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The molecular formula C10H18 may refer to: Bornane Cyclodecene Decalin Decynes 1-Decyne 2-Decyne 3-Decyne 4-Decyne 5-Decyne, also known as dibutylethyne Spirodecane	{ "page_id": 23536207, "title": "C10H18" }
Binary classification is the task of classifying the elements of a set into one of two groups (each called class). Typical binary classification problems include: Medical testing to determine if a patient has a certain disease or not; Quality control in industry, deciding whether a specification has been met; In inform...	{ "page_id": 205393, "title": "Binary classification" }
computing two ratios of a standard pattern. There are eight basic ratios of this form that one can compute from the contingency table, which come in four complementary pairs (each pair summing to 1). These are obtained by dividing each of the four numbers by the sum of its row or column, yielding eight numbers, which c...	{ "page_id": 205393, "title": "Binary classification" }
be used when. Otherwise, there is no general rule for deciding. There is also no general agreement on how the pair of indicators should be used to decide on concrete questions, such as when to prefer one classifier over another. One can take ratios of a complementary pair of ratios, yielding four likelihood ratios (two...	{ "page_id": 205393, "title": "Binary classification" }
Bayesian networks Support vector machines Neural networks Logistic regression Probit model Genetic Programming Multi expression programming Linear genetic programming Each classifier is best in only a select domain based upon the number of observations, the dimensionality of the feature vector, the noise in the data an...	{ "page_id": 205393, "title": "Binary classification" }
value that is lower than the predictive value given from the continuous value. For example, a urine hCG value of 200,000 mIU/ml confers a very high probability of pregnancy, but conversion to binary values results in that it shows just as "positive" as the one of 52 mIU/ml. == See also == Approximate membership query f...	{ "page_id": 205393, "title": "Binary classification" }
In artificial intelligence (AI), a foundation model, also known as large X model (LxM), is a machine learning or deep learning model trained on vast datasets so that it can be applied across a wide range of use cases. Generative AI applications like large language models (LLM) are common examples of foundation models. ...	{ "page_id": 70984276, "title": "Foundation model" }
noteworthy action all happened after 'pretraining." The term "foundation model" was chosen over "foundational model" because "foundational" implies that these models provide fundamental principles in a way that "foundation" does not. As governments regulate foundation models, new legal definitions have emerged. In the ...	{ "page_id": 70984276, "title": "Foundation model" }
Eshoo's definition also specifies that foundation models must achieve a level of performance as to be a potential danger. In contrast, the E.U. definition requires the model to be designed for generality of output. All definitions agree that foundation models must be trained on a broad range of data with potential appl...	{ "page_id": 70984276, "title": "Foundation model" }
safety." These "dangerous capabilities" stem from the accidental or intentional misuse of such models, which in conjunction with their powerful nature can lead to severe harms. As foundation models continue to improve, some AI researchers speculate that almost all next-generation foundation models will be considered fr...	{ "page_id": 70984276, "title": "Foundation model" }
as foundation models, to be a high priority. General-purpose AI systems are often characterized by large size, opacity, and potential for emergence, all of which can create unintended harms. Such systems also heavily influence downstream applications, which further exacerbates the need for regulation. In regards to pro...	{ "page_id": 70984276, "title": "Foundation model" }
meaningful data points. Additionally, since foundation models are designed to solve a general range of tasks, training objectives ought to be domain complete, or able to solve a broad set of downstream capabilities within the given domain. Lastly, foundation model training objectives should seek to scale well and be co...	{ "page_id": 70984276, "title": "Foundation model" }
