word stringlengths 1 43 | display_word stringlengths 1 43 | parts_of_speech listlengths 1 9 | etymology_texts listlengths 0 9 | pairs listlengths 1 29 | source_languages listlengths 1 13 | mechanisms listlengths 1 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
planet | planet | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English planete, from Old French planete, from Latin planeta, planetes, from Ancient Greek πλανήτης (planḗtēs, “wanderer”) (itself an ellipsis of ἀστέρες πλανῆται (astéres planêtai, “wandering stars”)), from Ancient Greek πλανάω (planáō, “wander about, stray”), of unknown origin. Cognate with Latin pāl... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "planete",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English planete"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "planete",
"t... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
star | star | [
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂eHs-\nProto-Indo-European *-tḗr\nProto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr\nProto-Germanic *sternǭ\nProto-West Germanic *sternō\nProto-West Germanic *sterrō\nOld English steorra\nMiddle English sterre\nEnglish star\nFrom Middle English sterre, from Old English steorra (“star”), from Proto-... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "sterre",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English sterre"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "steorra",
"... | [
"Dutch",
"English",
"German",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
sky | sky | [
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"The noun is derived from Middle English sky (“sky; cloud; mist”), also spelled ski, skie, [and other forms], from Old Norse ský (“cloud”), from Proto-Germanic *skiwją (“cloud; sky”), from *skiwô (“cloud; cloud cover, haze; sky”) (whence Old English sċēo (“cloud”) and Middle English skew (“air; sky; (rare) cloud”))... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "sky",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English sky (“sky; cloud; mist”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Old Norse",
"source_code": "non",
"source_term": "... | [
"English",
"German",
"Old Norse",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
obfuscate | obfuscate | [
"verb",
"adj"
] | [
"The adjective is first attested in 1487, in Middle English, the verb in 1536; either borrowed from Middle French obfusquer, offusquer, from Old French offusquer, or directly from Late Latin obfuscātus, offuscātus, the perfect passive participle of obfuscō, offuscō (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and -ate (adjectiv... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "obfusquer",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "borrowed from Middle French obfusquer, offusquer"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"sour... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
can | can | [
"verb",
"intj",
"particle",
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃-\nProto-Indo-European *-né-\nProto-Indo-European *ǵn̥néh₃ti\nProto-Germanic *kunnaną\nProto-West Germanic *kunnan\nOld English cunnan\nMiddle English can\nEnglish can\nFrom Middle English can, first and third person singular of connen, cunnen (“to be able, know how”), fro... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "can",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English can"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "cann",
"template"... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"inherited"
] |
zero | zero | [
"num",
"noun",
"det",
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"Collectively borrowed from Early Modern Spanish zero, Middle French zero, and (their etymon) Old Italian zero, from Medieval Latin zēphirum, from Arabic صِفْر (ṣifr, “nothing; cipher”), itself calqued from Sanskrit शून्य (śūnyá, “void; nothingness”). Doublet of cipher and chiffre. Cognate with Spanish cero and Fre... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "zero",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Early Modern Spanish zero"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "zero",
"temp... | [
"Arabic",
"French",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Sanskrit"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
number | number | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *nem-\nProto-Italic *nomezos\nLatin numerus\nAnglo-Norman noumbrebor.\nMiddle English nombre\nEnglish number\nInherited from Middle English number, nombre, numbre, noumbre, from Anglo-Norman noumbre, Old French nombre, from Latin numerus (“number”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-Eu... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "number",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English number"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "noumbre",
"tem... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
oxymoron | oxymoron | [
"noun"
] | [
"First attested in the 17th century, noun use of 5th century Latin oxymōrum (adjective), neut. nom. form of oxymōrus (adjective), from Ancient Greek ὀξύμωρος (oxúmōros), compound of ὀξύς (oxús, “sharp, keen, pointed”) (English oxy-, as in oxygen) + μωρός (mōrós, “dull, stupid, foolish”) (English moron (“stupid pers... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "oxymōrum",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Latin oxymōrum (adjective)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "ὀξύμωρος",
"... | [
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
numeral | numeral | [
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"As an adjective, from Middle English numeral, numerall, from Latin numerālis (“pertaining to a number”), from numerus (“a number”).\nAs a noun, via Middle French numeral."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "numeral",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English numeral"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "numerālis",
"t... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
bureaucrat | bureaucrat | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *péh₂wr̥\nProto-Hellenic *pāwər\nAncient Greek πῦρ (pûr)\nProto-Indo-European *-rós\nProto-Hellenic *-rós\nAncient Greek -ρός (-rós)\nAncient Greek πῠρρός (pŭrrhós)bor.\nLatin burrus\nLatin burra\nOld French *bure\nProto-Indo-European *-lós\nProto-Indo-European *-elós\nProto-Ita... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "bureaucrate",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French bureaucrate"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
alphabet | alphabet | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Semitic *ʔalp-\nPhoenician 𐤀𐤋𐤐 (ʾlp)bor.\nAncient Greek ἄλφα (álpha)\nProto-Semitic *bayt-\nPhoenician 𐤁𐤕 (bt)bor.\nAncient Greek βῆτᾰ (bêtă)\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Hellenic *-os\nAncient Greek -ος (-os)\nAncient Greek ἀλφάβητος (alphábētos)\nByzantine Greek ἀλφάβητον (alphábēt... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "alphabete",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English alphabete"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-cla",
