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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar | Lidar (, also LIDAR, LiDAR or LADAR, an acronym of "light detection and ranging" or "laser imaging, detection, and ranging") is a method for determining ranges by targeting an object or a surface with a laser and measuring the time for the reflected light to return to the receiver. LIDAR may operate in a fixed directio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gain%20%28electronics%29 | In electronics, gain is a measure of the ability of a two-port circuit (often an amplifier) to increase the power or amplitude of a signal from the input to the output port by adding energy converted from some power supply to the signal. It is usually defined as the mean ratio of the signal amplitude or power at the ou... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensity%20%28physics%29 | In physics, the intensity or flux of radiant energy is the power transferred per unit area, where the area is measured on the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the energy. In the SI system, it has units watts per square metre (W/m2), or kg⋅s−3 in base units. Intensity is used most frequently with w... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative%20software | Collaborative software or groupware is application software designed to help people working on a common task to attain their goals. One of the earliest definitions of groupware is "intentional group processes plus software to support them."
Regarding available interaction, collaborative software may be divided into re... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server%20%28computing%29 | In computing, a server is a piece of computer hardware or software (computer program) that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called "clients". This architecture is called the client–server model. Servers can provide various functionalities, often called "services", such as sharing data or resources ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan%20Huygens | Christiaan Huygens, Lord of Zeelhem, ( , , ; also spelled Huyghens; ; 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a Dutch mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor who is regarded as a key figure in the Scientific Revolution. In physics, Huygens made seminal contributions to optics and mechanics, while as an ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20communication | Data communication or digital communications, including data transmission and data reception, is the transfer and reception of data in the form of a digital bitstream or a digitized analog signal transmitted over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels are copper wires, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual%20number | In algebra, the dual numbers are a hypercomplex number system first introduced in the 19th century. They are expressions of the form , where and are real numbers, and is a symbol taken to satisfy with .
Dual numbers can be added component-wise, and multiplied by the formula
which follows from the property and t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores%20Alferov | Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (; ; 15 March 19301 March 2019) was a Soviet and Russian physicist and academic who contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics. He shared the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics for the development of the semiconductor heterojunction for optoelectronics.... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arity | In logic, mathematics, and computer science, arity () is the number of arguments or operands taken by a function, operation or relation. In mathematics, arity may also be called rank, but this word can have many other meanings. In logic and philosophy, arity may also be called adicity and degree. In linguistics, it is ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure%20%28topology%29 | In topology, the closure of a subset of points in a topological space consists of all points in together with all limit points of . The closure of may equivalently be defined as the union of and its boundary, and also as the intersection of all closed sets containing . Intuitively, the closure can be thought of as ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic%20spiral | A logarithmic spiral, equiangular spiral, or growth spiral is a self-similar spiral curve that often appears in nature. The first to describe a logarithmic spiral was Albrecht Dürer (1525) who called it an "eternal line" ("ewige Linie"). More than a century later, the curve was discussed by Descartes (1638), and later ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyology | Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish, including bony fish (Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish (Agnatha). According to FishBase, 33,400 species of fish had been described as of October 2016, with approximately 250 new species described each year.
Etymology
... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite%20monkey%20theorem | The infinite monkey theorem states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a typewriter keyboard for an infinite amount of time will almost surely type any given text, including the complete works of William Shakespeare. In fact, the monkey would almost surely type every possible finite text an infinite number of times... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold%20health%20issues | Mold health issues refer to the harmful health effects of moulds ("molds" in American English) and their mycotoxins. However, recent research has shown these adverse health effects are caused not exclusively by molds, but also other microbial agents and biotoxins associated with dampness, mold, and water-damaged buildi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20and%20lower%20bounds | In mathematics, particularly in order theory, an upper bound or majorant of a subset of some preordered set is an element of that is greater than or equal to every element of .
Dually, a lower bound or minorant of is defined to be an element of that is less than or equal to every element of .
