Split (1)

train · 115k rows

text stringlengths 2 4.67k	source dict
cooking classes can also help older people to prevent frailty. === Social factors === Some social risk factors commonly seen in people with frailty can also be improved. Physical activity may help to improve social functioning besides its health benefits. Receiving training in how to use the computer and the internet, ...	{ "page_id": 11280915, "title": "Frailty syndrome" }
coupled with regular physical activity. Vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acid, sex hormone (such as testosterone) or growth hormone supplementation have not shown benefits in physical functioning, activities of daily living or frailty. === Occupational therapy === Occupational therapy might provide some improvements in elderly...	{ "page_id": 11280915, "title": "Frailty syndrome" }
can also improve the outcomes of future healthcare. Palliative care may be helpful for individuals who are experiencing an advanced state of frailty with possible other co-existing health conditions. The goal of palliative care in people with frailty is improving quality of life by reducing pain and other harmful sympt...	{ "page_id": 11280915, "title": "Frailty syndrome" }
a population based study, Non-Hispanic Black-Americans and Hispanic-Americans had a higher incidence of frailty compared to non-Hispanic White-Americans. == Research directions == As of September 2021, ongoing clinical trials on frailty syndrome in the US include: the impact of frailty on clinical outcomes of patients ...	{ "page_id": 11280915, "title": "Frailty syndrome" }
Confirmatory blockmodeling is a deductive approach in blockmodeling, where a blockmodel (or part of it) is prespecify before the analysis, and then the analysis is fit to this model. When only a part of analysis is prespecify (like individual cluster(s) or location of the block types), it is called partially confirmato...	{ "page_id": 68559380, "title": "Confirmatory blockmodeling" }
The phylogenetic classification of bony fishes is a phylogenetic classification of bony fishes and is based on phylogenies inferred using molecular and genomic data for nearly 2000 fishes. The first version was published in 2013 and resolved 66 orders. The latest version (version 4) was published in 2017 and recognised...	{ "page_id": 62464531, "title": "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes" }
Photodissociation, photolysis, photodecomposition, or photofragmentation is a chemical reaction in which molecules of a chemical compound are broken down by absorption of light or photons. It is defined as the interaction of one or more photons with one target molecule that dissociates into two fragments. Here, “light”...	{ "page_id": 3219996, "title": "Photodissociation" }
capture other wavelengths as well. The phycobilins of red algae absorb blue-green light which penetrates deeper into water than red light, enabling them to photosynthesize in deep waters. Each absorbed photon causes the formation of an exciton (an electron excited to a higher energy state) in the pigment molecule. The ...	{ "page_id": 3219996, "title": "Photodissociation" }
photophosphorylation and thus the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The electrons reach the P700 reaction center of photosystem I where they are energized again by light. They are passed down another electron transport chain and finally combine with the coenzyme NADP+ and proton...	{ "page_id": 3219996, "title": "Photodissociation" }
the efficiency of their energy harnessing. == Photoinduced proton transfer == Photoacids are molecules that upon light absorption undergo a proton transfer to form the photobase. AH → h ν A − + H + {\displaystyle {\ce {AH ->[h\nu] A^- + H^+}}} In these reactions, the dissociation occurs in the electronically excited st...	{ "page_id": 3219996, "title": "Photodissociation" }
with unbroken O2 to create ozone, O3. In addition, photolysis is the process by which CFCs are broken down in the upper atmosphere to form ozone-destroying chlorine free radicals. == Astrophysics == In astrophysics, photodissociation is one of the major processes through which molecules are broken down (but new molecul...	{ "page_id": 3219996, "title": "Photodissociation" }
would cause photodissociation of nitrogen, generating nitric oxide that would act as a catalyst to destroy ozone. The atmospheric photodissociation N 2 ⟶ 2 N {\displaystyle {\ce {N2 -> 2N}}} O 2 ⟶ 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {O2 -> 2O}}} CO 2 ⟶ C + 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {CO2 -> C + 2O}}} H 2 O ⟶ 2 H + O {\displaystyle {\...	{ "page_id": 3219996, "title": "Photodissociation" }
