text stringlengths 2 4.67k | source dict |
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i = 1 n m i [ r i − R ] ) [ d ] + [ d ] ( − ∑ i = 1 n m i [ r i − R ] ) + ( − ∑ i = 1 n m i ) [ d ] [ d ] . {\displaystyle [I_{S}]=\left(-\sum _{i=1}^{n}m_{i}[r_{i}-R][r_{i}-R]\right)+\left(-\sum _{i=1}^{n}m_{i}[r_{i}-R]\right)[d]+[d]\left(-\sum _{i=1}^{n}m_{i}[r_{i}-R]\right)+\left(-\sum _{i=1}^{n}m_{i}\right)[d][d].}... | {
"page_id": 30876319,
"title": "Parallel axis theorem"
} |
formed by the outer product [R RT] using the identity − [ R ] 2 = | R | 2 [ E 3 ] − [ R R T ] = [ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 0 0 0 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 0 0 0 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ] − [ x 2 x y x z y x y 2 y z z x z y z 2 ] , {\displaystyle -[R]^{2}=|\mathbf {R} |^{2}[E_{3}]-[\mathbf {R} \mathbf {R} ^{T}]={\begin{bmatrix}x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}&0... | {
"page_id": 30876319,
"title": "Parallel axis theorem"
} |
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a type of immunoprecipitation experimental technique used to investigate the interaction between proteins and DNA in the cell. It aims to determine whether specific proteins are associated with specific genomic regions, such as transcription factors on promoters or other DNA bind... | {
"page_id": 26419872,
"title": "Chromatin immunoprecipitation"
} |
used to shear the chromatin. Chromatin fragments of 400 - 500bp have proven to be suitable for ChIP assays as they cover two to three nucleosomes. Cell debris in the sheared lysate is then cleared by sedimentation and protein–DNA complexes are selectively immunoprecipitated using specific antibodies to the protein(s) o... | {
"page_id": 26419872,
"title": "Chromatin immunoprecipitation"
} |
disrupted or destroyed by formaldehyde cross-linking, particularly as the cross-links are likely to involve lysine e-amino groups in the N-terminals, disrupting the epitopes. This is likely to explain the consistently low efficiency of XChIP protocols compared to NChIP. But XChIP and NChIP have different aims and advan... | {
"page_id": 26419872,
"title": "Chromatin immunoprecipitation"
} |
binding identification. The main difference comes from the efficacy of the two techniques, ChIP-seq produces results with higher sensitivity and spatial resolution because of the wide range of genomic coverage. Even though ChIP-seq has proven to be more efficient than ChIP-chip, ChIP-seq is not always the first choice ... | {
"page_id": 26419872,
"title": "Chromatin immunoprecipitation"
} |
inert, porous polymer functionalized with either Protein A or G in spin columns or microplates. The chromatin-antibody complex is selectively retained by the disc and eluted to obtain enriched DNA for downstream applications such as qPCR and sequencing. The porous environment is specifically designed to maximize captur... | {
"page_id": 26419872,
"title": "Chromatin immunoprecipitation"
} |
for one ChIP. It can also use small (1 mm3) tissue biopsies and microChIP can be done within one day. Matrix ChIP: This is a microplate-based ChIP assay with increased throughput and a simplified procedure. All steps are done in microplate wells without sample transfers, enabling potential for automation. It enables 96... | {
"page_id": 26419872,
"title": "Chromatin immunoprecipitation"
} |
(ChIP) on Unfixed Chromatin from Cells and Tissues to Analyze Histone Modifications Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Protein Complexes: Mapping of Genomic Targets of Nuclear Proteins in Cultured Cells | {
"page_id": 26419872,
"title": "Chromatin immunoprecipitation"
} |
The Davis–Beirut reaction is N,N-bond forming heterocyclization that creates numerous types of 2H-indazoles and indazolones in both acidic and basic conditions The Davis–Beirut reaction is named after Mark Kurth and Makhluf Haddadin's respective universities; University of California, Davis and American University of B... | {
"page_id": 40706733,
"title": "Davis–Beirut reaction"
} |
the loss of the protonated hydroxyl group as a molecule of water. The final product produced by this mechanism is therefore a 3-oxy-substituted 2H-indazole. Slight variations of this mechanism exists depending on the starting materials and the conditions (acid or base) of the reaction. In instances of intramolecular ox... | {
"page_id": 40706733,
"title": "Davis–Beirut reaction"
} |
the complex nature of a heterocycle including a nitrogen-nitrogen bond and an ether side chain. The discovery of the Davis–Beirut reaction therefore provides any easy and cost effective way to synthetically create 2H-indazoles. Breakthroughs, including the success of introducing thioether moiety at C3 of the 2H-indazol... | {
"page_id": 40706733,
"title": "Davis–Beirut reaction"
