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depends on the formulation of the bitumen emulsion but also storage conditions such as temperature and humidity. When emulsified bitumen gets into contact with aggregates, emulsifiers lose their effectiveness, the emulsion breaks down, and an adhering bitumen film is formed referred to as 'breaking'. Bitumen particles ... | {
"page_id": 657,
"source": null,
"title": "Bitumen"
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phase is introduced into hot bitumen, enabling very high bitumen concentrations. T The "High Internal Phase Ratio (HIPR)" method is used for creating smaller bitumen particles, monomodal, narrow particle size distributions, and very high bitumen concentrations. Here, a highly concentrated bitumen emulsion is produced f... | {
"page_id": 657,
"source": null,
"title": "Bitumen"
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emulsions) 2. Warm emulsion based mixtures, to improve both their maturation time and mechanical properties 3. Half-warm technology, in which aggregates are heated up to 100 degrees, producing mixtures with similar properties to those of hot asphalts 4. High performance surface dressing. === Synthetic crude oil === Syn... | {
"page_id": 657,
"source": null,
"title": "Bitumen"
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feedstock to nearby oil refineries and petrochemical plants. === Non-upgraded crude bitumen === Canadian bitumen does not differ substantially from oils such as Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy oil in chemical composition, and the real difficulty is moving the extremely viscous bitumen through oil pipelines to ... | {
"page_id": 657,
"source": null,
"title": "Bitumen"
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aiming to encapsulate radioactive waste such as medium-activity salts (mainly soluble sodium nitrate and sodium sulfate) produced by the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuels or radioactive sludges from sedimentation ponds. Bituminised radioactive waste containing highly radiotoxic alpha-emitting transuranic elements fro... | {
"page_id": 657,
"source": null,
"title": "Bitumen"
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rock by establishing oxidizing conditions, preventing the reduction of redox-sensitive radionuclides. Under their higher valences, radionuclides of elements such as selenium, technetium, uranium, neptunium and plutonium have a higher solubility and are also often present in water as non-retarded anions. This makes the ... | {
"page_id": 657,
"source": null,
"title": "Bitumen"
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valuable amounts of lubricants and to adjust the properties of the material to suit applications. In a de-asphalting unit, the crude bitumen is treated with either propane or butane in a supercritical phase to extract the lighter molecules, which are then separated. Further processing is possible by "blowing" the produ... | {
"page_id": 657,
"source": null,
"title": "Bitumen"
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(370,000 m3) per day and was projected to rise to 4.4 million barrels (700,000 m3) per day by 2020. The total amount of crude bitumen in Alberta that could be extracted is estimated to be about 310 billion barrels (50×10^9 m3), which at a rate of 4,400,000 barrels per day (700,000 m3/d) would last about 200 years. === ... | {
"page_id": 657,
"source": null,
"title": "Bitumen"
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In 1875, the exploitation rights were granted to the Ottoman government and in 1912, they were transferred to the Italian company Simsa. Since 1945, the mine was exploited by the Albanian government and from 2001 to date, the management passed to a French company, which organized the mining process for the manufacture ... | {
"page_id": 657,
"source": null,
"title": "Bitumen"
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United States, and typically contains approximately 5–6% bitumen binder. Asphalt shingles typically contain 20–40% bitumen binder. Bitumen naturally becomes stiffer over time due to oxidation, evaporation, exudation, and physical hardening. For this reason, recycled asphalt is typically combined with virgin asphalt, so... | {
"page_id": 657,
"source": null,
"title": "Bitumen"
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production underpins its capacity to meet these demands. == Health and safety == People can be exposed to bitumen in the workplace by breathing in fumes or skin absorption. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit of 5 mg/m3 over a 15-minute period. Bitumen ... | {
"page_id": 657,
"source": null,
"title": "Bitumen"