models also brings about issues with the computer systems they run on. The average foundation model is too large to be run within a single accelerator's memory and the initial training process requires an expensive amount of resources. Such issues are predicted to further exacerbate in future as foundation models grow ...	{ "page_id": 70984276, "title": "Foundation model" }
exponent to a power law with another (different) exponent. When one does not collect any points near (or after) the break(s), it can be difficult to obtain an accurate extrapolation. === Adaptation === Foundation models are inherently multi-purpose: to use these model for a specific use case requires some form of adapt...	{ "page_id": 70984276, "title": "Foundation model" }
on their own general capabilities and the performance of fine-tuned applications, evaluation must cover both metrics. Proper evaluation examines both a foundation model's downstream applications in aggregate and the direct properties the foundation model holds. To ensure further equity in evaluation, certain existing e...	{ "page_id": 70984276, "title": "Foundation model" }
power their capabilities. Early foundation models scraped from subsets of the internet to provide this data information. As the size and scope of foundation models grows, larger quantities of internet scraping becomes necessary, resulting in higher likelihoods of biased or toxic data. This toxic or biased data can disp...	{ "page_id": 70984276, "title": "Foundation model" }
are provided by the Open Source Initiative. Some open foundation models are: PaLM 2, Llama 2, Granite, and Mistral. While open foundation models can further research and development more easily, they are also more susceptible to misuse. Open foundation models can be downloaded by anyone, and particularly powerful model...	{ "page_id": 70984276, "title": "Foundation model" }
A number of gene mutations have been linked to conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system. == See also == List of radiographic findings associated with cutaneous conditions List of cutaneous conditions caused by mutations in keratins List of contact allergens List of histologic stains that aid in diagnos...	{ "page_id": 36905556, "title": "List of genes mutated in cutaneous conditions" }
Ernst Dieter Dickmanns is a German pioneer of dynamic computer vision and of driverless cars. Dickmanns has been a professor at Bundeswehr University Munich (1975–2001), and visiting professor to Caltech and to MIT, teaching courses on "dynamic vision". == Biography == Dickmanns was born in 1936. He studied aerospace a...	{ "page_id": 5841495, "title": "Ernst Dickmanns" }
vision. Spatiotemporal models were used right from the beginning, dubbed '4-D approach', which did not need storing previous images but nonetheless was able to yield estimates of all 3-D position and velocity components. Attention control including artificial saccadic movements of the platform carrying the cameras allo...	{ "page_id": 5841495, "title": "Ernst Dickmanns" }
airport Charles-de-Gaulle in Paris. With guests on board, the twin vehicles of Daimler-Benz (VITA-2) and UniBwM (VaMP) drove more than 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) on the three-lane highway in standard heavy traffic at speeds up to 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph). Driving in free lanes, convoy driving with distance keepi...	{ "page_id": 5841495, "title": "Ernst Dickmanns" }
unknown width and intersection angles required a big effort, but has been achieved with "Expectation-based, Multi-focal, Saccadic vision" (EMS-vision). This vertebrate-type vision uses animation capabilities based on knowledge about subject classes (including the autonomous vehicle itself) and their potential behaviour...	{ "page_id": 5841495, "title": "Ernst Dickmanns" }
In physics, the principle of relativity is the requirement that the equations describing the laws of physics have the same form in all admissible frames of reference. For example, in the framework of special relativity, the Maxwell equations have the same form in all inertial frames of reference. In the framework of ge...	{ "page_id": 74327, "title": "Principle of relativity" }
K' moving in uniform translation relatively to K. This postulate defines an inertial frame of reference. The special principle of relativity states that physical laws should be the same in every inertial frame of reference, but that they may vary across non-inertial ones. This principle is used in both Newtonian mechan...	{ "page_id": 74327, "title": "Principle of relativity" }