for direct photodissociation of molecules. However, after absorption of multiple infrared photons a molecule may gain internal energy to overcome its barrier for dissociation. Multiple-photon dissociation (MPD; IRMPD with infrared radiation) can be achieved by applying high-power lasers, e.g. a carbon dioxide laser, or...	{ "page_id": 3219996, "title": "Photodissociation" }
The Bartoli indole synthesis (also called the Bartoli reaction) is the chemical reaction of ortho-substituted nitroarenes and nitrosoarenes with vinyl Grignard reagents to form substituted indoles. The reaction is often unsuccessful without substitution ortho to the nitro group, with bulkier ortho substituents usually ...	{ "page_id": 4137502, "title": "Bartoli indole synthesis" }
are necessary, as one equivalent becomes carbonyl compound 6, one equivalent deprotonates 10 forming an alkene (11), and one equivalent gets incorporated into the indole ring. The nitroso intermediate (4) has been isolated from the reaction. Additionally, reaction of the nitroso intermediate (4) with two equivalents of...	{ "page_id": 4137502, "title": "Bartoli indole synthesis" }
Ri Sung-gi, also often spelled Lee Sung-ki, Lee Seung-gi or Yi Sung-gi (October 1, 1905 – February 8, 1996), was a North Korean chemist. He is best remembered as the inventor of Vinalon. He has also been accused of involvement in North Korea's chemical and nuclear weapons programs. Ri was born in Damyang, South Jeolla ...	{ "page_id": 7217705, "title": "Ri Sung-gi" }
Plant ecology is a subdiscipline of ecology that studies the distribution and abundance of plants, the effects of environmental factors upon the abundance of plants, and the interactions among plants and between plants and other organisms. Examples of these are the distribution of temperate deciduous forests in North A...	{ "page_id": 23470640, "title": "Plant ecology" }
Weaver and F.E. Clements. It talks broadly about plant communities, and particularly the importance of forces like competition and processes like succession. The term ecology itself was coined by German biologist Ernst Haeckel. Plant ecology can also be divided by levels of organization including plant ecophysiology, p...	{ "page_id": 23470640, "title": "Plant ecology" }
in 1822, linked plant distributions to environmental factors (especially temperature) and established the practice of naming plant associations by adding the suffix -etum to the name of the dominant species. Working from herbarium collections, De Candolle searched for general rules of plant distribution and settled on ...	{ "page_id": 23470640, "title": "Plant ecology" }
the establishment of the Ecological Society of America (ESA); plant ecologists formed the largest subgroup among the inaugural members of the ESA.: 41 Cowles' students played an important role in the development of the field of plant ecology during the first half of the twentieth century, among them William S. Cooper, ...	{ "page_id": 23470640, "title": "Plant ecology" }
these elements and have a negative impact upon neighbours. Competition for resources vary from complete symmetric (all individuals receive the same amount of resources, irrespective of their size) to perfectly size symmetric (all individuals exploit the same amount of resource per unit biomass) to absolutely size-asymm...	{ "page_id": 23470640, "title": "Plant ecology" }
the resources that limit the growth of different plant species, and, instead, competition is inferred from observed negative effects of neighbouring plants without knowing precisely which resources the plants were competing for. In certain situations, plants may compete for a single growth-limiting resource, perhaps fo...	{ "page_id": 23470640, "title": "Plant ecology" }
only one of the partners, and may not really be true mutualism. The term used for these more one-sided relationships, which are mostly beneficial to one participant, is facilitation. Facilitation among neighboring plants may act by reducing the negative impacts of a stressful environment. In general, facilitation is mo...	{ "page_id": 23470640, "title": "Plant ecology" }
benefits is referred to as the commensal while the species that is unaffected is referred to as the host. For example, organisms that live attached to plants, known as epiphytes, are referred to as commensals. Algae that grow on the backs of turtles or sloths are considered as commensals, too. Their survival rate is hi...	{ "page_id": 23470640, "title": "Plant ecology" }