"source_term": "alphabētum... | [
"English",
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
achievement | achievement | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle French achevement (compare Modern French achèvement), from Old French achevement, from the verb achever, achiever (“to finish”); equivalent to achieve + -ment. The heraldic sense may be influenced by hatchment."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "achevement",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Middle French achevement"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "achevement",
... | [
"French"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
achilles tendon | Achilles tendon | [
"noun"
] | [
"Calque of New Latin tendo Achillis, in reference to the mythological account of Achilles being held by the heel when dipped in the River Styx. Its coinage has been attributed to Dutch anatomist Philip Verheyden in 1693, but the term is first attested in 1684."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "calqued",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-new",
"source_term": "tendo Achillis",
"template": "calque",
"detail": "Calque of New Latin tendo Achillis"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"calqued"
] |
achroous | achroous | [
"adj"
] | [
"From Ancient Greek ἄχροος (ákhroos) (from ἀ- (a-, “not”) + χρώς (khrṓs, “color”)) + -ous."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "ἄχροος",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Ancient Greek ἄχροος (ákhroos)"
}
] | [
"Greek"
] | [
"derived"
] |
acicula | acicula | [
"noun"
] | [
"Unadapted borrowing from Latin acicula (“pin for a head-dress”)"
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "acicula",
"template": "ubor",
"detail": "Unadapted borrowing from Latin acicula (“pin for a head-dress”)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
acid | acid | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ-der.\nLatin aceō\nProto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-der.\nProto-Italic *-iðos\nLatin -idus\nLatin acidusbor.\nFrench acidebor.\nEnglish acid\nFrom French acide, from Latin acidus (“sour, acid”), from aceō (“to be sour”). Doublet of agita."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "acide",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French acide"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "acidus",
"template": "der",
... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
tachygraphy | tachygraphy | [
"noun"
] | [
"Derived from Ancient Greek ταχυγράφος (takhugráphos). By surface analysis, tachy- (“fast”) + -graphy (“writing”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "ταχυγράφος",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Ancient Greek ταχυγράφος (takhugráphos)"
}
] | [
"Greek"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
quarter | quarter | [
"noun",
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English quarter, from Anglo-Norman quarter, from Latin quartarius, from quartus. Compare Spanish cuarto (“room, quarters; quarter”). Doublet of quartier.",
"Borrowed from French cartayer."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "quarter",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English quarter"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "quarter",
"t... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
parole | parole | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Borrowed from Middle French parole (“word, formal promise”), from Old French parole, from Late Latin parabola (“speech”), from Ancient Greek παραβολή (parabolḗ). Doublet of parabola, parable, and palaver."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "parole",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Middle French parole (“word, formal promise”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term... | [
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
taghairm | taghairm | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Scottish Gaelic taghairm, from Old Irish togairm, from Proto-Celtic *to-garrman, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵh₂r̥-smn̥, from *ǵeh₂r- (“to call, to shout”); compare Irish toghairm (“an invocation, a summons”), from gairm, gair (“to call; to invoke”), ultimately from the same Proto-Indo-European roots.\... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "taghairm",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Scottish Gaelic taghairm"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "togairm",
... | [
"Other",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
german | German | [
"noun",
"name",
"adj"
] | [
"From Latin Germānus, Germānī (“the peoples of Germānia”), as distinct from Gauls (in the writings of Caesar and Tacitus), and of uncertain ultimate origin (possibly Celtic/Gaulish).\nNot related to german (“closely related”) or germane (from the Latin adjective germānus, through Old French).\nAttested since at lea... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Germānus",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin Germānus"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": null,
"template": "der",... | [
"German",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
mexico | Mexico | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nClassical Nahuatl Mēxihcobor.\nSpanish Méxicobor.\nEnglish Mexico Borrowed from Spanish México, from Classical Nahuatl Mēxihco, a place-name referring to the Mēxihcah (Mexica/Aztecs)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "México",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Spanish México"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Mēxihco",
... | [
"Other",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
decade | decade | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English decade, from Old French decade, from Late Latin decādem (“(set of) ten”), from Ancient Greek δεκάς (dekás), from δέκα (déka, “ten”). In reference to a span of ten years, originally a clipping of the phrase decade of years. By surface analysis, dec- + -ade. Doublet of decad and dekad."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "decade",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English decade"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "decade",
"temp... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
fortnight | fortnight | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English fourtenyght, fourtene nyght, from Old English fēowertīene niht (literally “fourteen nights\"; the Anglo-Saxons counted by nights), equivalent to fourteen + night. Compare sennight."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "fourtenyght",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English fourtenyght"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "fēowe... | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