} |
Ancient DNA (aDNA) is DNA isolated from ancient sources (typically specimens, but also environmental DNA). Due to degradation processes (including cross-linking, deamination and fragmentation) ancient DNA is more degraded in comparison with present-day genetic material. Genetic material has been recovered from paleo/ar... | {
"page_id": 3285684,
"title": "Ancient DNA"
} |
progress rapidly. Double primer PCR amplification of aDNA (jumping-PCR) can produce highly skewed and non-authentic sequence artifacts. Multiple primer, nested PCR strategy was used to overcome those shortcomings. === 1990s === The post-PCR era heralded a wave of publications as numerous research groups claimed success... | {
"page_id": 3285684,
"title": "Ancient DNA"
} |
year old aDNA would come to be dismissed as inauthentic. === 2000s === Single primer extension amplification was introduced in 2007 to address postmortem DNA modification damage. Since 2009 the field of aDNA studies has been revolutionized with the introduction of much cheaper research techniques. The use of high-throu... | {
"page_id": 3285684,
"title": "Ancient DNA"
} |
an upper boundary of 0.4 to 1.5 million years for a sample to contain sufficient DNA for contemporary sequencing technologies. Research into the decay of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA in moa bones has modelled mitochondrial DNA degradation to an average length of 1 base pair after 6,830,000 years at −5 °C. The decay ki... | {
"page_id": 3285684,
"title": "Ancient DNA"
} |
modern human DNA and by microbial DNA (most of which is also ancient). New methods have emerged in recent years to prevent possible contamination of aDNA samples, including conducting extractions under extreme sterile conditions, using special adapters to identify endogenous molecules of the sample (distinguished from ... | {
"page_id": 3285684,
"title": "Ancient DNA"
} |
group of researchers including Eske Willerslev, Marcus Thomas Pius Gilbert and Orlando Ludovic of the Centre for Geogenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark at the University of Copenhagen, announced that they had sequenced the DNA of a 560–780 thousand year old horse, using material extracted from a leg bone found ... | {
"page_id": 3285684,
"title": "Ancient DNA"
} |
Egypt. However, mummified remains are a limited resource. The majority of human aDNA studies have focused on extracting DNA from two sources much more common in the archaeological record: bones and teeth. The bone that is most often used for DNA extraction is the petrous ear bone, since its dense structure provides goo... | {
"page_id": 3285684,
"title": "Ancient DNA"
} |
although, in September 2017, ancient DNA samples, as old as 8,100 years old, have been reported. Moreover, ancient DNA has helped researchers to estimate modern human divergence. By sequencing African genomes from three Stone Age hunter gatherers (2000 years old) and four Iron Age farmers (300 to 500 years old), Schleb... | {
"page_id": 3285684,
"title": "Ancient DNA"
} |
Atomic mass (ma or m) is the mass of a single atom. The atomic mass mostly comes from the combined mass of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus, with minor contributions from the electrons and nuclear binding energy. The atomic mass of atoms, ions, or atomic nuclei is slightly less than the sum of the masses of thei... | {
"page_id": 19604151,
"title": "Atomic mass"
} |
below) can be obtained by dividing the atomic mass ma of an isotope by the atomic mass constant mu yielding a dimensionless value. Thus, the atomic mass of a carbon-12 atom is 12 Da by definition, but the relative isotopic mass of a carbon-12 atom is simply 12. The sum of relative isotopic masses of all atoms in a mole... | {
"page_id": 19604151,
"title": "Atomic mass"
} |
scaled by the mass of carbon-12, where the latter has to be determined experimentally. Equivalently, the relative isotopic mass of an isotope or nuclide is the mass of the isotope relative to 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. For example, the relative isotopic mass of a carbon-12 atom is exactly 12. For comparison,... | {
"page_id": 19604151,
"title": "Atomic mass"
} |
that can in principle be measured to high precision, since every specimen of such a nuclide is expected to be exactly identical to every other specimen, as all atoms of a given type in the same energy state, and every specimen of a particular nuclide, are expected to be exactly identical in mass to every other specimen... | {
"page_id": 19604151,
"title": "Atomic mass"
} |
56Fe to 1.007825031898(14) for 1H. Any mass defect due to nuclear binding energy is experimentally a small fraction (less than 1%) of the mass of an equal number of free nucleons. When compared to the average mass per nucleon in carbon-12, which is moderately strongly-bound compared with other atoms, the mass defect of... | {
