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The Modulation sphere or M-space formulation is a scheme or theory representing the system of effects of phase modulation and amplitude modulation as applied together on a carrier wave. The relations between both modulations on the carrier are also accounted for. The modulation sphere representation relates three varia... | {
"page_id": 8921792,
"title": "Modulation sphere"
} |
The HACEK organisms are a group of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria that are an unusual cause of infective endocarditis, which is an inflammation of the heart due to bacterial infection. HACEK is an abbreviation of the initials of the genera of this group of bacteria: Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter (previously Actinobac... | {
"page_id": 467649,
"title": "HACEK organisms"
} |
5–10% of cases of infective endocarditis involving native valves and are the most common Gram-negative cause of endocarditis among people who do not use drugs intravenously. They have been a frequent cause of culture-negative endocarditis. Culture-negative refers to an inability to produce a colony on regular agar plat... | {
"page_id": 467649,
"title": "HACEK organisms"
} |
Human–wildlife conflict (HWC) refers to the negative interactions between humans and wild animals, with undesirable consequences both for people and their resources on the one hand, and wildlife and their habitats on the other. HWC, caused by competition for natural resources between human and wildlife, influences huma... | {
"page_id": 17703619,
"title": "Human–wildlife conflict"
} |
for good practice, with clear, practical guidance on how best to tackle conflicts and enable coexistence with wildlife. == Meaning == Human–wildlife conflict has been defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) in 2004 as "any interaction between humans and wildlife that results in negative impacts of human social,... | {
"page_id": 17703619,
"title": "Human–wildlife conflict"
} |
the depredation of the ancestors of prehistoric man by a number of predators of the Miocene such as saber-toothed cats, leopards, and spotted hyenas. Fossil remains of early hominids show evidence of depredation; the Taung Child, the fossilized skull of a young Australopithecus africanus, is thought to have been killed... | {
"page_id": 17703619,
"title": "Human–wildlife conflict"
} |
etc.) and human-elephant conflict. Depredation of livestock by African predators is well documented in Kenya, Namibia, Botswana, and more. African elephants frequently clash with humans, as their long-distance migrations often intersect with farms. The resulting damage to crops, infrastructure, and at times, people, ca... | {
"page_id": 17703619,
"title": "Human–wildlife conflict"
} |
of God, and in some cases, religious and political protections are implemented, which can cause conflicts. For example, in Nara City, Japan, the sacred Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon), protected for over a millennium, has recently seen a population surge around Nara Park. Genetic analysis reveals mixing between sacr... | {
"page_id": 17703619,
"title": "Human–wildlife conflict"
} |
respectively, among others. Big cats are a similar source of conflict in Central Mexico, where reports of livestock depredation are widespread, while interactions between humans and coyotes were observed in Canadian cities as well. === Oceania === On K'gari-Fraser Island in Australia, attacks by wild dingoes on humans ... | {
"page_id": 17703619,
"title": "Human–wildlife conflict"
} |
fur seals compete with fisheries for food and resources, while others like great white sharks have a history of injuring humans. In the summer of 2022, a 1,300-pound walrus appeared in Oslo harbor and moved in highly populated areas. Norwegian authorities declared her a threat to human safety as she had moved onto boat... | {
"page_id": 17703619,
"title": "Human–wildlife conflict"
} |
values associated with the natural world, and how wildlife is perceived can play a role in exacerbating or alleviating human-wildlife conflict. In one Masaai community where young men once obtained status by killing lions, conservationists worked with community leaders to shift perceptions and allow those young men to ... | {
"page_id": 17703619,
"title": "Human–wildlife conflict"
} |
lower than the norm. Managing garbage and artificial feeding to prevent attraction of wildlife: Many wildlife species are attracted to garbage, especially including food wastes, leading to negative interactions with people. Poor disposal of garbage such as hotel waste is rapidly emerging as an important aspect that hei... | {
"page_id": 17703619,