to build exclosures, where they cannot feed, and compare the plant communities in the exclosures to those outside over many years. Often such long term experiments show that herbivores have a significant effect upon the species that make up the plant community. == Other topics == === Abundance === The ecological succes...	{ "page_id": 23470640, "title": "Plant ecology" }
has recently gone through germination. Another form of reproduction of a plant is self-fertilization; in which both the sperm and the egg are produced from the same individual- this plant is therefore a self-compatible titled plant. == See also == Biogeochemistry Community ecology Forest ecology CSR theory Landscape ec...	{ "page_id": 23470640, "title": "Plant ecology" }
The Lise Meitner Prize for nuclear physics, established in 2000, is awarded every two years by the European Physical Society for outstanding work in the fields of experimental, theoretical or applied nuclear science. It is named after Lise Meitner to honour her fundamental contributions to nuclear physics and her coura...	{ "page_id": 58663473, "title": "Lise Meitner Prize" }
Allosteric Database (ASD) provides a central resource for the display, search and analysis of the structure, function and related annotation for allosteric molecules. Allostery is the most direct and efficient way for regulation of biological macromolecule function induced by the binding of a ligand at an allosteric si...	{ "page_id": 30351926, "title": "ASD (database)" }
Kathleen R. McKeown is an American computer scientist, specializing in natural language processing. She is currently the Henry and Gertrude Rothschild Professor of Computer Science and is the Founding Director of the Institute for Data Sciences and Engineering at Columbia University. McKeown received her B.A. from Brow...	{ "page_id": 44311097, "title": "Kathleen McKeown" }
ISBN 9781601984708. == References == == External links == Kathleen McKeown publications indexed by Google Scholar Kathleen McKeown's faculty page at Columbia University	{ "page_id": 44311097, "title": "Kathleen McKeown" }
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (Multiplex PCR) refers to the use of polymerase chain reaction to amplify several different DNA sequences simultaneously (as if performing many separate PCR reactions all together in one reaction). This process amplifies DNA in samples using multiple primers and a temperature-mediate...	{ "page_id": 25240121, "title": "Multiplex polymerase chain reaction" }
Deletion Analysis Template Quantitation Linkage Analysis RNA Detection Forensic Studies Diet Analysis == References ==	{ "page_id": 25240121, "title": "Multiplex polymerase chain reaction" }
De novo transcriptome assembly is the de novo sequence assembly method of creating a transcriptome without the aid of a reference genome. == Introduction == As a result of the development of novel sequencing technologies, the years between 2008 and 2012 saw a large drop in the cost of sequencing. Per megabase and genom...	{ "page_id": 33890874, "title": "De novo transcriptome assembly" }
method is disadvantaged by its inability to account for incidents of structural alterations of mRNA transcripts, such as alternative splicing. Since a genome contains the sum of all introns and exons that may be present in a transcript, spliced variants that do not align continuously along the genome may be discounted ...	{ "page_id": 33890874, "title": "De novo transcriptome assembly" }
SOLiD. === Assembly algorithms === The cDNA sequence reads are assembled into transcripts via a short read transcript assembly program. Most likely, some amino acid variations among transcripts that are otherwise similar reflect different protein isoforms. It is also possible that they represent different genes within ...	{ "page_id": 33890874, "title": "De novo transcriptome assembly" }
annotate sequence data for which no GO annotation is available yet. It is a research tool often employed in functional genomics research on non-model species. It works by blasting assembled contigs against a non-redundant protein database (at NCBI), then annotating them based on sequence similarity. GOanna is another G...	{ "page_id": 33890874, "title": "De novo transcriptome assembly" }
To perform this step, tools that model the expected gene space based of conserved genes, such as BUSCO, can be used. For eukaryotes, CEGMA may also be used, although it is officially no longer supported since 2015. == Assemblers == The following is a partial compendium of assembly software that has been used to generat...	{ "page_id": 33890874, "title": "De novo transcriptome assembly" }
