text stringlengths 2 4.67k | source dict |
|---|---|
only a few spots can be placed at a time. The low-throughput nature of this process results in high manufacturing costs. Fodor and colleagues developed a unique fabrication process (later used by Affymetrix) in which a series of microlithography steps is used to combinatorially synthesize hundreds of thousands of uniqu... | {
"page_id": 859981,
"title": "Biochip"
} |
in the wells of an etched fiber optic cable. Each bead was uniquely encoded with a fluorescent signature. However, this encoding scheme is limited in the number of unique dye combinations that can be used and successfully differentiated. == Protein biochip array and other microarray technologies == Microarrays are not ... | {
"page_id": 859981,
"title": "Biochip"
} |
Types of Biotechnology Chips == There are several types of biotechnology chips, each designed for specific applications. The primary types include: === DNA Microarrays === DNA microarrays are perhaps the most widely used biotechnology chips. They consist of a grid of thousands of tiny DNA probes that can bind to specif... | {
"page_id": 859981,
"title": "Biochip"
} |
enable high-throughput screening of potential drug compounds and help identify biomarkers for personalized treatment plans. Additionally, the use of biotechnology chips allows for more efficient testing of drug efficacy and safety. === 3Genomics and Proteomics === Biotechnology chips are indispensable tools for genomic... | {
"page_id": 859981,
"title": "Biochip"
} |
Liesegang rings () are a phenomenon seen in many, if not most, chemical systems undergoing a precipitation reaction under certain conditions of concentration and in the absence of convection. Rings are formed when weakly soluble salts are produced from reaction of two soluble substances, one of which is dissolved in a ... | {
"page_id": 4071245,
"title": "Liesegang rings"
} |
to diffuse into the gel. It will then encounter the potassium dichromate and will form a continuous region of precipitate at the top of the tube. After some hours, the continuous region of precipitation is followed by a clear region with no sensible precipitate, followed by a short region of precipitate further down th... | {
"page_id": 4071245,
"title": "Liesegang rings"
} |
but rather form in place and stay there. For very many systems the precipitate that forms is not the fine coagulant or flocs seen on mixing the two solutions in the absence of the gel, but rather coarse, crystalline dispersions. Sometimes the crystals are well separated from one another, and only a few form in each ban... | {
"page_id": 4071245,
"title": "Liesegang rings"
} |
== Several different theories have been proposed to explain the formation of Liesegang rings. The chemist Wilhelm Ostwald in 1897 proposed a theory based on the idea that a precipitate is not formed immediately upon the concentration of the ions exceeding a solubility product, but a region of supersaturation occurs fir... | {
"page_id": 4071245,
"title": "Liesegang rings"
} |
Matalon-Packter law predicting the position of the precipitate bands when the experiments are performed in a test tube, has been provided A general theory based on Ostwald's 1897 theory has recently been proposed. It can account for several important features sometimes seen, such as revert and helical banding. == Refer... | {
"page_id": 4071245,
"title": "Liesegang rings"
} |
A sol is a colloidal suspension made out of tiny solid particles in a continuous liquid medium. Sols are stable, so that they do not settle down when left undisturbed, and exhibit the Tyndall effect, which is the scattering of light by the particles in the colloid. The size of the particles can vary from 1 nm - 100 nm.... | {
"page_id": 991054,
"title": "Sol (colloid)"
} |
Taekwang Industrial Co, Ltd. (Korean: 태광산업 주식회사) is a South Korean chemical and textile company headquartered in the Jangchung-dong area of central Seoul, with plants located in China as well as in Korea. Founded by Lee Im Yong in 1950, the company has developed into a manufacturer of textiles, petrochemicals, wet weat... | {
"page_id": 6168415,
"title": "Taekwang Industrial"
} |
The steroid hormones are referred to by various abbreviations in the biological literature. The purpose of this list is to give commonly used abbreviations for steroid hormones, with supporting references to the literature. == Table of abbreviations == == References == | {
"page_id": 12066660,
"title": "List of steroid abbreviations"
} |
The Carl Sagan Institute: Pale Blue Dot and Beyond was founded in 2014 at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York to further the search for habitable planets and moons in and outside the Solar System. It is focused on the characterization of exoplanets and the instruments to search for signs of life in the universe. The... | {