"title": "Human–wildlife conflict"
} |
human-wildlife conflict more than the actual damage produced by encounters. == See also == Human–lion conflict Aldo Leopold Biophilia hypothesis Disturbance (ecology) Ecopsychology Human impact on the environment Poaching Wildland–urban interface List of large carnivores known to prey on humans Human-elephant conflict ... | {
"page_id": 17703619,
"title": "Human–wildlife conflict"
} |
The Quantum Vacuum: An Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics is a physics textbook authored by Peter W. Milonni in 1993. The book provides a careful and thorough treatment of zero-point energy, spontaneous emission, the Casimir, van der Waals forces, Lamb shift and anomalous magnetic moment of the electron at a level... | {
"page_id": 54076100,
"title": "The Quantum Vacuum"
} |
In chemistry, resonance, also called mesomerism, is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or polyatomic ions by the combination of several contributing structures (or forms, also variously known as resonance structures or canonical structures) into a resonance hybrid (or hybrid structure) in valence bond the... | {
"page_id": 271046,
"title": "Resonance (chemistry)"
} |
in hydroxylamine, H2N–OH) and N–O double bond (115 pm in nitronium ion, [O=N=O]+). According to the contributing structures, each N–O bond is an average of a formal single and formal double bond, leading to a true bond order of 1.5. By virtue of this averaging, the Lewis description of the bonding in NO2– is reconciled... | {
"page_id": 271046,
"title": "Resonance (chemistry)"
} |
well described by resonance hybrids as well as by delocalised orbitals in molecular orbital theory. === Resonance vs isomerism === Resonance is to be distinguished from isomerism. Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula but are distinct chemical species with different arrangements of atomic nuclei in space... | {
"page_id": 271046,
"title": "Resonance (chemistry)"
} |
being a unicorn and being a leviathan, nor do the unicorn and leviathan have any physical existence outside the collective human imagination. Nevertheless, describing the narwhal in terms of these imaginary creatures provides a reasonably good description of its physical characteristics. Due to confusion with the physi... | {
"page_id": 271046,
"title": "Resonance (chemistry)"
} |
bond in benzene is intermediate of a single and double bond. The resonance proposal also helped explain the number of isomers of benzene derivatives. For example, Kekulé's structure would predict four dibromobenzene isomers, including two ortho isomers with the brominated carbon atoms joined by either a single or a dou... | {
"page_id": 271046,
"title": "Resonance (chemistry)"
} |
at the time, and his lack of communication skills contributed: when Robert Robinson sent him a friendly request, he responded arrogantly that he is not interested in organic chemistry. In the Soviet Union, resonance theory – especially as developed by Pauling – was attacked in the early 1950s as being contrary to the M... | {
"page_id": 271046,
"title": "Resonance (chemistry)"
} |
elements Be, B, C, N, O, and F, as is a maximum of two for H and He and effectively for Li as well. The issue of expansion of the valence shell of third period and heavier main group elements is controversial. A Lewis structure in which a central atom has a valence electron count greater than eight traditionally implie... | {
"page_id": 271046,
"title": "Resonance (chemistry)"
} |
The curved arrows depict the permutation of delocalized π electrons, which results in different contributors. === Electron-rich molecules === The ozone molecule is represented by two contributing structures. In reality the two terminal oxygen atoms are equivalent and the hybrid structure is drawn on the right with a ch... | {
"page_id": 271046,
"title": "Resonance (chemistry)"
} |
structure, different from its mostly classical (delocalization exists but is small) parent molecule. This cation (an allylic cation) can be represented using resonance, as shown above. This observation of greater delocalization in less stable molecules is quite general. The excited states of conjugated dienes are stabi... | {
"page_id": 271046,
"title": "Resonance (chemistry)"
} |
be compared using bond orders. For example, in cyclohexane the bond order is 1 while that in benzene is 1 + (3 ÷ 6) = 1+1⁄2. Consequently, benzene has more double bond character and hence has a shorter bond length than cyclohexane. === Resonance energy === Resonance (or delocalization) energy is the amount of energy ne... | {
"page_id": 271046,
"title": "Resonance (chemistry)"
} |