grass | grass | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁-der.\nProto-Germanic *grasą\nProto-West Germanic *gras\nOld English græs\nMiddle English gras\nEnglish grass\nInherited from Middle English gras, from Old English græs, from Proto-West Germanic *gras, from Proto-Germanic *grasą (“grass”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreh₁... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "gras",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English gras"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "græs",
"templat... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
one | one | [
"num",
"pron",
"noun",
"adj",
"det",
"verb"
] | [
"PIE word\n *h₁óynos\nEtymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ís?\nProto-Indo-European *h₁óynos\nProto-Germanic *ainaz\nProto-West Germanic *ain\nOld English ān\nMiddle English on\nEnglish one\nFrom Middle English oon, on, oan, an, from Old English ān (“one”), from Proto-West Germanic *ain, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "oon",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English oon"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "ān",
"template": ... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
two | two | [
"num",
"noun"
] | [
"PIE word\n *dwóh₁\nFrom Middle English two, twa, from Old English twā, feminine and neuter of twēġen (whence twain), from Proto-West Germanic *twai-, from Proto-Germanic *twai, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.\nCognates\nCognate with Scots twa (“two”); North Frisian tou, tuu (“two”); Saterland Frisian twäin, two (... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "two",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English two"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "twā",
"template":... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
three | three | [
"num",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English thre, threo, thrie, thri, from Old English þrī, from Proto-West Germanic *þrīʀ, from Proto-Germanic *þrīz, from Proto-Indo-European *tréyes. Doublet of tres and trey.\nCognate with German drei, Albanian tre, Armenian երեք (erekʻ), Latin trēs, Latvian trīs, Lithuanian trỹs, Greek τρεῖς (treís), ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "thre",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English thre"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "þrī",
"template... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
four | four | [
"num",
"noun"
] | [
"PIE word\n *kʷetwóres\nEtymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *kʷetwṓr\nProto-Germanic *fedwōr\nProto-West Germanic *feuwar\nOld English fēower\nMiddle English four\nEnglish four\nFrom Middle English four, from Old English fēower, from Proto-West Germanic *feuwar, from Proto-Germanic *fedwōr, from previous pre-Grimm ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "four",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English four"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "fēower",
"templ... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
five | five | [
"num",
"noun"
] | [
"PIE word\n *pénkʷe\nEtymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *pénkʷe\nProto-Germanic *fimf\nProto-West Germanic *fimf\nOld English fīf\nMiddle English fyf\nEnglish five\nFrom Middle English fyf, fyve, from Old English fīf (“five”), from Proto-West Germanic *fimf (“five”), from Proto-Germanic *fimf (“five”), from Proto-... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "fyf",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English fyf"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "fīf",
"template":... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
seme | seme | [
"noun"
] | [
"Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek σῆμα (sêma).",
"Borrowed from Japanese 攻め (seme), derived from the verb 攻める (semeru, “to attack”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "σῆμα",
"template": "lbor",
"detail": "Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek σῆμα (sêma)"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Japanese",
"source_code": "ja",
"source_t... | [
"Greek",
"Japanese"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
kgb | KGB | [
"name"
] | [
"From Russian КГБ (KGB), acronym of Комите́т госуда́рственной безопа́сности (Komitét gosudárstvennoj bezopásnosti, “State Security Committee”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Russian",
"source_code": "ru",
"source_term": "КГБ",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Russian КГБ (KGB)"
}
] | [
"Russian"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
crude | crude | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English crude, borrowed from Latin crūdus (“raw, bloody, uncooked, undigested, crude”). Doublet of crudo, from Italian. Cognate with Old English hrēaw (“raw, uncooked”) via Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂- (“raw blood”); more at raw."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "crude",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English crude"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "crūdus",
"template... | [
"English",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
i | i | [
"character",
"num",
"noun",
"pron"
] | [
"From Latin i, minuscule of I.",
"From Old English iċ.",
"From Middle English a, hi, hich, hij, I, ic, ich, ichc, ichs, ick, ig, ih, ik, j, jch, y, from Old English ic, ich, ih, ᛁᚳ (ic), ᛁᚴ (ik, “I”), from Proto-West Germanic *ik (“I”), from Proto-Germanic *ek, *eka, *ik (“I”), from Proto-Indo-European *eǵh₂óm ... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "i",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin i"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "ic",
"template": "inh",
"detail... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
letter | letter | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English letter, lettre, from Old French letre, from Latin littera (“letter of the alphabet\"; in plural, \"epistle”). Displaced Old English bōcstæf (literally “book staff”) in sense 1 and ǣrendġewrit (literally “message writing”) in sense 2.",
"From Middle English letere, equivalent to let + -er."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "letter",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English letter"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "letre",
"templ... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