"page_id": 46669670,
"title": "Carl Sagan Institute"
} |
fingerprints' (spectrum) might be used by astronomers as potential biosignatures to find large colonies of microscopic life on distant exoplanets. A combination of organisms would produce a mixed spectrum, also cataloged, of light bouncing off the planet. The method will also be applied to spot vegetation. The goal of ... | {
"page_id": 46669670,
"title": "Carl Sagan Institute"
} |
Carla Maldonado is a Bolivian biologist whose field of work is plant species, in particular the genus Cinchona. Maldonado is a Professor at Universidad Mayor de San Andrés and a Director and Researcher at the Herbario Nacional de Bolivia. In 2016, Maldonado received the Marie Curie Award from the National Academy of Sc... | {
"page_id": 79568743,
"title": "Carla Maldonado"
} |
Janyce Marbury Wiebe (1959–2018) was an American computer science specializing in natural language processing and known for her work on subjectivity, sentiment analysis, opinion mining, discourse processing, and word-sense disambiguation. == Life == Wiebe was born in 1959, in Albany, New York. She majored in English at... | {
"page_id": 74653554,
"title": "Janyce Wiebe"
} |
The stable ocean hypothesis (SOH) is one of several hypotheses within larval fish ecology that attempt to explain recruitment variability (Figure 1; Table 1). The SOH is the notion that favorable and somewhat stable physical and biological ocean conditions, such as the flow of currents and food availability, are import... | {
"page_id": 31661941,
"title": "Stable ocean hypothesis"
} |
fishery. This explanation seemed to explain the diminished population trends of similar species from other regions, including the Pacific and Japanese sardines and the Atlanto-Scandian herring. Lasker, however, opposed this conclusion while citing the seemingly miraculous recovery of the troubled Japanese sardine popul... | {
"page_id": 31661941,
"title": "Stable ocean hypothesis"
} |
previously stratified layers (including a particulate layer below the surface) that had been sampled and introduced to the larvae. Samples derived from the same depths that proved ideal to induce first feeding prior to the storm no longer contained the necessary phytoplankton varieties and abundances; as a result, the ... | {
"page_id": 31661941,
"title": "Stable ocean hypothesis"
} |
between the larval survival rates documented adjacent to wind/storm events and recruitment levels observed months afterward. == Conclusions and modern perspective == Lasker's SOH and the many other explanations of recruitment in larval variability are certainly relevant. However, current consensus is that larval recrui... | {
"page_id": 31661941,
"title": "Stable ocean hypothesis"
} |
The linear attenuation coefficient, attenuation coefficient, or narrow-beam attenuation coefficient characterizes how easily a volume of material can be penetrated by a beam of light, sound, particles, or other energy or matter. A coefficient value that is large represents a beam becoming 'attenuated' as it passes thro... | {
"page_id": 12328822,
"title": "Attenuation coefficient"
} |
measured in dB⋅cm−1⋅MHz−1; acoustics for characterizing particle size distribution, where it is denoted α and measured in m−1. The attenuation coefficient is called the "extinction coefficient" in the context of solar and infrared radiative transfer in the atmosphere, albeit usually denoted with another symbol (given t... | {
"page_id": 12328822,
"title": "Attenuation coefficient"
} |
− 1 Φ e , ν d Φ e , ν d z , {\displaystyle \mu _{\nu }=-{\frac {1}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\nu }}}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\nu }}{\mathrm {d} z}},} μ λ = − 1 Φ e , λ d Φ e , λ d z , {\displaystyle \mu _{\lambda }=-{\frac {1}{\Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\lambda }}}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi _{\mathrm {e} ,\lambda }}{\m... | {
"page_id": 12328822,
"title": "Attenuation coefficient"
} |
from the beam, while scattering indicates light that is redirected in a (random) direction, and hence is no longer in the beam, but still present, resulting in diffuse light. The absorption coefficient of a volume, denoted μa, and the scattering coefficient of a volume, denoted μs, are defined the same way as the atten... | {
"page_id": 12328822,
"title": "Attenuation coefficient"
} |
including scattering as well. "Narrow-beam attenuation coefficient" always unambiguously refers to the latter. The attenuation coefficient is at least as large as the absorption coefficient; they are equal in the idealized case of no scattering. == Expression in terms of density and cross section == The absorption coef... | {
