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correction is associated with the presence of a distributed ionic core. Even for many electronically excited molecular systems, the ionic core interaction with an excited electron can take on the general aspects of the interaction between the proton and the electron in the hydrogen atom. The spectroscopic assignment of...	{ "page_id": 4267984, "title": "Rydberg state" }
Industrial fans and blowers are machines whose primary function is to provide and accommodate a large flow of air or gas to various parts of a building or other structures. This is achieved by rotating a number of blades, connected to a hub and shaft, and driven by a motor or turbine. The flow rates of these mechanical...	{ "page_id": 13246418, "title": "Industrial fan" }
wheel through the central hole. Inlet and outlet ducting are often attached to the fan's housing, to supply and/or exhaust the air or gas to the industry's requirements. There are many varieties of centrifugal fans, which may have fan wheels that range from less than 3 cm to over 16 feet (4.9 m) in diameter. === Axial ...	{ "page_id": 13246418, "title": "Industrial fan" }
is selected, and the company's engineers apply design rules to calculate the dimensions and select options and material for the desired performance, strength and operating environment. Some applications require a dedicated, custom configuration for a fan design to satisfy all specifications. All industrial fan designs ...	{ "page_id": 13246418, "title": "Industrial fan" }
curved plate blades prevent the possibility of dust particle buildup inside the blade, as may occur with perforated airfoil blades. The robust design allows high tip-speed operation, and therefore this fan is often used in high-pressure applications. Backward inclined – These fans have simple flat blades, backwardly in...	{ "page_id": 13246418, "title": "Industrial fan" }
This "squirrel cage" impeller generates the highest volume flow rate (for a given tip speed) of all the centrifugal fans. Therefore, it often has the advantage of offering the smallest physical package available for a given application. This type of fan is commonly used in high-temperature furnaces. However, these fans...	{ "page_id": 13246418, "title": "Industrial fan" }
fans – These are high-volume fans designed to operate against low flow resistance in industrial convection furnaces. They may be of either single-direction or bi-directional designs. Extremely rugged, they are most often used in high-temperature furnace (up to 1800 degF) application. Tube axial fans – These are axial f...	{ "page_id": 13246418, "title": "Industrial fan" }
requirements and smoke extraction in case of fire (250 ® C/120 min) These Industrial fans have symmetrical impeller blades; 100% reversible with low noise emissions IP55 motors, insulation class H (smoke extraction version). Application for Basement Ventilation & Tunnel Ventilation etc. == Flow control == There are sev...	{ "page_id": 13246418, "title": "Industrial fan" }
CogX Festival is a global festival focusing on the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) and emerging technology on industry, government, and society. It takes place annually, usually in September, in London, England. Founded by Charlie Muirhead and Tabitha Goldstaub in 2017, CogX aims to facilitate dialogue and under...	{ "page_id": 74915797, "title": "CogX Festival" }
Interpersonal complementarity hypothesis asserts that individuals often behave in ways that evoke complementary or reciprocal behavior from others. More specifically, this hypothesis predicts that positive behaviors evoke positive behaviors, negative behaviors evoke negative behaviors, dominant behaviors evoke submissi...	{ "page_id": 33234902, "title": "Interpersonal complementarity hypothesis" }
The Brazilian Chemical Society (Sociedade Brasileira de Química) is a not for profit organization that supports Chemistry in Brazil. It was founded in 1977. It publishes the Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society. == References == == External links == Official website	{ "page_id": 47325142, "title": "Brazilian Chemical Society" }
The concept of the evolution of morality refers to the emergence of human moral behavior over the course of human evolution. Morality can be defined as a system of ideas about right and wrong conduct. In everyday life, morality is typically associated with human behavior rather than animal behavior. The emerging fields...	{ "page_id": 13705176, "title": "Evolution of morality" }