medicine | medicine | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English medicin, from Middle French medicine, from Old French medecine, from Latin medicīna (“the healing art, medicine, a physician's shop, a remedy, medicine”), feminine of medicīnus (“of or belonging to physic or surgery, or to a physician or surgeon”), from medicus (“a physician, surgeon”). The ext... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "medicin",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English medicin"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "medicine",
"... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"calqued",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
year | year | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *(H)yeh₁-der.?\nProto-Indo-European *yóh₁r̥der.\nProto-Germanic *jērą\nProto-West Germanic *jār\nOld English ġēar\nMiddle English yeer\nEnglish year\nFrom Middle English yeer, yere, from Old English ġēar (“year”), from Proto-West Germanic *jār, from Proto-Germanic *jērą (“year”)... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "yeer",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English yeer"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "ġēar",
"templat... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
decrypt | decrypt | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From de- + -crypt, from Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós, literally “hidden, concealed, private, secret”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "κρυπτός",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós, literally “hidden, concealed, private, secret”)"
}
] | [
"Greek"
] | [
"derived"
] |
irish | Irish | [
"name",
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle English Irish (12th c.), from Old English *Īrisċ, from Old English Īras (“Irishmen”), from Old Norse Írar, from Old Irish Ériu (modern Irish Éire (“Ireland”)), further origin heavily debated but probably from Proto-Celtic *Φīweriyū (“fat land, fertile”), from Proto-Indo-European *péyh₂wr̥ (“fat, swelli... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Irish",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Irish"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "*Īrisċ",
"tem... | [
"English",
"Old Norse",
"Other",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
second | second | [
"adj",
"adv",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English secunde, second, secound, secund, borrowed from Old French second, seond, from Latin secundus (“following, next in order”), from root of sequor (“to follow”), from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”). Doublet of secund and secundo. Displaced native twoth and partially displaced native othe... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "secunde",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English secunde"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "second",
"te... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
century | century | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English centurie (“a count of one hundred (of anything); a division of the Roman army; century; a division of land”), from Old French centurie, from Latin centuria, from centum (“one hundred”). The most common modern use is a shortening of century of years."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "centurie",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English centurie (“a count of one hundred (of anything); a division of the Roman army; century; a division of land”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "der... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
clock | clock | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"First use appears c. 1370. From Middle English clokke, clok, cloke (“clock”), from Middle Dutch clocke (“bell, clock”), from Old Dutch *klokka, from Medieval Latin clocca (“bell, clock, cloak”), probably of Celtic origin, from Proto-Celtic *klokkos (“bell”) (compare Welsh cloch (“bell”), Old Irish cloc (“bell, clo... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "clokke",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English clokke"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Dutch",
"source_code": "dum",
"source_term": "clocke",
"templ... | [
"Dutch",
"English",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
polytheism | polytheism | [
"noun"
] | [
"From French polythéisme, from Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “many”) and θεός (theós, “god”), corresponding to poly- + theism."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "polythéisme",
"template": "der",
"detail": "French polythéisme"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "πολύς",
"template... | [
"French",
"Greek"
] | [
"derived"
] |
japan | Japan | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nHokkien 日本 /Ji̍t-púnbor.\nMalay Jepangbor.\nPortuguese Japãobor.\n▲\nMalay Jepangbor.\nDutch Japanbor.\nEnglish Japan\nFirst attested in English as Giapan in Richard Willes's 1577 The History of Travayle in the West and East Indies (cited in Peter C. Mancall's Travel Narratives from the Age of Disc... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Japam//Japão",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Portuguese Japam /Japão"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Dutch",
"source_code": "nl",
"source_term"... | [
"Chinese",
"Dutch",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
few | few | [
"det",
"pron"
] | [
"From Middle English fewe, from Old English fēaw (“few”), from Proto-West Germanic *fau, from Proto-Germanic *fawaz (“few”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w- (“few, small”).\nCognate with Old Saxon fā (“few”), Old High German fao, fō (“few, little”), Old Norse fár (“few”), Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍃 (faus, “few”). Also relate... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "fewe",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English fewe"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "fēaw",
"templat... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
meat | meat | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English mete, from Old English mete (“food”), from Proto-West Germanic *mati, from Proto-Germanic *matiz (“food”), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“to drip, ooze; grease, fat”).\nCognates\nCognate with North Frisian Miit (“meat”), Danish mad (“food”), Faroese and Icelandic matur (“food, meal”), Norn ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "mete",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English mete"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "Proto-Germanic",
"source_code": "gmw-pro",
"source_term": "*mati",
... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
beer | beer | [
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Germanic *beuzą\nProto-West Germanic *beuʀ\nOld English bēor\nMiddle English ber\nEnglish beer\nFrom Middle English ber, bere, from Old English bēor (“beer”) (Oxford OED notes: \"rare, except in poetry\"), from Proto-West Germanic *beuʀ, from Proto-Germanic *beuzą (“beer”) (putatively from Pr... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "ber",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English ber"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "bēor",