"page_id": 19604151,
"title": "Atomic mass"
} |
whereas fusion in elements heavier than calcium requires energy. The fusion of two atoms of 4He yielding beryllium-8 would require energy, and the beryllium would quickly fall apart again. 4He can fuse with tritium (3H) or with 3He; these processes occurred during Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The formation of elements wit... | {
"page_id": 19604151,
"title": "Atomic mass"
} |
that atomic masses of all elements would prove to be exact multiples of that of hydrogen. Berzelius, however, soon proved that this was not even approximately true, and for some elements, such as chlorine, relative atomic mass, at about 35.5, falls almost exactly halfway between two integral multiples of that of hydrog... | {
"page_id": 19604151,
"title": "Atomic mass"
} |
is the dalton and symbol 'Da'. The name 'unified atomic mass unit' and symbol 'u' are recognized names and symbols for the same unit. The term atomic weight is being phased out slowly and being replaced by relative atomic mass, in most current usage. This shift in nomenclature reaches back to the 1960s and has been the... | {
"page_id": 19604151,
"title": "Atomic mass"
} |
The PHENIX detector (for Pioneering High Energy Nuclear Interaction eXperiment) is the largest of the four experiments that have taken data at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) in Brookhaven National Laboratory, United States. == Overview == PHENIX is an exploratory experiment for the investigation of high ene... | {
"page_id": 37888696,
"title": "PHENIX detector"
} |
Jacak (2007–2012). == The physics of PHENIX == The PHENIX collaboration performs basic research with high energy collisions of heavy ions and protons. The primary mission of PHENIX is the following: Search for a new state of matter called the quark–gluon plasma, which is believed to be the state of matter existing in t... | {
"page_id": 37888696,
"title": "PHENIX detector"
} |
A cement mill (or finish mill in North American usage) is the equipment used to grind the hard, nodular clinker from the cement kiln into the fine grey powder that is cement. Most cement is currently ground in ball mills and also vertical roller mills which are more effective than ball mills. == History == Early hydrau... | {
"page_id": 9577146,
"title": "Cement mill"
} |
retard the hydration of tricalcium aluminate. The calcium sulfate may consist of natural gypsum, anhydrite, or synthetic wastes such as flue-gas desulfurization gypsum. In addition, up to 5% calcium carbonate and up to 1% of other minerals may be added. It is normal to add a certain amount of water, and small quantitie... | {
"page_id": 9577146,
"title": "Cement mill"
} |
the optimum 2% γ-anhydrite. In the case of some efficient modern mills, insufficient heat is generated. This is corrected by recirculating part of the hot exhaust air to the mill inlet. == Ball Mills == A Ball mill is a horizontal cylinder partly filled with steel balls (or occasionally other shapes) that rotates on it... | {
"page_id": 9577146,
"title": "Cement mill"
} |
many as four chambers, allowing a tight segregation of media sizes, were once used, but this is now becoming rare. Alternatives to multi-chamber mills are: pairs of mills, run in tandem, charged with different-sized media. use of alternative technology (see Roll-presses below) to crush the clinker prior to fine-grindin... | {
"page_id": 9577146,
"title": "Cement mill"
} |
in concrete, so any particle over 14 μm diameter always leaves an un-reacted core. However, the lack of ultra-fine particles can be a disadvantage. These particles normally pack the spaces between the larger particles in a cement paste, and if absent the deficit is made up with extra water, leading to lower strength. T... | {
"page_id": 9577146,
"title": "Cement mill"
} |
therefore more efficient. Energy consumption is typically half that of a ball mill. However, the narrowness of the particle size distribution of the cement is problematic, and the process has yet to receive wide acceptance. == High-pressure roll presses == These consist of a pair of rollers set 8–30 mm apart and counte... | {
"page_id": 9577146,
"title": "Cement mill"
} |
electricity producers, who can negotiate power prices with major users in order to balance their generating capacity over 24 hours. More sophisticated arrangements such as "power shedding" are often employed. This consists of the cement manufacturer shutting down the plant at short notice when the power supplier expect... | {
"page_id": 9577146,
"title": "Cement mill"
} |