"page_id": 12328822,
"title": "Attenuation coefficient"
} |
linear units by using an exponential: I = I o 10 − ( d B / 10 ) . {\displaystyle I=I_{o}10^{-(dB/10)}.} === Naperian attenuation === The decadic attenuation coefficient or decadic narrow beam attenuation coefficient, denoted μ10, is defined as μ 10 = μ ln 10 . {\displaystyle \mu _{10}={\frac {\mu }{\ln 10}}.} Just as... | {
"page_id": 12328822,
"title": "Attenuation coefficient"
} |
i = 1 N σ i n i ( z ) , μ 10 ( z ) = ∑ i = 1 N μ 10 , i ( z ) = ∑ i = 1 N ε i c i ( z ) , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mu (z)&=\sum _{i=1}^{N}\mu _{i}(z)=\sum _{i=1}^{N}\sigma _{i}n_{i}(z),\\\mu _{10}(z)&=\sum _{i=1}^{N}\mu _{10,i}(z)=\sum _{i=1}^{N}\varepsilon _{i}c_{i}(z),\end{aligned}}} where σi is the attenuatio... | {
"page_id": 12328822,
"title": "Attenuation coefficient"
} |
attenuation coefficient Mean free path Propagation constant Radiation length Scattering theory Transmittance == References == == External links == Absorption Coefficients α of Building Materials and Finishes Sound Absorption Coefficients for Some Common Materials Tables of X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients and Mass E... | {
"page_id": 12328822,
"title": "Attenuation coefficient"
} |
Basic Palaeontology is a basic textbook on the study of paleontology written by the palaeontologists Michael J. Benton and David A.T. Harper, and published by Prentice Hall in 1997. It was described in a 1998 review by palaeontologist Mark Purnell as being uniquely inclusive in its coverage of the subject, going into d... | {
"page_id": 19799928,
"title": "Basic Palaeontology"
} |
The Ferrier Lecture is a Royal Society lectureship given every three years "on a subject related to the advancement of natural knowledge on the structure and function of the nervous system". It was created in 1928 to honour the memory of Sir David Ferrier, a neurologist who was the first British scientist to electronic... | {
"page_id": 5578617,
"title": "Ferrier Lecture"
} |
Cycloheximide chase assays are an experimental technique used in molecular and cellular biology to measure steady state protein stability. Cycloheximide is a drug that inhibits the elongation step in eukaryotic protein translation, thereby preventing protein synthesis. The addition of cycloheximide to cultured cells fo... | {
"page_id": 70328185,
"title": "Cycloheximide chase"
} |
interest is affected. These experiments may be conducted in mammalian cells with the implementation of compatible knockdown procedures in place of the yeast deletion strains. Cycloheximide chases are also valuable for assessing how different mutations affect the stability of a protein. Experiments have been conducted i... | {
"page_id": 70328185,
"title": "Cycloheximide chase"
} |
as opposed to newly translated protein levels such as with pulse chase. Therefore, only protein degradation and not protein maturation is able to be observed. == References == | {
"page_id": 70328185,
"title": "Cycloheximide chase"
} |
In crystallography, a Strukturbericht designation or Strukturbericht type is a system of detailed crystal structure classification by analogy to another known structure. The designations were intended to be comprehensive but are mainly used as supplement to space group crystal structures designations, especially histor... | {
"page_id": 60432255,
"title": "Strukturbericht designation"
} |
was renamed J. Later designations began to use a lower case letter in subscripts as well. == A-compounds == The 'A' compounds are reserved for structures made up of atoms of all the same chemical element. == B-compounds == 'B' designates compounds of two elements with equal numbers of atoms. == C-compounds == 'C' desig... | {
"page_id": 60432255,
"title": "Strukturbericht designation"
} |
Ethulose is a laxative. It is also known as ethylhydroxyethylcellulose. As a food additive with INS number 467, ethulose is used as an emulsifier. == References == | {
"page_id": 13574016,
"title": "Ethulose"
} |
Ekrem Ekinci is Professor of Chemistry. Between 2008 and 2010, he was the rector of Işık University in Istanbul, Turkey. == References == | {
"page_id": 19537792,
"title": "Ekrem Ekinci"
} |
The Sullivan reaction is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of cysteine or cystine in proteins. A red colour appears when a protein with cysteine or cystine is heated with sodium 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate (Folin's reagent) and sodium dithionite under alkaline conditions. This was pioneered by the Amer... | {
"page_id": 42409857,
"title": "Sullivan reaction"