"template"... | [
"Dutch",
"English",
"German",
"Latin",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
encrypt | encrypt | [
"verb"
] | [
"From en- + -crypt, from Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós, literally “hidden, concealed, private, secret”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "κρυπτός",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós, literally “hidden, concealed, private, secret”)"
}
] | [
"Greek"
] | [
"derived"
] |
mann | mann | [
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from German Mann (“man”).",
"As a German surname, from the root of man.",
"Borrowed from Assamese মান (man, “Burmese”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "German",
"source_code": "de",
"source_term": "Mann",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from German Mann (“man”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "German",
"source_code": "de",
"source_term": "-",
"te... | [
"German",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
pseudo- | pseudo- | [
"prefix"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nAncient Greek ψεύδω (pseúdō)\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *-ēs\nAncient Greek -ης (-ēs)\nAncient Greek -ής (-ḗs)\nAncient Greek ψευδής (pseudḗs)der.\nMiddle English pseudo-\nEnglish pseudo-\nFrom Middle English pseudo- (but uncommon before Modern English), from Ancient Greek ψευδή... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "pseudo-",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English pseudo-"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "ψευδής",
"tem... | [
"English",
"Greek"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
pseudo | pseudo | [
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle English, derived from prefix pseudo-, itself derived from Ancient Greek ψευδής (pseudḗs, “false, lying”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "ψευδής",
"template": "der",... | [
"English",
"Greek"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
sub rosa | sub rosa | [
"adv",
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"PIE word\n *upó\nThe adverb and adjective are an unadapted borrowing from Late Latin sub rosā (literally “under the rose”), from Latin sub (“beneath, under”) + rosa (“rose”) (possibly from Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon, “rose”), ultimately from Proto-Iranian *wardah (“flower; rose”) and Proto-Indo-European *Hwerdʰ-,... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-lat",
"source_term": "sub rosā",
"template": "ubor",
"detail": "unadapted borrowing from Late Latin sub rosā (literally “under the rose”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"sourc... | [
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
umbrella | umbrella | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Borrowed from Italian ombrella (“parasol, sunshade”), from Late Latin umbrella (influenced by umbra (“shadow, shade”)), from Latin umbella, from umbra + -la (diminutive suffix)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Italian",
"source_code": "it",
"source_term": "ombrella",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Italian ombrella (“parasol, sunshade”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"... | [
"Italian",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
bit | bit | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English bitte, bite, from Old English bita (“bit; fragment; morsel”) and bite (“a bite; cut”), from Proto-Germanic *bitô and *bitiz; both from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd- (“to split”). More at bite.\nCognates\nCognate with West Frisian bit, Saterland Frisian Bit, Dutch bit, German Low German Beet, Biet... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "bitte",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English bitte"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "bita",
"templ... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
steganography | steganography | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Ancient Greek στεγανός (steganós, “cover, roof”) + -graphy."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "στεγανός",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Ancient Greek στεγανός (steganós, “cover, roof”)"
}
] | [
"Greek"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
bc | BC | [
"adv"
] | [
"Calque of Latin ante Christum, popularized with the 1627 publication of De doctrina temporum by French theologian Denis Pétau."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "calqued",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "ante Christum",
"template": "cal",
"detail": "Calque of Latin ante Christum"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"calqued"
] |
point | point | [
"noun",
"intj",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English poynt, from Old French point m (“dot; minute amount”), from Latin pūnctum (“a hole punched in; a point, puncture”), substantive use of pūnctus m, perfect passive participle of pungō (“to prick, punch”); alternatively, from Old French pointe f (“sharp tip”), from Latin pūncta f (past participle)... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "poynt",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English poynt"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "point",
"templat... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
sun | sun | [
"name",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥der.\nProto-Germanic *sunnô\nProto-Germanic *sunnǭ\nProto-West Germanic *sunnā\nOld English sunne\nMiddle English sonne\nEnglish sun\nFrom Middle English soen, son, sone, sonne, sun, sune, sunna, sunne, sunnæ, synne, zonne, zunne, from Old English sunna, sunne, sunnu (“s... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "soen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English soen"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "sunna",
"templa... | [
"Chinese",
"English",
"Japanese",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
man | man | [
"noun",
"adj",
"intj",
"pron",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English man, from Old English mann m (“human being, person, man”), from Proto-West Germanic *mann, from Proto-Germanic *mann- (“man”), from Proto-Indo-European *mon- (“human being, man”). Doublet of Manu.\nCognates\nThis word has many cognates, in every Germanic language (whether extant or extinct), wi... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "man",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English man"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "mann",
"template"... | [
"Chinese",
"English",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
vivify | vivify | [
"verb"
] | [