laser-diffraction analyzers, its use for routine control is becoming more frequent. This may take the form of a desk-top analyzer fed with automatically gathered samples in a robotized laboratory, or, increasingly commonly, instruments attached directly to the output ducts of the mill. In either case, the results can b... | {
"page_id": 9577146,
"title": "Cement mill"
} |
Necromeny is a symbiotic relationship where an animal (typically a juvenile stage nematode) infects a host and waits inside its body until its death, at which point it develops and completes its life-cycle on the cadaver, feeding on the decaying matter and the subsequent bacterial growth. As the necromenic animal benef... | {
"page_id": 70722235,
"title": "Necromeny"
} |
In competitive sports, doping is the use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) by athletes, as a way of cheating. As stated in the World Anti-Doping Code by WADA, doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping rule violations outlined in Article 2.1 through Article 2.11 of the Cod... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
improve their physical power at the risk of insanity, which is thought to have been prepared using the Amanita muscaria mushroom. The ancient Olympics in Greece have been alleged to have had forms of doping. In ancient Rome, where chariot racing had become a huge part of their culture, athletes drank herbal infusions t... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
– a tired cyclist falls off and possibly brings others crashing down as well. That's much more fun". The fascination with six-day bicycle races spread across the Atlantic and appealed to the crowds in America as well. And the more spectators paid at the gate, the higher the prizes could be and the greater was the incen... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
colleague that the Soviet weightlifting team's success was due to their use of testosterone as a performance-enhancing drug. Deciding that U.S. athletes needed chemical assistance to remain competitive, Ziegler worked with the CIBA Pharmaceutical Company to develop an oral anabolic steroid. This resulted in the creatio... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
in previous research by Mirkin, approximately half the athletes responded that they would take the drug, but modern research by James Connor and co-workers has yielded much lower numbers, with athletes having levels of acceptance of the dilemma that were similar to the general population of Australia. == Substances == ... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
a doctor who treated American athletes, went to Vienna with the American weightlifting team. There he met a Russian physician who, over "a few drinks", repeatedly asked "What are you giving your boys?" When Ziegler returned the question, the Russian said that his own athletes were being given testosterone. Returning to... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
banned by all major sporting bodies, including the ATP, WTA, ITF, International Olympic Committee, FIFA, UEFA, all major professional golf tours, the National Hockey League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the European Athletic Association, WWE, the NFL, and the UCI. However, drug testing ca... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
Summer Olympics. He subsequently failed the drug test when stanozolol was found in his urine. He later admitted to using the steroid as well as Dianabol, testosterone, Furazabol, and human growth hormone amongst other things. Johnson was stripped of his gold medal as well as his world-record performance. Carl Lewis was... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
are unlikely to have any effect on performance." Following Exum's revelations the IAAF acknowledged that at the 1988 Olympic Trials the USOC indeed followed the correct procedures in dealing with eight positive findings for ephedrine and ephedrine-related compounds in low concentration. Linford Christie of Great Britai... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
derivative, Benzedrine, was isolated in the U.S. in 1934 by Gordon Alles. Its perceived effects gave it the street name "speed". British troops used 72 million amphetamine tablets in the Second World War and the RAF got through so many that "Methedrine won the Battle of Britain" according to one report. The problem was... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
drugs. The club agreed that drugs had been used but that they "could not possibly have had any harmful effect." Dunlop, however, said he had become an addict. In November 1942, the Italian cyclist Fausto Coppi took "seven packets of amphetamine" to beat the world hour record on the track. In 1960, the Danish rider Knud... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