} |
A gas evolution reaction is a chemical reaction in which one of the end products is a gas such as oxygen or carbon dioxide. Gas evolution reactions may be carried out in a fume chamber when the gases produced are poisonous when inhaled or explosive. == Examples == A replacement reaction concerning zinc metal and dilute... | {
"page_id": 27533190,
"title": "Gas evolution reaction"
} |
In materials science, the term single-layer materials or 2D materials refers to crystalline solids consisting of a single layer of atoms. These materials are promising for some applications but remain the focus of research. Single-layer materials derived from single elements generally carry the -ene suffix in their nam... | {
"page_id": 43589512,
"title": "Single-layer materials"
} |
where 1 < n < 2, compared to graphene (pure sp2) and diamond (pure sp3). First-principle calculations using phonon dispersion curves and ab-initio finite temperature, quantum mechanical molecular dynamics simulations showed graphyne and its boron nitride analogues to be stable. The existence of graphyne was conjectured... | {
"page_id": 43589512,
"title": "Single-layer materials"
} |
leads to high reactivity against common air pollutants such as NOx and COx and it is able to trap and dissociate them at low temperature. A structure determination of stanene using low energy electron diffraction has shown ultra-flat stanene on a Cu(111) surface. === Pb: plumbene === Plumbene is a two-dimensional allot... | {
"page_id": 43589512,
"title": "Single-layer materials"
} |
properties. The best configuration observed, which contained 36 nanograms of antimonene in the SPE, showed a specific capacitance of 1578 F g−1 at a current of 14 A g−1. Over 10,000 of these galvanostatic cycles, the capacitance retention values drop to 65% initially after the first 800 cycles, but then remain between ... | {
"page_id": 43589512,
"title": "Single-layer materials"
} |
the mechanical strength and phonon thermal conductivity of monolayer β-bismuthene through atomic-scale analysis. The obtained room temperature (300K) fracture strength is ~4.21 N/m along the armchair direction and ~4.22 N/m along the zigzag direction. At 300 K, its Young's moduli are reported to be ~26.1 N/m and ~25.5 ... | {
"page_id": 43589512,
"title": "Single-layer materials"
} |
microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. A 2D titanium formed by additive manufacturing (laser powder bed fusion) achieved greater strength than any known material (50% greater than magnesium alloy WE54). The material was arranged in a tubular lattice with a thin band running inside, merging two complementary l... | {
"page_id": 43589512,
"title": "Single-layer materials"
} |
The 2H phase of MoS2 (Pearson symbol hP6; Strukturbericht designation C7) has space group P63/mmc. Each layer contains Mo surrounded by S in trigonal prismatic coordination. Conversely, the 1T phase (Pearson symbol hP3) has space group P-3m1, and octahedrally-coordinated Mo; with the 1T unit cell containing only one la... | {
"page_id": 43589512,
"title": "Single-layer materials"
} |
small nanoparticles rather than large sheets or depositing the sheets vertically rather than horizontally. Catalytic efficiency also depends strongly on the phase: the aforementioned electronic properties of 2H MoS2 make it a poor candidate for catalysis applications, but these issues can be circumvented through a tran... | {
"page_id": 43589512,
"title": "Single-layer materials"
} |
adopt this structure. Germanane is produced in a two-step route starting with calcium germanide. From this material, the calcium (Ca) is removed by de-intercalation with HCl to give a layered solid with the empirical formula GeH. The Ca sites in Zintl-phase CaGe2 interchange with the hydrogen atoms in the HCl solution,... | {
"page_id": 43589512,
"title": "Single-layer materials"
} |
an unusual charge transport mechanism that has not been previously observed in organic semiconductors. The material was claimed to be the first of a group formed by switching metals and/or organic compounds. The material can be isolated as a powder or a film with conductivity values of 2 and 40 S cm−1, respectively. ==... | {
"page_id": 43589512,
"title": "Single-layer materials"
} |
dynamics simulations or molecular mechanics simulations. Experimental mechanical characterization is possible in 2D materials which can survive the conditions of the experimental setup as well as can be deposited on suitable substrates or exist in a free-standing form. Many 2D materials also possess out-of-plane deform... | {
"page_id": 43589512,
"title": "Single-layer materials"
} |