A set with an upper... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal%20reflection | In telecommunications, signal reflection occurs when a signal is transmitted along a transmission medium, such as a copper cable or an optical fiber. Some of the signal power may be reflected back to its origin rather than being carried all the way along the cable to the far end. This happens because imperfections in t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech%20synthesis | Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. A computer system used for this purpose is called a speech synthesizer, and can be implemented in software or hardware products. A text-to-speech (TTS) system converts normal language text into speech; other systems render symbolic linguistic representation... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone | In meteorology, a cyclone () is a large air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere as viewed from above (opposite to an anticyclone). Cyclones are characterized by inward-spiraling winds that rotate abou... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20frequency | Radio frequency (RF) is the oscillation rate of an alternating electric current or voltage or of a magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field or mechanical system in the frequency range from around to around . This is roughly between the upper limit of audio frequencies and the lower limit of infrared frequencies. Th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety%E2%80%93ninety%20rule | In computer programming and software engineering, the ninety-ninety rule is a humorous aphorism that states:
This adds up to 180%, making a wry allusion to the notoriety of software development projects significantly over-running their schedules (see software development effort estimation). The anecdote expresses both... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodiode | A photodiode is a light-sensitive semiconductor diode. It produces current when it absorbs photons.
The package of a photodiode allows light (or infrared or ultraviolet radiation, or X-rays) to reach the sensitive part of the device. The package may include lenses or optical filters. Devices designed for use speciall... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biostasis | Biostasis or Cryptobiosis is the ability of an organism to tolerate environmental changes without having to actively adapt to them. Biostasis is found in organisms that live in habitats that likely encounter unfavorable living conditions, such as drought, freezing temperatures, change in pH levels, pressure, or tempera... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal%20transform | The fractal transform is a technique invented by Michael Barnsley et al. to perform lossy image compression.
This first practical fractal compression system for digital images resembles a vector quantization system using the image itself as the codebook.
Fractal transform compression
Start with a digital image A1.
D... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithology | Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the study of birds. Several aspects of ornithology differ from related disciplines, due partly to the high visibility and the aesthetic appeal of birds. It has also been an area with a large contribution made by amateurs in terms of time, resources, and financial support... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating%20current | Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude continuously with time, in contrast to direct current (DC), which flows only in one direction. Alternating current is the form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and residences, and it is the ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain%20letter | A chain letter is a message that attempts to convince the recipient to make a number of copies and pass them on to a certain number of recipients. The "chain" is an exponentially growing pyramid (a tree graph) that cannot be sustained indefinitely.
Common methods used in chain letters include emotionally manipulative... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness | In computing, endianness is the order or sequence of bytes of a word of digital data in computer memory or data communication which is identified by describing the impact of the "first" bytes, meaning at the smallest address or sent first. Endianness is primarily expressed as big-endian (BE) or little-endian (LE). A bi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoville%20scale | The Scoville scale is a measurement of pungency (spiciness or "heat") of chili peppers and other substances, recorded in Scoville heat units (SHU). It is based on the concentration of capsaicinoids, among which capsaicin is the predominant component.
The scale is named after its creator, American pharmacist Wilbur Sco... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Darwinism | Neo-Darwinism is generally used to describe any integration of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection with Gregor Mendel's theory of genetics. It mostly refers to evolutionary theory from either 1895 (for the combinations of Darwin's and August Weismann's theories of evolution) or 1942 ("modern synth... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20evolution | Quantum evolution is a component of George Gaylord Simpson's multi-tempoed theory of evolution proposed to explain the rapid emergence of higher taxonomic groups in the fossil record. According to Simpson, evolutionary rates differ from group to group and even among closely related lineages. These different rates of ev... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum | A flagellum (; : flagella) (Latin for 'whip' or 'scourge') is a hairlike appendage that protrudes from certain plant and animal sperm cells, and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility. Many protists with flagella are known as flagellates.
A microorganism may have from one to many flagella. A gram-nega... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siboglinidae | Siboglinidae is a family of polychaete annelid worms whose members made up the former phyla Pogonophora and Vestimentifera (the giant tube worms). The family is composed of around 100 species of vermiform creatures which live in thin tubes buried in sediment (Pogonophora) or in tubes attached to hard substratum (Vestim... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipf%27s%20law | Zipf's law (, ) is an empirical law that often holds, approximately, when a list of measured values is sorted in decreasing order. It states that the value of the nth entry is inversely proportional to n.
