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, i.e., the projective Hilbert space P ( H 2 ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {P} (H_{2})} with the 2-dimensional complex Hilbert space H 2 {\displaystyle H_{2}} a representation space of SO(3). Given a pure state α \| ↑ ⟩ + β \| ↓ ⟩ = \| ↗ ⟩ {\displaystyle \alpha \left\|\uparrow \right\rangle +\beta \left\|\downarrow \right\rangle...	{ "page_id": 729572, "title": "Bloch sphere" }
0 ) {\displaystyle (u_{x},u_{y},0)} . Draw a straight line through u and through the point on the sphere that represents \| ↓ ⟩ {\displaystyle \left\|\downarrow \right\rangle } . (Let (0,0,1) represent \| ↑ ⟩ {\displaystyle \left\|\uparrow \right\rangle } and (0,0,−1) represent \| ↓ ⟩ {\displaystyle \left\|\downarrow \right\...	{ "page_id": 729572, "title": "Bloch sphere" }
, ∑ p i z i ) , {\displaystyle \left(\sum p_{i}x_{i},\sum p_{i}y_{i},\sum p_{i}z_{i}\right),} where p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} is the probability of the individual states within the ensemble and x i , y i , z i {\displaystyle x_{i},y_{i},z_{i}} are the coordinates of the individual states (on the surface of Bloch sphere...	{ "page_id": 729572, "title": "Bloch sphere" }
that the Lie algebra for the group of unitary and hermitian matrices S U ( 2 ) {\displaystyle SU(2)} is isomorphic to the Lie algebra of the group of three dimensional rotations S O ( 3 ) {\displaystyle SO(3)} . === Rotation operators about the Bloch basis === The rotations of the Bloch sphere about the Cartesian axes ...	{ "page_id": 729572, "title": "Bloch sphere" }
of the Bloch sphere about this axis is given by: R n ^ ( θ ) = exp ⁡ ( − i θ n ^ ⋅ 1 2 σ → ) {\displaystyle R_{\hat {n}}(\theta )=\exp \left(-i\theta {\hat {n}}\cdot {\frac {1}{2}}{\vec {\sigma }}\right)} An interesting thing to note is that this expression is identical under relabelling to the extended Euler formula f...	{ "page_id": 729572, "title": "Bloch sphere" }
) {\displaystyle U(s)=I+{\frac {dU}{ds}}{\Bigg \|}_{s=0}s+O\left(s^{2}\right)} By the unitary condition: U † U = I {\displaystyle U^{\dagger }U=I} Hence U † U = I + s ( d U d s \| s = 0 + d U † d s \| s = 0 ) + O ( s 2 ) = I {\displaystyle U^{\dagger }U=I+s\left({\frac {dU}{ds}}{\Bigg \|}_{s=0}+{\frac {dU^{\dagger }}{ds}}{...	{ "page_id": 729572, "title": "Bloch sphere" }
Versors Specific implementations of the Bloch sphere are enumerated under the qubit article. == Notes == == References == Appleby, D.M. (2007). "Symmetric informationally complete measurements of arbitrary rank". Optics and Spectroscopy. 103 (3): 416–428. arXiv:quant-ph/0611260. Bibcode:2007OptSp.103..416A. doi:10.1134...	{ "page_id": 729572, "title": "Bloch sphere" }
The European Symposium on Fluorine Chemistry (ESFC) is a triennial academic conference on Fluorine chemistry founded in 1965. The conference is held in Europe, but traditionally it brings together the fluorine community from all over the world. The scientific programme of the Symposium covers all the areas of fluorine ...	{ "page_id": 50274792, "title": "European Symposium on Fluorine Chemistry" }
Metabolic rift is a theory of ecological crisis tendencies under the capitalist mode of production that sociologist John Bellamy Foster ascribes to Karl Marx. Quoting Marx, Foster defines this as the "irreparable rift in the interdependent process of social metabolism".: 949 Foster argues that Marx theorized a rupture ...	{ "page_id": 3219945, "title": "Metabolic rift" }
Britain and other powers initiated explicit policies for the importation of bone and guano, including raiding of Napoleonic battlefields: 375 and catacombs,: 150 British monopolization of Peruvian guano supplies,: 377 and, in the United States, "the imperial annexation of any islands thought to be rich in [guano]" thro...	{ "page_id": 3219945, "title": "Metabolic rift" }
rooted his theory of social-ecological metabolism in Liebig's analysis but connected it to his understanding of the labor process.: 380 Marx understood that, throughout history, it was through labor that humans appropriated nature to satisfy their needs.: 141 Thus the metabolism, or interaction, of society with nature ...	{ "page_id": 3219945, "title": "Metabolic rift" }
also emerged. The metabolic rift is characterized in different ways by historical materialists. For Jason W. Moore, the distinction between social and natural systems is empirically false and theoretically arbitrary; following a different reading of Marx, Moore views metabolisms as relations of human and extra-human na...	{ "page_id": 3219945, "title": "Metabolic rift" }