of species on the planet, accounting for a biomass that rivals that of the human species. The basic reason that social animals live in groups is that opportunities for survival and reproduction are much better in groups than living alone. The social behaviors of mammals are more familiar to humans. Highly social mammal...	{ "page_id": 13705176, "title": "Evolution of morality" }
more cooperative groups. For any social species, the benefits of being part of an altruistic group should outweigh the benefits of individualism. For example, lack of group cohesion could make individuals more vulnerable to attack from outsiders. Being part of a group may also improve the chances of finding food. This ...	{ "page_id": 13705176, "title": "Evolution of morality" }
genes since even modern humans have difficulty maintaining stable social relationships with more than 100–200 people. According to Dr. de Waal, human morality has two extra levels of sophistication that are not found in other primate societies. Humans enforce their society's moral codes much more rigorously with reward...	{ "page_id": 13705176, "title": "Evolution of morality" }
by evolution. Specifically punishing individuals aware of their breach of rules would select against the ability to be aware of it, precluding any coevolution of both conscious choice and a sense of it being the basis for moral and penal liability in the same species. == Human social intelligence == The social brain hy...	{ "page_id": 13705176, "title": "Evolution of morality" }
protection from predators and the fact that groups in general outperform the sum of an individual's performance. But, from an objective point of view, group living also has disadvantages, such as competition within the group for resources and mates. This sets the stage for something of an evolutionary arms race within ...	{ "page_id": 13705176, "title": "Evolution of morality" }
with our acquisition of language. Humans use metaphors and imply much of what we say. Phrases such as, "You know what I mean?" are not uncommon and are direct results of the sophistication of the human theory of mind. Failure to understand another's intentions and emotions can yield inappropriate social responses and a...	{ "page_id": 13705176, "title": "Evolution of morality" }
from an evolutionary perspective. One example is things that increase the risk of an infectious disease such as spoiled foods, dead bodies, other forms of microbiological decomposition, a physical appearance suggesting sickness or poor hygiene, and various body fluids such as feces, vomit, phlegm, and blood. Another ex...	{ "page_id": 13705176, "title": "Evolution of morality" }
Out of Me or Altruism, Proverbial Wisdom, and Bernard Malamud's God's Grace." American Utopia and Social Engineering in Literature, Social Thought, and Political History. New York, Routledge, 2011.	{ "page_id": 13705176, "title": "Evolution of morality" }
Vaporization (or vapo(u)risation) of an element or compound is a phase transition from the liquid phase to vapor. There are two types of vaporization: evaporation and boiling. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon, whereas boiling is a bulk phenomenon (a phenomenon in which the whole object or substance is involved in th...	{ "page_id": 204762, "title": "Vaporization" }
thermonuclear test. Many other examples can be found throughout the various MythBusters episodes that have involved explosives, chief among them being Cement Mix-Up, where they "vaporized" a cement truck with ANFO. At the moment of a large enough meteor or comet impact, bolide detonation, a nuclear fission, thermonucle...	{ "page_id": 204762, "title": "Vaporization" }
Ethnoprimatology is the study of human and non-human primate interactions. Ethnoprimatology is a discourse aimed at an anthropological holistic understanding of non-human primates. Human cultures worldwide have deep-rooted, primordial connections with non-human primates. Non-human primates play key roles in creation st...	{ "page_id": 27074526, "title": "Ethnoprimatology" }
to steal fire-making technology from an all-female group were transformed into primates. One of the shamans burned the hair off his face and in turn was transformed into the brown capuchin monkey. The other became intoxicated and fell head first into a woman's toilet, and was transformed into a white-fronted capuchin. ...	{ "page_id": 27074526, "title": "Ethnoprimatology" }
older brothers of the Hero Twins. The Hero Twins won the favor of the gods after they defeated the gods of darkness and death. Naturally, Hunbatz and Hunchouen were jealous, and were always trying to find ways to end their brothers. One day, tired of their brothers' jealousy, the Hero Twins led their older brothers to ...	{ "page_id": 27074526, "title": "Ethnoprimatology" }