The best known instance of Zipf's law applies to the frequency table of words in a text or corpus of natural lang... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%20number | E numbers, short for Europe numbers, are codes for substances used as food additives, including those found naturally in many foods such as vitamin C, for use within the European Union (EU) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Commonly found on food labels, their safety assessment and approval are the responsibi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace%20%28linear%20algebra%29 | In linear algebra, the trace of a square matrix , denoted , is defined to be the sum of elements on the main diagonal (from the upper left to the lower right) of . The trace is only defined for a square matrix ().
It can be proven that the trace of a matrix is the sum of its (complex) eigenvalues (counted with multipl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20Object%20Request%20Broker%20Architecture | The Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is a standard defined by the Object Management Group (OMG) designed to facilitate the communication of systems that are deployed on diverse platforms. CORBA enables collaboration between systems on different operating systems, programming languages, and computing h... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Gilmore%20%28activist%29 | John Gilmore (born 1955) is one of the founders of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the Cypherpunks mailing list, and Cygnus Solutions. He created the alt.* hierarchy in Usenet and is a major contributor to the GNU Project.
An outspoken civil libertarian, Gilmore has sued the Federal Aviation Administration, the Un... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20free%20and%20open-source%20software%20packages | This is a list of free and open-source software packages, computer software licensed under free software licenses and open-source licenses. Software that fits the Free Software Definition may be more appropriately called free software; the GNU project in particular objects to their works being referred to as open-sourc... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20mail%20relay | An open mail relay is a Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) server configured in such a way that it allows anyone on the Internet to send e-mail through it, not just mail destined to or originating from known users. This used to be the default configuration in many mail servers; indeed, it was the way the Internet was... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability%20space | In probability theory, a probability space or a probability triple is a mathematical construct that provides a formal model of a random process or "experiment". For example, one can define a probability space which models the throwing of a .
A probability space consists of three elements:
A sample space, , which is ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel%20set | In mathematics, a Borel set is any set in a topological space that can be formed from open sets (or, equivalently, from closed sets) through the operations of countable union, countable intersection, and relative complement. Borel sets are named after Émile Borel.
For a topological space X, the collection of all Bore... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurable%20space | In mathematics, a measurable space or Borel space is a basic object in measure theory. It consists of a set and a σ-algebra, which defines the subsets that will be measured.
Definition
Consider a set and a σ-algebra on Then the tuple is called a measurable space.
Note that in contrast to a measure space, no meas... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25 | X.25 is an ITU-T standard protocol suite for packet-switched data communication in wide area networks (WAN). It was originally defined by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT, now ITU-T) in a series of drafts and finalized in a publication known as The Orange Book in 1976.
X.25 was... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet%20switching | In telecommunications, packet switching is a method of grouping data into packets that are transmitted over a digital network. Packets are made of a header and a payload. Data in the header is used by networking hardware to direct the packet to its destination, where the payload is extracted and used by an operating s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPsec | In computing, Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is a secure network protocol suite that authenticates and encrypts packets of data to provide secure encrypted communication between two computers over an Internet Protocol network. It is used in virtual private networks (VPNs).
IPsec includes protocols for establishin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Shortest%20Path%20First | Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol for Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It uses a link state routing (LSR) algorithm and falls into the group of interior gateway protocols (IGPs), operating within a single autonomous system (AS).
OSPF gathers link state information from available routers and constru... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing%20Information%20Protocol | The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is one of the oldest distance-vector routing protocols which employs the hop count as a routing metric. RIP prevents routing loops by implementing a limit on the number of hops allowed in a path from source to destination. The largest number of hops allowed for RIP is 15, which li... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20North%20Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead (15 February 1861 – 30 December 1947) was an English mathematician and philosopher. He created the philosophical school known as process philosophy, which has been applied in a wide variety of disciplines, including ecology, theology, education, physics, biology, economics, and psychology.
