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to differences between mainland Mandarin Chinese and Taiwanese Mandarin. === GPT Store === In January 2024, OpenAI launched the GPT Store, a marketplace for custom ChatGPT chatbots labeled GPTs. The company initially planned to launch the store in November 2023, but it was delayed. At launch, the GPT Store offered more... | {
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is five times higher for ChatGPT Plus subscribers than for free users. The ability to generate images directly with GPT-4o (rather than through DALL-E 3) was added in March 2025. On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller version of GPT-4o replacing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. In April 2025, a... | {
"page_id": 72417803,
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"title": "ChatGPT"
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reduced hallucinations and enhanced pattern recognition, creativity, and user interaction. == Model versions == The following table lists the main model versions of ChatGPT, describing the significant changes included with each version: == Reception == OpenAI engineers have said that they had not expected ChatGPT to be... | {
"page_id": 72417803,
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"title": "ChatGPT"
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off-guard, prompting a sweeping and unprecedented response in the ensuing months. In December 2022, Google executives sounded a "code red" alarm, fearing that ChatGPT's question-answering ability posed a threat to Google Search, Google's core business. After mobilizing its workforce, Google scrambled to launch Bard, a ... | {
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"source": null,
"title": "ChatGPT"
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was uploaded to ChatGPT. In January 2023, after being sent a song ChatGPT wrote in the style of Nick Cave, Cave responded on The Red Hand Files, saying the act of writing a song is "a blood and guts business [...] that requires something of me to initiate the new and fresh idea. It requires my humanness." He went on to... | {
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"title": "ChatGPT"
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address the issues raised; an age verification tool was implemented to ensure users are at least 13 years old. Additionally, users can access its privacy policy before registration. In April 2023, Brian Hood, mayor of Hepburn Shire Council, planned to take legal action against ChatGPT over false information. According ... | {
"page_id": 72417803,
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"title": "ChatGPT"
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tools have defense capabilities and the ability to improve security. The technology can improve security by cyber defense automation, threat intelligence, attack identification, and reporting. Another study reported that GPT-4 obtained a better score than 99% of humans on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. In Dec... | {
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"source": null,
"title": "ChatGPT"
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argue that the use of ChatGPT in academia for teaching and review is problematic due to its tendency to hallucinate. Robin Bauwens, an assistant professor at Tilburg University, found that a ChatGPT-generated peer review report on his article mentioned nonexistent studies. According to librarian Chris Granatino of Lemi... | {
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"title": "ChatGPT"
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to coerce users into downloading malware or potentially unwanted programs. === Economics === There has been concern that ChatGPT could supplant jobs, especially roles such as creative writing, copywriting, communication, journalism, coding, and data entry. The release of ChatGPT prompted a wave of investment in China, ... | {
"page_id": 72417803,
"source": null,
"title": "ChatGPT"
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on text provenance, revealing a text watermarking method. While accurate against paraphrasing, the method is less effective against global tampering, such as translation or rewording. OpenAI also noted potential disproportionate impacts on groups like non-native English speakers. === Culture === Some scholars have expr... | {
"page_id": 72417803,
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"title": "ChatGPT"
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created and directed by Peter Luisi, was written with the use of ChatGPT, and was marketed as "the first film written entirely by AI". === Financial markets === The AI technology company c3.ai saw a 28% increase in its share price after announcing the integration of ChatGPT into its toolkit. The share price of BuzzFeed... | {
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"title": "ChatGPT"