poem the Ramayana plays a central role in Hindu culture. In the epic, Rama, an incarnation of Vishnu, is exiled along with his brother and his wife, Sita. Sita is kidnapped, and in their quest to rescue her, they come across monkey-chief Sugriva, who has been similarly exiled. After helping Sugriva reclaim the throne, ...	{ "page_id": 27074526, "title": "Ethnoprimatology" }
have been ineffective. == Notes == == References == Bruner, Emiliano, and Andrea Cucina. "Alouatta, Ateles, and the ancient Mesoamerican cultures". Journal of Anthropological Sciences Vol. 83 (2005): 111 – 117. web. Web. 30 March 2010. Christenson, Allen J. "POPOL VUH: LITERAL TRANSLATION". Mesoweb Publications: 1 – 30...	{ "page_id": 27074526, "title": "Ethnoprimatology" }
101–131. ISBN 9781139441476. Veracini, Cecilia; Camphora, Lucia (2024). Veracini, Cecilia; Wood, Bernard (eds.). Primates in History, Myth, Art, and Science. CRC Press. ISBN 9781351981873. Wolcott, Leonard T. "Hanuman: The Power-Dispensing Monkey in North Indian Folk Religion .” Journal of Asian Studies Vol. 37, No. 4 ...	{ "page_id": 27074526, "title": "Ethnoprimatology" }
Mist nets are nets used to capture wild birds and bats. They are used by hunters and poachers to catch and kill animals, but also by ornithologists and chiropterologists for banding and other research projects. Mist nets are typically made of nylon or polyester mesh suspended between two poles, resembling a volleyball ...	{ "page_id": 1449951, "title": "Mist net" }
result in low rates of injury while providing high scientific value. == Usage of mist nets == Mist nets have been used by Japanese hunters for nearly 300 years to capture birds. They were first introduced into use for ornithology in the United States of America by Oliver L. Austin in 1947. Mist netting is a popular and...	{ "page_id": 1449951, "title": "Mist net" }
and tracking Testing health of bird or bat species and for ectoparasite studies Examination of avian phenology in response to climatic and other variables Examination of patterns of molt Because there is still debate as to whether or not these techniques provide precise data, it is suggested that mist netting be used a...	{ "page_id": 1449951, "title": "Mist net" }
to isolation. Data was analyzed in the following ways: capture rates per net hour as a function of time since isolation, percent recapture as a function of time since isolation, abundance distribution of species against the species rank by abundance, percent individuals banded according to species and feeding strategy,...	{ "page_id": 1449951, "title": "Mist net" }
net can be difficult and must be done carefully by trained personnel. If an animal is heavily entangled, the mist net may need to be cut to avoid injuring the animal, damaging the material. Mist nets will not capture birds in direct proportion to their presence in the area (Remsen and Good 1996) and can miss a species ...	{ "page_id": 1449951, "title": "Mist net" }
for birds: the Master Permit and the Sub permit. Master Permits are given to individuals who band on their own or who supervise banding operations. Sub Permits are given to individuals who will be supervised while banding by a person with a Master Permit. In order to receive a permit, one must complete an application a...	{ "page_id": 1449951, "title": "Mist net" }
Valerie K. Otero is an American physics educator known for her work incorporating trained undergraduate learning assistants into university physics education and studying the effects of doing this on the preparation of future physics teachers. She is a professor of physics education research at the University of Colora...	{ "page_id": 76423148, "title": "Valerie Otero" }
were the joint recipients of the 2023 Svend Pedersen Lecture Award of Stockholm University. == References == == External links == Home page Valerie Otero publications indexed by Google Scholar	{ "page_id": 76423148, "title": "Valerie Otero" }
Cloak and Dagger is a 1946 American spy film directed by Fritz Lang which stars Gary Cooper as an American scientist sent by the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) to contact European scientists working on the German nuclear weapons program and Lilli Palmer as a member of the Italian resistance movement who shelters an...	{ "page_id": 9445359, "title": "Cloak and Dagger (1946 film)" }