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of the Vehicles That Used Them, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 978-0-8135-2691-1 == External links == Redwood, Boverton (1911). "Asphalt" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). p. 768. "Bitumen" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905. International Chemical Safety Card 0612 Pavement Interactive – Asphalt CSU Sac... | {
"page_id": 657,
"source": null,
"title": "Bitumen"
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Heat exchangers are devices that transfer heat to achieve desired heating or cooling. An important design aspect of heat exchanger technology is the selection of appropriate materials to conduct and transfer heat fast and efficiently. Copper has many desirable properties for thermally efficient and durable heat exchang... | {
"page_id": 37749393,
"source": null,
"title": "Copper in heat exchangers"
} |
for seawater service. By the 1920s, a 70% Cu-30% Ni alloy was developed for naval condensers. Soon afterwards, a 2% manganese and 2% iron copper alloy was introduced for better erosion resistance. A 90% Cu-10% Ni alloy first became available in the 1950s, initially for seawater piping. This alloy is now the most widely... | {
"page_id": 37749393,
"source": null,
"title": "Copper in heat exchangers"
} |
is stainless steel. However, the thermal conductivity of stainless steel is 1/30th times than that of copper. Aluminum tubes are not suitable for potable or untreated water applications because it corrodes at pH<7.0 and so it releases hydrogen gas. Protective films can be applied to the inner surface of copper alloy tu... | {
"page_id": 37749393,
"source": null,
"title": "Copper in heat exchangers"
} |
strong antimicrobial properties, copper fins can inhibit bacterial, fungal and viral growths that commonly build up in air conditioning systems. Hence, the surfaces of copper-based heat exchangers are cleaner for longer periods of time than heat exchangers made from other metals. This benefit offers a greatly expanded ... | {
"page_id": 37749393,
"source": null,
"title": "Copper in heat exchangers"
} |
in fossil and nuclear steam generating electric power plants, chemical and petrochemical plants, marine services, and desalination plants. The largest use of copper alloy heat exchanger tubing on a per unit basis is in utility power plants. These plants contain surface condensers, heaters, and coolers, all of which con... | {
"page_id": 37749393,
"source": null,
"title": "Copper in heat exchangers"
} |
iron sulfate or intermittent tube cleaning. The protective film that forms on Cu-Ni alloys in aerated seawater becomes mature in about three months at 60 °F and becomes increasingly protective with time. The film is resistant to polluted waters, irregular velocities, and other harsh conditions. Further details are avai... | {
"page_id": 37749393,
"source": null,
"title": "Copper in heat exchangers"
} |
is a sealed hollow copper tube that contains a small amount of thermal transfer fluid (water or glycol mixture) which under low pressure boils at a very low temperature. The copper heat pipe transfers thermal energy from within the solar tube into a copper header. As the solution circulates through the copper header, t... | {
"page_id": 37749393,
"source": null,
"title": "Copper in heat exchangers"
} |
in water heating and heating boiler appliance applications. Demand is increasing for energy-efficient compact water heating systems. Tankless gas water heaters produce hot water when needed. Copper heat exchangers are the preferred material in these units because of their high thermal conductivity and ease of fabricati... | {
"page_id": 37749393,
"source": null,
"title": "Copper in heat exchangers"
} |
applications. A heat sink is a passive component that cools semiconductor and optoelectronic devices by dissipating heat into the surrounding air. Heat sinks have temperatures higher than their surrounding environments so that heat can be transferred into the air by convection, radiation, and conduction. Aluminum is th... | {
"page_id": 37749393,
"source": null,
"title": "Copper in heat exchangers"
} |
are well documented. Smaller diameter coils have better rates of heat transfer than conventional sized coils so that they can withstand higher pressures required by the new generation of environmentally friendlier refrigerants. Smaller diameter coils also have lower material costs because they require less refrigerant,... | {
"page_id": 37749393,
"source": null,
"title": "Copper in heat exchangers"
} |
In decision tree learning, information gain ratio is a ratio of information gain to the intrinsic information. It was proposed by Ross Quinlan, to reduce a bias towards multi-valued attributes by taking the number and size of branches into account when choosing an attribute. Information gain is also known as mutual inf... | {
"page_id": 20251284,
"source": null,
"title": "Information gain ratio"