tip. Using these techniques the elastic modulus and yield strength of graphene were found to be 342 N/m and 55 N/m respectively. Poisson's ratio measurements in 2D materials is generally straightforward. To get a value, a 2D sheet is placed under stress and displacement responses are measured, or an MD calculation is r... | {
"page_id": 43589512,
"title": "Single-layer materials"
} |
a high degree of anisotropy and chemical functionality. 2D nanomaterials are highly diverse in terms of their mechanical, chemical, and optical properties, as well as in size, shape, biocompatibility, and degradability. These diverse properties make 2D nanomaterials suitable for a wide range of applications, including ... | {
"page_id": 43589512,
"title": "Single-layer materials"
} |
on the biocompatibility of these materials. == See also == Monolayer Two-dimensional semiconductor Transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers == References == == External links == "What Are 2D Materials, and Why Do They Interest Scientists?" in Columbia News (March 6, 2024) "Twenty years of 2D materials" in Nature Phys... | {
"page_id": 43589512,
"title": "Single-layer materials"
} |
Spherical wave transformations leave the form of spherical waves as well as the laws of optics and electrodynamics invariant in all inertial frames. They were defined between 1908 and 1909 by Harry Bateman and Ebenezer Cunningham, with Bateman giving the transformation its name. They correspond to the conformal group o... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
x 2 + y 2 {\displaystyle x^{\prime }={\frac {k^{2}x}{x^{2}+y^{2}}},\quad y^{\prime }={\frac {k^{2}y}{x^{2}+y^{2}}}} . These inversions were later called "transformations by reciprocal radii", and became better known when Thomson (1845, 1847) applied them on spheres with coordinates x , y , z {\displaystyle x,y,z} in th... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
+ ⋯ + δ x n 2 ) {\displaystyle \delta x_{1}^{\prime 2}+\dots +\delta x_{n}^{\prime 2}=\lambda \left(\delta x_{1}^{2}+\dots +\delta x_{n}^{2}\right)} . This group of conformal transformations by reciprocal radii preserves angles and transforms spheres into spheres or hyperspheres (see Möbius transformation, conformal sy... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
implicitly employed by Lie (1871) himself and explicitly introduced by Laguerre (1880). In addition, Darboux (1887) brought the transformations by reciprocal radii into a form by which the radius r of a sphere can be determined if the radius of the other one is known: x ′ = k 2 x x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − r 2 , z ′ = k 2 z x 2... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
Klein (1893). Let x , y , z , r {\displaystyle x,y,z,r} and x ′ , y ′ , z ′ , r ′ {\displaystyle x',y',z',r'} be the center coordinates and radii of two spheres in three-dimensional space R3. If the spheres are touching each other with same orientation, their equation is given ( x − x ′ ) 2 + ( y − y ′ ) 2 + ( z − z ′ ... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
2 + δ y 2 + δ z 2 + δ u 2 ) {\displaystyle \delta x^{\prime 2}+\delta y^{\prime 2}+\delta z^{\prime 2}+\delta u^{\prime 2}=\lambda \left(\delta x^{2}+\delta y^{2}+\delta z^{2}+\delta u^{2}\right)} , where u = i c t {\displaystyle u=ict} includes t {\displaystyle t} as time component and c {\displaystyle c} as the speed... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
}}} is used, then the transformation given by Poincaré in 1905 follows: x ′ = γ l ( x − v t ) , y ′ = l y , z ′ = l z , t ′ = γ l ( t − x v c 2 ) {\displaystyle x^{\prime }=\gamma l\left(x-vt\right),\quad y^{\prime }=ly,\quad z^{\prime }=lz,\quad t^{\prime }=\gamma l\left(t-x{\frac {v}{c^{2}}}\right)} . However, it was... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
the similarity of these relations to Lie's and his own researches of 1871, adding that the conformal group doesn't have the same meaning as the Lorentz group, because the former applies to electrodynamics whereas the latter is a symmetry of all laws of nature including mechanics. The possibility was discussed for some ... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
\xi +\delta }}} where α , β , γ , δ {\displaystyle \alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,\delta } are complex coefficients. They furthermore showed that by setting z 1 : z 2 : z 3 : z 4 = X : Y : Z : 1 {\displaystyle z_{1}:z_{2}:z_{3}:z_{4}=X:Y:Z:1} , the above relations assume the form in terms of the unit sphere in R3: X 2 + Y 2 + ... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
y ′ t ′ − z ′ , {\displaystyle {\mathsf {\xi }}={\frac {x+iy}{t-z}},\quad \xi '={\frac {x'+iy'}{t'-z'}},} again connected by the substitution ξ ′ = α ξ + β γ ξ + δ {\displaystyle \xi '={\frac {\alpha \xi +\beta }{\gamma \xi +\delta }}} . Herglotz concluded, that any such substitution corresponds to a Lorentz transforma... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