a deeper significance in the mathematical formalism of valence bond theory (VB). Quantum mechanics requires that the wavefunction of a molecule obey its observed symmetry. If a single contributing structure does not achieve this, resonance is invoked. For example, in benzene, valence bond theory begins with the two Kek... | {
"page_id": 271046,
"title": "Resonance (chemistry)"
} |
This MO interpretation has inspired the picture of the benzene ring as a hexagon with a circle inside. When describing benzene, the VB concept of localized σ bonds and the MO concept of delocalized π orbitals are frequently combined in elementary chemistry courses. The contributing structures in the VB model are partic... | {
"page_id": 271046,
"title": "Resonance (chemistry)"
} |
wherein the negative charge is centered equally on the two oxygen atoms. Charge delocalization in anions is an important factor determining their reactivity (generally: the higher the extent of delocalization the lower the reactivity) and, specifically, the acid strength of their conjugate acids. As a general rule, the... | {
"page_id": 271046,
"title": "Resonance (chemistry)"
} |
Arsenic fluoride may refer to either of the following: Arsenic trifluoride, AsF3, a colorless liquid Arsenic pentafluoride, AsF5, a colorless gas | {
"page_id": 27599565,
"title": "Arsenic fluoride"
} |
In computational complexity theory, the decision tree model is the model of computation in which an algorithm can be considered to be a decision tree, i.e. a sequence of queries or tests that are done adaptively, so the outcome of previous tests can influence the tests performed next. Typically, these tests have a smal... | {
"page_id": 22684368,
"title": "Decision tree model"
} |
x 1 , x 2 , … , x n {\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n}} via local comparisons: testing whether x i < x j {\displaystyle x_{i}<x_{j}} , x i = x j {\displaystyle x_{i}=x_{j}} , or x i > x j {\displaystyle x_{i}>x_{j}} . Assuming that the items to be sorted are all distinct and comparable, this can be rephrased as a... | {
"page_id": 22684368,
"title": "Decision tree model"
} |
mergesort and heapsort, demonstrates that the bound is tight.: 91 This argument does not use anything about the type of query, so it in fact proves a lower bound for any sorting algorithm that can be modeled as a binary decision tree. In essence, this is a rephrasing of the information-theoretic argument that a correct... | {
"page_id": 22684368,
"title": "Decision tree model"
} |
j {\displaystyle x_{j}} corresponds to the linear function x i − x j {\displaystyle x_{i}-x_{j}} . From its definition, linear decision trees can only specify functions f {\displaystyle f} whose fibers can be constructed by taking unions and intersections of half-spaces. Algebraic decision trees are a generalization of... | {
"page_id": 22684368,
"title": "Decision tree model"
} |
previous queries. There are many types of computational models using decision trees that could be considered, admitting multiple complexity notions, called complexity measures. === Deterministic decision tree === If the output of a decision tree is f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} , for all x ∈ { 0 , 1 } n {\displaystyle x... | {
"page_id": 22684368,
"title": "Decision tree model"
} |
correct (i.e., has zero-error). There is also a one-sided bounded-error version which is denoted by R 1 ( f ) {\displaystyle R_{1}(f)} . === Nondeterministic decision tree === The nondeterministic decision tree complexity of a function is known more commonly as the certificate complexity of that function. It measures t... | {
"page_id": 22684368,
"title": "Decision tree model"
} |
E ( f ) {\displaystyle Q_{E}(f)} are more commonly known as quantum query complexities, because the direct definition of a quantum decision tree is more complicated than in the classical case. Similar to the randomized case, we define Q 0 ( f ) {\displaystyle Q_{0}(f)} and Q 1 ( f ) {\displaystyle Q_{1}(f)} . These not... | {
"page_id": 22684368,
"title": "Decision tree model"
} |
R_{1}(f)\leq R_{0}(f)\leq D(f)\leq n} , and Q 2 ( f ) ≤ Q 0 ( f ) ≤ D ( f ) ≤ n {\displaystyle Q_{2}(f)\leq Q_{0}(f)\leq D(f)\leq n} . Finding the best upper bounds in the converse direction is a major goal in the field of query complexity. All of these types of query complexity are polynomially related. Blum and Impag... | {
"page_id": 22684368,
"title": "Decision tree model"
} |
D(f)} is possible; the first example of such a problem was discovered by Deutsch and Jozsa. === Sensitivity conjecture === For a Boolean function f : { 0 , 1 } n → { 0 , 1 } {\displaystyle f:\{0,1\}^{n}\to \{0,1\}} , the sensitivity of f {\displaystyle f} is defined to be the maximum sensitivity of f {\displaystyle f} ... | {