centers were bioregionally defined, and had relatively light "footprints," recycling city nightsoils back into the surrounding areas.: 410–411 However, with the rise of capitalism, cities expanded in size and population. Large-scale industry required factories, raw material, workers, and large amounts of food. As urban...	{ "page_id": 3219945, "title": "Metabolic rift" }
law of social production, and in a form adequate to the full development of the human race... All progress in capitalist agriculture is a progress in the art, not only of robbing the worker, but of robbing the soil; all progress in increasing the fertility of the soil for a given time is a progress toward ruining the m...	{ "page_id": 3219945, "title": "Metabolic rift" }
town and country and for the restoration and improvement of the soil.: 169 : 40–41 == Metabolism and environmental governance == Despite Marx's assertion that a concept of ecological sustainability was "of very limited practical relevance to capitalist society," as it was incapable of applying rational scientific metho...	{ "page_id": 3219945, "title": "Metabolic rift" }
and as ecological sites in their own right.: 427 In contrast, Erik Swyngedouw and other theorists have conceptualized the city as an ecological space through urban political ecology, which connects material flows within cities and between the urban and non-urban. === Sustainable cities === In city planning policy circl...	{ "page_id": 3219945, "title": "Metabolic rift" }
== References == == Further reading == Clark, Brett; Foster, John Bellamy (June 2009). "Ecological Imperialism and the Global Metabolic Rift: Unequal Exchange and the Guano/Nitrates Trade". International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 50 (3–4): 311–334. doi:10.1177/0020715209105144. ISSN 0020-7152. S2CID 154627746. ...	{ "page_id": 3219945, "title": "Metabolic rift" }
The molecular formula C19H20N2O3S (molar mass: 356.41 g/mol, exact mass: 356.1195 u) may refer to: Apricoxib Pioglitazone (Actos) PXL065	{ "page_id": 24715753, "title": "C19H20N2O3S" }
Auto-WEKA is an automated machine learning system based on Weka by Chris Thornton, Frank Hutter, Holger H. Hoos and Kevin Leyton-Brown. An extended version was published as Auto-WEKA 2.0. Auto-WEKA was named the first prominent AutoML system in a neutral comparison study. It received the test-of-time award of the SIGKD...	{ "page_id": 77603307, "title": "Auto-WEKA" }
Acireductone dioxygenase may refer to: Acireductone dioxygenase (iron(II)-requiring), an enzyme Acireductone dioxygenase (Ni2+-requiring), an enzyme	{ "page_id": 38347247, "title": "Acireductone dioxygenase" }
Foam separation is a chemical process which falls into a category of separation techniques called "Adsorptive bubble separation methods". It is further divided into froth flotation and foam fractionation. Foam separation is essential in order to prevent contamination of fermentation medium through the foam by external ...	{ "page_id": 21176816, "title": "Foam separation" }
Swan bands are a characteristic of the spectra of carbon stars, comets and of burning hydrocarbon fuels. They are named for the Scottish physicist William Swan, who first studied the spectral analysis of radical diatomic carbon (C2) in 1856. Swan bands consist of several sequences of vibrational bands scattered through...	{ "page_id": 7021041, "title": "Swan band" }
The danger zone is the temperature range in which food-borne bacteria can grow. Food safety agencies, such as the United States' Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), define the danger zone as roughly 4 to 60 °C (40 to 140 °F). The FSIS stipulates that potentially hazardous food should not be stored at temperature...	{ "page_id": 2040308, "title": "Danger zone (food safety)" }
potentially hazardous inside the danger zone: Meat: beef, poultry, pork, seafood Eggs and other protein-rich foods Dairy products Cut or peeled fresh produce Cooked vegetables, beans, rice, pasta Sauces, such as gravy Sprouts Any foods containing the above, e.g. casseroles, salads, quiches According to Bryan (2004), a ...	{ "page_id": 2040308, "title": "Danger zone (food safety)" }
DNA ligase is a type of enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond. It plays a role in repairing single-strand breaks in duplex DNA in living organisms, but some forms (such as DNA ligase IV) may specifically repair double-strand breaks (i.e. a break...	{ "page_id": 8697, "title": "DNA ligase" }