the lines of curvature. Laguerre (1882) applied the transformation to two cycles under the following conditions: Their radical axis is the axis of transformation, and their common tangents are parallel to two fixed directions of the half-lines that are transformed into themselves (Laguerre called this specific method t... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
with z ′ + R ′ = 1 + k 1 − k ( z − R ) , z ′ − R ′ = 1 − k 1 + k ( z + R ) , {\displaystyle z'+R'={\frac {1+k}{1-k}}(z-R),\quad z'-R'={\frac {1-k}{1+k}}(z+R),} consequently he obtained the relation x ′ 2 + y ′ 2 + z ′ 2 − R ′ 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − R 2 {\displaystyle x^{\prime 2}+y^{\prime 2}+z^{\prime 2}-R^{\prime 2}=x... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
κ = R ′ − R p ′ − p , p ′ 2 − p 2 = R ′ 2 − R 2 . {\displaystyle \kappa ={\frac {R'-R}{p'-p}},\quad p^{\prime 2}-p^{2}=R^{\prime 2}-R^{2}.} === Laguerre inversion and Lorentz transformation === In 1905 both Poincaré and Einstein pointed out that the Lorentz transformation of special relativity (setting c = 1 {\displays... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
also sketched geometric representations of relativistic light spheres using such spherical systems. However, Kubota (1925) responded to Bateman by arguing that the Laguerre inversion is involutory whereas the Lorentz transformation is not. He concluded that in order to make them equivalent, the Laguerre inversion has t... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
even number of such Laguerre inversions that change the sign. First an inversion is conducted into plane π 1 {\displaystyle \pi _{1}} which is inclined with respect to plane π {\displaystyle \pi } under a certain angle, followed by another inversion back to π {\displaystyle \pi } . See section #Laguerre group isomorphi... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
R 1 1 − λ 2 {\displaystyle \alpha '=\alpha {\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-\lambda ^{2}}}}-R{\frac {\lambda }{\sqrt {1-\lambda ^{2}}}},\quad \beta '=\beta ,\quad \gamma '=\gamma ,\quad R'=\alpha {\frac {-\lambda }{\sqrt {1-\lambda ^{2}}}}+R{\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-\lambda ^{2}}}}} , which become the Lorentz transformation with x = α , ... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
6 parameters in R2 and 10 parameters in R3, consisting of orientation-preserving or orientation-reversing motions, and preserving the tangential distance between oriented circles or spheres. Subsequently, it became common that the term Laguerre group only refers to the restricted Laguerre group. It was also noted that ... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
to the Lorentz group (or the Poincaré group if translations are included), as both groups leave invariant the form d x 1 2 + d x 2 2 + d x 3 2 − d x 4 2 {\displaystyle dx_{1}^{2}+dx_{2}^{2}+dx_{3}^{2}-dx_{4}^{2}} . After the first comparison of the Lorentz transformation and the Laguerre inversion by Bateman (1910) as ... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
of all oriented spheres which are tangent to P {\displaystyle P} . Mapping P {\displaystyle P} via this set of spheres into R 4 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{4}} , one finds a hyperplane in R 4 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{4}} which is parallel to a tangent hyperplane of the cone x 1 2 + x 2 2 + x 3 2 − x 4 2 = 0 {\disp... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
sphères". Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure. 1: 323–392. doi:10.24033/asens.87. Darboux, Gaston (1878). "Mémoire sur la théorie des coordonnées curvilignes et des systèmes orthogonaux. Troisième partie". Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure. 7: 275–348. doi:10.24033/asens.164. Darboux, ... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
des gewöhnlichen Raumes entspricht". Göttinger Nachrichten: 191–209. Lie, Sophus (1872). "Ueber Complexe, insbesondere Linien- und Kugel-Complexe, mit Anwendung auf die Theorie partieller Differentialgleichungen". Mathematische Annalen. 5: 145–256. doi:10.1007/bf01446331. S2CID 122317672. English translation by David D... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
1967282. Stephanos, C. (1881). "Sur la géométrie des sphères". Comptes Rendus. 92: 1195–1197. Stephanos, C. (1883). "Sur la théorie des quaternions". Mathematische Annalen. 7 (4): 589–592. doi:10.1007/bf01443267. S2CID 179178015. Timerding, H. E. (1912). "Über ein einfaches geometrisches Bild der Raumzeitwelt Minkowski... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