Trinity consists of three independent software modules, which are used sequentially to produce transcripts: Inchworm assembles the RNA-Seq data into transcript sequences, often generating full-length transcripts for a dominant isoform, but then reports just the unique portions of alternatively spliced transcripts. Chry...	{ "page_id": 33890874, "title": "De novo transcriptome assembly" }
Irganox 1098 is the trade name for N,N′-(hexane-1,6-diyl)bis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide], a primary antioxidant manufactured by BASF primarily used for stabilizing polymers, especially polyamides. It is noted for its thermal stability as well as its non-discoloring properties. == See also == Penta...	{ "page_id": 47129145, "title": "Irganox 1098" }
Breast milk (sometimes spelled as breastmilk) or mother's milk is milk produced by the mammary glands in the breasts of women. Breast milk is the primary source of nutrition for newborn infants, comprising fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and a varying composition of minerals and vitamins. Breast milk also contains subst...	{ "page_id": 795199, "title": "Breast milk" }
the neonatal period. Alternatively, breast milk can be expressed using a breast pump and administered via baby bottle, cup, spoon, supplementation drip system, or nasogastric tube. This method is especially beneficial for preterm babies who may initially lack the ability to suck effectively. Using cups to feed expresse...	{ "page_id": 795199, "title": "Breast milk" }
bleeding, through the production of oxytocin (see Production). Breastfeeding can also reduce the risk of breast cancer later in life. Lactation may also reduce the risk for both mother and infant from both types of diabetes. Lactation may protect the infant from specifically developing Type 2 diabetes, as studies have ...	{ "page_id": 795199, "title": "Breast milk" }
appropriate antibodies and immune cells. At around four months of age, the internal iron supplies of the infant, held in the hepatic cells of the liver, are exhausted. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that at this time that an iron supplement should be introduced. Other health organisations such as the NHS...	{ "page_id": 795199, "title": "Breast milk" }
pumping enough to meet supply, certain medications (including estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives), illness, and dehydration. A rarer reason is Sheehan's syndrome, also known as postpartum hypopituitarism, which is associated with prolactin deficiency and may require hormone replacement. The amount of milk prod...	{ "page_id": 795199, "title": "Breast milk" }
marsupials. During the first few days after delivery, the mother produces colostrum. This is a thin yellowish fluid that is the same fluid that sometimes leaks from the breasts during pregnancy. It is rich in protein and antibodies that provide passive immunity to the baby (the baby's immune system is not fully develop...	{ "page_id": 795199, "title": "Breast milk" }
kills tumor cells. This is thought to contribute to the protection of breastfed babies against cancer. Non-protein nitrogen-containing compounds, making up 25% of the milk's nitrogen, include urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, amino acids, and nucleotides. Breast milk has circadian variations; some of the nucleotid...	{ "page_id": 795199, "title": "Breast milk" }
be considered a living tissue. Breast milk contains a unique type of sugars, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which were not present in traditional infant formula, however they are increasing added by many manufacturers. HMOs are not digested by the infant but help to make up the intestinal flora. They act as decoy ...	{ "page_id": 795199, "title": "Breast milk" }
breastfeed use infant formula, but breast milk donated by volunteers to human milk banks can be obtained by prescription in some countries. In addition, research has shown that women who rely on infant formula could minimize the gap between the level of immunity protection and cognitive abilities a breastfed child bene...	{ "page_id": 795199, "title": "Breast milk" }
immature kidneys. In addition, the proteins, fats and calcium in whole cow's milk are more difficult for an infant to digest and absorb than the ones in breast milk. The composition of marsupial and monotreme milk contains essential nutrients, growth factors and immunological properties to support the development of jo...	{ "page_id": 795199, "title": "Breast milk" }