the OSS first frees his daughter Maria, who is being held by the Germans. The OSS raid on the building is successful and in an isolated safe house they deliver Maria to her father. He is horrified, because the woman is not his daughter but a German agent, who says the house is surrounded by German troops. In the ensuin...	{ "page_id": 9445359, "title": "Cloak and Dagger (1946 film)" }
final scene ridiculous, since the audience knew the Germans had no nuclear capacity. The film's screenwriters Lardner and Maltz became two of the Hollywood Ten, accused of adding communist dogma to movie scripts such as this one. Writing a script saying the US could not keep nuclear secrets from the USSR, such as in th...	{ "page_id": 9445359, "title": "Cloak and Dagger (1946 film)" }
Reverse spherification is a method of molecular gastronomy. This method is similar to spherification, different in that it is used to enclose liquid containing alcohol content, as well as liquid with calcium content such as milk and yogurt. When the liquid containing alcohol or calcium salt is dropped into an alginate ...	{ "page_id": 54206448, "title": "Reverse spherification" }
conducting reverse spherification. Calcium ions from calcium lactate is responsible for providing a gelling process without increasing the pH of the food to be too high and the gel will not melt once heated. Secondly, the density of the liquid needs to be adjusted in order to allow the sufficient surface tension to for...	{ "page_id": 54206448, "title": "Reverse spherification" }
P elements are transposable elements that were discovered in Drosophila as the causative agents of genetic traits called hybrid dysgenesis. The transposon is responsible for the P trait of the P element and it is found only in wild flies. They are also found in many other eukaryotes. The name was first suggested by evo...	{ "page_id": 3284977, "title": "P element" }
male chromosomes can cause dysgenesis when crossed with an M female. == Characteristics == The P element is a class II transposon, and moves by a DNA-based "cut and paste" mechanism. The recognition sequence comprises four exons separated by three introns. Complete splicing of the introns produces the transposase enzym...	{ "page_id": 3284977, "title": "P element" }
females that lack P elements (M Strain/M cytotype). The hybrid dysgenesis syndrome is marked by temperature-dependent sterility, elevated mutation rates, and increased chromosomal rearrangement and recombination. The hybrid dysgenesis phenotype is affected by the transposition of P elements within the germ-line cells o...	{ "page_id": 3284977, "title": "P element" }
that may interfere with existing genes, or carry an additional gene, that can be used for genetic research. To use this as a useful and controllable genetic tool, the two parts of the P element must be separated to prevent uncontrolled transposition. The normal genetic tools are DNA coding for transposase with no trans...	{ "page_id": 3284977, "title": "P element" }
The inserted gene may have damaged the function of one of the host's genes. Several lines of flies are required so comparison can take place and ensure that no additional genes have been knocked out. ==== Insertional mutagenesis ==== Microinject the embryo with DNA coding for transposase and a plasmid with the reporter...	{ "page_id": 3284977, "title": "P element" }
of an enhancer from another gene allows the analysis of the function of that enhancer. This, especially if the reporter gene is for a fluorescent protein, can be used to help map expression of the mutated gene through the organism, and is a very powerful tool. It is a useful tool for looking at gene expression patterns...	{ "page_id": 3284977, "title": "P element" }
the boundary between the reporter gene and the E. coli reporter gene and plasmid sequences), giving fragments of a few kilobases, a few with the E. coli reporter, the plasmid sequences and its flanking DNA. Self ligate the digest (low DNA concentration to ensure self ligation) giving a selection of circular DNA fragmen...	{ "page_id": 3284977, "title": "P element" }
Rachel E. Scherr is an American physics educator, currently an associate professor of physics at the University of Washington Bothell. Her research includes studies of responsive teaching and active learning, video and gestural analysis of classroom behavior, and student understanding of energy and special relativity. ...	{ "page_id": 74129393, "title": "Rachel Scherr" }
A dye is a colored substance that chemically bonds to the material to which it is being applied. This distinguishes dyes from pigments which do not chemically bind to the material they color. Dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber. The m...	{ "page_id": 8179, "title": "Dye" }