he seemed to have taken too many at once and he slept for a couple of days on end. We couldn't wake him up. We took him to hospital and they pumped out his stomach. They tied him to his bed to prevent anything going wrong again. But one way or another he had some stimulant and fancied taking a walk. A nurse came across... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
trainer Charles Lucas, pulled out a syringe and came to his aid as his runner began to struggle. I therefore decided to inject him with a milligram of sulphate of strychnine and to make him drink a large glass brimming with brandy. He set off again as best he could [but] he needed another injection four miles from the ... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
time we left for dormitory and we had to say where we were going and what time we would return. One day, my trainer, Günter Clam, advised me to take pills to improve my performance: I was running 200m in 24 seconds. My trainer told me the pills were vitamins, but I soon had cramp in my legs, my voice became gruff and s... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
what the IAAF hoped, sending her home to East Germany meant she was free to train unchecked with anabolic steroids, if she wanted to, and then compete for another gold medal, which she won. After that, almost nothing emerged from the East German sports schools and laboratories. A rare exception was the visit by the spo... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
found that the Stasi, the state secret police, supervised systematic doping of East German athletes from 1971 until reunification in 1990. Doping existed in other countries, says the expert Jean-Pierre de Mondenard, both communist and capitalist, but the difference with East Germany was that it was a state policy. The ... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
in East Berlin, were committed for trial for allegedly supplying 19 teenagers with illegal substances. Binus was sentenced in August, Pansold in December 1998 – both were found guilty of administering hormones to underage female athletes from 1975 to 1984. Virtually no East German athlete ever failed an official drugs ... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
study details how the West German government helped fund a wide-scale doping programme. West Germany encouraged and covered up a culture of doping across many sports for decades. Clemens Prokop, head of Germany's athletics federation, told Reuters Television in an interview, "It is a bit of a problem that there is a sh... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
Morning Herald newspaper, Chen Zhangho, the lead doctor for the Chinese Olympic team at the Los Angeles, Seoul and Barcelona Olympics told of how he had tested hormones, blood doping and steroids on about fifty elite athletes. Chen also accused the United States, the Soviet Union and France of using performance-enhanci... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
of the specimens he tested, including those from sixteen gold medalists, would have resulted in disciplinary proceedings had the tests been official. The results of Donike's unofficial tests later convinced the IOC to add his new technique to their testing protocols. The first documented case of "blood doping" occurred... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
Winter Olympics, WADA will allow individual cleared Russian athletes to compete neutrally under a title to be determined (which may not include the name "Russia", unlike the use of "Olympic Athletes from Russia" in 2018). Russia later filed an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) against the WADA decision... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
United States === The United States has had eight Olympic medals stripped for doping violations. In the case of swimmer Rick DeMont, the USOC recognized his gold-medal performance in the 1972 Summer Olympics in 2001, but only the IOC has the power to restore his medal, and it has as of 2017 refused to do so. DeMont ori... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
the organization and clarifying that the athletes were cleared according to the rules. Carl Lewis broke his silence on allegations that he was the beneficiary of a drugs cover-up, admitting he had failed tests for banned substances, but claiming he was just one of "hundreds" of American athletes who were allowed to esc... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
to have the same banned stimulants in their systems, and were cleared to compete for the same reason. The highest level of the stimulants Lewis recorded was 6 ppm, which was regarded as a positive test in 1988 but is now regarded as negative test. The acceptable level has been raised to ten parts per million for ephedr... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