effects include seizures, tremors, restlessness, and diarrhea. To reduce infant exposure to medications used by the mother, use topical therapy or avoid taking the medication during breastfeeding times when possible. Hormonal products and combined oral contraceptives should be avoided during the early postpartum period...	{ "page_id": 795199, "title": "Breast milk" }
in regard to these measures. A study in 2013 came to the conclusion that 74% of breast milk samples from providers found from websites were colonized with gram-negative bacteria or had more than 10,000 colony-forming units/mL of aerobic bacteria. Bacterial growth happens during transit. According to the FDA, bad bacter...	{ "page_id": 795199, "title": "Breast milk" }
may be improperly sanitized or stored, so it may contain food-borne illness and infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV. == Consumption by adults == === Restaurants and recipes === A minority of people, including restaurateurs Hans Lochen of Switzerland and Daniel Angerer of Austria, who operates a restaurant in ...	{ "page_id": 795199, "title": "Breast milk" }
builder said, "It isn't common, but I've known people who have done this. It's certainly talked about quite a bit on the bodybuilding forums on the Internet." Calling bodybuilders "a strange breed of individuals", he said, "Even if this type of thing is completely unsupported by research, they're prone to gym lore and ...	{ "page_id": 795199, "title": "Breast milk" }
breast milk of Inuit mothers is extraordinarily high in toxic compounds. The CDC has provided some resources for breastfeeding mothers to reference for safe medication use, including LactMed, Mother to Baby, and The InfantRisk Center. === Contamination effects of organochlorine pesticides on infants === When a mother i...	{ "page_id": 795199, "title": "Breast milk" }
December 14, 2010) United Nations University Centre – Constituents of human milk – including comparison of human and cow's milk ones Children's Health Topics: Breastfeeding A comparison between human milk and cow's milk and The composition of cow's milk Meigs, EB (August 30, 1913) The comparative composition of human m...	{ "page_id": 795199, "title": "Breast milk" }
Complementary cells are a mass of cells in plants, formed from the cork cambium at the position of the lenticels. It is a group of loosely arranged cells that aid in gaseous exchange through cork. == References ==	{ "page_id": 23011904, "title": "Complementary cells" }
Dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC); also known as constitutional dynamic chemistry (CDC) is a method to the generation of new molecules formed by reversible reaction of simple building blocks under thermodynamic control. The library of these reversibly interconverting building blocks is called a dynamic combinatoria...	{ "page_id": 24519232, "title": "Dynamic combinatorial chemistry" }
Although the work of Busch helped to establish the template method as a powerful synthetic route to stable macrocyclic structures, this approach remained exclusively within the domain of inorganic chemistry until the early 1990s, when Sanders et al. first proposed the concept of dynamic combinatorial chemistry. Their w...	{ "page_id": 24519232, "title": "Dynamic combinatorial chemistry" }
at biological pH and temperature, and the components of the DCL must be compatible with proteins. Several reversible reactions have been proposed and/or applied in protein-directed DCC. These included boronate ester formation, diselenides-disulfides exchange, disulphide formation, hemithiolacetal formation, hydrazone f...	{ "page_id": 24519232, "title": "Dynamic combinatorial chemistry" }
easily accessible by other means. These include smart materials, foldamers, self-assembling molecules with interlocking architectures and new soft materials. The application of DCC to detect volatile bioactive compounds, i.e. the amplification and sensing of scent, was proposed in a concept paper. Recently, DCC was als...	{ "page_id": 24519232, "title": "Dynamic combinatorial chemistry" }
Trimethylserotonin (TMS) may refer to: Bufotenidine (N,N,N-trimethylserotonin) 5-MeO-DMT (N,N,O-trimethylserotonin) α,N,O-TMS (α,N,O-trimethylserotonin) α,N,N-TMS (α,N,N-trimethylserotonin) == See also == Methylserotonin Dimethylserotonin Tetramethylserotonin Trimethyltryptamine	{ "page_id": 79635012, "title": "Trimethylserotonin" }
Phosphopantetheine, also known as 4'-phosphopantetheine, is a prosthetic group of several acyl carrier proteins including the acyl carrier proteins (ACP) of fatty acid synthases, ACPs of polyketide synthases, the peptidyl carrier proteins (PCP), as well as aryl carrier proteins (ArCP) of nonribosomal peptide synthetase...	{ "page_id": 8200773, "title": "Phosphopantetheine" }