coli, as well as most prokaryotes, uses energy gained by cleaving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to create the phosphodiester bond. It does not ligate blunt-ended DNA except under conditions of molecular crowding with polyethylene glycol, and cannot join RNA to DNA efficiently. The activity of E. coli DNA liga...	{ "page_id": 8697, "title": "DNA ligase" }
at 16 °C, a trade-off temperature at which the ligase is active as well as one that is suitable for base-pairing of sticky ends. Bacteriophage T4 ligase mutants have increased sensitivity to both UV irradiation and the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate indicating that DNA ligase is employed in the repair of the ...	{ "page_id": 8697, "title": "DNA ligase" }
== Measurement of activity == There are at least three different units used to measure the activity of DNA ligase: Weiss unit - the amount of ligase that catalyzes the exchange of 1 nmole of 32P from inorganic pyrophosphate to ATP in 20 minutes at 37°C. This is the one most commonly used. Modrich-Lehman unit - this is ...	{ "page_id": 8697, "title": "DNA ligase" }
reaction. The limiting factor in blunt end ligation is not the activity of the ligase but rather the number of alignments between DNA fragment ends that occur. The most efficient ligation temperature for blunt-ended DNA would therefore be the temperature at which the greatest number of alignments can occur. The majorit...	{ "page_id": 8697, "title": "DNA ligase" }
radiation sensitivity, and developmental abnormalities, LIG4 syndrome (Ligase IV syndrome) is a rare disease associated with mutations in DNA ligase 4 and interferes with dsDNA break-repair mechanisms. Ligase IV syndrome causes immunodeficiency in individuals and is commonly associated with microcephaly and marrow hypo...	{ "page_id": 8697, "title": "DNA ligase" }
to make many faulty blood cells. This can lead to serious health problems, such as leukemia. === Bloom syndrome === Bloom syndrome results in skin that is sensitive to sun exposure, and usually the development of a butterfly-shaped patch of reddened skin across the nose and cheeks. A skin rash can also appear on other ...	{ "page_id": 8697, "title": "DNA ligase" }
ligation == References == == External links == DNA Ligase: PDB molecule of the month Davidson College General Information on Ligase OpenWetWare DNA Ligation Protocol Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P00970 (DNA ligase) at the PDBe-KB. Overview of all the structural informatio...	{ "page_id": 8697, "title": "DNA ligase" }
A structural analog, also known as a chemical analog or simply an analog, is a compound having a structure similar to that of another compound, but differing from it in respect to a certain component. It can differ in one or more atoms, functional groups, or substructures, which are replaced with other atoms, groups, o...	{ "page_id": 3088890, "title": "Structural analog" }
and the Connectivity Map	{ "page_id": 3088890, "title": "Structural analog" }
Cross-boundary subsidies are caused by organisms or materials that cross or traverse habitat patch boundaries, subsidizing the resident populations. The transferred organisms and materials may provide additional predators, prey, or nutrients to resident species, which can affect community and food web structure. Cross-...	{ "page_id": 10625535, "title": "Cross-boundary subsidy" }
originate from outside the patch of interest. === Conceptual models === Few attempts have been made to combine landscape and food web ecology in such a way that explicitly recognizes the importance of cross-boundary subsidies and spatial features of the landscape on food web dynamics. Often, spatial subsidies are treat...	{ "page_id": 10625535, "title": "Cross-boundary subsidy" }
and Pickett (2001) found that the decreased lateral vegetation at the boundary between a forest and field increased the amount of seeds transferred into the forest interior. Another conceptual model that specifically considers cross-boundary subsidies is a model developed by Rand et al. (2006) of spillover from agricul...	{ "page_id": 10625535, "title": "Cross-boundary subsidy" }
be thought of as exhibiting source-sink dynamics. Rand et al. (2006) found that insects in a high productivity agricultural patch were able to sustain local populations in a lower productivity wildland patch through continued dispersal from the agricultural patch. The effect of these subsidies to local patches can also...	{ "page_id": 10625535, "title": "Cross-boundary subsidy" }
resources for a variety of organisms including small fish (Werner and Hall 1988), algae, and detritivores (Bowen et al. 1998). Marburg et al. (2006) compared variation within and among lakes in CWD. They found that subsidies of CWD to lakes were lower when the lakes had human development along the shore. Development al...	{ "page_id": 10625535, "title": "Cross-boundary subsidy" }
