybug Transistor. It was released in 2003 by Merge Records.
Critical reception
The Encyclopedia of Popular Music wrote that "the blend of 70s-era AOR rock and wistful chamber pop helped make the album one of the year's most pleasant surprises." The Tucson Weekly called the album "the band's best record yet," writing that it "takes off with a flourish and spins through 13 songs played on 12-string guitars, keyboards, strings and horns."
Track listing
"These Days In Flames"
"In December"
"3=Wild"
"Song For The Ending Day"
"Choking On Air"
"The Places You'll Call Home"
"Gospel"
"Please Don't Be Long"
"NY-San Anton"
"Hangin' On The Line"
"A Burial At Sea"
"Splendor In The Grass"
"The Last Gent"
Personnel
Gary Olson - vocals and trumpet
Jeff Baron - guitar
Sasha Bell - vocals, piano, organ and flute
San Fadyl - drums
Julia Rydholm - bass guitar and violin
References
2003 albums
The Ladybug Transistor albums
Merge Records albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t%20Wait%20Another%20Day | Can't Wait Another Day is an album by the Brooklyn indie pop band The Ladybug Transistor, and the last with the drummer San Fadyl. It was released on June 5, 2007, by Merge Records.
Critical reception
Exclaim! wrote that "this is far from a bad album--in fact, it's pretty good--it's just somewhat disappointing to see the band shrink away from the unabashed joyfulness they once made their own." The Guardian wrote that "long-term fans will envelop themselves happily in the album's soft loveliness, despite a feeling that some more memorable moments would have been welcome."
Track listing
"Always on the Telephone"
"I'm Not Mad Enough"
"Here Comes the Rain"
"Terry"
"This Old Chase"
"For No Other"
"Three Days from Now"
"In-Between"
"So Blind"
"Broken Links"
"California Stopover"
"Lord, Don't Pass Me By"
Personnel
Gary Olson - vocals, guitar and trumpet
Jeff Baron - guitar
Ben Crum - guitar
San Fadyl - drums
Kyle Forester - piano, organ and backing vocals
Julia Rydholm - bass guitar and backing vocals
References
2007 albums
The Ladybug Transistor albums
Merge Records albums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz%20curve | Lorentz curve may refer to
the Cauchy–Lorentz distribution, a probability distribution
the Lorenz curve, a graphical representation of the inequality in a quantity's distribution |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine%20ammonia-lyase | Histidine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.3, histidase, histidinase) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HAL gene. It converts histidine into ammonia and urocanic acid. Its systematic name is L-histidine ammonia-lyase (urocanate-forming).
Function
Histidine ammonia-lyase is a cytosolic enzyme catalyzing the first reaction in histidine catabolism, the nonoxidative deamination of L-histidine to trans-urocanic acid. The reaction is catalyzed by 3,5-dihydro-5-methyldiene-4H-imidazol-4-one (MIO), an electrophilic cofactor which is formed autocatalytically by cyclization of the protein backbone of the enzyme.
Pathology
Mutations in the gene for histidase are associated with histidinemia and urocanic aciduria.
See also
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, another enzyme that contains the MIO cofactor
References
Further reading
External links
EC 4.3.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urocanase | Urocanase (also known as imidazolonepropionate hydrolase or urocanate hydratase) is the enzyme () that catalyzes the second step in the degradation of histidine, the hydration of urocanate into imidazolonepropionate.
Urocanase is coded for by the UROC1 gene, located on the 3rd chromosome in humans. The protein itself is composed of 676 amino acids which then fold, producing the final product which has 2 identical subunits, making the enzyme a homodimer.
To catalyze the hydrolysis of urocanate in the catabolic pathway of L-histidine the enzyme utilizes its two NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adnene Dinucleotide) groups. The NAD+ groups act as electrophiles, attaching to the top carbon of the urocanate which leads to sigmatropic rearrangement of the urocanate molecule. This rearrangement allows for the addition of a water molecule, converting the urocanate into 4,5-dihydro-4-oxo-5-imidazolepropanoate.
urocanate + H2O 4,5-dihydro-4-oxo-5-imidazolepropanoate
Inherited deficiency of urocanase leads to elevated levels of urocanic acid in the urine, a condition known as urocanic aciduria.
Urocanase is found in some bacteria (gene hutU), in the liver of many vertebrates and has also been found in the plant Trifolium repens (white clover). Urocanase is a protein of about 60 Kd, it binds tightly to NAD+ and uses it as an electrophil cofactor. A conserved cysteine has been found to be important for the catalytic mechanism and could be involved in the binding of the NAD+.
References
External |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection%20vector | Infection vector may refer to:
Vector (epidemiology), the method by which a disease spreads
Vector (malware), the method by which a computer virus spreads
See also
Vector (disambiguation) |
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