geometry and theoretical physics". Annalen der Physik. 520 (9–10): 631–690. arXiv:0808.2730. Bibcode:2008AnP...520..631K. doi:10.1002/andp.200810324. S2CID 12020510. Klein, Felix (1893). Einleitung in die höhere Geometrie I. Göttingen: Göttingen. Klein, Felix; Blaschke, Wilhelm (1926). Vorlesungen über höhere Geometri... | {
"page_id": 42475403,
"title": "Spherical wave transformation"
} |
In the theory of autowave phenomena an autowave reverberator is an autowave vortex in a two-dimensional active medium. A reverberator appears a result of a rupture in the front of a plane autowave. Such a rupture may occur, for example, via collision of the front with a nonexcitable obstacle. In this case, depending on... | {
"page_id": 39067533,
"title": "Autowave reverberator"
} |
1970-1990s, which became little-known now even for the new generations of researchers, not to mention the people that are far from this research topic. Perhaps, the only book in that it were more or less completely brought together in the form of abstracts basic information about autowaves, known at the time of its pub... | {
"page_id": 39067533,
"title": "Autowave reverberator"
} |
== === "Historical" definition === An important difference between a reverberator and a spiral wave rotating around the hole, which is similar to reverberator in the form, is that the reverberator is not tied to any structure in the medium. Due to this property, reverberators can appear and disappear at different locat... | {
"page_id": 39067533,
"title": "Autowave reverberator"
} |
2) not busy with other meaning (while the rotor is taken already to call the moving part of an electric motor, and, in addition, the term is used in the mathematical theory of the field). (...) As for the term "autowave vortex", it can be asserted (at a some stretch, which is especially easy for mathematicians) that re... | {
"page_id": 39067533,
"title": "Autowave reverberator"
} |
- for example, "spiral wave" or "reverberator". == Types of reverberator behaviour == === The "classical" regimes === Various autowave regimes, such as plane waves or spiral waves can exist in an active media, but only under certain conditions on the medium properties. Using the FitzhHugh-Nagumo model for a generic act... | {
"page_id": 39067533,
"title": "Autowave reverberator"
} |
point along the circumference of a certain radius (the circular motion of the tip of the reverberator). The autowave cannot penetrate into the circle bounded by this circumference. As far as it approaches the centre of the reverberator rotation, the amplitude of the excitation pulse is reduced, and, at a relatively low... | {
"page_id": 39067533,
"title": "Autowave reverberator"
} |
medium in which the reverberator can exist indefinitely. For assessing the critical size of the reverberator one uses sometimes the size of its core, assuming that adjacent to the core region of the medium should be sufficient for the existence of sustainable re-entry. However, the quantitative study of the dependence ... | {
"page_id": 39067533,
"title": "Autowave reverberator"
} |
(mostly mathematicians) tends to consider as reverberator drift only those of its displacement, which occur under the influence of external events (and this view is determined exactly by the peculiarity of the mathematical approach to the study of autowaves). The other part of the researchers did not find significant d... | {
"page_id": 39067533,
"title": "Autowave reverberator"
} |
velocity quickly goes to a stationary value during meander, a steady decrease in the drift velocity of the vortex can be observed during the lacet, in which can be clearly identified the phase of slow deceleration and phase of rapid deceleration of the drift velocity. The revealing of autowave lacet may be important fo... | {
"page_id": 39067533,
"title": "Autowave reverberator"
} |
phenomenon of critical curvature. In addition, the refractory period appears to be longer for the waves with non-zero curvature (reverberator and spiral wave) and begins to increase with decreasing the excitability of the medium before the refractory period for the plane waves (in the case of circular rotation). These ... | {
"page_id": 39067533,
"title": "Autowave reverberator"
} |
Exocytosis is a term for the active transport process that transports large molecules from cell to the extracellular area. Hormones, proteins and neurotransmitters are examples of large molecules that can be transported out of the cell. Exocytosis is a crucial transport mechanism that enables polar molecules to flow th... | {
"page_id": 73614,
"title": "Exocytosis"