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events N ( x ) {\displaystyle N(x)} where x {\displaystyle x} is the set of events. The split information value is a positive number that describes the potential worth of splitting a branch from a node. This in turn is the intrinsic value that the random variable possesses and will be used to remove the bias in the inf... | {
"page_id": 20251284,
"source": null,
"title": "Information gain ratio"
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below): One can find the following statistics for the other variables (temperature, humidity, and wind) to see which have the greatest effect on the sunny element of the outlook variable: Humidity was found to have the highest information gain ratio. One will repeat the same steps as before and find the statistics for ... | {
"page_id": 20251284,
"source": null,
"title": "Information gain ratio"
} |
another problem. If one is considering an amount of attributes that have a high number of distinct values, these will never be above one that has a lower number of distinct values. == Difference from information gain == Information gain's shortcoming is created by not providing a numerical difference between attributes... | {
"page_id": 20251284,
"source": null,
"title": "Information gain ratio"
} |
The molecular formula C11H12O4 (molar mass: 208.21 g/mol, exact mass: 208.073559 u) may refer to: 3,4-Dimethoxycinnamic acid Ethyl caffeate, a hydroxycinnamic acid ethyl ester Macrophomic acid Sinapaldehyde 6-Methoxymellein | {
"page_id": 24838803,
"source": null,
"title": "C11H12O4"
} |
Jean Henri Hassenfratz (20 December 1755 – 26 February 1827) was a French chemist, physics professor, mine inspector, and participant in the French Revolution. In 1794, Hassenfratz took part (with Monge) in the creation of the École Polytechnique (first known as École centrale des travaux publics). Hassenfratz became i... | {
"page_id": 34275986,
"source": null,
"title": "Jean Henri Hassenfratz"
} |
High-valent iron commonly denotes compounds and intermediates in which iron is found in a formal oxidation state > +3 that show a number of bonds > 6 with a coordination number ≤ 6. The ferrate(VI) ion [FeO4]2− was the first structure in this class synthesized. The synthetic compounds discussed below contain highly oxi... | {
"page_id": 25363094,
"source": null,
"title": "High-valent iron"
} |
cyclam oxoiron(IV) is reported as the reaction of FeII(TMC)(OTf)2 with 3 equivalents of H2O2 for 3 hours. This species is pale green in color and has an absorption maximum at 820 nm. It is reported to be stable for at least 1 month at −40 ˚C. It has been characterized by Mössbauer spectroscopy, ESI-MS, EXAFS, UV-vis, R... | {
"page_id": 25363094,
"source": null,
"title": "High-valent iron"
} |
Fe(VI)N === A second FeVI species apart from the ferrate(VI) ion, [(Me3cy-ac)FeN](PF6)2, has been reported. This species, is formed by oxidation followed by photolysis to yield the Fe(VI) species. Characterization of the Fe(VI) complex was done by Mossbauer, EXAFS, IR, and DFT calculations. Unlike the ferrate(VI) ion, ... | {
"page_id": 25363094,
"source": null,
"title": "High-valent iron"
} |
Synthetic immunology is the rational design and construction of synthetic systems that perform complex immunological functions. Functions include using specific cell markers to target cells for destruction and or interfering with immune reactions. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved immune system modulators ... | {
"page_id": 49545883,
"source": null,
"title": "Synthetic immunology"
} |
agents can cause unwanted anaphylactic or inflammatory reactions, are administered by injection and are expensive. Small molecules, in contrast, are generally inexpensive to produce, orally bioavailable and are rarely allergenic. Synthetic antibody-recruiting small molecules have been created that redirect natural anti... | {
"page_id": 49545883,
"source": null,
"title": "Synthetic immunology"
} |
An anastomosis (, pl.: anastomoses) is a connection or opening between two things (especially cavities or passages) that are normally diverging or branching, such as between blood vessels, leaf veins, or streams. Such a connection may be normal (such as the foramen ovale in a fetus' heart) or abnormal (such as the pate... | {
"page_id": 328352,
"source": null,
"title": "Anastomosis"
} |
flow. === Surgical === Surgical anastomosis occurs when segments of intestine, blood vessel, or any other structure are connected together surgically (anastomosed). Examples include arterial anastomosis in bypass surgery, intestinal anastomosis after a piece of intestine has been resected, Roux-en-Y anastomosis and ure... | {
"page_id": 328352,
"source": null,
"title": "Anastomosis"
} |
Anastomotic leaks associated with peritonitis or systemic sepsis requires an operation with either revision of the anastomosis if feasible or fecal diversion proximally or at the site of the anastomosis with a stoma. === Pathological === Pathological anastomosis results from trauma or disease and may involve veins, art... | {