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of GPT-4, GPT-4-Turbo, Claude 2, and LLaMA-2 on two versions of a 150-question test about information in financial statements (e.g., Form 10-K, Form 10-Q, Form 8-K, earnings reports, earnings call transcripts) submitted by public companies to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. One version of the test required... | {
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"title": "ChatGPT"
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AI itself, prompted by the researchers, concluded that "this study suggests that ChatGPT has the potential to be used as a virtual medical tutor, but more research is needed to further assess its performance and usability in this context." The later-released ChatGPT version based on GPT-4 significantly outperformed the... | {
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"source": null,
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ChatGPT's limitations in providing medical assistance. In correspondence to The Lancet Infectious Diseases, three antimicrobial experts wrote that "the largest barriers to the implementation of ChatGPT in clinical practice are deficits in situational awareness, inference, and consistency. These shortcomings could endan... | {
"page_id": 72417803,
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"title": "ChatGPT"
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answer or provided a wrong or incomplete answer (and in some cases, if acted upon, the answer would endanger the patient's health). The researchers had asked ChatGPT to provide medical research citations for all its answers, but it did so for only eight, and all eight included at least one fabricated (fake) citation. A... | {
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"title": "ChatGPT"
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in light of its answers. In Mata v. Avianca, Inc., 22-cv-1461 (PKC), a personal injury lawsuit against Avianca Airlines filed in the Southern New York U.S. District Court in May 2023 (with Senior Judge P. Kevin Castel presiding), the plaintiff's attorneys used ChatGPT to generate a legal motion. ChatGPT generated numer... | {
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that the submission of nonexistent legal authorities meant that both the Tribunal and HM Revenue and Customs had "to waste time and public money", which "reduces the resources available to progress the cases of other court users who are waiting for their appeals to be determined". Judge Kevin Newsom of the US court of ... | {
"page_id": 72417803,
"source": null,
"title": "ChatGPT"
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and Claude, showed antisemitic bias. === Copyright issues === There has been concern about copyright infringement involving ChatGPT. In June 2023, two writers sued OpenAI, saying the company's training data came from illegal websites that show copyrighted books. Comedian and author Sarah Silverman, Christopher Golden, ... | {
"page_id": 72417803,
"source": null,
"title": "ChatGPT"
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=== In 2023, Australian MP Julian Hill advised the national parliament that the growth of AI could cause "mass destruction". During his speech, which was partly written by the program, he warned that it could result in cheating, job losses, discrimination, disinformation, and uncontrollable military applications. Elon ... | {
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"source": null,
"title": "ChatGPT"
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his peers' dystopian scenarios of supercharged misinformation and even, eventually, human extinction." == See also == Intelligent agent – Software agent which acts autonomously Ethics of artificial intelligence – Challenges related to the responsible development and use of AI == Notes == == References == == Further rea... | {
"page_id": 72417803,
"source": null,
"title": "ChatGPT"
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46,XX/46,XY is either a chimeric or mosaic genetic condition characterized by the presence of some cells that express a 46,XX karyotype and some cells that express a 46,XY karyotype in a single human being. Individuals with these conditions are classified as intersex. == Types == === Tetragametic chimerism === The caus... | {
"page_id": 35193356,
"source": null,
"title": "46,XX/46,XY"
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the presence of some cells that express a 46,XX karyotype and some cells that express a 46,XY karyotype. == Signs and symptoms == === Physical === 46,XX/46,XY chimeric or mosaic is associated with a wide spectrum of different physical presentations, with cases ranging from having a completely normal male or female phen... | {
"page_id": 35193356,
"source": null,
"title": "46,XX/46,XY"
} |
circumstances, the two resulting zygotes would have gone on to become fraternal twins. However, in 46,XX/46,XY, the two zygotes merge shortly before or after fertilization to become a two-cell zygote made up of two different nuclei. The zygotes merge early enough that there is no risk of them developing into conjoined ... | {