predation. The resulting low density of adult dragonfly predators led to a high density of bee pollinators. With fish present in adjacent ponds, bees were able to pollinate more flowers in the adjacent upland ecosystem than they were when fish were absent. The dragonfly population could be thought of as subsidized by t...	{ "page_id": 10625535, "title": "Cross-boundary subsidy" }
pristine forest interior, and (iii) nest building caused a 62% decline in forest tree sapling density over the 24-year study period. The long-term, landscape-scale indirect effects from agriculture suggest its full ecological footprint may be larger in extent than is currently recognized. Cross-boundary subsidy cascade...	{ "page_id": 10625535, "title": "Cross-boundary subsidy" }
migrating salmon. In this system, salmon that feed in the ocean, incorporating marine nitrogen into their biomass, later return to their natal small streams where they spawn and die. Salmon carcasses transferred across the stream-riparian zone boundary by terrestrial predators or flooding events subsidized growth of te...	{ "page_id": 10625535, "title": "Cross-boundary subsidy" }
resources flow across that particular government-industry boundary is important to the maintenance of marine food webs. Considering cross-boundary effects will be essential to a complete understanding of potential consequences of human action on the landscape. == References ==	{ "page_id": 10625535, "title": "Cross-boundary subsidy" }
Free Air Humidity Manipulation (FAHM) experiment is a large-scale field experiment in Estonia, FAHM was established by plant biologists (ecophysiologists and applied ecologists) of the University of Tartu to investigate the long term effects of increasing air humidity on tree performance and on the functioning of the d...	{ "page_id": 63644161, "title": "Free Air Humidity Manipulation" }
Kopp's law can refer to either of two relationships discovered by the German chemist Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp (1817–1892). Kopp found "that the molecular heat capacity of a solid compound is the sum of the atomic heat capacities of the elements composing it; the elements having atomic heat capacities lower than those ...	{ "page_id": 7414275, "title": "Kopp's law" }
Mucosal immunology is the study of immune system responses that occur at mucosal membranes of the intestines, the urogenital tract, and the respiratory system. The mucous membranes are in constant contact with microorganisms, food, and inhaled antigens. In healthy states, the mucosal immune system protects the organism...	{ "page_id": 23208453, "title": "Mucosal immunology" }
antigens and microbiota many immune cells are required. For example, approximately 3/4 of all lymphocytes are found in the mucous membranes. These immune cells reside in secondary lymphoid tissue, largely distributed through the mucosal surfaces. The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), provides the organism with ...	{ "page_id": 23208453, "title": "Mucosal immunology" }
exclusion mediated by secretory antibodies (mostly IgA) that inhibit the penetration of invasive pathogens into the body's tissues and prevent the penetration of potentially dangerous exogenous proteins. Another mechanism of adaptive mucosal immunity is the implementation of immunosuppressive mechanisms mediated mainly...	{ "page_id": 23208453, "title": "Mucosal immunology" }
in the lamina propria toward a tolerogenic state. However, damging the homeostasis of the intestinal barrier leads to inflammation. The epithelium in direct contact with bacteria is activated and begins to produce danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Alarm molecules released from epithelial cells activate immu...	{ "page_id": 23208453, "title": "Mucosal immunology" }
Further reading ==	{ "page_id": 23208453, "title": "Mucosal immunology" }
Rosie is a preserved great white shark located at Crystal World Exhibition Centre in Devon Meadows, Australia. She was originally preserved in a glass tank of formaldehyde on display at Wildlife Wonderland in Bass, Victoria which closed in 2012 due to animal welfare concerns and operating without appropriate licences. ...	{ "page_id": 74785285, "title": "Rosie (shark)" }
In 2012, Wildlife Wonderland was reported to have been operating its business without appropriate licenses, forcing it to cease operations and surrender all live animals to RSPCA Australia and the Department of Sustainability and Environment Victoria. == Vandalism == In November 2018, a video released on YouTube by urb...	{ "page_id": 74785285, "title": "Rosie (shark)" }