OPA anhydrase may refer to: Diisopropyl-fluorophosphatase, an enzyme Aryldialkylphosphatase, an enzyme	{ "page_id": 39068230, "title": "OPA anhydrase" }
Coulomb's inverse-square law, or simply Coulomb's law, is an experimental law of physics that calculates the amount of force between two electrically charged particles at rest. This electric force is conventionally called the electrostatic force or Coulomb force. Although the law was known earlier, it was first publish...	{ "page_id": 26288711, "title": "Coulomb's law" }
make charges attract or repel. Also, gravitational forces are much weaker than electrostatic forces. Coulomb's law can be used to derive Gauss's law, and vice versa. In the case of a single point charge at rest, the two laws are equivalent, expressing the same physical law in different ways. The law has been tested ext...	{ "page_id": 26288711, "title": "Coulomb's law" }
he did not generalize or elaborate on this. In 1767, he conjectured that the force between charges varied as the inverse square of the distance. In 1769, Scottish physicist John Robison announced that, according to his measurements, the force of repulsion between two spheres with charges of the same sign varied as x−2....	{ "page_id": 26288711, "title": "Coulomb's law" }
fiber through a certain angle, which could be read from a scale on the instrument. By knowing how much force it took to twist the fiber through a given angle, Coulomb was able to calculate the force between the balls and derive his inverse-square proportionality law. == Mathematical form == Coulomb's law states that th...	{ "page_id": 26288711, "title": "Coulomb's law" }
2 {\displaystyle q_{1}q_{2}} is negative and the direction of the force on q 1 {\displaystyle q_{1}} is − r ^ 12 {\textstyle -{\hat {\mathbf {r} }}_{12}} ; the charges attract each other. === System of discrete charges === The law of superposition allows Coulomb's law to be extended to include any number of point charg...	{ "page_id": 26288711, "title": "Coulomb's law" }
or volumetric. For a linear charge distribution (a good approximation for charge in a wire) where λ ( r ′ ) {\displaystyle \lambda (\mathbf {r} ')} gives the charge per unit length at position r ′ {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} '} , and d ℓ ′ {\displaystyle d\ell '} is an infinitesimal element of length, d q ′ = λ ( r ′ ) ...	{ "page_id": 26288711, "title": "Coulomb's law" }
to locations for which \| r − r ′ \| = 0 {\displaystyle \|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r'} \|=0} because that location would directly overlap with the location of a charged particle (e.g. electron or proton) which is not a valid location to analyze the electric field or potential classically. Charge is always discrete in reality,...	{ "page_id": 26288711, "title": "Coulomb's law" }
the force produced on the two objects. This extra part of the force is called the magnetic force. For slow movement, the magnetic force is minimal and Coulomb's law can still be considered approximately correct. A more accurate approximation in this case is, however, the Weber force. When the charges are moving more qu...	{ "page_id": 26288711, "title": "Coulomb's law" }
created by a single source point charge Q at a certain distance from it r in vacuum is given by \| E \| = k e \| q \| r 2 {\displaystyle \|\mathbf {E} \|=k_{\text{e}}{\frac {\|q\|}{r^{2}}}} A system of n discrete charges q i {\displaystyle q_{i}} stationed at r i = r − r i {\textstyle \mathbf {r} _{i}=\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} ...	{ "page_id": 26288711, "title": "Coulomb's law" }
the charge is stationary, and approximately true if the charge is in motion). == In relativity == Coulomb's law can be used to gain insight into the form of the magnetic field generated by moving charges since by special relativity, in certain cases the magnetic field can be shown to be a transformation of forces cause...	{ "page_id": 26288711, "title": "Coulomb's law" }
{E} }{c^{2}}}} where q {\displaystyle q} is the charge of the point source, r {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} } is the position vector from the point source to the point in space, v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} } is the velocity vector of the charged particle, β {\displaystyle \beta } is the ratio of speed of the charged part...	{ "page_id": 26288711, "title": "Coulomb's law" }