"page_id": 328352,
"source": null,
"title": "Anastomosis"
} |
of another expanding, exploring self, the tips press against each other in pheromonal recognition or by an unknown recognition system, fusing to form a genetic singular clonal colony that can cover hectares called a genet or just microscopical areas. For fungi, anastomosis is also a component of reproduction. In some f... | {
"page_id": 328352,
"source": null,
"title": "Anastomosis"
} |
the upper Columbia River in British Columbia, Canada, the Drumheller Channels of the Channeled Scablands of the state of Washington, US, and the upper Narew River in Poland. The term anabranch has been used for segments of anastomosing rivers. Braided streams show anastomosing channels around channel bars of alluvium. ... | {
"page_id": 328352,
"source": null,
"title": "Anastomosis"
} |
In quantum mechanics, the variational method is one way of finding approximations to the lowest energy eigenstate or ground state, and some excited states. This allows calculating approximate wavefunctions such as molecular orbitals. The basis for this method is the variational principle. The method consists of choosin... | {
"page_id": 37487265,
"source": null,
"title": "Variational method (quantum mechanics)"
} |
{\displaystyle H} , suppose the spectrum of H {\displaystyle H} is bounded from below and that its greatest lower bound is E0. The expectation value of H {\displaystyle H} in a state | ψ ⟩ {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle } is then ⟨ ψ | H | ψ ⟩ = ∑ λ 1 , λ 2 ∈ S p e c ( H ) ⟨ ψ | ψ λ 1 ⟩ ⟨ ψ λ 1 | H | ψ λ 2 ⟩ ⟨ ψ λ 2 | ψ ... | {
"page_id": 37487265,
"source": null,
"title": "Variational method (quantum mechanics)"
} |
therefore the choice of ansatz is important. Let's assume there is some overlap between the ansatz and the ground state (otherwise, it's a bad ansatz). We wish to normalize the ansatz, so we have the constraints ⟨ ψ ( α ) | ψ ( α ) ⟩ = 1 {\displaystyle \left\langle \psi (\mathbf {\alpha } )|\psi (\mathbf {\alpha } )\ri... | {
"page_id": 37487265,
"source": null,
"title": "Variational method (quantum mechanics)"
} |
method of variation or by direct calculation, a subset of the Hilbert space can be chosen which is orthogonal to the ground state wavefunction. | ψ ⟩ = | ψ test ⟩ − ⟨ ψ g r | ψ test ⟩ | ψ gr ⟩ {\displaystyle \left|\psi \right\rangle =\left|\psi _{\text{test}}\right\rangle -\left\langle \psi _{\mathrm {gr} }|\psi _{\tex... | {
"page_id": 37487265,
"source": null,
"title": "Variational method (quantum mechanics)"
} |
\psi _{n}|\psi _{m}\right\rangle \\={}&\sum _{n}|c_{n}|^{2}E_{n}.\end{aligned}}} Now, the ground state energy is the lowest energy possible, i.e., E n ≥ E ground {\displaystyle E_{n}\geq E_{\text{ground}}} . Therefore, if the guessed wave function φ is normalized: ⟨ ϕ | H | ϕ ⟩ ≥ E ground ∑ n | c n | 2 = E ground . {\d... | {
"page_id": 37487265,
"source": null,
"title": "Variational method (quantum mechanics)"
} |
it, neglecting the fine structure, is: H = − ℏ 2 2 m ( ∇ 1 2 + ∇ 2 2 ) − e 2 4 π ε 0 ( 2 r 1 + 2 r 2 − 1 | r 1 − r 2 | ) {\displaystyle H=-{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\left(\nabla _{1}^{2}+\nabla _{2}^{2}\right)-{\frac {e^{2}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\left({\frac {2}{r_{1}}}+{\frac {2}{r_{2}}}-{\frac {1}{|\mathbf {r} _{1}-\... | {
"page_id": 37487265,
"source": null,
"title": "Variational method (quantum mechanics)"
} |
use a trial wavefunction equal with an "effective" nuclear charge Z < 2: The expectation value of H in this state is: ⟨ H ⟩ = [ − 2 Z 2 + 27 4 Z ] E 1 {\displaystyle \left\langle H\right\rangle =\left[-2Z^{2}+{\frac {27}{4}}Z\right]E_{1}} This is minimal for Z = 27/16 implying shielding reduces the effective charge to ... | {
"page_id": 37487265,
"source": null,
"title": "Variational method (quantum mechanics)"
} |
Anatomy (from Ancient Greek ἀνατομή (anatomḗ) 'dissection') is the branch of morphology concerned with the study of the internal structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its beginnings in pre... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
the Greek ἀνατομή anatomē "dissection" (from ἀνατέμνω anatémnō "I cut up, cut open" from ἀνά aná "up", and τέμνω témnō "I cut"), anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of organisms including their systems, organs and tissues. It includes the appearance and position of the various parts, the materials from whi... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
a body is opened and its organs studied, and endoscopy, in which a video camera-equipped instrument is inserted through a small incision in the body wall and used to explore the internal organs and other structures. Angiography using X-rays or magnetic resonance angiography are methods to visualize blood vessels. The t... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