glass experts regarding the smashed glass panels around the enclosure, "There are four layers of glass and just one layer is broken, so we’re keeping it because it’s all part of the story". The shark has since been freely on display at Crystal World Exhibition Centre while restoration efforts continue, with constant mo...	{ "page_id": 74785285, "title": "Rosie (shark)" }
The Louis and Beatrice Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology (Laufer Center) is a multidisciplinary venue where research from fields such as biology, biochemistry, chemistry, computer science, engineering, genetics, mathematics, and physics come together and target medical and biological problems using bo...	{ "page_id": 29499913, "title": "Louis and Beatrice Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology" }
Pascalization, bridgmanization, high pressure processing (HPP) or high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing is a method of preserving and sterilizing food, in which a product is processed under very high pressure, leading to the inactivation of certain microorganisms and enzymes in the food. HPP has a limited effect o...	{ "page_id": 28910089, "title": "Pascalization" }
and does not include the use of food additives. From 1990, some juices, jellies, and jams have been preserved using pascalization in Japan. The technique is now used there to preserve fish and meats, salad dressing, rice cakes, and yogurts. It preserves fruits, vegetable smoothies and other products such as meat for sa...	{ "page_id": 28910089, "title": "Pascalization" }
In 1899, B. H. Hite was the first to conclusively demonstrate the inactivation of microorganisms by pressure. After he reported the effects of high pressure on microorganisms, reports on the effects of pressure on foods quickly followed. Hite tried to prevent milk from spoiling, and his work showed that microorganisms ...	{ "page_id": 28910089, "title": "Pascalization" }
Early 20th century === Hite et al. released a more detailed report on pressure sterilization in 1914, which included the number of microorganisms that remained in a product after treatment. Experiments were conducted on various other foods, including fruits, fruit juices and some vegetables. They were met with mixed su...	{ "page_id": 28910089, "title": "Pascalization" }
to kill spores has not yet been reliably achieved. Such a technique would allow for wider use of pressure on food and other potential advancements in food preservation. Research into the effects of high pressures on microorganisms was largely focused on deep-sea organisms until the 1980s, when advancements in ceramic p...	{ "page_id": 28910089, "title": "Pascalization" }
foods up to 400 MPa and subsequent depressurization by passage through tiny clearance in a shear valve. When the fluid exits the shear valve, due to significant pressure difference across the valve, the pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy. This kinetic energy is dissipated as heat energy to raise the tempe...	{ "page_id": 28910089, "title": "Pascalization" }
play a role in the effectiveness of pascalization. There are several side effects of the process, including a slight increase in a product's sweetness, but pascalization does not greatly affect the nutritional value, taste, texture, and appearance. Thus, high pressure treatment of foods is regarded as a "natural" prese...	{ "page_id": 28910089, "title": "Pascalization" }
the actual effects of pressure on life and results clearly indicated life to be largely pressure insensitive. Newer results from independent research groups have confirmed the results of Sharma et al. (2002). This is a significant step that reiterates the need for a new approach to the old problem of studying environme...	{ "page_id": 28910089, "title": "Pascalization" }
Multicolumn countercurrent solvent gradient purification (MCSGP) is a form of chromatography that is used to separate or purify biomolecules from complex mixtures. It was developed at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich by Aumann and Morbidelli. The process consists of two to six chromatographic columns wh...	{ "page_id": 9183755, "title": "Multicolumn countercurrent solvent gradient purification" }