⟩ → \| p ′ ⟩ ) {\textstyle {\mathcal {A}}(\|\mathbf {p} \rangle \to \|\mathbf {p} '\rangle )} is: A ( \| p ⟩ → \| p ′ ⟩ ) − 1 = 2 π δ ( E p − E p ′ ) ( − i ) ∫ d 3 r V ( r ) e − i ( p − p ′ ) r {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}(\|\mathbf {p} \rangle \to \|\mathbf {p} '\rangle )-1=2\pi \delta (E_{p}-E_{p'})(-i)\int d^{3}\mathbf {r...	{ "page_id": 26288711, "title": "Coulomb's law" }
obtain: ∫ V ( r ) e − i ( p − p ′ ) r d 3 r = e 2 \| p − p ′ \| 2 − i ε {\displaystyle \int V(\mathbf {r} )e^{-i(\mathbf {p} -\mathbf {p} ')\mathbf {r} }d^{3}\mathbf {r} ={\frac {e^{2}}{\|\mathbf {p} -\mathbf {p} '\|^{2}-i\varepsilon }}} where Fourier transforming both sides, solving the integral and taking ε → 0 {\display...	{ "page_id": 26288711, "title": "Coulomb's law" }
between the charges will be L 2 < L 1 {\textstyle \mathbf {L} _{2}<\mathbf {L} _{1}} and the repulsion force between them will be: We know that F 2 = m g tan ⁡ θ 2 {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{2}=mg\tan \theta _{2}} and: q 2 4 4 π ε 0 L 2 2 = m g tan ⁡ θ 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\frac {q^{2}}{4}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}L...	{ "page_id": 26288711, "title": "Coulomb's law" }
the Theory of Electricity (9th ed.). Moscow: Mir. pp. 23–27. Tipler, Paul A.; Mosca, Gene (2008). Physics for Scientists and Engineers (6th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-8964-2. LCCN 2007010418. Young, Hugh D.; Freedman, Roger A. (2010). Sears and Zemansky's University Physics: With Modern ...	{ "page_id": 26288711, "title": "Coulomb's law" }
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman (alternative spelling Deyman) is a 1656 fragmentary painting by Rembrandt, now in Amsterdam Museum. It is a group portrait showing a brain dissection by Dr. Jan Deijman (1619–1666). Much of the canvas was destroyed in a fire in 1723 and the painting was subsequently recut to its presen...	{ "page_id": 40444488, "title": "The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman" }
paintings by Rembrandt The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp Lamentation of Christ (Mantegna) == References == == External links == amsterdammuseum.nl	{ "page_id": 40444488, "title": "The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Deijman" }
== References ==	{ "page_id": 5513803, "title": "Oxazole (data page)" }
In materials science and related fields, crystallographic texture is the distribution of crystallographic orientations of a polycrystalline sample. A sample in which these orientations are fully random or is amorphous and thus no crystallographic planes, is said to have no texture. If the crystallographic orientations ...	{ "page_id": 1516108, "title": "Crystallographic texture" }
X-ray diffraction instruments are more appropriate for analyzing textures of thin films. Texture is often represented using a pole figure, in which a specified crystallographic axis (or pole) from each of a representative number of crystallites is plotted in a stereographic projection, along with directions relevant to...	{ "page_id": 1516108, "title": "Crystallographic texture" }
different Euler angles, the distribution of which is described by the ODF. The orientation distribution function, ODF, cannot be measured directly by any technique. Traditionally both X-ray diffraction and EBSD may collect pole figures. Different methodologies exist to obtain the ODF from the pole figures or data in ge...	{ "page_id": 1516108, "title": "Crystallographic texture" }
formed. Casting or other fluid-to-solid transitions (i.e., thin-film deposition) produce textured solids when there is enough time and activation energy for atoms to find places in existing crystals, rather than condensing as an amorphous solid or starting new crystals of random orientation. Some facets of a crystal (o...	{ "page_id": 1516108, "title": "Crystallographic texture" }
devices to a large extent rely on polycrystalline thin films with thicknesses in the nanometer and micrometer ranges. This holds, for instance, for all microelectronic and most optoelectronic systems or sensoric and superconducting layers. Most thin film textures may be categorized as one of two different types: (1) fo...	{ "page_id": 1516108, "title": "Crystallographic texture" }
Texturanalyse" (1969) Akademie-Verlag, Berlin Bunge, H.-J. "Texture Analysis in Materials Science" (1983) Butterworth, London Kocks, U. F., Tomé, C. N., Wenk, H.-R., Beaudoin, A. J., Mecking, H. "Texture and Anisotropy – Preferred Orientations in Polycrystals and Their Effect on Materials Properties" (2000) Cambridge U...	{ "page_id": 1516108, "title": "Crystallographic texture" }