"page_id": 22684368,
"title": "Decision tree model"
} |
at x {\displaystyle x} is the maximum number t {\displaystyle t} of disjoint subsets S 1 , … , S t ⊂ [ n ] {\displaystyle S_{1},\ldots ,S_{t}\subset [n]} such that, for any of the subsets S i {\displaystyle S_{i}} , flipping the bits of x {\displaystyle x} corresponding to S i {\displaystyle S_{i}} changes the value of... | {
"page_id": 22684368,
"title": "Decision tree model"
} |
The Drake equation is a probabilistic argument used to estimate the number of active, communicative extraterrestrial civilizations in the Milky Way Galaxy. The equation was formulated in 1961 by Frank Drake, not for purposes of quantifying the number of civilizations, but as a way to stimulate scientific dialogue at th... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable signs of their existence into space. L = the length of time for which such civilizations release detectable signals into space. This form of the equation first appeared in Drake's 1965 paper. == History == In September 1959, physicists Giuseppe Cocconi... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
the 21 cm wavelength for six hours per day from April to July 1960. The project was well designed, inexpensive, and simple by today's standards. It detected no signals. Soon thereafter, Drake hosted the first search for extraterrestrial intelligence conference on detecting their radio signals. The meeting was held at t... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
which scientists must incorporate when considering the question of life elsewhere, and gives the question of life elsewhere a basis for scientific analysis. The equation has helped draw attention to some particular scientific problems related to life in the universe, for example abiogenesis, the development of multi-ce... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
to 0.2 (10–20% of which will be able to communicate) L = somewhere between 1000 and 100,000,000 years Inserting the above minimum numbers into the equation gives a minimum N of 20 (see: Range of results). Inserting the maximum numbers gives a maximum of 50,000,000. Drake states that given the uncertainties, the origina... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
galaxy, this implies fp · ne is roughly 0.4. The nearest planet in the habitable zone is Proxima Centauri b, which is as close as about 4.2 light-years away. The consensus at the Green Bank meeting was that ne had a minimum value between 3 and 5. Dutch science journalist Govert Schilling has opined that this is optimis... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
protection without a hot Jupiter; and a planet with plate tectonics, a large moon that creates tidal pools, and moderate axial tilt to generate seasonal variation. ==== Fraction of the above that actually go on to develop life, fl ==== Geological evidence from the Earth suggests that fl may be high; life on Earth appea... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
but that other branches were out-competed, or died in mass extinctions, or were lost in other ways. Biochemists Francis Crick and Leslie Orgel laid special emphasis on this uncertainty: "At the moment we have no means at all of knowing" whether we are "likely to be alone in the galaxy (Universe)" or whether "the galaxy... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
out that the large spread of values in this factor and others make all estimates unreliable. (See Criticism). In addition, while it appears that life developed soon after the formation of Earth, the Cambrian explosion, in which a large variety of multicellular life forms came into being, occurred a considerable amount ... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
years since Earth formed). ==== Fraction of the above revealing their existence via signal release into space, fc ==== For deliberate communication, the one example we have (the Earth) does not do much explicit communication, though there are some efforts covering only a tiny fraction of the stars that might look for h... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
Furthermore, since none could communicate over interstellar space, the method of comparing with historical civilizations could be regarded as invalid. David Grinspoon has argued that once a civilization has developed enough, it might overcome all threats to its survival. It will then last for an indefinite period of ti... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