layers are called triploblastic. All of a triploblastic animal's tissues and organs are derived from the three germ layers of the embryo, the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Animal tissues can be grouped into four basic types: connective, epithelial, muscle and nervous tissue. === Connective tissue === Connective tiss... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
layer of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that covers the exterior of the vertebrate body. Keratinocytes make up to 95% of the cells in the skin. The epithelial cells on the external surface of the body typically secrete an extracellular matrix in the form of a cuticle. In simple animals this may just be a co... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
and jellyfish), the nerves form a nerve net, but in most animals they are organized longitudinally into bundles. In simple animals, receptor neurons in the body wall cause a local reaction to a stimulus. In more complex animals, specialized receptor cells such as chemoreceptors and photoreceptors are found in groups an... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
series of vertebrae. In most vertebrates the notochord becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs. However, a few vertebrates, such as the sturgeon and the coelacanth, retain the notochord into adulthood. Jawed vertebrates are typified by paired appendages, fins or legs, which may be secondarily lost. The... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
Sharks and rays are basal fish with numerous primitive anatomical features similar to those of ancient fish, including skeletons composed of cartilage. Their bodies tend to be dorso-ventrally flattened, they usually have five pairs of gill slits and a large mouth set on the underside of the head. The dermis is covered ... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
in some species, poison glands. The hearts of amphibians have three chambers, two atria and one ventricle. They have a urinary bladder and nitrogenous waste products are excreted primarily as urea. Amphibians breathe by means of buccal pumping, a pump action in which air is first drawn into the buccopharyngeal region t... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
The heart resembles that of the amphibian but there is a septum which more completely separates the oxygenated and deoxygenated bloodstreams. The reproductive system has evolved for internal fertilization, with a copulatory organ present in most species. The eggs are surrounded by amniotic membranes which prevents them... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
being less rigidly attached which allows the mouth to open wider. Lizards are mostly quadrupeds, with the trunk held off the ground by short, sideways-facing legs, but a few species have no limbs and resemble snakes. Lizards have moveable eyelids, eardrums are present and some species have a central parietal eye. Snake... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
anatomy === Birds are tetrapods but though their hind limbs are used for walking or hopping, their front limbs are wings covered with feathers and adapted for flight. Birds are endothermic, have a high metabolic rate, a light skeletal system and powerful muscles. The long bones are thin, hollow and very light. Air sac ... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
The teeth are shed once (milk teeth) during the animal's lifetime or not at all, as is the case in cetaceans. Mammals have three bones in the middle ear and a cochlea in the inner ear. They are clothed in hair and their skin contains glands which secrete sweat. Some of these glands are specialized as mammary glands, pr... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically; that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems. The major anato... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
to the organism. An endoskeleton derived from the mesoderm is present in echinoderms, sponges and some cephalopods. Exoskeletons are derived from the epidermis and is composed of chitin in arthropods (insects, spiders, ticks, shrimps, crabs, lobsters). Calcium carbonate constitutes the shells of molluscs, brachiopods a... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
and one or two pairs of wings. The abdomen is composed of eleven segments, some of which may be fused and houses the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive systems. There is considerable variation between species and many adaptations to the body parts, especially wings, legs, antennae and mouthparts. Spider... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
from every member of the body. Ancient Greek anatomy and physiology underwent great changes and advances throughout the early medieval world. Over time, this medical practice expanded due to a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Phenomenal anatomical observations ... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