In biology, a type is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally associated. In other words, a type is an example that serves to anchor or centralizes the defining features of that particular taxon. In older usage (pre-1900 in b...	{ "page_id": 533069, "title": "Type (biology)" }
then the oldest name takes precedence and is considered to be the correct name of the material in hand. If on the other hand, the taxon appears never to have been named at all, then the scientist or another qualified expert picks a type specimen and publishes a new name and an official description. Depending on the nom...	{ "page_id": 533069, "title": "Type (biology)" }
aberrant or deformed individuals or color variations, though this is rarely chosen to be the case, as it makes it hard to determine to which population the individual belonged. The usage of the term type is somewhat complicated by slightly different uses in botany and zoology. In the PhyloCode, type-based definitions a...	{ "page_id": 533069, "title": "Type (biology)" }
artists were sometimes employed by a botanist to make faithful and detailed illustrations. Some such illustrations have become the best record and have been chosen to serve as the type of taxon. A detailed picture of something that can be seen only through a microscope. A tiny "plant" on a microscope slide makes for a ...	{ "page_id": 533069, "title": "Type (biology)" }
a listing of the various kinds of types (article 9 and the Glossary), the most important of which is the holotype. These are holotype – the single specimen or illustration that the author(s) clearly indicated to be the nomenclatural type of a name lectotype – a specimen or illustration designated from the original mate...	{ "page_id": 533069, "title": "Type (biology)" }
typically used for an individual or fossil that is any of the various name-bearing types for a species. For example, the type specimen for the species Homo neanderthalensis was the specimen "Neanderthal-1" discovered by Johann Karl Fuhlrott in 1856 at Feldhofer in the Neander Valley in Germany, consisting of a skullcap...	{ "page_id": 533069, "title": "Type (biology)" }
important functions of such collections. And, while there is only one holotype designated, there can be other "type" specimens, the following of which are formally defined: ==== Holotype ==== When a single specimen is clearly designated in the original description, this specimen is known as the holotype of that species...	{ "page_id": 533069, "title": "Type (biology)" }
of name-bearing type. When a species was originally described on the basis of a name-bearing type consisting of multiple specimens, one of those may be designated as the lectotype. Having a single name-bearing type reduces the potential for confusion, especially considering that it is not uncommon for a series of synty...	{ "page_id": 533069, "title": "Type (biology)" }
The terms parahapantotype and lectohapantotype refer to type preparations additional to the hapantotype and designated by the describing author. As with other type designations the use of the prefix "Neo-", such as Neohapantotype, is employed when a replacement for the original hapantotype is designated, or when an ori...	{ "page_id": 533069, "title": "Type (biology)" }
morph of a long-known species, using only the available blood and feather samples. While there is still some debate on the need to deposit actual killed individuals as type specimens, it can be observed that given proper vouchering and storage, tissue samples can be just as valuable should dispute about the validity of...	{ "page_id": 533069, "title": "Type (biology)" }
as the original type). A topotype is a specimen that was obtained from the same location that the original type specimen came from. The term fixation is used by the Code for the declaration of a name-bearing type, whether by original or subsequent designation. === Type species === Each genus must have a designated type...	{ "page_id": 533069, "title": "Type (biology)" }
family name does not need to be changed in such a situation. == See also == Archetype Glossary of scientific naming Nomen dubium (zoology) Nomen nudum Genetypes – genetic sequence data from type specimens Pathotype – a type of intrasubspecific taxon of pathogenic bacteria Principle of typification == References == == E...	{ "page_id": 533069, "title": "Type (biology)" }
== Template documentation == {{Enzyme index}} will add this template to the article.	{ "page_id": 40313421, "title": "Template:Enzyme index" }

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.