after the emergence of advanced technologies. An intelligent civilization might not be organic, as some have suggested that artificial general intelligence may replace humanity. === Range of results === As many skeptics have pointed out, the Drake equation can give a very wide range of values, depending on the assumpti... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
of the Drake equation factors based on a stellar and planetary model of the Milky Way have resulted in the number of civilizations varying by a factor of 100. === Possible former technological civilizations === In 2016, Adam Frank and Woodruff Sullivan modified the Drake equation to determine just how unlikely the even... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
simple model that omits potentially relevant parameters, and many changes and modifications to the equation have been proposed. One line of modification, for example, attempts to account for the uncertainty inherent in many of the terms. Combining the estimates of the original six factors by major researchers via a Mon... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
on the same planet where a previous civilization once has appeared and ended, then the total number of civilizations on such a planet would be 1 + nr, which is the actual reappearance factor added to the equation. The factor depends on what generally is the cause of civilization extinction. If it is generally by tempor... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
in a planet atmosphere to levels that can be detected with remote space telescopes. The Seager equation looks like this: N = N ∗ ⋅ F Q ⋅ F H Z ⋅ F O ⋅ F L ⋅ F S {\displaystyle N=N_{*}\cdot F_{\mathrm {Q} }\cdot F_{\mathrm {HZ} }\cdot F_{\mathrm {O} }\cdot F_{\mathrm {L} }\cdot F_{\mathrm {S} }} where: N = the number of... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
might be possible (i.e. which are on the current past light cone); and N∗ = Number of stars in the Milky Way Galaxy fp = the fraction of those stars that have planets. ne = the average number of planets that can potentially support life per star that has planets. fl = the fraction of planets that could support life tha... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
doesn’t exist in a steady state, where it’s unchanging in time, but rather has evolved from a hot, dense, energetic, and rapidly expanding state: a hot Big Bang that occurred over a finite duration in our cosmic past. One reply to such criticisms is that even though the Drake equation currently involves speculation abo... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
small. Typical arguments include that civilizations are too far apart, it is too expensive to spread throughout the galaxy, civilizations broadcast signals for only a brief period of time, communication is dangerous, and many others. The lifetime of intelligent, communicative civilizations is short, meaning the value o... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
M=L/So} Regarding Roddenberry's fictional version of the equation, Drake himself commented that a number raised to the first power is just the number itself. A commemorative plate on NASA's Europa Clipper mission, which launched October 14, 2024, features a poem by the U.S. Poet Laureate Ada Limón, waveforms of the wor... | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
of the Drake equation. (Archived 8 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine) "The Alien Equation", BBC Radio program Discovery (22 September 2010) "Reflections on the Equation" (PDF), by Frank Drake, 2013 | {
"page_id": 8912,
"title": "Drake equation"
} |
Saturation mutagenesis, or site saturation mutagenesis (SSM), or simply site saturation, is a random mutagenesis technique used in protein engineering, in which a single codon or set of codons is substituted with all possible amino acids at the position. There are many variants of the site saturation technique, from pa... | {
"page_id": 27075280,
"title": "Saturation mutagenesis"
} |
possible to reduce the bias considerably. Several computational tools were developed to allow high level of control over the degenerate codons and their corresponding amino acids. == Applications == Saturation mutagenesis is commonly used to generate variants for directed evolution. == See also == Sequence saturation m... | {
"page_id": 27075280,
"title": "Saturation mutagenesis"
} |
In humans and other mammals, the caudal cell mass (also tail bud or caudal eminence in humans) is the aggregate of undifferentiated cells at the caudal end on the spine. The caudal end of the spinal cord first begins to form after primary neurulation has taken place, indicating that it develops after the cranial portio... | {
"page_id": 402129,
"title": "Caudal cell mass"
} |