made a distinction between its cerebrum and cerebellum During his study in Alexandria, Erasistratus was particularly concerned with studies of the circulatory and nervous systems. He could distinguish the human body's sensory and motor nerves and believed air entered the lungs and heart, which was then carried througho... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
BCE, Herophilos and Erasistratus produced more accurate anatomical descriptions based on vivisection of criminals in Alexandria during the Ptolemaic period. In the 2nd century, Galen of Pergamum, an anatomist, clinician, writer, and philosopher, wrote the final and highly influential anatomy treatise of ancient times. ... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
a large format book in seven volumes, in 1543. The accurate and intricately detailed illustrations, often in allegorical poses against Italianate landscapes, are thought to have been made by the artist Jan van Calcar, a pupil of Titian. In England, anatomy was the subject of the first public lectures given in any scien... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
comparative anatomy, published over 70 research papers, and became famous for his public dissection of the Tay Whale. From 1822 the Royal College of Surgeons regulated the teaching of anatomy in medical schools. Medical museums provided examples in comparative anatomy, and were often used in teaching. Ignaz Semmelweis ... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
About the same time, in the 1950s, the use of X-ray diffraction for studying the crystal structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and other biological molecules gave rise to a new field of molecular anatomy. Equally important advances have occurred in non-invasive techniques for examining the body's interior structures. ... | {
"page_id": 674,
"source": null,
"title": "Anatomy"
} |
The atomic number or nuclear charge number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the charge number of its atomic nucleus. For ordinary nuclei composed of protons and neutrons, this is equal to the proton number (np) or the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that element. The atomic number can be used... | {
"page_id": 673,
"source": null,
"title": "Atomic number"
} |
consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weights. Only after 1915, with the suggestion and evidence that this Z number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms, did the word Atomzahl (and its English equivalent atomic number) come into common use in this context. The rules above do ... | {
"page_id": 673,
"source": null,
"title": "Atomic number"
} |
to the element's sequential position on the periodic table. Ernest Rutherford, in various articles in which he discussed van den Broek's idea, used the term "atomic number" to refer to an element's position on the periodic table. No writer before Rutherford is known to have used the term "atomic number" in this way, so... | {
"page_id": 673,
"source": null,
"title": "Atomic number"
} |
the periodic numbering of elements at least from lutetium (element 71) onward (hafnium was not known at this time). === The Rutherford-Bohr model and van den Broek === In 1911, Ernest Rutherford gave a model of the atom in which a central nucleus held most of the atom's mass and a positive charge which, in units of the... | {
"page_id": 673,
"source": null,
"title": "Atomic number"
} |
(Z = 79) used as a series of movable anodic targets inside an x-ray tube. The square root of the frequency of these photons (x-rays) increased from one target to the next in an arithmetic progression. This led to the conclusion (Moseley's law) that the atomic number does closely correspond (with an offset of one unit f... | {
"page_id": 673,
"source": null,
"title": "Atomic number"
} |
+2, were the nuclei of helium atoms, which had a mass four times that of hydrogen, not two times. If Prout's hypothesis were true, something had to be neutralizing some of the charge of the hydrogen nuclei present in the nuclei of heavier atoms. In 1917, Rutherford succeeded in generating hydrogen nuclei from a nuclear... | {
"page_id": 673,
"source": null,
"title": "Atomic number"
} |
Each element has a specific set of chemical properties as a consequence of the number of electrons present in the neutral atom, which is Z (the atomic number). The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element's electron shells, particularly t... | {
"page_id": 673,
"source": null,
"title": "Atomic number"
} |
chemical elements List of chemical elements Mass number – Number of heavy particles in the atomic nucleus Neutron number – The number of neutrons in a nuclide Neutron–proton ratio – Ratio of neutrons to protons in an atomic nucleus Prout's hypothesis – Early model of the atom that did not account for mass defect == Ref... | {