America. Dyed flax fibers have been found in the Republic of Georgia in a prehistoric cave dated to 36,000 BP. Archaeological evidence shows that, particularly in India and Phoenicia, dyeing has been widely carried out for over 5,000 years. Early dyes were obtained from animal, vegetable or mineral sources, with no to ...	{ "page_id": 8179, "title": "Dye" }
the visible region (some examples are nitro, azo, quinoid groups) and an auxochrome which serves to deepen the color. This theory has been superseded by modern electronic structure theory which states that the color in dyes is due to excitation of valence π-electrons by visible light. == Types == Dyes are classified ac...	{ "page_id": 8179, "title": "Dye" }
Most natural dyes are mordant dyes and there is therefore a large literature base describing dyeing techniques. The most important mordant dyes are the synthetic mordant dyes, or chrome dyes, used for wool; these comprise some 30% of dyes used for wool, and are especially useful for black and navy shades. The mordant p...	{ "page_id": 8179, "title": "Dye" }
and acrylic fibers. In some cases, a dyeing temperature of 130 °C (266 °F) is required, and a pressurized dyebath is used. The very fine particle size gives a large surface area that aids dissolution to allow uptake by the fiber. The dyeing rate can be significantly influenced by the choice of dispersing agent used dur...	{ "page_id": 8179, "title": "Dye" }
occurring dyes are also used. == Other important dyes == A number of other classes have also been established, including: Oxidation bases, for mainly hair and fur Laser dyes: rhodamine 6G and coumarin dyes. Leather dyes, for leather Fluorescent brighteners, for textile fibres and paper Solvent dyes, for wood staining a...	{ "page_id": 8179, "title": "Dye" }
thus make them more visible for study (for instance, under a microscope). As the visibility is meant to allow study of the cells or tissues, it is usually important that the dye not have other effects on the structure or function of the tissue that might impair objective observation. A distinction is drawn between dyes...	{ "page_id": 8179, "title": "Dye" }
\| ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2022-11-18.	{ "page_id": 8179, "title": "Dye" }
The Godwin Laboratory is a research facility at the University of Cambridge. It was originally set up to investigate radiocarbon dating and its applications, and was one of the first laboratories to determine a radiocarbon calibration curve. The lab is named after the English scientist Harry Godwin. == History == With ...	{ "page_id": 13246451, "title": "Godwin Laboratory, University of Cambridge" }
David M. Gates (May 27, 1921 – March 4, 2016) was an American ecologist who sounded early warnings that fossil fuels, fertilizers and pesticides posed a potentially fatal threat to the global environment. He published over fifty research papers and six books. His most influential book, "Energy Exchange in the Biosphere...	{ "page_id": 49750005, "title": "David M. Gates" }
a physicist and ecologist, professor emeritus of biology, University of Michigan. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in physics from the University of Michigan. == References ==	{ "page_id": 49750005, "title": "David M. Gates" }
Chiral thin-layer chromatography is a variant of liquid chromatography that is employed for the separation of enantiomers. It is necessary to use either a chiral stationary phase or a chiral additive in the mobile phase. The chiral stationary phase can be prepared by mixing chirally pure reagents such as L-amino acid, ...	{ "page_id": 72097781, "title": "Chiral thin-layer chromatography" }
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), also called triple E and sleeping sickness, is a viral disease caused mainly by the Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV). Most infections in humans are asymptomatic, but about 5% of the time the infection progresses to severe neuroinvasive disease. Symptoms typically appear 3–10 d...	{ "page_id": 2105335, "title": "Eastern equine encephalitis" }
that feed on the blood of those animals. In North America, passerine birds are the main reservoirs of the virus, and Culiseta melanura is the main enzootic vector. In South America, rodents and marsupials may be reservoirs of MADV, and Culex mosquitos of the subgenus Melanoconion are likely the main enzootic vectors. T...	{ "page_id": 2105335, "title": "Eastern equine encephalitis" }