was incompatible with the relativity principle, in the way it was defined by Henri Poincaré: The principle of relativity, according to which the laws of physical phenomena should be the same, whether for an observer fixed, or for an observer carried along in a uniform movement of translation; so that we have not and co...	{ "page_id": 74327, "title": "Principle of relativity" }
relativity == The general principle of relativity states:All systems of reference are equivalent with respect to the formulation of the fundamental laws of physics. That is, physical laws are the same in all reference frames—inertial or non-inertial. An accelerated charged particle might emit synchrotron radiation, tho...	{ "page_id": 74327, "title": "Principle of relativity" }
global Lorentz covariance of special relativity becomes a local Lorentz covariance in the presence of matter. The presence of matter "curves" spacetime, and this curvature affects the path of free particles (and even the path of light). General relativity uses the mathematics of differential geometry and tensors in ord...	{ "page_id": 74327, "title": "Principle of relativity" }
Bats are the only mammal capable of true flight. Bats use flight for capturing prey, breeding, avoiding predators, and long-distance migration. Bat wing morphology is often highly specialized to the needs of the species. == Evolution == Charles Darwin foresaw an issue with his theory of evolution by natural selection i...	{ "page_id": 53289561, "title": "Bat flight" }
rodents. A 2011 study hypothesized that, rather than having evolved from gliders, the ancestors of bats were flutterers, although the researchers did not find any actual evidence for this theory. A 2020 study proposed that flight in bats might have originated independently at least three times, in the groups Yangochiro...	{ "page_id": 53289561, "title": "Bat flight" }
provide sufficient oxygen supply to its body, bats also had to make several metabolic adaptations to provide for the increased energy cost of flight including high metabolic rate, increased lung capacity, and aerobic respiration. Bats are the only mammals specialized for flight for a few reasons. They have specialized ...	{ "page_id": 53289561, "title": "Bat flight" }
11 depending on the wing morphology of a given species. Faster flight speed is significantly correlated with higher aspect ratios. Higher aspect ratios decrease the energetic costs of flight, which is beneficial to migratory species. Another way to calculate the wing aspect ratio is by taking the length of the wrist to...	{ "page_id": 53289561, "title": "Bat flight" }
bat family Molossidae is considered highly specialized at hawking, with unusually high aspect ratios and wing loading. These traits make them capable of incredibly fast speeds. Mexican free-tailed bats are thought to be the fastest mammal on earth, capable of horizontal flight speeds over a level surface up to 160 km/h...	{ "page_id": 53289561, "title": "Bat flight" }
nectarivorous species with small home ranges. === Carnivory === Bats that consume non-insect animal prey are benefited by low wing-loading, which allows them to lift and carry larger prey items. This increased capacity for lift even allows them to take flight from the ground while carrying a prey item that is half of t...	{ "page_id": 53289561, "title": "Bat flight" }
Lady Octopus (Carolyn Trainer), also known as Doctor Octopus II, is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, primarily as an enemy to the superheroes Spider-Man and Scarlet Spider. The character is the protégée of Otto Octavius, the original Doctor Octopus, and assumes her mentor's m...	{ "page_id": 1778264, "title": "Lady Octopus" }
miniseries Spider-Society, Lady Octopus joins the Sinister Squadron in attacking the eponymous Spider-Society in an attempt to prevent it from forming. == Powers and abilities == Lady Octopus possesses no superhuman abilities. Instead, she wears a special harness, similar to the one used by the original Doctor Octopus,...	{ "page_id": 1778264, "title": "Lady Octopus" }
== === Television === Lady Octopus appears in the Spider-Man episode "Between an Ock and a Hard Place", voiced by Kari Wahlgren. This version has a Ph.D in electronics. An original female incarnation of Doctor Octopus loosely based on Carolyn Trainer appears in Spidey and His Amazing Friends, voiced by Kelly Ohanian. =...	{ "page_id": 1778264, "title": "Lady Octopus" }
An antitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin. Antitoxins are produced by certain animals, plants, and bacteria in response to toxin exposure. Although they are most effective in neutralizing toxins, they can also kill bacteria and other microorganisms. Antitoxins are made within organisms...	{ "page_id": 729694, "title": "Antitoxin" }