"page_id": 673,
"source": null,
"title": "Atomic number"
} |
The wet leakage current test is an electrical withstanding test carried out on electrical appliances to test the electrical isolation of the housing. The test is carried out by submersing the appliance into water with one lead attached to the electrical leads of the appliance, and the other lead connected to the water.... | {
"page_id": 25494178,
"source": null,
"title": "Wet leakage current test"
} |
S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(3-phospho-D-glycerate-carboxy-lyase (dimerizing))-lysine 6-N-methyltransferase may refer to: (Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase)-lysine N-methyltransferase, an enzyme (Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase)-lysine N-methyltransferase, an enzyme | {
"page_id": 38601381,
"source": null,
"title": "S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(3-phospho-D-glycerate-carboxy-lyase (dimerizing))-lysine 6-N-methyltransferase"
} |
The Biological Institute (Portuguese: Instituto Biológico) is an applied research center established in 1924 in São Paulo, Brazil. It is a governmental organisation concerned with the prevention of zoonoses and foodborne animal pathogens such as rabies and tuberculosis, sanitary advertisement campaigns, alternatives to... | {
"page_id": 11928230,
"source": null,
"title": "Biological Institute (São Paulo)"
} |
farms, or about 50 million farmers overall, in order to apply the results of the ongoing research. Arthur Neiva then ended the research at the end of the year, and the results from such a massive scientific and technical experiment soon arrived, and the damages caused by the beetle were finally under biological control... | {
"page_id": 11928230,
"source": null,
"title": "Biological Institute (São Paulo)"
} |
Carl Theodor Liebermann (23 February 1842 – 28 December 1914) was a German chemist and student of Adolf von Baeyer. == Life == Liebermann first studied at the University of Heidelberg where Robert Wilhelm Bunsen was teaching. He then joined the group of Adolf von Baeyer at the University of Berlin where he received his... | {
"page_id": 14484134,
"source": null,
"title": "Carl Theodor Liebermann"
} |
Wehrlite is an ultramafic and ultrabasic rock that is a mixture of olivine and clinopyroxene. It is a subdivision of the peridotites. The nomenclature allows up to a few percent of orthopyroxene. Accessory minerals include ilmenite, chromite, magnetite and an aluminium-bearing mineral (plagioclase, spinel or garnet). W... | {
"page_id": 38208167,
"source": null,
"title": "Wehrlite"
} |
A blank value in analytical chemistry is a measurement of a blank. The reading does not originate from a sample, but the matrix effects, reagents and other residues. These contribute to the sample value in the analytical measurement and therefore have to be subtracted. The limit of blank is defined by the Clinical And ... | {
"page_id": 70189737,
"source": null,
"title": "Blank value"
} |
Defence Nuclear Material within the UK is defined as: Nuclear weapons (warheads) Special Nuclear Materials (SNM), including new and used reactor fuel from Royal Navy submarines. == References == | {
"page_id": 6816424,
"source": null,
"title": "Defence Nuclear Material"
} |
Bi-scalar tensor vector gravity theory (BSTV) is an extension of the tensor–vector–scalar gravity theory (TeVeS). TeVeS is a relativistic generalization of Mordehai Milgrom's Modified Newtonian Dynamics MOND paradigm proposed by Jacob Bekenstein. BSTV was proposed by R.H.Sanders. BSTV makes TeVeS more flexible by makin... | {
"page_id": 28005582,
"source": null,
"title": "Bi-scalar tensor vector gravity"
} |
Protein moonlighting is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. It is an excellent example of gene sharing. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but, through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are recep... | {
"page_id": 30999216,
"source": null,
"title": "Protein moonlighting"
} |
be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution.: 1–7 The genes encoding crystallins must maintai... | {
"page_id": 30999216,
"source": null,
"title": "Protein moonlighting"
} |
mutations of the active site. The development of moonlighting proteins may be evolutionarily favorable to the organism since a single protein can do the job of multiple proteins conserving amino acids and energy required to synthesize these proteins. However, there is no universally agreed upon theory that explains why... | {
"page_id": 30999216,
"source": null,
"title": "Protein moonlighting"
} |
active AO octamers in the peroxisomal matrix. However, in cells lacking pyruvate carboxylase, AO monomers accumulate in the cytosol, indicating that pyruvate carboxylase has a second fully unrelated function in assembly and import. The function in AO import/assembly is fully independent of the enzyme activity of pyruva... | {