In h... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuary | An actuary is a professional with advanced mathematical skills who deals with the measurement and management of risk and uncertainty. The name of the corresponding field is actuarial science which covers rigorous mathematical calculations such as the survival function and stochastic process. These risks can affect both... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHDL | The VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) is a hardware description language (HDL) that can model the behavior and structure of digital systems at multiple levels of abstraction, ranging from the system level down to that of logic gates, for design entry, documentation, and verification purposes. Since 1987, VHDL... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very%20High%20Speed%20Integrated%20Circuit%20Program | The Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) Program was a United States Department of Defense (DOD) research program that ran from 1980 to 1990. Its mission was to research and develop very high-speed integrated circuits for the United States Armed Forces.
VHSIC was launched in 1980 as a joint tri-service (Army/Na... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations%20research | Operations research () (U.S. Air Force Specialty Code: Operations Analysis), often shortened to the initialism OR, is a discipline that deals with the development and application of analytical methods to improve decision-making. The term management science is occasionally used as a synonym.
Employing techniques from o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux | Flux describes any effect that appears to pass or travel (whether it actually moves or not) through a surface or substance. Flux is a concept in applied mathematics and vector calculus which has many applications to physics. For transport phenomena, flux is a vector quantity, describing the magnitude and direction of ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner%27s%20dilemma | The prisoner's dilemma is a game theory thought experiment that involves two rational agents, each of whom can cooperate for mutual benefit or betray their partner ("defect") for individual reward. This dilemma was originally framed by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher in 1950 while they worked at the RAND Corporation. ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal%20insomnia | Fatal insomnia is an extremely rare neurodegenerative prion disease that results in trouble sleeping as its hallmark symptom. The majority of cases are familial (fatal familial insomnia [FFI]), stemming from a mutation in the PRNP gene, with the remainder of cases occurring sporadically (sporadic fatal insomnia [sFI]... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligate%20aerobe | An obligate aerobe is an organism that requires oxygen to grow. Through cellular respiration, these organisms use oxygen to metabolise substances, like sugars or fats, to obtain energy. In this type of respiration, oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor for the electron transport chain. Aerobic respiration h... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism | Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson characterised parasites as "predators that eat prey in units of less than one". Parasi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial%20lawn | Bacterial lawn is a term used by microbiologists to describe the appearance of bacterial colonies when all the individual colonies on a Petri dish agar plate merge to form a field or mat of bacteria. Bacterial lawns find use in screens for antibiotic resistance and bacteriophage titering.
Bacterial lawns (often of Ser... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petri%20dish | A Petri dish (alternatively known as a Petri plate or cell-culture dish) is a shallow transparent lidded dish that biologists use to hold growth medium in which cells can be cultured, originally, cells of bacteria, fungi and small mosses. The container is named after its inventor, German bacteriologist Julius Richard P... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm | A biofilm comprises any syntrophic consortium of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface. These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy extracellular matrix that is composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). The cells within the biofilm produce the EPS components,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimeter | A calorimeter is an object used for calorimetry, or the process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity. Differential scanning calorimeters, isothermal micro calorimeters, titration calorimeters and accelerated rate calorimeters are among the most common types. A simple ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniDisc | MiniDisc (MD) is an erasable magneto-optical disc-based data storage format offering a capacity of 60, 74, and later, 80 minutes of digitized audio.
Sony announced the MiniDisc in September 1992 and released it in November of that year for sale in Japan and in December in Europe, North America, and other countries. Th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation | In mathematics, a permutation of a set is, loosely speaking, an arrangement of its members into a sequence or linear order, or if the set is already ordered, a rearrangement of its elements. The word "permutation" also refers to the act or process of changing the linear order of an ordered set.
For example, there are ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interquartile%20mean | The interquartile mean (IQM) (or midmean) is a statistical measure of central tendency based on the truncated mean of the interquartile range. The IQM is very similar to the scoring method used in sports that are evaluated by a panel of judges: discard the lowest and the highest scores; calculate the mean value of the ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal%20altruism | In evolutionary biology, reciprocal altruism is a behaviour whereby an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism's fitness, with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time.
The concept was initially developed by Robert Tr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DocBook | DocBook is a semantic markup language for technical documentation. It was originally intended for writing technical documents related to computer hardware and software, but it can be used for any other sort of documentation.