4 December 1890, Behring and Kitasato Shibasaburō published their first paper on blood-serum therapy. On 11 December, another report, signed by Behring, discussed blood-serum therapy not only in the treatment of tetanus, but also in diphtheria. When Paul Ehrlich demonstrated in 1891 that even vegetable poisons led to t...	{ "page_id": 729694, "title": "Antitoxin" }
Immunoconjugates are antibodies conjugated (joined) to a second molecule, usually a toxin, radioisotope or label. These conjugates are used in immunotherapy and to develop monoclonal antibody therapy as a targeted form of chemotherapy when they are often known as antibody-drug conjugates. When the conjugates include a ...	{ "page_id": 13574754, "title": "Immunoconjugate" }
The Randić index, also known as the connectivity index, of a graph is the sum of bond contributions 1 / ( d i d j ) 1 / 2 {\displaystyle 1/(d_{i}d_{j})^{1/2}} where d i {\displaystyle d_{i}} and d j {\displaystyle d_{j}} are the degrees of the vertices making bond i ~ j. == History == This graph invariant was introduce...	{ "page_id": 24257124, "title": "Randić's molecular connectivity index" }
The anacoustic zone, also known as the zone of silence, is the region of the atmosphere of Earth above about 160 kilometers (99 mi) where the air density becomes so low that air molecules are not close enough to support transmission of sound waves within the hearing range. As altitude increases through the atmosphere, ...	{ "page_id": 29631091, "title": "Anacoustic zone" }
Implicit blockmodeling is an approach in blockmodeling, similar to a valued and homogeneity blockmodeling, where initially an additional normalization is used and then while specifying the parameter of the relevant link is replaced by the block maximum. This approach was first proposed by Batagelj and Ferligoj in 2000,...	{ "page_id": 68559478, "title": "Implicit blockmodeling" }
There are many human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles associated with conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system == See also == List of allergens List of cutaneous conditions associated with increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer List of cutaneous conditions associated with internal malignancy List of ...	{ "page_id": 36971126, "title": "List of human leukocyte antigen alleles associated with cutaneous conditions" }
Bating is a technical term used in the tanning industry to denote leather that has been treated with hen or pigeon manure, similar to puering (see puer) where the leather has been treated with dog excrement, and which treatment, in both cases, was performed on the raw hide prior to tanning in order to render the skins,...	{ "page_id": 73212538, "title": "Bating (leather)" }
(with high levels of ammonia) neutralized with sulphuric acid. This method more nearly approximates to the conditions of the dung. === Experimentation and research === Puering fell into disuse after Robert Hasenclever began producing the enzyme pancreatin on an industrial scale between 1895 and 1897. By 1907, it was us...	{ "page_id": 73212538, "title": "Bating (leather)" }
process cannot be substituted by chemical processes, as the process of bating gives certain desired characteristics to the finished leather. Large-scale use of microbial enzymes, following the introduction of fermentation technology, has become standard in the tanning industry. Enzymatic soaking of the raw hides has be...	{ "page_id": 73212538, "title": "Bating (leather)" }
dog fæces, having no prescribed quantity [=puering], and a little salt [is added thereto], and then they seal the mouth of the pit, leaving it there for one day in summer months, and three days in winter months, no longer [than the duration of that time], so that they be not eaten up. They then remove them and check th...	{ "page_id": 73212538, "title": "Bating (leather)" }
Acacia nilotica kraussiana), with which a bath solution was made and the raw hides inserted and left there for about two weeks, constantly stirring and changing the water after one week. In some places in Yemen, the leaves of African rue (Peganum harmala) were used instead of Acacia leaves. In Yemen and Ethiopia, casto...	{ "page_id": 73212538, "title": "Bating (leather)" }
Constrictivity is a dimensionless parameter used to describe transport processes (often molecular diffusion) in porous media. Constrictivity is viewed to depend on the ratio of the diameter of the diffusing particle to the pore diameter. The value of constrictivity is always less than 1. The constrictivity is defined n...	{ "page_id": 21045882, "title": "Constrictivity" }