"page_id": 35193356,
"source": null,
"title": "46,XX/46,XY"
} |
The molecular formula C23H23ClN6O2 (molar mass: 450.921 g/mol) may refer to: Daridorexant, formerly known as nemorexant Suvorexant | {
"page_id": 61538828,
"source": null,
"title": "C23H23ClN6O2"
} |
Salted fish, such as kippered herring or dried and salted cod, is fish cured with dry salt and thus preserved for later eating. Drying or salting, either with dry salt or with brine, was the only widely available method of preserving fish until the 19th century. Dried fish and salted fish (or fish both dried and salted... | {
"page_id": 11993615,
"source": null,
"title": "Salted fish"
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microbial and enzymatic reactions involved in spoilage. There are a number of techniques that have been or are used to tie up the available water or remove it by reducing the aw. Traditionally, techniques such as drying, salting and smoking have been used, and have been used for thousands of years. In more recent times... | {
"page_id": 11993615,
"source": null,
"title": "Salted fish"
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Antiparasitics are a class of medications which are indicated for the treatment of parasitic diseases, such as those caused by helminths, amoeba, ectoparasites, parasitic fungi, and protozoa, among others. Antiparasitics target the parasitic agents of the infections by destroying them or inhibiting their growth; they a... | {
"page_id": 7143953,
"source": null,
"title": "Antiparasitic"
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a parasite causing an infection has become resistant to standard drug treatments. == Drug development history == Early antiparasitics were ineffective, frequently toxic to patients, and difficult to administer due to the difficulty in distinguishing between the host and the parasite. Between 1975 and 1999 only 13 of 1,... | {
"page_id": 7143953,
"source": null,
"title": "Antiparasitic"
} |
In molecular biology mir-71 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-71 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36373009,
"source": null,
"title": "Mir-71 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Beam's eye view (abbreviated BEV) is an imaging technique used in radiation therapy for quality assurance and planning of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). These are primarily used to ensure that the relative orientation of the patient and the treatment machine are correct. The BEV image will typically include the ima... | {
"page_id": 2097683,
"source": null,
"title": "Beam's eye view"
} |
method based on digitally reconstructed radiographs. Med. Phys. 21(11), 1749–1760 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1118/1.597276 | {
"page_id": 2097683,
"source": null,
"title": "Beam's eye view"
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Conversion and its related terms yield and selectivity are important terms in chemical reaction engineering. They are described as ratios of how much of a reactant has reacted (X — conversion, normally between zero and one), how much of a desired product was formed (Y — yield, normally also between zero and one) and ho... | {
"page_id": 1573393,
"source": null,
"title": "Conversion (chemistry)"
} |
, inst = n ˙ i , react n ˙ i , in {\displaystyle X_{i,{\text{inst}}}={\frac {{\dot {n}}_{i,{\text{react}}}}{{\dot {n}}_{i,{\text{in}}}}}} . with n ˙ i {\displaystyle {\dot {n}}_{i}} as the change of moles with time of species i. This ratio can become larger than 1. It can be used to indicate whether reservoirs are buil... | {
"page_id": 1573393,
"source": null,
"title": "Conversion (chemistry)"
} |
τ ) d τ {\displaystyle X_{i}={\frac {n_{i}(t=0)+\int _{0}^{t}{\dot {n}}_{i,{\text{in}}}(\tau )d\tau -n_{i}(t)}{n_{i}(t=0)+\int _{0}^{t}{\dot {n}}_{i,{\text{in}}}(\tau )d\tau }}} ==== Continuous (This is the generally stated form) ==== X i = n ˙ i , i n − n ˙ i , o u t n ˙ i , i n = 1 − n ˙ i , o u t n ˙ i , i n {\displ... | {
"page_id": 1573393,
"source": null,
"title": "Conversion (chemistry)"
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undesired product (Definition 1). However, the definitions of the total amount of reactant to form a product per total amount of reactant consumed is used (Definition 2) as well as the total amount of desired product formed per total amount of limiting reactant consumed (Definition 3). This last definition is the same ... | {
"page_id": 1573393,
"source": null,
"title": "Conversion (chemistry)"
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100 mol of A at the beginning or at the entry to the continuous reactor and 10 mol A, 72 mol B and 18 mol C at the end of the reaction or the exit of the continuous reactor. The three properties are found to be: X A = n A ( t = 0 ) − n A ( t ) n A ( t = 0 ) = 1 − n A ( t ) n A ( t = 0 ) = 100 − 10 100 = 0.9 = 90 % {\di... | {
"page_id": 1573393,
"source": null,
"title": "Conversion (chemistry)"