melanura. The disease occurs along the eastern side of the Americas, mainly in the USA in states bordering the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Great Lakes. Fewer than ten human cases occur in a typical year, usually in close proximity to hardwood freshwater swamps and marshes where Cs. melanura and other vectors li...	{ "page_id": 2105335, "title": "Eastern equine encephalitis" }
drooping, myoclonic jerks, and weakness in specific parts of the body, or on one side of the body. A stiff neck is indicative of infection in the meninges and meningitis. Most seizures that occur are generalized, and most of these are tonic-clonic, followed by twitching. Focal seizures are less common, and complex seiz...	{ "page_id": 2105335, "title": "Eastern equine encephalitis" }
and the genome then ends with a polyadenylated tail. The non-structural proteins are nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, and nsP4. The structural proteins are the capsid protein (CP), E3, E2, 6K/TF, and E1. The functions of each protein are described hereafter. nsP1 is methyltransferase and guanyltransferase. nsP2 is a helicase and prot...	{ "page_id": 2105335, "title": "Eastern equine encephalitis" }
cell ribosomes to translate the non-structural ORF to create a polyprotein that contains the non-structural proteins, P1234. A stop codon exists between the genes for nsP3 and nsP4, so many polyproteins are P123 without nsP4. For P1234 polyproteins, nsP2 uses its protease activity to self-cleave the polyprotein into P1...	{ "page_id": 2105335, "title": "Eastern equine encephalitis" }
a different species, Madariaga virus. Lineage II is distributed along the coasts of Central and South America, lineage III is found in the Amazon Basin, and lineage IV is in Brazil. North American strains are highly conserved genetically, as a single lineage has persisted as the dominant lineage since its isolation in ...	{ "page_id": 2105335, "title": "Eastern equine encephalitis" }
States. An exception is the green heron, which is a major host for Cs. melanura in Vermont during June and July. While it is not known whether green herons are infected or develop viremia, there is some evidence that certain migratory ardeids are susceptible to EEEV in the southern United States. Other species that are...	{ "page_id": 2105335, "title": "Eastern equine encephalitis" }
USA to temperate locations. In the northeast USA, EEEV strains persist for 1–5 years before becoming extinct in the region. New virus strains are then introduced to initiate new transmission cycles. This is likely due to migratory birds from Florida, where transmission occurs year-round. EEEV is thought to mainly circu...	{ "page_id": 2105335, "title": "Eastern equine encephalitis" }
(eIF2α) proteins, and inhibition of host cell protein synthesis and expression of reporter genes due to the presence of the viral capsid. EEEV can infect osteoblasts, dendritic cells, fibroblasts, skin proximal keratinocytes, ventricular interstitial cells, and ovarian stromal cells. EEEV binds efficiently to haparan s...	{ "page_id": 2105335, "title": "Eastern equine encephalitis" }
involved in the antiviral response. nsP2 causes downregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, which hinders the ability of antigen-presenting cells to present viral antigens to T cells, which impairs activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Inhibition of nsP3 can interfere with the formation of stress...	{ "page_id": 2105335, "title": "Eastern equine encephalitis" }
during autopsy, include isolation of EEEV in viral cultures, nucleic acid amplification assays, and immunohistochemical assays of infected CSF or brain tissue. Plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) to detect EEEV-specific neutralizing antibodies can be performed for people who have elevated IgM titers to rule ou...	{ "page_id": 2105335, "title": "Eastern equine encephalitis" }
too little sodium in the blood. Examination of central nervous system tissue shows infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells, accumulation of inflammatory cells in perivascular space (perivascular cuffing), the presence of inclusion bodies, and necrosis of neurons. Autopsy results show severe loss of neurons an...	{ "page_id": 2105335, "title": "Eastern equine encephalitis" }
to develop long-term neurological complications. Long-term complications include impaired language ability (aphasia), convulsions, seizures, paralysis, intellectual disability, personality and behavioral changes, emotional instability, memory loss, headaches, drowsiness, confusion, muscle twitching, photophobia, and sl...	{ "page_id": 2105335, "title": "Eastern equine encephalitis" }