from two players per team and per match are analysed by the Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses. === World Cups === A study titled "Doping in Germany from 1950 to today", published in August 2013, stated that some members of the Germany national team received injections during their successful world cup 1954. Erik Egg... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
(see next chapter). Argentina took "speedy coffee" before the qualifier for the world cup 1994 against Australia, at least this is what Maradona said in May 2011. It should make them run faster, but also caused sleeping problems. He also found it suspicious that only the deciding match (against Australia) had no anti-d... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
make sure they were consumed, a practice known as Caffè di Herrera ("Herrera's Coffee"). In 2010, Inter sued Mazzola but lost the case, the court believed him. One of the reasons he spoke up were the serious medical conditions and/or deaths of some of his former members: Giuliano Taccola, then team's captain Armando Pi... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
wrote about a long-running tradition of doping in the Bundesliga, claiming that lots of players were taking Captagon. He himself experimented with it and the effects were: Increased aggression, lower pain threshold, increased focus, confidence and endurance. The by effect was sleeping problems. In Köln he was chauffeur... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
to those expressly prohibited, is not to be sanctioned by disciplinary measures. However, regardless of the existence or not of any judgement rendered by a State court, sports authorities are under the obligation to prosecute the use of pharmaceutical substances which are prohibited by sports law or any other anti-dopi... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
was no surprise for Arsene Wenger, who said everyone in France assumed something like that going on. Additionally, Desailly and Cascarino claimed that Bernard Tapie, the president himself, distributed pills and injections. Author Mondenard also mentioned "injections for everyone". Tapie only admitted that some players ... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
had tested positive would need to be taken out of fights, which adversely affected fight cards, and therefore pay-per-view sales. If the UFC were not able to find a replacement fighter fights would have to be cancelled. According to Steven Marrocco of MMAjunkie.com, about 31% of UFC fighters subjected to random testing... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
with the promotion. == Endurance sports == The use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport has become an increasing problem across a wide range of sports. It is defined as any substance or drug that, when taken, gives an athlete an unfair advantage relative to a "clean" athlete. The banning of these drugs promotes a le... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
the Tour de France for the French newspaper Le Petit Parisien. At Coutances he heard that the previous year's winner, Henri Pélissier, his brother Francis and a third rider, Maurice Ville, had resigned from the competition after an argument with the organiser Henri Desgrange. Pélissier explained the problem—whether or ... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
picnic." The acceptance of drug-taking in the Tour de France was so complete by 1930, when the race changed to national teams that were to be paid for by the organisers, that the rule book distributed to riders by the organiser, Henri Desgrange, reminded them that drugs were not among items with which they would be pro... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
Óscar Pereiro was officially declared the winner. ==== Lance Armstrong case ==== Lance Armstrong was world number one in 1996. In the same year he recovered from severe testicular cancer and continued to break records and win his seventh Tour de France in 2005. After beating cancer and breaking records he was accused o... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
in oestrogen Suppression of spermatogenesis: As endogenous testosterone is the major regulator of the HPG axis, the exogenous testosterone and androgen anabolic steroids exert a suppressive effect of LH and FSH, leading to a decrease in intratesticular and secreted testosterone, decrease in spermatogenesis and sperm pr... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
athlete that they were clean. It was not until 1966 that FIFA and Union Cycliste Internationale (cycling) joined the IAAF in the fight against drugs, followed by the International Olympic Committee the following year. Progression in pharmacology has always outstripped the ability of sports federations to implement rigo... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