caudal cell mass not developing properly due to improper differentiation, and it can lead to sacral agenesis, which is one of the hallmarks of caudal regression syndrome. Another class of abnormalities from caudal cell mass development includes caudal dysgenesis, which refers to abnormalities where the sacrum may be de... | {
"page_id": 402129,
"title": "Caudal cell mass"
} |
A basidiospore is a reproductive spore produced by basidiomycete fungi, a grouping that includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts. Basidiospores typically each contain one haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis, and they are produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia. Typically, four basidiospo... | {
"page_id": 2237139,
"title": "Basidiospore"
} |
for colourless basidiospores. The episporium is made out of interwoven chitin and glucan microfibrils. The ectosporium becomes sticky and slimy in mature spores and is quite thin. The color of the spore print is usually found in a part of the spore wall called the exosporium although in rare instances – like the yellow... | {
"page_id": 2237139,
"title": "Basidiospore"
} |
clear, unornamented area on the basal area of an otherwise ornamented basidiospore, next to its apiculus. It is also called a hilar depression. It plays an important role in the spore release of agarics, where it provides a place for water (called the adaxial drop) to condense on before the water merges with Buller's d... | {
"page_id": 2237139,
"title": "Basidiospore"
} |
(though the number can range from 1-8) buds attached to the basidia by stalks called strerigmata. These buds balloon as they are filled with cytoplasm from the basidia, and differentiate into basidiospores. == Dispersal == Basidiospores can be dispersed actively (through a fungus's own mechanisms) or passively (through... | {
"page_id": 2237139,
"title": "Basidiospore"
} |
rain or mist. For example, in bird's nest fungi, raindrops help carry peridioles (small aggregates of basidiospores) out of the peridium (cup-like structure). Puffballs and earthballs rely on the pressure of raindrops, to compress the air inside the peridium to trigger the release of basidiospores through its apical ho... | {
"page_id": 2237139,
"title": "Basidiospore"
} |
materials or mycelium of the same species to germinate. == Ecology and environment == One cubic meter of air in temperate climates typically contains 1,000-10,000 fungal spores, a majority of which are basidiospores. == References == Tree of Life: Basidiomycota Basidiospores | {
"page_id": 2237139,
"title": "Basidiospore"
} |
Endogenous regeneration in the brain is the ability of cells to engage in the repair and regeneration process. While the brain has a limited capacity for regeneration, endogenous neural stem cells, as well as numerous pro-regenerative molecules, can participate in replacing and repairing damaged or diseased neurons and... | {
"page_id": 36053717,
"title": "Endogenous regeneration"
} |
is restricted to developing into different neuronal sub-type cells in the olfactory bulb. It is believed that the various spatial location niches regulate the differentiation of the neural stem cell. == Neurogenesis in the central nervous system == Santiago Ramon y Cajal, a neuroscience pioneer, concluded that the gene... | {
"page_id": 36053717,
"title": "Endogenous regeneration"
} |
in the hippocampus are multipotent in vitro. However, although there is evidence that both new neurons and glia are generated in the hippocampus in vivo, no exact relationship of neurogenesis to type 1 cells is shown. In the hippocampus, newly formed neurons contribute only a small portion to the entire neuron populati... | {
"page_id": 36053717,
"title": "Endogenous regeneration"
} |
have a distinct capacity to migrate into the olfactory bulb in the anterior tip of the telencephalon by a pathway called the rostral migratory stream (RMS). This migration is unique to new neurons in the SVZ that embryonic neurogenesis and neurogenesis at other region of the brain are not able to perform. Another uniqu... | {
"page_id": 36053717,
"title": "Endogenous regeneration"
} |
a damaged neuron, which causes repulsion and collapse of the growth cone in the damaged regions. Among inhibitory factors, oligodendrocyte and myelin-derived inhibitory ligands are membrane-bound, meaning that, in the case of injury, those factors are not upregulated or overexpressed, rather it is from direct contact b... | {
"page_id": 36053717,
"title": "Endogenous regeneration"
} |
of neuroblasts, suggesting that the blood vessels may act as a scaffold. Other factors that contribute of the migration are slit proteins (produced at the choroid plexus) and their gradient (generated by the flow of cerebrospinal fluid). However, only 0.2% of new neurons survived and functioned in this study. Enhancing... | {