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80% and yield of substance B 72%. == Literature == Werner Kullbach: Mengenberechnungen in der Chemie. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1980, ISBN 3-527-25869-8. Eberhard Aust, Burkhard Bittner: Stöchiometrie - Chemisches Rechnen, CICERO-Verlag, Pegnitz, 4. Auflage, 2011, ISBN 978-3-926292-47-6. Uwe Hillebrand: Stöchiometrie, Ei... | {
"page_id": 1573393,
"source": null,
"title": "Conversion (chemistry)"
} |
Zvia Agur (Hebrew: צביה עגור) is an Israeli mathematical biologist, the founding president of the Institute for Medical BioMathematics, the former chair and chief scientific officer of Optimata Ltd., and the founding president of the Israeli Society of Theoretical and Mathematical Biology. Her research has included mat... | {
"page_id": 79495701,
"source": null,
"title": "Zvia Agur"
} |
The Grundmann aldehyde synthesis is a chemical reaction that produces an aldehyde from an acyl halide. Because of the Rosenmund reduction and DIBAL-H accomplish similar transformations, this reaction sequence is not practiced much currently. == References == | {
"page_id": 13697553,
"source": null,
"title": "Grundmann aldehyde synthesis"
} |
In mathematics and astrophysics, the Strömgren integral, introduced by Bengt Strömgren (1932, p.123) while computing the Rosseland mean opacity, is the integral: 15 4 π 4 ∫ 0 x t 7 e 2 t ( e t − 1 ) 3 d t . {\displaystyle {\frac {15}{4\pi ^{4}}}\int _{0}^{x}{\frac {t^{7}e^{2t}}{(e^{t}-1)^{3}}}\,dt.} Cox (1964) discusse... | {
"page_id": 32768530,
"source": null,
"title": "Strömgren integral"
} |
Fundamenta Botanica ("Foundations of botany") (Amsterdam, Salomon Schouten, ed. 1, 1736) was one of the major works of the Swedish botanist, zoologist and physician Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) and issued both as a separate work and as part of the Bibliotheca Botanica. == Publication and reprints == This book states maia ... | {
"page_id": 28574235,
"source": null,
"title": "Fundamenta Botanica"
} |
VII. NOMINA (nouns or names) : articles 210–255 (pages 23-26) VIII. DIFFERENTIAE (distinction) : articles 256–305 (pages 26-29) IX. VARIATIONES (Varieties) : articles 306–317 (pages 30-31) X. SYNONYMA (synonyms) : articles 318–324 (pages 31-31) XI. ADUMBRATIONES (description) : articles 325–335 (pages 31-32) XII. VIRES... | {
"page_id": 28574235,
"source": null,
"title": "Fundamenta Botanica"
} |
ParameciumDB is a database for the genome and biology of the ciliate Paramecium tetraurelia. == See also == Paramecium == References == == External links == Homepage | {
"page_id": 31588891,
"source": null,
"title": "ParameciumDB"
} |
The greater sciatic foramen is an opening (foramen) in the posterior human pelvis. It is formed by the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments. The piriformis muscle passes through the foramen and occupies most of its volume. The greater sciatic foramen is wider in women than in men. == Structure == It is bounded as f... | {
"page_id": 4784672,
"source": null,
"title": "Greater sciatic foramen"
} |
The stomatognathic system is an anatomical system comprising the teeth, jaws, and associated soft tissues. It was formerly called the stomognathic system. Stomatognathic diseases are treated by dentists, maxillofacial surgeons, ear, nose, and throat specialists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, myofunctional... | {
"page_id": 5046822,
"source": null,
"title": "Stomatognathic system"
} |
Quick clay, also known as Leda clay and Champlain Sea clay in Canada, is any of several distinctively sensitive glaciomarine clays found in Canada, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Finland, the United States, and other locations around the world. The clay is so unstable that when a mass of quick clay is subjected to sufficient ... | {
"page_id": 1770024,
"source": null,
"title": "Quick clay"
} |
pore water. Exchangeable cations are present in the clay minerals interlayers and on the external basal planes of clay platelets. Cations also compensate the negative charges on the clay particle edges caused by the protolysis of silanol and aluminol groups (pH dependent charges). So, clay platelets are always surround... | {
"page_id": 1770024,
"source": null,
"title": "Quick clay"
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ocean, which had penetrated significantly inland. The loose deposition of the silt and clay particles in the marine environment, allowed an unusual flocculation to take place. Essentially, this formed a strongly bonded soil skeleton, which was 'glued' by highly mobile sea-salt ions. At this point, there was only the fo... | {
"page_id": 1770024,
"source": null,
"title": "Quick clay"
} |
near clay deposits, resulting in a number of notable catastrophes: In 1702, a landslide destroyed almost all traces of the medieval town Sarpsborg in what is now Østfold county in Norway. 15 people and 200 animals were killed. On 19 May 1893, a landslide in Verdal Municipality, Norway, killed 116 people and destroyed 1... | {
"page_id": 1770024,