saw 38 confirmed cases, with 14 deaths, mostly in northeastern US states and Michigan. Outbreaks are associated with heavy rainfall during the preceding year and later summer precipitation during epidemic years, possibly due to bolstering the habitat of Cs. melanura larvae and bridge vectors. Horses are usually the fir...	{ "page_id": 2105335, "title": "Eastern equine encephalitis" }
United States, and Mexico. Periodic outbreaks occur in the Caribbean, including Cuba and Hispaniola, though human infections in Cuba are rare. Cases have also been identified in Jamaica, but permanent enzootic circulation has not been verified there or in the Dominican Republic. In Central America, EEE cases have occur...	{ "page_id": 2105335, "title": "Eastern equine encephalitis" }
recorded during an outbreak in horses in Massachusetts, USA in 1831. During the outbreak, 75 horses died to neurological disease from midsummer to early autumn in eastern Massachusetts. Another equine epizootic occurred in Long Island, New York in 1845. EEEV was first isolated from horse brains and linked to EEE during...	{ "page_id": 2105335, "title": "Eastern equine encephalitis" }
by EEE. The first human case in Michigan was in 1980. Sporadic disease outbreaks have occurred in eastern Connecticut and Rhode Island since 1938 and possibly before then. More recently, human cases have been expanding northward into New Hampshire for the first time in 2005, Vermont in 2012, and Maine in 2014. The firs...	{ "page_id": 2105335, "title": "Eastern equine encephalitis" }
The restriction modification system (RM system) is found in bacteria and archaea, and provides a defense against foreign DNA, such as that borne by bacteriophages. Bacteria have restriction enzymes, also called restriction endonucleases, which cleave double-stranded DNA at specific points into fragments, which are then...	{ "page_id": 335864, "title": "Restriction modification system" }
HinDII, the first of the class of enzymes now known as restriction enzymes, while Daniel Nathans showed that it can be used for restriction mapping. When these enzymes were isolated in the laboratory they could be used for controlled manipulation of DNA, thus providing the foundation for the development of genetic engi...	{ "page_id": 335864, "title": "Restriction modification system" }
systems are used in labs for DNA analysis and gene cloning. Type III systems have R (res) and M (mod) proteins that form a complex of modification and cleavage. The M protein, however, can methylate on its own. Methylation also only occurs on one strand of the DNA unlike most other known mechanisms. The heterodimer for...	{ "page_id": 335864, "title": "Restriction modification system" }
restriction behavior as "an extreme instance of unfriendliness." Restriction-modification appears to be a major driver of sexual isolation and speciation in the meningococci. Caugant and Maiden suggested that restriction-modification systems in meningococci may act to allow genetic exchange among very close relatives w...	{ "page_id": 335864, "title": "Restriction modification system" }
mutants are analysed by digestion with different REases, the gel-electrophoretic products vary in length, largely because mutant genes will not be cleaved in a similar pattern as wild-type for presence of mutations that render the REases non-specific to the mutant sequence. === Gene therapy === The bacteria R-M system ...	{ "page_id": 335864, "title": "Restriction modification system" }
of the CCR5 co-receptor for HIV-1 has been undertaken. == Relation with mobile genetic elements == R-M systems are major players in the co-evolutionary interaction between mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and their hosts. Genes encoding R-M systems have been reported to move between prokaryotic genomes within MGEs such a...	{ "page_id": 335864, "title": "Restriction modification system" }
A number of online neuroscience databases are available which provide information regarding gene expression, neurons, macroscopic brain structure, and neurological or psychiatric disorders. Some databases contain descriptive and numerical data, some to brain function, others offer access to 'raw' imaging data, such as ...	{ "page_id": 25829369, "title": "List of neuroscience databases" }
Compound 48/80 is a polymer produced by the condensation of N-methyl-p-methoxyphenethylamine with formaldehyde. It promotes histamine release, and in biochemical research, compound 48/80 is used to promote mast cell degranulation. == References ==	{ "page_id": 23142393, "title": "Compound 48/80" }