"page_id": 36053717,
"title": "Endogenous regeneration"
} |
Place theory is a theory of hearing that states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane. By this theory, the pitch of a sound, such as a human voice or a musical tone, is determined by the places where the membrane vibrates, based on frequenc... | {
"page_id": 533206,
"title": "Place theory"
} |
round window. At higher rates, the effect of rate was weaker, but the effect of place was strong. == References == | {
"page_id": 533206,
"title": "Place theory"
} |
Within mathematical analysis, Regularization perspectives on support-vector machines provide a way of interpreting support-vector machines (SVMs) in the context of other regularization-based machine-learning algorithms. SVM algorithms categorize binary data, with the goal of fitting the training set data in a way that ... | {
"page_id": 35857112,
"title": "Regularization perspectives on support vector machines"
} |
class of algorithms. This has enabled detailed comparisons between SVM and other forms of Tikhonov regularization, and theoretical grounding for why it is beneficial to use SVM's loss function, the hinge loss. == Theoretical background == In the statistical learning theory framework, an algorithm is a strategy for choo... | {
"page_id": 35857112,
"title": "Regularization perspectives on support vector machines"
} |
theorem, f ( x i ) = ∑ j = 1 n c j K i j , and ‖ f ‖ H 2 = ⟨ f , f ⟩ H = ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n c i c j K ( x i , x j ) = c T K c . {\displaystyle f(x_{i})=\sum _{j=1}^{n}c_{j}\mathbf {K} _{ij},{\text{ and }}\|f\|_{\mathcal {H}}^{2}=\langle f,f\rangle _{\mathcal {H}}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{n}c_{i}c_{j}K(x_{i},x_{j})=... | {
"page_id": 35857112,
"title": "Regularization perspectives on support vector machines"
} |
The Tikhonov regularization problem can be shown to be equivalent to traditional formulations of SVM by expressing it in terms of the hinge loss. With the hinge loss V ( y i , f ( x i ) ) = ( 1 − y f ( x ) ) + , {\displaystyle V{\big (}y_{i},f(x_{i}){\big )}={\big (}1-yf(x){\big )}_{+},} where ( s ) + = max ( s , 0 ) {... | {
"page_id": 35857112,
"title": "Regularization perspectives on support vector machines"
} |
Luminous efficacy is a measure of how well a light source produces visible light. It is the ratio of luminous flux to power, measured in lumens per watt in the International System of Units (SI). Depending on context, the power can be either the radiant flux of the source's output, or it can be the total power (electri... | {
"page_id": 1843931,
"title": "Luminous efficacy"
} |
the visible spectrum reduce luminous efficacy, because they contribute to the radiant flux, while the luminous flux of such light is zero. Wavelengths near the peak of the eye's response contribute more strongly than those near the edges. Wavelengths of light outside of the visible spectrum are not useful for general i... | {
"page_id": 1843931,
"title": "Luminous efficacy"
} |
light sources are usually evaluated in terms of luminous efficacy of the source, also sometimes called wall-plug efficacy. This is the ratio between the total luminous flux emitted by a device and the total amount of input power (electrical, etc.) it consumes. The luminous efficacy of the source is a measure of the eff... | {
"page_id": 1843931,
"title": "Luminous efficacy"
} |
surface of the sun is not quite that hot." At temperatures where the tungsten filament of an ordinary light bulb remains solid (below 3683 kelvin), most of its emission is in the infrared. == SI photometry units == == See also == Photometry Light pollution Wall-plug efficiency Coefficient of utilization List of light s... | {
"page_id": 1843931,
"title": "Luminous efficacy"
} |
In cellular biology and microbiology, modified Chee's medium (otherwise known as "MCM") is used to cultivate cells and bacteria. It uses various additives (fat acids, albumins and selenium) to facilitate cellular and bacterial growth. == References == | {
"page_id": 5448412,
"title": "Modified Chee's medium"
} |
Radioanatomy (x-ray anatomy) is an anatomy discipline that involves studying anatomy through the use of radiographic films. The x-ray film represents a two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional object due to the summary projection of different anatomical structures onto a planar surface. It requires certain skills f... | {
"page_id": 43328221,
"title": "Radiographic anatomy"
} |