Transfer, 17: 1093–1103	{ "page_id": 21045882, "title": "Constrictivity" }
ASPicDB is a database of human protein variants generated by alternative splicing, a process by which the exons of the RNA produced by transcription of a gene are reconnected in multiple ways during RNA splicing. == See also == Alternative splicing Alternative splicing annotation project EDAS == References == == Extern...	{ "page_id": 30351997, "title": "ASPicDB" }
Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg (Senckenberg Research Institute Courier) was a multilingual (German and English) scientific journal focusing on geology and paleontology. The Senckenberg Nature Research Society published 260 volumes from 1973 to 2008. == References == == External links == Official website	{ "page_id": 55911039, "title": "Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg" }
Indirect DNA damage occurs when a UV-photon is absorbed in the human skin by a chromophore that does not have the ability to convert the energy into harmless heat very quickly. Molecules that do not have this ability have a long-lived excited state. This long lifetime leads to a high probability for reactions with othe...	{ "page_id": 15737471, "title": "Indirect DNA damage" }
Unlike direct DNA damage, which occurs in areas directly exposed to UV-B light, reactive chemical species can travel through the body and affect other areas—possibly even inner organs. The traveling nature of the indirect DNA damage can be seen in the fact that the malignant melanoma can occur in places that are not di...	{ "page_id": 15737471, "title": "Indirect DNA damage" }
The molecular formula C18H27N (molar mass: 257.42 g/mol, exact mass: 257.2143 u) may refer to: 3-Methyl-PCP Butyltolylquinuclidine (BTQ)	{ "page_id": 61219457, "title": "C18H27N" }
Benjamin Egishevich Markarian (Armenian: Բենիամին Եղիշեի Մարգարյան) was an Armenian astrophysicist. Markarian's Chain is a group of galaxies which was named after him when he discovered that its members move with a common motion. He is also the namesake of a catalog of compact, optically bright galaxies (including both...	{ "page_id": 12198529, "title": "Benjamin Markarian" }
The Madelung constant is used in determining the electrostatic potential of a single ion in a crystal by approximating the ions by point charges. It is named after Erwin Madelung, a German physicist. Because the anions and cations in an ionic solid attract each other by virtue of their opposing charges, separating the ...	{ "page_id": 2040454, "title": "Madelung constant" }
root w of the unit cell volume, which for cubic systems is equal to the lattice constant. Thus, the Madelung constant then reads M ¯ i = ∑ j z j r i j / w = M i w r 0 . {\displaystyle {\overline {M}}_{i}=\sum _{j}{\frac {z_{j}}{r_{ij}/w}}=M_{i}{\frac {w}{r_{0}}}.} The electrostatic energy of the ion at site ri then is ...	{ "page_id": 2040454, "title": "Madelung constant" }
constant unless the order of summation is also specified. There are two "obvious" methods of summing this series, by expanding cubes or expanding spheres. Although the latter is often found in the literature, M = − 6 + 12 2 − 8 3 + 6 2 − 24 5 + … {\displaystyle M=-6+{\frac {12}{\sqrt {2}}}-{\frac {8}{\sqrt {3}}}+{\frac...	{ "page_id": 2040454, "title": "Madelung constant" }
the inclusion of higher order moments, i.e. multipole moments of the charge density might be required. It is shown by electrostatics that the interaction between two point charges only accounts for the first term of a general Taylor series describing the interaction between two charge distributions of arbitrary shape. ...	{ "page_id": 2040454, "title": "Madelung constant" }
lattice sums for invariant cubic lattice complexes and certain tetragonal structures". J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 8 (11): 1734–1745. Bibcode:1975JPhA....8.1734Z. doi:10.1088/0305-4470/8/11/008. Zucker, I. J. (1976). "Functional equations for poly-dimensional zeta functions and the evaluation of Madelung constants". J. Phys...	{ "page_id": 2040454, "title": "Madelung constant" }
The grit, not grass hypothesis is an evolutionary hypothesis that explains the evolution of high-crowned teeth, particularly in New World mammals. The hypothesis is that the ingestion of gritty soil is the primary driver of hypsodont tooth development, not the silica-rich composition of grass, as was previously thought...	{ "page_id": 44311175, "title": "Grit, not grass hypothesis" }