"source": null,
"title": "Quick clay"
} |
River. In 1993, those findings were borne out when the town's abandoned main street was swallowed by a massive 17-hectare landslide. On November 30, 1977, the Tuve landslide in western Sweden killed 9 people and destroyed 67 houses. Another famous flow of quick clay in Rissa Municipality, Norway, in 1978 caused about 3... | {
"page_id": 1770024,
"source": null,
"title": "Quick clay"
} |
a quick clay landslide, which among other things damaged the E6 motorway between Gothenburg and Oslo. These landslides are retrogressive, meaning they usually start at water, and progress upwards at slow walking speed, although particularly deep quick clay layers on sloped regions may collapse much more rapidly, or in ... | {
"page_id": 1770024,
"source": null,
"title": "Quick clay"
} |
The Pensky–Martens closed-cup flash-point test is a test for the determination of the flash point of flammable liquids. It is standardized as ASTM D93, EN ISO 2719 and IP 34 The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has also published Method 1010A: Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup... | {
"page_id": 13500970,
"source": null,
"title": "Pensky–Martens closed-cup test"
} |
In the mathematical field of representation theory, a representation of a Lie superalgebra is an action of Lie superalgebra L on a Z2-graded vector space V, such that if A and B are any two pure elements of L and X and Y are any two pure elements of V, then ( c 1 A + c 2 B ) ⋅ X = c 1 A ⋅ X + c 2 B ⋅ X {\displaystyle (... | {
"page_id": 852522,
"source": null,
"title": "Representation of a Lie superalgebra"
} |
and L[a]*=-(-1)LaL*[a*]) and H is the unitary rep and also, H is a unitary representation of A. These three reps are all compatible if for pure elements a in A, |ψ> in H and L in the Lie superalgebra, L[a|ψ>)]=(L[a])|ψ>+(-1)Laa(L[|ψ>]). Sometimes, the Lie superalgebra is embedded within A in the sense that there is a h... | {
"page_id": 852522,
"source": null,
"title": "Representation of a Lie superalgebra"
} |
Experimental approaches of determining the structure of nucleic acids, such as RNA and DNA, can be largely classified into biophysical and biochemical methods. Biophysical methods use the fundamental physical properties of molecules for structure determination, including X-ray crystallography, NMR and cryo-EM. Biochemi... | {
"page_id": 22217265,
"source": null,
"title": "Nucleic acid structure determination"
} |
(COSY) and total coherence transfer spectroscopy (TOCSY) to detect through-bond nuclear couplings, and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) to detect couplings between nuclei that are close to each other in space. Parameters taken from the spectrum, mainly NOESY cross-peaks and coupling constants, can be used... | {
"page_id": 22217265,
"source": null,
"title": "Nucleic acid structure determination"
} |
preserved in their aqueous solution state and not perturbed by forming a crystal of the sample. One disadvantage, is that it is difficult to resolve nucleic acid or protein structures that are smaller than ~75 kilodaltons, partly due to the difficulty of having enough contrast to locate particles in this vitrified aque... | {
"page_id": 22217265,
"source": null,
"title": "Nucleic acid structure determination"
} |
motifs (greater than a nanometer). == Chemical probing == RNA chemical probing uses chemicals that react with RNAs. Importantly, their reactivity depends on local RNA structure e.g. base-pairing or accessibility. Differences in reactivity can therefore serve as a footprint of structure along the sequence. Different rea... | {
"page_id": 22217265,
"source": null,
"title": "Nucleic acid structure determination"
} |
be detected when using high-throughput sequencing methods, and is sometimes employed for improved results of probing as mutational profiling (MaP). Positions on the RNA can be protected from the reagents not only by local structure but also by a binding protein over that position. This has led some work to use chemical... | {
"page_id": 22217265,
"source": null,
"title": "Nucleic acid structure determination"
} |
truncated cDNAs can be identified through gel electrophoresis or high-throughput sequencing. Improving upon truncation-based methods, DMS mutational profiling with sequencing (DMS-MaPseq) can detect multiple DMS modifications in a single RNA molecule, which enables one to obtain more information per read (for a read of... | {
"page_id": 22217265,
"source": null,
"title": "Nucleic acid structure determination"
} |
models. SHAPE has been used to analyze diverse RNA structures, including that of an entire HIV-1 genome. The best approach is to use a combination of chemical probing reagents and experimental data. In SHAPE-Seq SHAPE is extended by bar-code based multiplexing combined with RNA-Seq and can be performed in a high-throug... | {
"page_id": 22217265,
"source": null,
"title": "Nucleic acid structure determination"
} |