have a low efficiency due to strong axial dispersion and slow mass transfer. Then a purification in one chromatographic step is not possible. Countercurrent movement as known from the SMB process would be required. For large scale productions and for very valuable molecules countercurrent solid movement need to be appl...	{ "page_id": 9183755, "title": "Multicolumn countercurrent solvent gradient purification" }
provide 90% purity at 93% yield. A numerical comparison of the MCSGP process with the batch chromatographic process, and a batch chromatographic process including ideal recycling, has been performed using an industrial polypeptide purification as the model system. It shows that the MCSGP process can increase the produc...	{ "page_id": 9183755, "title": "Multicolumn countercurrent solvent gradient purification" }
Dynamic Amplification Factor (DAF) or Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF), is a dimensionless number which describes how many times the deflections or stresses should be multiplied to the deflections or stresses caused by the static loads when a dynamic load is applied on to a structure. When lifting an object during a sub-s...	{ "page_id": 43065867, "title": "Dynamic amplification factor" }
Herman Haga (Oldeboorn, 24 January 1852 – Zeist, 11 September 1936) was a Dutch physicist. == Career == Haga studied physics from 1871 to 1876 at the University of Leiden. He received his PhD with thesis Over de absorptie van stralende warmte door waterdamp (On the absorption of radiant heat by water vapor) under the d...	{ "page_id": 38216204, "title": "Hermanus Haga" }
Transglutaminases are enzymes that in nature primarily catalyze the formation of an isopeptide bond between γ-carboxamide groups ( -(C=O)NH2 ) of glutamine residue side chains and the ε-amino groups ( -NH2 ) of lysine residue side chains with subsequent release of ammonia ( NH3 ). Lysine and glutamine residues must be ...	{ "page_id": 991758, "title": "Transglutaminase" }
form extensively cross-linked, generally insoluble protein polymers. These biological polymers are indispensable for an organism to create barriers and stable structures. Examples are blood clots (coagulation factor XIII), skin, and hair. The catalytic reaction is generally viewed as being irreversible, and must be clo...	{ "page_id": 991758, "title": "Transglutaminase" }
be used as a binding agent to improve the texture of protein-rich foods such as surimi or ham. Thrombin–fibrinogen "meat glue" from bovine and porcine sources was banned throughout the European Union as a food additive in 2010. Transglutaminase remains allowed and is not required to be declared, as it is considered a p...	{ "page_id": 991758, "title": "Transglutaminase" }
For the use of hormone antagonists in cancer, see hormonal therapy (oncology) A hormone antagonist is a molecule, produced either synthetically or endogenously, that binds to a specific hormone receptor to block the effect or synthesis of that hormone. There are many types of hormone antagonists, such as gonadotropin-r...	{ "page_id": 9773583, "title": "Hormone antagonist" }
(LHRH) hormone antagonists may also be used in prostate cancer treatment. LHRH antagonists work by blocking the pituitary gland from making follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which The drug degarelix, administered as a monthly shot, is currently the only LHRH antagonist approved for treatm...	{ "page_id": 9773583, "title": "Hormone antagonist" }
Intertidal ecology is the study of intertidal ecosystems, where organisms live between the low and high tide lines. At low tide, the intertidal is exposed whereas at high tide, the intertidal is underwater. Intertidal ecologists therefore study the interactions between intertidal organisms and their environment, as wel...	{ "page_id": 4334096, "title": "Intertidal ecology" }
allowing the inhabitants to cling tightly to the rocks. Soft-bottom habitats are generally protected from large waves but tend to have more variable salinity levels. They also offer a third habitable dimension: depth. Thus, many soft-sediment inhabitants are adapted for burrowing. == Environment == Because intertidal o...	{ "page_id": 4334096, "title": "Intertidal ecology" }
heights, non-motile organisms may be more dependent on coping mechanisms. For example, high intertidal organisms have a stronger stress response, a physiological response of making proteins that help recovery from temperature stress just as the immune response aids in the recovery from infection. Intertidal organisms a...	{ "page_id": 4334096, "title": "Intertidal ecology" }
dislodgement due to waves. Morphologically, many mollusks (such as limpets and chitons) have low-profile, hydrodynamic shells. Types of substrate attachments include mussels' tethering byssal threads and glues, sea stars' thousands of suctioning tube feet, and isopods' hook-like appendages that help them hold on to int...	{ "page_id": 4334096, "title": "Intertidal ecology" }