Another point of view is that doping could be legalized to some extent using a drug whitelist and medical counseling, such that medical safety is ensured, with all usage published. Under such a system, it is likely that athletes would attempt to cheat by exceeding official limits to try to gain an advantage; this could... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
competitive motivations that cause them to dope and these motivations differ from that of recreational athletes. The common theme among these motivations is the pressure to physically perform. In a study of 101 individuals, 86% responded that their use of performance enhancement drugs were influenced by the potential a... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
dilemma."This also causes athletes to be hesitant to consult with a doctor about their steroid use, putting themselves at more risk with health problems. == Anti-doping organizations and legislation == In 1999, initiated by the International Olympic Committee to fight against doping in sport, the World Anti-Doping Agen... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
to reauthorize the United States Doping Agency. == Test methods == === Urine test === Under established doping control protocols, the athlete will be asked to provide a urine sample, which will be divided into two, each portion to be preserved within sealed containers bearing the same unique identifying number and desi... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
violation of an individual's privacy. === Retesting of samples === According to Article 6.5 in the World Anti-Doping Code samples may be retested later. Samples from high-profile events, such as the Olympic Games, are now retested up to eight years later to take advantage of new techniques for detecting banned substanc... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
...calibrated in part by testing a small number of volunteers taking the substance in question. [Berry argues] ...that individual labs need to verify these detection limits in larger groups that include known dopers and non-dopers under blinded conditions that mimic what happens during competition. The editorial closes... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
Football League (NFL)'s inability to suspend players found with banned substances, after it was ruled by a federal court that local labor laws superseded the NFL's anti-doping regime. The challenge was supported by the National Football League Players Association. Athletes caught doping may be subject to penalties from... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
doi:10.1210/er.2013-1058. PMC 4026349. PMID 24423981. Waddington and Smith (2008); An Introduction to Drugs in Sport, Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-43125-5. Collins R (2017). "Lowering Restrictions on Performance Enhancing Drugs in Elite Sports". Inquiries Journal. 9 (3). Retrieved 7 July 2017. Toby M. The History of Perfo... | {
"page_id": 860860,
"title": "Doping in sport"
} |
In mathematics, vector spherical harmonics (VSH) are an extension of the scalar spherical harmonics for use with vector fields. The components of the VSH are complex-valued functions expressed in the spherical coordinate basis vectors. == Definition == Several conventions have been used to define the VSH. We follow tha... | {
"page_id": 16589498,
"title": "Vector spherical harmonics"
} |
}^{\ell }\left(E_{\ell m}^{r}(r)\mathbf {Y} _{\ell m}+E_{\ell m}^{(1)}(r)\mathbf {\Psi } _{\ell m}+E_{\ell m}^{(2)}(r)\mathbf {\Phi } _{\ell m}\right).} The labels on the components reflect that E ℓ m r {\displaystyle E_{\ell m}^{r}} is the radial component of the vector field, while E ℓ m ( 1 ) {\displaystyle E_{\ell ... | {
"page_id": 16589498,
"title": "Vector spherical harmonics"
} |
d Ω = δ ℓ ℓ ′ δ m m ′ , ∫ Ψ ℓ m ⋅ Ψ ℓ ′ m ′ ∗ d Ω = ℓ ( ℓ + 1 ) δ ℓ ℓ ′ δ m m ′ , ∫ Φ ℓ m ⋅ Φ ℓ ′ m ′ ∗ d Ω = ℓ ( ℓ + 1 ) δ ℓ ℓ ′ δ m m ′ , ∫ Y ℓ m ⋅ Ψ ℓ ′ m ′ ∗ d Ω = 0 , ∫ Y ℓ m ⋅ Φ ℓ ′ m ′ ∗ d Ω = 0 , ∫ Ψ ℓ m ⋅ Φ ℓ ′ m ′ ∗ d Ω = 0. {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int \mathbf {Y} _{\ell m}\cdot \mathbf {Y} _{\ell 'm'... | {
"page_id": 16589498,
"title": "Vector spherical harmonics"
} |
orthogonality relations allow one to compute the spherical multipole moments of a vector field as E ℓ m r = ∫ E ⋅ Y ℓ m ∗ d Ω , E ℓ m ( 1 ) = 1 ℓ ( ℓ + 1 ) ∫ E ⋅ Ψ ℓ m ∗ d Ω , E ℓ m ( 2 ) = 1 ℓ ( ℓ + 1 ) ∫ E ⋅ Φ ℓ m ∗ d Ω . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}E_{\ell m}^{r}&=\int \mathbf {E} \cdot \mathbf {Y} _{\ell m}^{*}\... | {
"page_id": 16589498,
"title": "Vector spherical harmonics"
} |