and open habitat foraging in the development of hypsodont teeth using a dataset of 134 species of artiodactyls and perissodactyls. The results suggested that high-crowned teeth represent are adapted for a particular feeding environment, not diet preference. === Morphology === More recent examination of mammalian teeth ...	{ "page_id": 44311175, "title": "Grit, not grass hypothesis" }
rhinoceros both have brachydont, lophodont cheek teeth whereas the Indian rhinoceros, has hypsodont dentition. A mammal may have exclusively hypsodont molars or have a mix of dentitions. Hypsodont dentition is characterized by: High-crowned teeth A rough, flattish occlusal surface adapted for crushing and grinding Ceme...	{ "page_id": 44311175, "title": "Grit, not grass hypothesis" }
Playing God was a 2012 BBC documentary in the Horizon series, hosted by Adam Rutherford. The documentary discusses synthetic biology, the potential of science "breaking down nature into spare parts" and then rebuilding it back up as we wish. == Summary == Adam Rutherford has been studying the emerging field of syntheti...	{ "page_id": 36709000, "title": "Playing God (2012 film)" }
team utilizes the genetic code for molecules that convert light into electrical energy and inserts it in a virus or cassette that may be installed into various organisms. Because the brain works on electrical impulses, this technology may be applied to neural circuits, in order to treat various neurological disorders. ...	{ "page_id": 36709000, "title": "Playing God (2012 film)" }
== Reception == Playing God and presenter, Adam Rutherford, have been subject to criticism following the release of this documentary. As plainly stated by Andrew Marszal of The Telegraph, "Rutherford overcooked it, particularly in his opening gambit – the revelation that scientists have developed a new hybrid breed of ...	{ "page_id": 36709000, "title": "Playing God (2012 film)" }
The molecular formula C8H14O3 may refer to: Butyric anhydride Isobutyric anhydride	{ "page_id": 61219463, "title": "C8H14O3" }
Dendrosomes are vesicular, spherical, supramolecular entities wherein the dendrimer–nucleic acid complex is encapsulated within a lipophilic shell. They possess negligible hemolytic toxicity and higher transfection efficiency, and they are better tolerated in vivo than are dendrimers. The word " Dendrosome" came from t...	{ "page_id": 27140749, "title": "Dendrosome" }
The molecular formula C16H18O2 (molar mass: 242.31 g/mol, exact mass: 242.1307 u) may refer to: rac-Butestrol meso-Butestrol	{ "page_id": 64299662, "title": "C16H18O2" }
The molecular formula C25H42N7O17P3S (molar mass: 837.62 g/mol) may refer to: Butyryl-CoA Isobutyryl-CoA	{ "page_id": 61219476, "title": "C25H42N7O17P3S" }
Ingo Sick (28 May 1939 — 30 May 2021) was a Swiss experimental nuclear physicist. Sick earned his PhD in 1968 at the University of Basel. In 1983, he became an ausserordentlicher Professor (professor without chair) for Experimental Physics at Basel. In 1993, he succeeded Eugene Baumgartner and became an ordentlicher Pr...	{ "page_id": 27730581, "title": "Ingo Sick" }
In nuclear physics, a decay product (also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope, radio-daughter, or daughter nuclide) is the remaining nuclide left over from radioactive decay. Radioactive decay often proceeds via a sequence of steps (decay chain). For example, 238U decays to 234Th which decays to 234mPa which ...	{ "page_id": 74390, "title": "Decay product" }
are extremely predictable. Because of this, decay products are important to scientists in many fields who need to know the quantity or type of the parent product. Such studies are done to measure pollution levels (in and around nuclear facilities) and for other matters. == See also == Decay chain == References ==	{ "page_id": 74390, "title": "Decay product" }
The human microbiome is the aggregate of all microbiota that reside on or within human tissues and biofluids along with the corresponding anatomical sites in which they reside, including the gastrointestinal tract, skin, mammary glands, seminal fluid, uterus, ovarian follicles, lung, saliva, oral mucosa, conjunctiva, a...	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
as the promotion of immune system development, regulation of metabolism, and protection against pathogenic microorganisms. Understanding the complex interplay between the human microbiota and early life health is crucial for developing interventions and strategies to support optimal microbiota development and improve o...	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