"Borrowed from Old French vivifier, from Late Latin vivificō."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "vivifier",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Old French vivifier"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-lat",
"source_term": "viv... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
be | be | [
"verb",
"prep",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English been (“to be”). See below for more.\nFurther etymology of be and its conjugated forms\nThe various forms have three separate origins, which were mixed together at various times in the history of English.\n* The forms beginning with b- come from Old English bēon (“to be, become”), from Proto-Ger... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "been",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English been (“to be”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "bēon",
... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European",
"Russian"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
is | is | [
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁es-\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ésti\nProto-Germanic *isti\nProto-West Germanic *ist\nOld English is\nMiddle English is\nEnglish is\nFrom Middle English is, from Old English is, from Proto-West Germanic *ist, from Proto-Germanic *isti (a form of Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to be”)),... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "is",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English is"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "Proto-Germanic",
"source_code": "gmw-pro",
"source_term": "*ist",
"... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
are | are | [
"verb",
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Germanic *arun?\nOld English earon\nMiddle English aren\nEnglish are\nFrom Middle English aren, from Old English (Anglian) earun, earon (“are”, plural). Possibly reinforced by the Old Norse plural forms in er-, this displaced the alternative forms Old English sind and bēoþ. In the second pers... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "aren",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English aren"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "earun",
"templa... | [
"English",
"French",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
metric | metric | [
"adj",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From French métrique (1864), from New Latin metricus (“pertaining to the system based on the meter”), from metrum (“a meter”); see meter. By surface analysis, metre + -ic."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "métrique",
"template": "der",
"detail": "French métrique"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-new",
"source_term": "metricus",
"template... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
thanatos | Thanatos | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"From Ancient Greek Θάνατος (Thánatos)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "Θάνατος",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Ancient Greek Θάνατος (Thánatos)"
}
] | [
"Greek"
] | [
"derived"
] |
lethean | Lethean | [
"adj"
] | [
"From Latin Lēthē, from Ancient Greek Λήθη (Lḗthē)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Lēthē",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin Lēthē"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
quotidian | quotidian | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"From Anglo-Norman cotidian, cotidien, Middle French cotidian, cotidien, and their source, Latin cottīdiānus, quōtīdiānus (“happening every day”), from adverb cottīdiē, quōtīdiē (“every day, daily”), from an unattested adjective derived from quot (“how many”) + locative form of diēs (“day”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "cotidian",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Anglo-Norman cotidian"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "cottīdiānus",
"te... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
prolix | prolix | [
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"From Old French prolixe, from Latin prōlixus (“stretched out; courteous, favorable”). The verb is derived from the adjective."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "prolixe",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Old French prolixe"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "prōlixus",
"template"... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
quality | quality | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English qualite, from Old French qualité, from Latin quālitās, quālitātem, from quālis (“of what kind”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷo- (“who, how”). Cicero coined qualitas as a calque to translate the Ancient Greek word ποιότης (poiótēs, “quality”), coined by Plato from ποῖος (poîos, “of what nature, ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "qualite",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English qualite"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "qualité",
"t... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
qualitative | qualitative | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"From Late Latin (or Medieval Latin) quālitātīvus. Equivalent to quality + -ative."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-lat",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Late Latin"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
nigger | nigger | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Borrowed from Middle French nègre (“a black person”), from Spanish negro. Ultimately from Latin niger (“black”), thus a doublet of negro and noir. The expected Modern English pronunciation would be with /iː/; compare neger. The modern pronunciation with /ɪ/ may be due to influence from the Latin etymon (compare th... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "nègre",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Middle French nègre (“a black person”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "negr... | [
"French",
"Latin",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
cunt | cunt | [
"noun",
"verb",
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle English cunte, queynt, queynte, from Old English *cunte, from Proto-West Germanic *kuntā, from Proto-Germanic *kuntǭ.\nCognate with West Frisian kunte, Middle Dutch conte (Dutch kont (“butt”)), dialectal Swedish kunta, dialectal Danish kunte, and Icelandic kunta. A relationship to Latin cunnus has not ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "cunte",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English cunte"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "*cunte",
"tem... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
dick | dick | [
"num"
] | [