with free guanines similar to kethoxal, and can be used to probe unpaired guanine bases in structured RNA. Due to their chemical properties, these reagents can permeate readily into cells and can therefore be used to assay RNAs in their native cellular environments. === LASER or NAz Probing === Light-Activated Structur... | {
"page_id": 22217265,
"source": null,
"title": "Nucleic acid structure determination"
} |
bands. This experiment is often done using two different conditions: 1) with ligand and 2) in the absence of ligand. Cleavage results in shorter band lengths and is indicative of areas that are not basepaired, as basepaired regions tend to be less sensitive to spontaneous cleavage. In-line probing is a functional assay... | {
"page_id": 22217265,
"source": null,
"title": "Nucleic acid structure determination"
} |
of importance where when running on a gel, functional RNAs that have the analog incorporated at that position will have a band present, but if the analog results in non-functionality, when the functional RNA molecules are run on a gel there will be no band corresponding to that position on the gel. This process can be ... | {
"page_id": 22217265,
"source": null,
"title": "Nucleic acid structure determination"
} |
Terrestrial ecosystems are ecosystems that are found on land. Examples include tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rain forest, grassland, deserts. Terrestrial ecosystems differ from aquatic ecosystems by the predominant presence of soil rather than water at the surface and by the extension of plants ab... | {
"page_id": 30999091,
"source": null,
"title": "Terrestrial ecosystem"
} |
in terrestrial ecosystems are members of the division Magnoliophyta (flowering plants), of which there are about 275,000 species, and the division Pinophyta (conifers), of which there are about 500 species. Members of the division Bryophyta (mosses and liverworts), of which there are about 24,000 species, are also impo... | {
"page_id": 30999091,
"source": null,
"title": "Terrestrial ecosystem"
} |
An A-center is a type of crystallographic defect complex in silicon which consists of a vacancy defect and an impurity oxygen atom. In general, oxygen in silicon is interstitial, in which the oxygen atom breaks the covalent bond between two adjacent silicon atoms and is attached in the middle. A-centers - another type ... | {
"page_id": 59703859,
"source": null,
"title": "A-center"
} |
Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase may refer to: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, an enzyme Glutathione hydrolase, an enzyme | {
"page_id": 30081590,
"source": null,
"title": "Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase"
} |
Neothiobinupharidine is a dimeric thiaspirane alkaloid isolated from the dwarf water lily Nuphar pumila. It exhibits weak immunosuppressive and cytotoxic bioactivity in cell line experiments. == References == | {
"page_id": 40632890,
"source": null,
"title": "Neothiobinupharidine"
} |
The Administration on Aging (AoA) is an agency within the Administration for Community Living of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. == Functions == AoA works to ensure that older Americans can stay independent in their communities, mostly by awarding grants to States, Native American tribal organizations... | {
"page_id": 1704507,
"source": null,
"title": "Administration on Aging"
} |
== History == AoA was established by the Older Americans Act of 1965. It became part of the Administration for Community Living in 2012. == See also == Category:United States Assistant Secretaries for Aging Pension Rights Center Elder law United States Senate Special Committee on Aging Clark Tibbitts == References == =... | {
"page_id": 1704507,
"source": null,
"title": "Administration on Aging"
} |
A Different Universe: Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down is a 2005 physics book by Robert B. Laughlin, a winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics for the fractional quantum Hall effect. Its title is a play on the P. W. Anderson manifesto More is Different (historically important in claiming that condensed-matter phys... | {
"page_id": 6619716,
"source": null,
"title": "A Different Universe"
} |
Clam liquor, also called clam extract, is a liquid extracted during cooking and opening of clams. Without dilution, it is called clam broth, and when concentrated by evaporation is called clam nectar. It may be canned in all these forms or used to fill up canned clam meat. It is an important component of many seafood r... | {
"page_id": 12911174,
"source": null,
"title": "Clam liquor"
} |
The John von Neumann Environmental Research Institute of the Pacific is a non profit environmental and anthropological research institute of executive branch of the government of Colombia ascribed to the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development and charged with conducting research and investigations on the P... | {
"page_id": 29557324,
"source": null,
"title": "John von Neumann Environmental Research Institute of the Pacific"
} |