As a semantic language, DocBook enables its users to create document content in a presentation... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox%20Network%20Systems | Xerox Network Systems (XNS) is a computer networking protocol suite developed by Xerox within the Xerox Network Systems Architecture. It provided general purpose network communications, internetwork routing and packet delivery, and higher level functions such as a reliable stream, and remote procedure calls. XNS predat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian%20notation | Hungarian notation is an identifier naming convention in computer programming in which the name of a variable or function indicates its intention or kind, or in some dialects, its type. The original Hungarian notation uses only intention or kind in its naming convention and is sometimes called Apps Hungarian as it beca... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsatellite | A microsatellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs (ranging in length from one to six or more base pairs) are repeated, typically 5–50 times. Microsatellites occur at thousands of locations within an organism's genome. They have a higher mutation rate than other areas of DNA leading to high genet... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metafont | Metafont is a description language used to define raster fonts. It is also the name of the interpreter that executes Metafont code, generating the bitmap fonts that can be embedded into e.g. PostScript. Metafont was devised by Donald Knuth as a companion to his TeX typesetting system.
One of the characteristics of Met... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trefoil | A trefoil () is a graphic form composed of the outline of three overlapping rings, used in architecture, Pagan and Christian symbolism, among other areas. The term is also applied to other symbols with a threefold shape. A similar shape with four rings is called a quatrefoil.
Architecture
Ornamentation
'Trefoil' is a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegro%20%28software%20library%29 | Allegro is a software library for video game development. The functionality of the library includes support for basic 2D graphics, image manipulation, text output, audio output, MIDI music, input and timers, as well as additional routines for fixed-point and floating-point matrix arithmetic, Unicode strings, file syste... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore | A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthparts adapted to rasping or grinding. Horses and other herbivores have wide flat t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20O%20notation | Big O notation is a mathematical notation that describes the limiting behavior of a function when the argument tends towards a particular value or infinity. Big O is a member of a family of notations invented by German mathematicians Paul Bachmann, Edmund Landau, and others, collectively called Bachmann–Landau notation... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost%20everywhere | In measure theory (a branch of mathematical analysis), a property holds almost everywhere if, in a technical sense, the set for which the property holds takes up nearly all possibilities. The notion of "almost everywhere" is a companion notion to the concept of measure zero, and is analogous to the notion of almost sur... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldbach%27s%20conjecture | Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest and best-known unsolved problems in number theory and all of mathematics. It states that every even natural number greater than 2 is the sum of two prime numbers.
The conjecture has been shown to hold for all integers less than , but remains unproven despite considerable effo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete%20lattice | In mathematics, a complete lattice is a partially ordered set in which all subsets have both a supremum (join) and an infimum (meet). A lattice which satisfies at least one of these properties is known as a conditionally complete lattice. For comparison, in a general lattice, only pairs of elements need to have a supre... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream | A dream is a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that usually occur involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep. Humans spend about two hours dreaming per night, and each dream lasts around 5 to 20 minutes, although the dreamer may perceive the dream as being much longer than this.
The c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up%20to | Two mathematical objects and are called "equal up to an equivalence relation "
if and are related by , that is,
if holds, that is,
if the equivalence classes of and with respect to are equal.
This figure of speech is mostly used in connection with expressions derived from equality, such as uniqueness or cou... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminosity | Luminosity is an absolute measure of radiated electromagnetic power (light), the radiant power emitted by a light-emitting object over time. In astronomy, luminosity is the total amount of electromagnetic energy emitted per unit of time by a star, galaxy, or other astronomical objects.
In SI units, luminosity is measu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding | Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by using high heat to melt the parts together and allowing them to cool, causing fusion. Welding is distinct from lower temperature techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal (parent metal).