web, predatory consumers—especially voracious starfish—eat other grazers (e.g. snails) and filter feeders (e.g. mussels). Finally, scavengers, including crabs and sand fleas, eat dead organic material, including dead producers and consumers. == Species interactions == In addition to being shaped by aspects of climate, ...	{ "page_id": 4334096, "title": "Intertidal ecology" }
ecology dogma introduced above: its lower tide height limit is set by a predatory snail and its higher tide height limit is set by climate. Similarly, Chthamalus, which occurs in a refuge from competition (similar to the temperature refuges discussed above), has a lower tide height limit set by competition with Balanus...	{ "page_id": 4334096, "title": "Intertidal ecology" }
which is seen in symbioses between sea anemones and their internal symbiotic algae, and parasitism, which is prevalent but is only beginning to be appreciated for its effects on community structure. == Current topics == Humans are highly dependent on intertidal habitats for food and raw materials, and over 50% of human...	{ "page_id": 4334096, "title": "Intertidal ecology" }
areas have been established where no collecting is permitted. The benefits of protected areas may spill over to positively impact adjacent unprotected areas. For example, a greater number of larger egg capsules of the edible snail Concholepus in protected vs. non-protected areas in Chile indicates that these protected ...	{ "page_id": 4334096, "title": "Intertidal ecology" }
In PAC learning, error tolerance refers to the ability of an algorithm to learn when the examples received have been corrupted in some way. In fact, this is a very common and important issue since in many applications it is not possible to access noise-free data. Noise can interfere with the learning process at differe...	{ "page_id": 48833041, "title": "Error tolerance (PAC learning)" }
using H {\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}} in the Valiant setting if there exists a learning algorithm A {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}} that has access to Oracle ( x ) {\displaystyle {\text{Oracle}}(x)} and a polynomial p ( ⋅ , ⋅ , ⋅ , ⋅ ) {\displaystyle p(\cdot ,\cdot ,\cdot ,\cdot )} such that for any 0 < ε ≤ 1 {\display...	{ "page_id": 48833041, "title": "Error tolerance (PAC learning)" }
In applications it is difficult to have access to the real value of η {\displaystyle \eta } , but we assume we have access to its upperbound η B {\displaystyle \eta _{B}} . Note that if we allow the noise rate to be 1 / 2 {\displaystyle 1/2} , then learning becomes impossible in any amount of computation time, because ...	{ "page_id": 48833041, "title": "Error tolerance (PAC learning)" }
labels example x {\displaystyle x} , and receives an answer accurate within a tolerance α {\displaystyle \alpha } . Formally, whenever the learning algorithm A {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}} calls the oracle Oracle ( x , α ) {\displaystyle {\text{Oracle}}(x,\alpha )} , it receives as feedback probability Q f ( x ) {\di...	{ "page_id": 48833041, "title": "Error tolerance (PAC learning)" }
e ( f ) ) {\displaystyle p\left({\frac {1}{\varepsilon }},n,size(f)\right)} . Note that the confidence parameter δ {\displaystyle \delta } does not appear in the definition of learning. This is because the main purpose of δ {\displaystyle \delta } is to allow the learning algorithm a small probability of failure due to...	{ "page_id": 48833041, "title": "Error tolerance (PAC learning)" }
< 1 2 {\displaystyle \beta _{B}<{\frac {1}{2}}} for 0 ≤ β < 1 2 {\displaystyle 0\leq \beta <{\frac {1}{2}}} , we say that f {\displaystyle f} is efficiently learnable using H {\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}} in the malicious classification model, if there exist a learning algorithm A {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}} that h...	{ "page_id": 48833041, "title": "Error tolerance (PAC learning)" }
h ∈ H {\displaystyle h\in {\mathcal {H}}} such that e r r o r ( h ) < ε {\displaystyle error(h)<\varepsilon } only if ν < 2 ε {\displaystyle \nu <2\varepsilon } . == See also == == References ==	{ "page_id": 48833041, "title": "Error tolerance (PAC learning)" }
The Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS), codified at 6 C.F.R. part 27, are a set of United States federal government security regulations for certain high-risk chemical facilities that possess particular chemicals, called chemicals of interest (COI) at particular concentrations. The CFATS regulations app...	{ "page_id": 14492178, "title": "Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards" }
certain substances, especially chlorine (set at 2,500 pounds (1,100 kg)), have been set too high. == Application == The CFATS regulations specify over 300 chemicals of interest (COI) and "screening threshold quantities" (STQ) for each. COI are designated based on hazards associated with release (i.e., substances that a...	{ "page_id": 14492178, "title": "Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards" }
links == US Dept. of Homeland Security Website	{ "page_id": 14492178, "title": "Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards" }
Frailty or frailty syndrome refers to a state of health in which older adults gradually lose their bodies' in-built reserves and functioning. This makes them more vulnerable, less able to recover and even apparently minor events (infections, environmental changes) can have drastic impacts on their physical and mental h...	{ "page_id": 11280915, "title": "Frailty syndrome" }
can lead to increased risk of adverse side effects, complications, and mortality. Older age by itself is not what defines frailty, it is however a syndrome found in older adults. Many adults over 65 are not living with frailty. Frailty is not one specific disease, however is a combination of many factors. Frailty does ...	{ "page_id": 11280915, "title": "Frailty syndrome" }
person having frailty. However, the development of any of these risk factors or signs alone does not establish frailty as they can be symptoms of numerous other health conditions. For establishing that a person has frailty multiple factors or signs need to be present at the same time. Most often frailty is identified b...	{ "page_id": 11280915, "title": "Frailty syndrome" }
is also common in those with heart failure. Both frailty and heart failure share similar methods of progressive health decline and often lead to worsened health conditions when combined. There are many other health-related factors that can be present in frailty including incontinence, lung disease, having multiple long...	{ "page_id": 11280915, "title": "Frailty syndrome" }
such as C-reactive protein, released in the presence of chronic disease. Increased levels of inflammatory mediators are often associated with chronic disease; however, they may also be elevated even in the absence of chronic disease. Sarcopenia, anemia, anabolic hormone deficiencies, and excess exposure to catabolic ho...	{ "page_id": 11280915, "title": "Frailty syndrome" }
damage and reduced ability to repair DNA double-strand breaks. == Diagnosis == The syndrome of geriatric frailty is hypothesized to reflect impairments in the regulation of multiple physiologic systems, embodying a lack of resilience to physiologic challenges and thus elevated risk for a range of deleterious endpoints....	{ "page_id": 11280915, "title": "Frailty syndrome" }
frailty who do not live in a long-term care institution could improve medication adherence, patient functioning, quality of care, and reduce the risk of unplanned hospital admissions. At the same time CGA for this demographic seems to have no impact on death or nursing home admissions. Older people with moderate or sev...	{ "page_id": 11280915, "title": "Frailty syndrome" }
demonstrated adaptability for remote use. The CFS is a 9-point scale used to assess a persons frailty level, where a score of 1 point would mean a person is very fit and robust, to a score of 9 points meaning the person is severely frail and terminally ill. === Edmonton Frail Scale === The Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS) is...	{ "page_id": 11280915, "title": "Frailty syndrome" }
consists of five items: unintentional weight loss >4.5 kg in the past year self-reported exhaustion <20th population percentile for grip strength slowed walking speed, defined as lowest population quartile on 4-minute walking test low physical activity such that persons would only rarely undertake a short walk A health...	{ "page_id": 11280915, "title": "Frailty syndrome" }
transplant function after a kidney transplant. Other studies note that frailty scales alone may be inaccurate in predicting outcomes for people undergoing surgical procedures, and other factors such as co-morbid medical conditions need to be considered. For people with frailty undergoing abdominal surgery, prehabilitat...	{ "page_id": 11280915, "title": "Frailty syndrome" }

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