} |
Immune Response – Exocytosis enables the immune system to release cytokines and cytotoxic molecules to decrease inflammation and combat infections. Membrane Growth and Repair – Exocytosis contributes to plasma membrane expansion and the repair of damaged membranes, along with other processes, such as endocytosis. Waste... | {
"page_id": 73614,
"title": "Exocytosis"
} |
as fluorescence imaging allowed for real-time monitoring of exocytosis. This provides new insights into molecular mechanisms, such as multiple pathways, kiss-and-run and the process of exocytosis to a more detailed level. == Types == === Regulated exocytosis === Regulated exocytosis is usually triggered by an increase ... | {
"page_id": 73614,
"title": "Exocytosis"
} |
=== Vesicular exocytosis in prokaryote gram-negative bacteria is another mechanism that has been found in recent years. Exocytosis, in this case, occurs through release of outer-membrane vesicles (OMV). This contributes to the bacteria's functions, such as pathogenicity and communication. OMV's carry toxins and viral f... | {
"page_id": 73614,
"title": "Exocytosis"
} |
plasma membrane. Vesicle priming Priming is the process in which the vesicle releases a component through so that it can merge with the plasma membrane of the cell wall. Before the merge transpires, a vesicle becomes release-competent. This means that the vesicle responds to a trigger, usually a rise in Ca2+ concentrat... | {
"page_id": 73614,
"title": "Exocytosis"
} |
Phagocytosis Membrane nanotube Viral shedding Presynaptic active zone Residual body Degranulation == References == == External links == Exocytosis at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) | {
"page_id": 73614,
"title": "Exocytosis"
} |
IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by IEEE. Sponsored by IEEE Nanotechnology Council, the journal covers physical basis and engineering applications in nanotechnology. Its editor-in-chief is Sorin Coțofană (Delft University of Technology). According to the Journal Citati... | {
"page_id": 77012880,
"title": "IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology"
} |
The Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography (CERTO) is a radio beacon which measures ionospheric parameters in coordination with ground receivers. CERTO provides global ionospheric maps to aid prediction of radio wave scattering. CERTO was developed by the Naval Research Lab and is one of the 4 experiment packages ab... | {
"page_id": 20455314,
"title": "Coherent electromagnetic radio tomography"
} |
2A peptides are a class of 18–22 aa-long peptides, which can induce ribosomal skipping during translation of a protein in a biological cell. These peptides share a core sequence motif of DxExNPGP, and are found in a wide range of viral families. 2A peptides can be introduced artificially to help generate polyproteins f... | {
"page_id": 59580309,
"title": "2A peptides"
} |
to involve ribosomal "skipping" of glycyl-prolyl peptide bond formation rather than true proteolytic cleavage. == Application == In molecular biology, 2A peptides are used to express two separate proteins from a single open-reading frame. 2A peptides can be used when direct protein fusion does not work or is undesirabl... | {
"page_id": 59580309,
"title": "2A peptides"
} |
Polyworld is a cross-platform (Linux, Mac OS X) program written by Larry Yaeger to evolve Artificial Intelligence through natural selection and evolutionary algorithms. It uses the Qt graphics toolkit and OpenGL to display a graphical environment in which a population of trapezoid agents search for food, mate, have off... | {
"page_id": 2760602,
"title": "Polyworld"
} |
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (species typica) is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen (or specimens). A similar concept is used for suprageneric groups and called a... | {
"page_id": 532379,
"title": "Type species"
} |
type of the name of a genus or subgenus (a "genus-group name"). In the Glossary, type species is defined as The nominal species that is the name-bearing type of a nominal genus or subgenus. The type species permanently attaches a formal name (the generic name) to a genus by providing just one species within that genus ... | {
"page_id": 532379,
"title": "Type species"
} |
is quoted as the type of the species name Hypericum aegypticum, not as the type of the species name Elodes aegyptica. (Elodes is not now considered distinct from Hypericum.) == See also == Glossary of scientific naming Genetypes – genetic sequence data from type specimens. Holotype Paratype Principle of typification Ty... | {
"page_id": 532379,
"title": "Type species"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.