"page_id": 30999216,
"source": null,
"title": "Protein moonlighting"
} |
example, in higher temperatures DegP (HtrA) will function as a protease by the directed degradation of proteins and in lower temperatures as a chaperone by assisting the non-covalent folding or unfolding and the assembly or disassembly of other macromolecular structures. Furthermore, moonlighting proteins may exhibit d... | {
"page_id": 30999216,
"source": null,
"title": "Protein moonlighting"
} |
when a mutation takes place that inactivates a function of a moonlighting proteins, the other function(s) are not necessarily affected. The crystal structures of several moonlighting proteins, such as I-AniI homing endonuclease / maturase and the PutA proline dehydrogenase / transcription factor, have been determined. ... | {
"page_id": 30999216,
"source": null,
"title": "Protein moonlighting"
} |
their mass-to-charge ratio. Because of alternative splicing and posttranslational modification, identification of proteins based on the mass of the parent ion alone is very difficult. However tandem mass spectrometry in which each of the parent peaks is in turn fragmented can be used to unambiguously identify proteins.... | {
"page_id": 30999216,
"source": null,
"title": "Protein moonlighting"
} |
the related molecule lactoferrin by multiple pathways. == Crystallins == In the case of crystallins, the genes must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function. The abundant lens crystallins have been generally viewed as static proteins serving a strictly structural role in transpare... | {
"page_id": 30999216,
"source": null,
"title": "Protein moonlighting"
} |
borrowed proteins, have continually supported the theory of gene sharing, and helped delineating the mechanisms used for gene sharing as well. There are two α-crystallin genes (αA and αB), which are about 55% identical in amino acid sequence. Expression studies in non-lens cells showed that the αB-crystallin, other tha... | {
"page_id": 30999216,
"source": null,
"title": "Protein moonlighting"
} |
Subsequent studies have indicated that BCP 54 is ALDH3, a tumor and xenobiotic-inducible cytosolic enzyme, found in human, rat, and other mammals. === Non refractive roles of crystallins in lens and cornea === While it is evident that gene sharing resulted in many of lens crystallins being multifunctional proteins, it ... | {
"page_id": 30999216,
"source": null,
"title": "Protein moonlighting"
} |
several concepts in genetics, evolution, and molecular biology. Gene sharing entails multiple effects from the same gene, but unlike pleiotropy, it necessarily involves separate functions at the molecular level. A gene could exhibit pleiotropy when single enzyme function affects multiple phenotypic traits; mutations of... | {
"page_id": 30999216,
"source": null,
"title": "Protein moonlighting"
} |
protein transferrin into cells resulting in iron acquisition by the pathogen. == See also == Enzyme promiscuity Pseudoenzymes == External links == Media related to Moonlighting proteins at Wikimedia Commons moonlightingproteins.org database == References == | {
"page_id": 30999216,
"source": null,
"title": "Protein moonlighting"
} |
Cadalene or cadalin (4-isopropyl-1,6-dimethylnaphthalene) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with a chemical formula C15H18 and a cadinane skeleton. It is derived from generic sesquiterpenes, and ubiquitous in essential oils of many higher plants. Cadalene, together with retene, simonellite and ip-iHMN, is a biomarke... | {
"page_id": 7013043,
"source": null,
"title": "Cadalene"
} |
The Lydersen method is a group contribution method for the estimation of critical properties temperature (Tc), pressure (Pc) and volume (Vc). The method is named after Aksel Lydersen who published it in 1955. The Lydersen method is the prototype for and ancestor of many new models like Joback, Klincewicz, Ambrose, Gani... | {
"page_id": 21693114,
"source": null,
"title": "Lydersen method"
} |
The Markó–Lam deoxygenation is an organic chemistry reaction where the hydroxy functional group in an organic compound is replaced by a hydrogen atom to give an alkyl group. The Markó-Lam reaction is a variant of the Bouveault–Blanc reduction and an alternative to the classical Barton–McCombie deoxygenation. It is name... | {
"page_id": 25625276,
"source": null,
"title": "Markó–Lam deoxygenation"
} |
Astroecology concerns the interactions of biota with space environments. It studies resources for life on planets, asteroids and comets, around various stars, in galaxies, and in the universe. The results allow estimating the future prospects for life, from planetary to galactic and cosmological scales. Available energ... | {
"page_id": 21168829,
"source": null,
"title": "Astroecology"
} |
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