which can also be used to study the functional potential of the community. One of the challenges that is present in human microbiome studies, but not in other metagenomic studies, is to avoid including the host DNA in the study. Aside from simply elucidating the composition of the human microbiome, one of the major que...	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
=== Analysis after the processing === The statistical analysis is essential to validate the obtained results (ANOVA can be used to size the differences between the groups); if it is paired with graphical tools, the outcome is easily visualized and understood. Once a metagenome is assembled, it is possible to infer the ...	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
primer choice; in this kind of analysis, it is desirable to use a well-validated protocol (such as the one used in the Earth Microbiome Project). The first thing to do in a marker gene amplicon analysis is to remove sequencing errors; a lot of sequencing platforms are very reliable, but most of the apparent sequence di...	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
statistical analysis to get more significant results. Ancestral state reconstruction is used in microbiome studies to impute trait values for taxa whose traits are unknown. This is commonly performed with PICRUSt, which relies on available databases. Phylogenetic variables are chosen by researchers according to the typ...	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
controlling the human microbial dynamics. Controlling the microbial communities could result in solving very bad and harmful diseases. == Types == === Bacteria === Populations of microbes (such as bacteria and yeasts) inhabit the skin and mucosal surfaces in various parts of the body. Their role forms part of normal, h...	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
that dissolve tooth enamel, causing tooth decay. The vaginal microflora consist mostly of various lactobacillus species. It was long thought that the most common of these species was Lactobacillus acidophilus, but it has later been shown that L. iners is in fact most common, followed by L. crispatus. Other lactobacilli...	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
human microbiome. == Anatomical areas == === Skin === A study of 20 skin sites on each of ten healthy humans found 205 identified genera in 19 bacterial phyla, with most sequences assigned to four phyla: Actinomycetota (51.8%), Bacillota (24.4%), Pseudomonadota (16.5%), and Bacteroidota (6.3%). A large number of fungal...	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
gut's microbial composition. Babies born through the vaginal canal have non-pathogenic, beneficial gut microbiota similar to those found in the mother. However, the gut microbiota of babies delivered by C-section harbors more pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus and it takes longer to develop...	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
methods to detect bacteria in urine when people show signs of a urinary tract infection; it is common for these tests to show no bacteria present. It appears that common culture methods do not detect many kinds of bacteria and other microorganisms that are normally present. As of 2017, sequencing methods were used to i...	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
Pichia, Eurotium, Alternaria, Rhodotorula, and Cladosporium, among others. === Placenta === Until recently the placenta was considered to be a sterile organ but commensal, nonpathogenic bacterial species and genera have been identified that reside in the placental tissue. However, the existence of a microbiome in the p...	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
evolved mechanisms to sense their environment and evade or modify the host. However, a highly efficient innate host defense system constantly monitors the bacterial colonization and prevents bacterial invasion of local tissues. A dynamic equilibrium exists between dental plaque bacteria and the innate host defense syst...	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus species. The mucosal microbiome plays a critical role in modulating viral infection. === Lung === Much like the oral cavity, the upper and lower respiratory system possess mechanical deterrents to remove microbes. Goblet cells produce mucus which traps microbes and moves them out of t...	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