A gas torus is a toroidal cloud of gas or plasma that encircles a planet or moon. In the Solar System, gas tori tend to be produced by the interaction of a satellite's atmosphere with the magnetic field of a planet. The most famous example of this is the Io plasma torus, which is produced by the ionization of roughly 1... | {
"page_id": 3801677,
"source": null,
"title": "Gas torus"
} |
WaveNet is a deep neural network for generating raw audio. It was created by researchers at London-based AI firm DeepMind. The technique, outlined in a paper in September 2016, is able to generate relatively realistic-sounding human-like voices by directly modelling waveforms using a neural network method trained with ... | {
"page_id": 54133326,
"source": null,
"title": "WaveNet"
} |
as a deep convolutional neural network (CNN). In WaveNet, the CNN takes a raw signal as an input and synthesises an output one sample at a time. It does so by sampling from a softmax (i.e. categorical) distribution of a signal value that is encoded using μ-law companding transformation and quantized to 256 possible val... | {
"page_id": 54133326,
"source": null,
"title": "WaveNet"
} |
convert a male speaker into a female speaker and vice versa [...]." (p. 1) According to the paper, a two-digit minimum amount of hours (c. 50 hours) of pre-existing speech recordings of both source and target voice are required to be fed into WaveNet for the program to learn their individual features before it is able ... | {
"page_id": 54133326,
"source": null,
"title": "WaveNet"
} |
lower complexity and use different methods than required to fool forensic evidencing methods and electronic ID devices, so that natural voices and voices cloned for entertainment-industry purposes could still be easily told apart by technological analysis. == Applications == At the time of its release, DeepMind said th... | {
"page_id": 54133326,
"source": null,
"title": "WaveNet"
} |
Palynology is the study of microorganisms and microscopic fragments of mega-organisms that are composed of acid-resistant organic material and occur in sediments, sedimentary rocks, and even some metasedimentary rocks. Palynomorphs are the microscopic, acid-resistant organic remains and debris produced by a wide variet... | {
"page_id": 328274,
"source": null,
"title": "Palynology"
} |
honey bees, it also an important tool in discovering and policing the criminal adultriation and mislabeling of honey and its products. Forensic palynology uses palynomorphs as evidence in criminal and civil law to prove or disprove a physical link between objects, people, and places. == Palynomorphs == Palynomorphs are... | {
"page_id": 328274,
"source": null,
"title": "Palynology"
} |
can be used to learn about the depositional palaeoenvironments of sedimentary rocks in exploration geology, often in conjunction with palynological analysis and vitrinite reflectance. Palynofacies can be used in two ways: Organic palynofacies considers all the acid insoluble particulate organic matter (POM), including ... | {
"page_id": 328274,
"source": null,
"title": "Palynology"
} |
a wide audience through his lectures. In particular, his Kristiania lecture of 1916 was important in gaining a wider audience. Because the early investigations were published in the Nordic languages (Scandinavian languages), the field of pollen analysis was confined to those countries. The isolation ended with the Germ... | {
"page_id": 328274,
"source": null,
"title": "Palynology"
} |
student under Sears at the University of Oklahoma. During her time as a student, she developed the first pollen diagram from a sample that depicted the percentage of several species at different depths at Curtis Bog. This was the introduction of pollen analysis in North America; pollen diagrams today still often remain... | {
"page_id": 328274,
"source": null,
"title": "Palynology"
} |
can be fatal. Another treatment includes kerosene flotation for chitinous materials. === Analysis === Once samples have been prepared chemically, they are mounted on microscope slides using silicon oil, glycerol or glycerol-jelly and examined using light microscopy or mounted on a stub for scanning electron microscopy.... | {
"page_id": 328274,
"source": null,
"title": "Palynology"
} |
organic matter and palynomorphs provides information on the depositional environment of sediments and depositional palaeoenvironments of sedimentary rocks. Geothermal alteration studies examine the colour of palynomorphs extracted from rocks to give the thermal alteration and maturation of sedimentary sequences, which ... | {
"page_id": 328274,
"source": null,
"title": "Palynology"
} |
Publishing. ISBN 0-631-18638-7 == External links == The AASP - The Palynological Society International Federation of Palynological Societies Palynology Laboratory, French Institute of Pondicherry, India The Palynology Unit, Kew Gardens, UK PalDat, palynological database hosted by the University of Vienna, Austria The M... | {
"page_id": 328274,
"source": null,
"title": "Palynology"
} |