, ∇ ⋅ ( f ( r ) Φ ℓ m ) = 0. {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\nabla \cdot \left(f(r)\mathbf {Y} _{\ell m}\right)&=\left({\frac {df}{dr}}+{\frac {2}{r}}f\right)Y_{\ell m},\\\nabla \cdot \left(f(r)\mathbf {\Psi } _{\ell m}\right)&=-{\frac {\ell (\ell +1)}{r}}fY_{\ell m},\\\nabla \cdot \left(f(r)\mathbf {\Phi } _{\ell m}\r... | {
"page_id": 16589498,
"title": "Vector spherical harmonics"
} |
E ℓ m ( 2 ) Y ℓ m − ( d E ℓ m ( 2 ) d r + 1 r E ℓ m ( 2 ) ) Ψ ℓ m + ( − 1 r E ℓ m r + d E ℓ m ( 1 ) d r + 1 r E ℓ m ( 1 ) ) Φ ℓ m ) . {\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =\sum _{\ell =0}^{\infty }\sum _{m=-\ell }^{\ell }\left(-{\frac {\ell (\ell +1)}{r}}E_{\ell m}^{(2)}\mathbf {Y} _{\ell m}-\left({\frac {dE_{\ell ... | {
"page_id": 16589498,
"title": "Vector spherical harmonics"
} |
\mathbf {Y} _{\ell m}&=-{\frac {1}{r^{2}}}(2+\ell (\ell +1))\mathbf {Y} _{\ell m}+{\frac {2}{r^{2}}}\mathbf {\Psi } _{\ell m},\\\Delta \mathbf {\Psi } _{\ell m}&={\frac {2}{r^{2}}}\ell (\ell +1)\mathbf {Y} _{\ell m}-{\frac {1}{r^{2}}}\ell (\ell +1)\mathbf {\Psi } _{\ell m},\\\Delta \mathbf {\Phi } _{\ell m}&=-{\frac {1... | {
"page_id": 16589498,
"title": "Vector spherical harmonics"
} |
{\hat {\mathbf {B} }}\quad \Rightarrow \quad {\begin{cases}{\dfrac {\ell (\ell +1)}{r}}E=i\omega B^{r},\\{\dfrac {dE}{dr}}+{\dfrac {E}{r}}=i\omega B^{(1)}.\end{cases}}} Gauss' law for the magnetic field implies ∇ ⋅ B ^ = 0 ⇒ d B r d r + 2 r B r − ℓ ( ℓ + 1 ) r B ( 1 ) = 0 , {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot {\hat {\mathbf {B... | {
"page_id": 16589498,
"title": "Vector spherical harmonics"
} |
) {\displaystyle z_{n}({k}r)} are any of the spherical Bessel functions. Vector spherical harmonics are defined as: longitudinal harmonics L o e m n = ∇ ψ o e m n {\displaystyle \mathbf {L} _{^{e}_{o}mn}=\mathbf {\nabla } \psi _{^{e}_{o}mn}} magnetic harmonics M o e m n = ∇ × ( r ψ o e m n ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {M} ... | {
"page_id": 16589498,
"title": "Vector spherical harmonics"
} |
{{\frac {m}{\sin(\theta )}}\cos(m\varphi )P_{n}^{m}(\cos(\theta ))}}z_{n}(\rho )\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\{{}-\sin(m\varphi ){\frac {dP_{n}^{m}(\cos(\theta ))}{d\theta }}z_{n}(\rho )\mathbf {e} _{\varphi }}\end{aligned}}} N e m n ( k , r ) = z n ( ρ ) ρ cos ( m φ ) n ( n + 1 ) P n m ( cos ( θ ) ) e r + cos ( m φ ) ... | {
"page_id": 16589498,
"title": "Vector spherical harmonics"
} |
}\\{}+\sin(m\varphi ){\frac {dP_{n}^{m}(\cos(\theta ))}{d\theta }}{\frac {1}{\rho }}{\frac {d}{d\rho }}\left[\rho z_{n}(\rho )\right]\mathbf {e} _{\theta }\\{}+{m\cos(m\varphi ){\frac {P_{n}^{m}(\cos(\theta ))}{\sin(\theta )}}}{\frac {1}{\rho }}{\frac {d}{d\rho }}\left[\rho z_{n}(\rho )\right]\mathbf {e} _{\varphi }\en... | {
"page_id": 16589498,
"title": "Vector spherical harmonics"
} |
! k 2 { n [ z n − 1 ( k r ) ] 2 + ( n + 1 ) [ z n + 1 ( k r ) ] 2 } ∫ 0 2 π ∫ 0 π M o e m n ⋅ M o e m n sin ϑ d ϑ d φ = ( 1 + δ m , 0 ) 2 π 2 n + 1 ( n + m ) ! ( n − m ) ! n ( n + 1 ) [ z n ( k r ) ] 2 ∫ 0 2 π ∫ 0 π N o e m n ⋅ N o e m n sin ϑ d ϑ d φ = ( 1 + δ m , 0 ) 2 π ( 2 n + 1 ) 2 ( n + m ) ! ( n − m ) ! n ( ... | {
"page_id": 16589498,
"title": "Vector spherical harmonics"
} |
}\int _{0}^{\pi }\mathbf {M} _{^{e}_{o}mn}\cdot \mathbf {M} _{^{e}_{o}mn}\sin \vartheta d\vartheta d\varphi &=(1+\delta _{m,0}){\frac {2\pi }{2n+1}}{\frac {(n+m)!}{(n-m)!}}n(n+1)\left[z_{n}(kr)\right]^{2}\\[3pt]\int _{0}^{2\pi }\int _{0}^{\pi }\mathbf {N} _{^{e}_{o}mn}\cdot \mathbf {N} _{^{e}_{o}mn}\sin \vartheta d\var... | {
"page_id": 16589498,
"title": "Vector spherical harmonics"
} |
) , {\displaystyle {\hat {I}}\mathbf {M} _{JM}(\theta ,\varphi )=(-1)^{J+1}\mathbf {M} _{JM}(\theta ,\varphi ),} === Fluid dynamics === In the calculation of the Stokes' law for the drag that a viscous fluid exerts on a small spherical particle, the velocity distribution obeys Navier–Stokes equations neglecting inertia... | {
"page_id": 16589498,
"title": "Vector spherical harmonics"
} |
m\varphi P_{n}^{m}(\cos \theta )\end{aligned}}} X o e m n ( k k ) = ∇ × ( k Y e o m n ( k k ) ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} _{^{e}_{o}mn}\left({\frac {\mathbf {k} }{k}}\right)=\nabla \times \left(\mathbf {k} Y_{^{o}_{e}mn}\left({\frac {\mathbf {k} }{k}}\right)\right)} Z e o m n ( k k ) = i k k × X o e m n ( k k ) {\disp... | {
"page_id": 16589498,
"title": "Vector spherical harmonics"
} |
{i^{-n}}{2\pi k}}\iint _{-\infty }^{\infty }dk_{\|}{\frac {e^{i\left(k_{x}x+k_{y}y\pm k_{z}z\right)}}{k_{z}}}\mathbf {X} _{pmn}\left({\frac {\mathbf {k} }{k}}\right)} N p m n ( 3 ) ( k , r ) = i − n 2 π k ∬ − ∞ ∞ d k ‖ e i ( k x x + k y y ± k z z ) k z Z p m n ( k k ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {N} _{pmn}^{(3)}(k,\mathbf {... | {
"page_id": 16589498,
"title": "Vector spherical harmonics"
} |
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