2 diabetes and obesity to inflammatory bowel disease, Parkinson's disease, and even mental health conditions like depression. A symbiotic relationship between the gut microbiota and different bacteria may influence an individual's immune response. Metabolites generated by gut microbes appear to be causative factors in ...	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
and rectal cancers. Microbial density may be used as a prognostic tool in assessment of colorectal cancers. The microbiota may affect carcinogenesis in three broad ways: (i) altering the balance of tumor cell proliferation and death, (ii) regulating immune system function, and (iii) influencing metabolism of host-produ...	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
these diseases present with disruptions in the gut microbiota (also known as dysbiosis). This dysbiosis presents itself in the form of decreased microbial diversity in the gut, and is correlated to defects in host genes that changes the innate immune response in individuals. === Disorders of the gut-brain interaction =...	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
various isoforms of lithocholic acid that may contribute to healthy aging. === Death === With death, the microbiome of the living body collapses and a different composition of microorganisms named necrobiome establishes itself as an important active constituent of the complex physical decomposition process. Its predict...	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
The Microbes Within Us and a Grander View of Life. 368 pages, Published 9 August 2016 by Ecco, ISBN 0062368591. == References == == External links == The Secret World Inside You Exhibit 2015–2016, American Museum of Natural History FAQ: Human Microbiome, January 2014 American Society For Microbiology	{ "page_id": 205464, "title": "Human microbiome" }
Phosphorus fluoride may refer to any of the following: Phosphorus trifluoride, PF3 Phosphorus pentafluoride, PF5 Diphosphorus tetrafluoride, P2F4 See phosphorus halides for a complete list of phosphorus halides.	{ "page_id": 27599512, "title": "Phosphorus fluoride" }
The parallel axis theorem, also known as Huygens–Steiner theorem, or just as Steiner's theorem, named after Christiaan Huygens and Jakob Steiner, can be used to determine the moment of inertia or the second moment of area of a rigid body about any axis, given the body's moment of inertia about a parallel axis through t...	{ "page_id": 30876319, "title": "Parallel axis theorem" }
( x − D ) 2 + y 2 ] d m . {\displaystyle I=\int \left[(x-D)^{2}+y^{2}\right]\,dm.} Expanding the brackets yields I = ∫ ( x 2 + y 2 ) d m + D 2 ∫ d m − 2 D ∫ x d m . {\displaystyle I=\int (x^{2}+y^{2})\,dm+D^{2}\int dm-2D\int x\,dm.} The first term is Icm and the second term becomes MD2. The integral in the final term i...	{ "page_id": 30876319, "title": "Parallel axis theorem" }
{I} +m\left[\left(\mathbf {R} \cdot \mathbf {R} \right)\mathbf {E} _{3}-\mathbf {R} \otimes \mathbf {R} \right],} where E3 is the 3 × 3 identity matrix and ⊗ {\displaystyle \otimes } is the outer product. Further generalization of the parallel axis theorem gives the inertia tensor about any set of orthogonal axes paral...	{ "page_id": 30876319, "title": "Parallel axis theorem" }
r y c z + r z c y ) − 1 / 2 ( r x c z + r z c x ) − 1 / 2 ( r y c z + r y c z ) ( r x c x + r y c y ) ] {\displaystyle M[\mathbf {r} ,\mathbf {c} ]=\left[{\begin{array}{rrr}(r_{y}c_{y}+r_{z}c_{z})&-1/2(r_{x}c_{y}+r_{y}c_{x})&-1/2(r_{x}c_{z}+r_{z}c_{x})\\-1/2(r_{x}c_{y}+r_{y}c_{x})&(r_{x}c_{x}+r_{z}c_{z})&-1/2(r_{y}c_{z...	{ "page_id": 30876319, "title": "Parallel axis theorem" }
is integrated over the volume V of the body. The polar moment of inertia of a body undergoing planar movement can be computed relative to any reference point S, I S = ∫ V ρ ( r ) ( r − S ) ⋅ ( r − S ) d V , {\displaystyle I_{S}=\int _{V}\rho (\mathbf {r} )(\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {S} )\cdot (\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {S} )\,dV...	{ "page_id": 30876319, "title": "Parallel axis theorem" }
theorem. == Moment of inertia matrix == The inertia matrix of a rigid system of particles depends on the choice of the reference point. There is a useful relationship between the inertia matrix relative to the center of mass R and the inertia matrix relative to another point S. This relationship is called the parallel ...	{ "page_id": 30876319, "title": "Parallel axis theorem" }

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