In addi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian%20category | In mathematics, an abelian category is a category in which morphisms and objects can be added and in which kernels and cokernels exist and have desirable properties. The motivating prototypical example of an abelian category is the category of abelian groups, Ab. The theory originated in an effort to unify several coho... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity | Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is a measure of variation at the genetic (genetic variability), species (species diversity), and ecosystem (ecosystem diversity) level. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth; it is usually greater in the tropics... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth%20condition | In semantics and pragmatics, a truth condition is the condition under which a sentence is true. For example, "It is snowing in Nebraska" is true precisely when it is snowing in Nebraska. Truth conditions of a sentence do not necessarily reflect current reality. They are merely the conditions under which the statement w... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M | CP/M, originally standing for Control Program/Monitor and later Control Program for Microcomputers, is a mass-market operating system created in 1974 for Intel 8080/85-based microcomputers by Gary Kildall of Digital Research, Inc. Initially confined to single-tasking on 8-bit processors and no more than 64 kilobytes of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-bit%20computing | In computer architecture, 8-bit integers or other data units are those that are 8 bits wide (1 octet). Also, 8-bit central processing unit (CPU) and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) architectures are those that are based on registers or data buses of that size. Memory addresses (and thus address buses) for 8-bit CPUs are ge... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20binomial%20distribution | In probability theory and statistics, the negative binomial distribution is a discrete probability distribution that models the number of failures in a sequence of independent and identically distributed Bernoulli trials before a specified (non-random) number of successes (denoted ) occurs. For example, we can define r... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process%20%28computing%29 | In computing, a process is the instance of a computer program that is being executed by one or many threads. There are many different process models, some of which are light weight, but almost all processes (even entire virtual machines) are rooted in an operating system (OS) process which comprises the program code, a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lp%20space | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Lp space}}
In mathematics, the spaces are function spaces defined using a natural generalization of the -norm for finite-dimensional vector spaces. They are sometimes called Lebesgue spaces, named after Henri Lebesgue , although according to the Bourbaki group they were first introduced by Frigyes Rie... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injective%20function | In mathematics, an injective function (also known as injection, or one-to-one function) is a function that maps distinct elements of its domain to distinct elements; that is, implies . (Equivalently, implies in the equivalent contrapositive statement.) In other words, every element of the function's codomain is the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20element | In mathematics, the concept of an inverse element generalises the concepts of opposite () and reciprocal () of numbers.
Given an operation denoted here , and an identity element denoted , if , one says that is a left inverse of , and that is a right inverse of . (An identity element is an element such that and fo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20algebra | Universal algebra (sometimes called general algebra) is the field of mathematics that studies algebraic structures themselves, not examples ("models") of algebraic structures.
For instance, rather than take particular groups as the object of study, in universal algebra one takes the class of groups as an object of stud... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications%20satellite | A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunication signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth. Communications satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subalgebra | In mathematics, a subalgebra is a subset of an algebra, closed under all its operations, and carrying the induced operations.
"Algebra", when referring to a structure, often means a vector space or module equipped with an additional bilinear operation. Algebras in universal algebra are far more general: they are a com... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel%20%28algebra%29 | In algebra, the kernel of a homomorphism (function that preserves the structure) is generally the inverse image of 0 (except for groups whose operation is denoted multiplicatively, where the kernel is the inverse image of 1). An important special case is the kernel of a linear map. The kernel of a matrix, also called t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%20interface | In the industrial design field of human–computer interaction, a user interface (UI) is the space where interactions between humans and machines occur. The goal of this interaction is to allow effective operation and control of the machine from the human end, while the machine simultaneously feeds back information that ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety | Biosafety is the prevention of large-scale loss of biological integrity, focusing both on ecology and human health.
These prevention mechanisms include the conduction of regular reviews of biosafety in laboratory settings, as well as strict guidelines to follow. Biosafety is used to protect from harmful incidents. Many... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Bruijn%E2%80%93Newman%20constant | The de Bruijn–Newman constant, denoted by Λ and named after Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn and Charles Michael Newman, is a mathematical constant defined via the zeros of a certain function H(λ,z), where λ is a real parameter and z is a complex variable. More precisely,
,
where is the super-exponentially decaying function... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure%20space | A measure space is a basic object of measure theory, a branch of mathematics that studies generalized notions of volumes. It contains an underlying set, the subsets of this set that are feasible for measuring (the -algebra) and the method that is used for measuring (the measure). One important example of a measure spa... |
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