Dwarfing is a process in which a breed of animals or cultivar of plants is changed to become significantly smaller than standard members of their species. The effect can be induced through human intervention or non-human processes, and can include genetic, nutritional or hormonal means. Used most specifically, dwarfing... | {
"page_id": 533214,
"title": "Dwarfing"
} |
deliberate development of dwarf breeds of many domestic animals, including horses, cattle, dogs, and chickens. Some have been breeds of smaller animals that were not originally selected for size, but are now held to specific sizes by a breed standard. In many cases, the exact physiological mechanism that alters the gro... | {
"page_id": 533214,
"title": "Dwarfing"
} |
hormones act as a signal to the various tissues of plants inducing one or more responses, the class of plant hormone responsible for dwarfing in plants due to injury are called jasmonates. Such responses include, but are not limited to: less frequent cell divisions and reduction of cell elongation. === Dwarfing trees =... | {
"page_id": 533214,
"title": "Dwarfing"
} |
food plants, such as grains. One condition that results in loss of grain crops is called 'lodging', where heavy ears of almost ripe grain bend the stalk until the grain touches the ground, becomes wet, and spoils. During the Green Revolution, research that identified wheat reduced-height genes (Rht) and a rice semidwar... | {
"page_id": 533214,
"title": "Dwarfing"
} |
Named meteor showers recur at approximately the same dates each year. They appear to radiate from a certain point in the sky, known as the radiant, and vary in the speed, frequency and brightness of the meteors. As of January 2024, there are 110 established meteor showers. == Table of meteor showers == Dates are given ... | {
"page_id": 205540,
"title": "List of meteor showers"
} |
The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics (TIQM) takes the wave function of the standard quantum formalism, and its complex conjugate, to be retarded (forward in time) and advanced (backward in time) waves that form a quantum interaction as a Wheeler–Feynman handshake or transaction. It was first proposed i... | {
"page_id": 467685,
"title": "Transactional interpretation"
} |
any specific point in time, but is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction, and the emission/absorption process is time-symmetric. The waves are seen as physically real, rather than a mere mathematical device to record the observer's knowledge as in some other interpretations of quantum mechanics. Philosophe... | {
"page_id": 467685,
"title": "Transactional interpretation"
} |
that this relativistic transactional interpretation can provide the quantum dynamics for the causal sets program. == Debate == In 1996, Tim Maudlin proposed a thought experiment involving Wheeler's delayed choice experiment that is generally taken as a refutation of TIQM. However Kastner showed Maudlin's argument is no... | {
"page_id": 467685,
"title": "Transactional interpretation"
} |
(February 2, 2005). (This paper tells about a work attempting to develop TIQM further) Kastner has also applied TIQM to other quantum mechanical issues in [1] "The Transactional Interpretation, Counterfactuals, and Weak Values in Quantum Theory" and [2] "The Quantum Liar Experiment in the Transactional Interpretation" | {
"page_id": 467685,
"title": "Transactional interpretation"
} |
Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is a form of microbial electrocatalysis in which electrons are supplied to living microorganisms via a cathode in an electrochemical cell by applying an electric current. The electrons are then used by the microorganisms to reduce carbon dioxide to yield industrially relevant products. ... | {
"page_id": 32908006,
"title": "Microbial electrosynthesis"
} |
Glossary of fuel cell terms Microbial fuel cell == References == | {
"page_id": 32908006,
"title": "Microbial electrosynthesis"
} |
Disease gene identification is a process by which scientists identify the mutant genotypes responsible for an inherited genetic disorder. Mutations in these genes can include single nucleotide substitutions, single nucleotide additions/deletions, deletion of the entire gene, and other genetic abnormalities. == Signific... | {
"page_id": 33891046,
"title": "Disease gene identification"
} |
microsatellite analysis. ==== Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) ==== Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is a technique that can only be used to compare two samples from the same individual. LOH analysis is often used when identifying cancer-causing oncogenes in that one sample consists of (mutant) tumor DNA and the other (control... | {
"page_id": 33891046,
"title": "Disease gene identification"
} |
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