"From a Cumbric *deg, corresponding to Welsh deg, from Proto-Brythonic *deg."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "*deg",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Cumbric *deg"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "*deg",
"template": "der",
... | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
motherfucker | motherfucker | [
"intj",
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr\nProto-Germanic *mōdēr\nProto-West Germanic *mōder\nOld English mōdor\nMiddle English moder\nEnglish mother\nProto-Indo-European *pewǵ-\nProto-Germanic *fukkōną\nOld English *fuccian\nMiddle English *fukken\nEnglish fuck\nProto-Indo-European *-yósder.\nProto-Italic *-ās... | [
{
"mechanism": "calqued",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": null,
"template": "calque",
"detail": "calque of Hindustani"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"calqued"
] |
flatulent | flatulent | [
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle French flatulent."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "flatulent",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle French flatulent"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"derived"
] |
fart | fart | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English ferten, farten, from Old English *feortan, from Proto-West Germanic *fertan, from Proto-Germanic *fertaną, from Proto-Indo-European *perd-.\nThe noun is from Middle English fert, fart, from the verb."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "ferten",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English ferten"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "*feortan",
... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
rape | rape | [
"noun",
"verb",
"adv"
] | [
"From Middle English rapen, rappen (“to abduct; ravish; seduce; rape; seize; snatch; carry off; transport”), probably from Latin rapiō (verb), possibly through or influenced by Anglo-Norman rap, rape (noun) (compare also ravish). But compare Swedish rappa (“to snatch, seize, carry off”), Low German rapen (“to snatc... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "rapen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English rapen"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "rapiō",
"template"... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Old Norse",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
cum | cum | [
"prep"
] | [
"Learned borrowing from Latin cum (“with”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "cum",
"template": "lbor",
"detail": "Learned borrowing from Latin cum (“with”)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
proportionality | proportionality | [
"noun"
] | [
"From proportional + -ity, from Latin proportionalitas."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "proportionalitas",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin proportionalitas"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
doctrine | doctrine | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English, from Old French, from Latin doctrina (“teaching, instruction, learning, knowledge”), from doctor (“a teacher”), from docere (“to teach”); see doctor."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
port | port | [
"noun",
"adj",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *per-\nProto-Indo-European *-tus\nProto-Indo-European *pértusder.\nProto-Italic *portus\nLatin portusbor.\nOld English port\nEnglish port\nFrom Old English port, borrowed from Latin portus (“port, harbour”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pértus (“crossing”) (and thus a di... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "port",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Old English port"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "portus",
"template": "d... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
cod | cod | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English cod, codde, of uncertain origin:\n* Oldest English form cotfich as a surname in the 13th century; for more see cot (“chamber, cottage”).\n* A bag or pouch, related to its bloated shape; see Etymology 2 below.\n* From Latin gadus, from Ancient Greek γάδος (gádos, “cod”) with a possible pre-Greek... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "cod",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English cod"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "gadus",
"template": "d... | [
"English",
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
pissed | pissed | [
"verb",
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle English pissed, pissede, pyssyd, pisside, equivalent to piss + -ed."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "pissed",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English pissed"
}
] | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
six | six | [
"num",
"noun"
] | [
"PIE word\n *swéḱs\nFrom Middle English six, from Old English six, from Proto-West Germanic *sehs, from Proto-Germanic *sehs, from Proto-Indo-European *swéḱs. Compare West Frisian seis, Dutch zes, Low German söss, sess, German sechs, Norwegian and Danish seks, also Latin sex, Ancient Greek ἕξ (héx), Sanskrit षष् (ṣ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "six",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English six"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "Proto-Germanic",
"source_code": "gmw-pro",
"source_term": "*sehs",
... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
comity | comity | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Late Middle English comite (“association”), from Latin cōmitās."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "comite",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English comite (“association”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "cōmi... | [
"English",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
edward | Edward | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English Edward, from Old English Ēadweard, from Proto-West Germanic *Audawardu, from Proto-Germanic *Audawarduz, corresponding to ed (“wealth, riches”) + ward (“ward, guard”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Edward",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Edward"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "Ēadweard",
... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
anti-semitism | anti-Semitism | [
"noun"
] | [
"From German Antisemitismus. It is typically said that German political agitator Wilhelm Marr invented the term to replace Judenhaß (literally “Jew-hatred”) to make hatred of the Jews seem rational and sanctioned by scientific knowledge; Marr founded the Antisemitenliga (\"Anti-Semites' League\") in 1879, used the ... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "German",
"source_code": "de",
"source_term": "Antisemitismus",
"template": "der",
"detail": "German Antisemitismus"
}
] | [
"German"
] | [
"derived"
] |
osteo- | osteo- | [