National DNA Day is a United States holiday celebrated on April 25. It commemorates the day in 1953 when James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin and colleagues published papers in the journal Nature on the structure of DNA. Furthermore, in early April 2003 it was declared that the Human Genome P...	{ "page_id": 17113082, "title": "DNA Day" }
The molecular formula C3H2ClF5O (molar mass: 184.49 g/mol, exact mass: 183.9714 u) may refer to: Enflurane (2-chloro-1,1,2,-trifluoroethyl-difluoromethyl ether) Isoflurane	{ "page_id": 12132347, "title": "C3H2ClF5O" }
The molecular formula C3H3NO (molar mass: 69.06 g/mol, exact mass: 69.02146 u) may refer to: Acetyl cyanide Isoxazole Oxazole Propiolic acid amide	{ "page_id": 12132356, "title": "C3H3NO" }
Halal meat is meat of animal slaughtered according to Quran and Sunnah and thus permitted for consumption by Muslims. Halal meat market is the segment of much bigger food market, which offers goods that can be deemed as halal. In the case of meat, the qualification of halal addresses the practice of slaughter, and it i...	{ "page_id": 57090056, "title": "Halal certification in Europe" }
halal standards adopted by these economic actors. Dispute between Muslims emerge from debates about the origins of Islam, which Muslims believe are derived from two sources — the Quran and Sunnah. While the Quran provides a detailed and, for some, infallible source of information about the origins of Islam, the Sunnah ...	{ "page_id": 57090056, "title": "Halal certification in Europe" }
that supply Muslim and Jewish communities an exception from the requirement to stun animals prior to slaughter in line with the religious freedoms granted by Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights. While all Islamic specialists agree that halal meat must emerge from the act of slaughter, adherents of this...	{ "page_id": 57090056, "title": "Halal certification in Europe" }
there is still a great deal of resistance to buying fresh halal meat at supermarkets and it has been estimated that around 70-80% of all halal meat in the UK is fake. Although things are starting to change as supermarket sales increase, many Muslims still prefer to buy fresh meat from independent retailers, who are see...	{ "page_id": 57090056, "title": "Halal certification in Europe" }
expanded are very similar; market growth is currently estimated to stand at around 15% annually, with the market valued at between 3 and 5 billion euros. Research participants suggested that calls for better certification have also intensified during this period, and much like the UK this trend is reflected in the mark...	{ "page_id": 57090056, "title": "Halal certification in Europe" }
attention from international producers and certification agencies. The German Federation of Turkish Wholesalers and Retailers recently claimed that German companies would be well advised to embrace the halal market, while the Malaysian National News Agency Bernama has also drawn attention to the potential the German ma...	{ "page_id": 57090056, "title": "Halal certification in Europe" }
to find a slaughtering method that different Muslim groups could agree on, and which the Norwegian Food Safety Authority would validate. As the latter was not interested in dialogue, this was a difficult task and it took over two years to convince Norway's Imams that Alfathi halal was trustworthy. Eventually a small nu...	{ "page_id": 57090056, "title": "Halal certification in Europe" }
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to physiology: Physiology – scientific study of the normal function in living systems. A branch of biology, its focus is in how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a liv...	{ "page_id": 50995209, "title": "Outline of physiology" }
The discoveries of the 118 chemical elements known to exist as of 2025 are presented here in chronological order. The elements are listed generally in the order in which each was first defined as the pure element, as the exact date of discovery of most elements cannot be accurately determined. There are plans to synthe...	{ "page_id": 8200, "title": "Discovery of chemical elements" }
at the Wayback Machine The Historyscoper Discovery of the Elements – The Movie – YouTube (1:18) The History Of Metals Timeline Archived 2021-12-20 at the Wayback Machine. A timeline showing the discovery of metals and the development of metallurgy. —Eric Scerri, 2007, The periodic table: Its story and its significance,...	{ "page_id": 8200, "title": "Discovery of chemical elements" }

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