Adenylylation, more commonly known as AMPylation, is a process in which an adenosine monophosphate (AMP) molecule is covalently attached to the amino acid side chain of a protein. This covalent addition of AMP to a hydroxyl side chain of the protein is a post-translational modification. Adenylylation involves a phospho... | {
"page_id": 12780114,
"source": null,
"title": "Adenylylation"
} |
occur in this family. The Fic domain belongs to Fido (Fic/Doc) superfamilyFic family, which is a filamentation induced by cyclic AMP domain, is known to perform AMPylation. This term was coined when VopS from Vibrio parahaemolyticus was discovered to modify RhoGTPases with AMP on a serine. This family of proteins are f... | {
"page_id": 12780114,
"source": null,
"title": "Adenylylation"
} |
the biochemical reaction carried out by SidD involves the use of a phosphatase-like domain to catalyse the hydrolytic removal of the AMP from tyrosine 77 of the host's Rab1. In animal cells the removal of AMP from threonine 518 of BiP/Grp78 is catalysed by the same enzyme, FICD, that AMPylates BiP. Unlike the bacterial... | {
"page_id": 12780114,
"source": null,
"title": "Adenylylation"
} |
host GTPases and cause actin cytoskeleton changes. GTPases are common targets of AMPylators. Rho, Rab, and Arf GTPase families are involved in actin cytoskeleton dynamics and vesicular trafficking. They also play roles in cellular control mechanisms such as phagocytosis in the host cell. The pathogen enhances or preven... | {
"page_id": 12780114,
"source": null,
"title": "Adenylylation"
} |
is composed of Rab1b specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domain, a C-terminal lipid binding domain and an N-terminal domain with unclear cytotoxic properties. Research works show that N-terminal and full-length DrrA shows AMPylators activity toward host's Rab1b protein (Ras related protein), which is also... | {
"page_id": 12780114,
"source": null,
"title": "Adenylylation"
} |
Widely assumed to be ADP-ribosylation, it turns out to be FICD-mediated AMPylation, as inactivating the FICD gene in cells abolished all measurable post-translational modification of BiP. BiP is an ER-localised protein chaperone whose activity is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level via a gene-expression prog... | {
"page_id": 12780114,
"source": null,
"title": "Adenylylation"
} |
within the nematode's behaviour or physiology, Fic-1 knockout worms were more susceptible to infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to the counterparts with active Fic-1 domains, implying a link between AMPylation of cellular targets and immune responses within nematodes. === Drosophila melanogaster === Flies lac... | {
"page_id": 12780114,
"source": null,
"title": "Adenylylation"
} |
detect a specific AMPylated peptide sequence, raising AMP antibodies directly targeted to specific amino acids are considered superior. === Mass spectrometry === Previously, many studies used Mass Spectrometry (MS) in different fragmentation modes to detect AMPylated peptides. In responses to the distinctive fragmentat... | {
"page_id": 12780114,
"source": null,
"title": "Adenylylation"
} |
Produced in hadronic collisions, a direct photon is any real photon which originates directly from an electromagnetic vertex in a quark-quark, quark-gluon or gluon-gluon scattering subprocess (as opposed to "indirect" photons which arise from the decays of fragmentation products). Because the QCD calculations for direc... | {
"page_id": 51446357,
"source": null,
"title": "Direct photon"
} |
Triafulvalene or cyclopropenylidenecyclopropene is a fulvalene hydrocarbon with chemical formula C6H4, composed of two linked cyclopropene rings. Triafulvalene has never been isolated, since it can decompose via an isodesmic reaction. However, its structure, stability, and spectral properties are well-studied theoretic... | {
"page_id": 47907415,
"source": null,
"title": "Triafulvalene"
} |
Data preprocessing can refer to manipulation, filtration or augmentation of data before it is analyzed, and is often an important step in the data mining process. Data collection methods are often loosely controlled, resulting in out-of-range values, impossible data combinations, and missing values, amongst other issue... | {
"page_id": 12386904,
"source": null,
"title": "Data preprocessing"
} |
to join data files together and use preprocessing to filter any unnecessary noise from the data which can allow for higher accuracy. Users use Python programming scripts accompanied by the pandas library which gives them the ability to import data from a comma-separated values as a data-frame. The data-frame is then us... | {
"page_id": 12386904,
"source": null,
"title": "Data preprocessing"
} |
solved by more elaborate techniques to better analyze existing information. Instead of creating a simple script for aggregating different numerical values into a single value, it make sense to focus on semantic based data preprocessing. The idea is to build a dedicated ontology, which explains on a higher level what th... | {
"page_id": 12386904,
"source": null,
"title": "Data preprocessing"
} |
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