"prefix"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁\nAncient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon)der.\nEnglish osteo-\nCombining form of Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "ὀστέον",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”)"
}
] | [
"Greek"
] | [
"derived"
] |
os | os | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Latin os (“a bone”).",
"Unadapted borrowing from Latin ōs (“the mouth”).",
"Borrowed from Swedish ås."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "os",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Latin os (“a bone”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "ōs",
"template": "ubor",
... | [
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
date | date | [
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English date, from Old French date, datil, datille, from Latin dactylus (likely via Old Provençal datil), from Ancient Greek δάκτυλος (dáktulos, “finger”) (from the resemblance of the date to a human finger), probably a folk-etymological alteration of a word from a Semitic source such as Arabic دَقَل (... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "date",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English date"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "date",
"template":... | [
"Arabic",
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Hebrew",
"Japanese",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Indo-European",
"Sanskrit"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
occultation | occultation | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Latin occultātiōnem, accusative singular of occultātiō (“concealment; insinuation”), from occultāre, present active infinitive of occultō (“to conceal, hide”); analysable as occult + -ation."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "occultātiōnem",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin occultātiōnem"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
language | language | [
"noun",
"verb",
"intj"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s\nProto-Italic *denɣwā\nLatin dingua\nLatin lingua\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos\nProto-Italic *-ātos\nVulgar Latin -ātus\nProto-Indo-European *-ikos\nProto-Italic *-ikos\nVulgar Latin -ic... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "langage",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English langage"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "language",
"... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
bot | bot | [
"noun"
] | [
"Unknown. Possibly a modification of Scottish Gaelic boiteag (“maggot”), but the word already existed in Middle English, so the reverse direction of borrowing is likely. Possibly from Middle Low German [Term?]."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "boiteag",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Scottish Gaelic boiteag (“maggot”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "-",... | [
"English",
"German",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
adverb | adverb | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Borrowed from French adverbe, from Latin adverbium, from ad- (“to”) + verb(um) (“word, verb”) + -ium, so called because it is used to supplement other words (not specifically verbs). By surface analysis, ad- + verb."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "adverbe",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from French adverbe"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "adverbium",
... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
peccaminous | peccaminous | [
"adj"
] | [
"Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin peccaminōsus, from peccāmen (“sin”), from peccō (“to sin”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "peccaminōsus",
"template": "lbor",
"detail": "Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin peccaminōsus"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
esperanto | Esperanto | [
"name"
] | [
"A learned borrowing from Esperanto Esperanto. Originally, this was the pseudonym assumed by the creator of the language, L. L. Zamenhof, and the language was called Lingvo Internacia (“international language”). The term first appears in the publication Science in 1892."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Esperanto",
"template": "lbor",
"detail": "learned borrowing from Esperanto Esperanto"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
because | because | [
"conj",
"adv",
"intj",
"prep"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ep-der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₁epsder.\nProto-Indo-European *h₁epider.\nProto-Indo-European *h₁pi\nProto-Germanic *bi\nProto-West Germanic *bī\nOld English bī\nMiddle English by\nProto-Italic *kaussā\nOld Latin caussa\nLatin causabor.\nOld French causebor.\nMiddle English ca... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "bi cause",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English bi cause"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "par cause",
... | [
"English",
"French"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
feist | feist | [
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"Earliest sense is “fart”, and later “stink” as abbreviation for fysting cur “stinking dog” (1520s). From Middle English fysten (mid-15th century), from Old English. Cognate with Middle Dutch veest and Dutch vijst. Possibly from Proto-Germanic *fistiz (“a fart”), presumably from Proto-Indo-European *pesd-, though t... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "fysten",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English fysten"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "-",
"templa... | [
"English",
"German",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
flute | flute | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English fleute, floute, flote, from Old French flaute, fleüte, from Old Provençal flaüt, of uncertain origin. Perhaps ultimately from three possibilities:\n* Blend of Provencal flaujol (“flageolet”) + laüt (“lute”)\n* From Latin flātus (“blowing”), from flāre (“to blow”)\n* Imitative.\nDoublet of flaut... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "fleute",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English fleute"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "flaute",
"temp... | [
"English",
"French",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
tighten | tighten | [
"verb"
] | [
"Synchronically equivalent to tight + -en, but actually derived from Middle English tighten, from Old English tyhtan, thus originally unrelated to tight (Old English *þiht)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "tighten",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English tighten"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "tyhtan",
... | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
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