word stringlengths 1 43 | display_word stringlengths 1 43 | parts_of_speech listlengths 1 9 | etymology_texts listlengths 0 9 | pairs listlengths 1 29 | source_languages listlengths 1 13 | mechanisms listlengths 1 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
peso | peso | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Spanish peso."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "peso",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Spanish peso"
}
] | [
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
billion | billion | [
"num"
] | [
"From French billion, equivalent to bi- (“two”) + -illion."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "billion",
"template": "borrowed",
"detail": "French billion"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
trillion | trillion | [
"num",
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from French trillion, from French tri- (“three”) + -illion, equivalent to tri- + -illion.\nThe noun was coined by American basketball player Harvey Pollack, because of the way the numbers read across a basketball box score."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "trillion",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from French trillion"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
libero | libero | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Italian libero (literally “free one”). So called because he has no direct opponent to mark and is therefore free to join in the offensive. The volleyball use is younger."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Italian",
"source_code": "it",
"source_term": "libero",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Italian libero (literally “free one”)"
}
] | [
"Italian"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
morpheme | morpheme | [
"noun"
] | [
"From French morphème. Ultimately from Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ, “shape, form”). By surface analysis, morph + -eme."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "morphème",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French morphème"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "μορφή",
"template": "d... | [
"French",
"Greek"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
eight | eight | [
"num",
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"PIE word\n *oḱtṓw\nEtymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw\nProto-Germanic *ahtōu\nProto-West Germanic *ahtō\nOld English eahta\nMiddle English eighte\nEnglish eight\nFrom Middle English eighte, aught, eahte, ahte, from Old English eahta, from Proto-West Germanic *ahtō, from Proto-Germanic *ahtōu, from Proto-In... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "eighte",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English eighte"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "eahta",
"te... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
nine | nine | [
"num",
"noun"
] | [
"PIE word\n *h₁néwn̥\nFrom Middle English nyn, nyne, from Old English nigon (“nine”), from Proto-West Germanic *neun, from Proto-Germanic *newun (“nine”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥ (“nine”). Cognate with Scots neen, nine (“nine”), Saterland Frisian njúgen (“nine”), West Frisian njoggen (“nine”), Dutch negen... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "nyn",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English nyn"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "nigon",
"template... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
ten | ten | [
"num",
"noun"
] | [
"PIE word\n *déḱm̥\nFrom Middle English ten, tene, from Old English tīen, from Proto-West Germanic *tehun, from Proto-Germanic *tehun, from Proto-Indo-European *déḱm̥. Cognate with Scots ten, tene (“ten”), West Frisian tsien (“ten”), Saterland Frisian tjoon (“ten”), North Frisian tiin (“ten”). See also teen."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "ten",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English ten"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "tīen",
"template"... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
singular | singular | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English singuler, from Old French, from Latin singulāris (“alone of its kind”), from Latin singulus (“single”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "singuler",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English singuler"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "-",
"templ... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
crap | crap | [
"noun",
"verb",
"adj",
"intj"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nOld Dutch krappender.\nOld French crappe\nMiddle French crapebor.\nMiddle English crappe\nEnglish crap\nFrom Middle English crappe, also in plural: crappys, craps (“chaff; buckwheat”), from Middle French crape, from Old French crappe, crapin (“chaff”) (compare Medieval Latin crappa pl, also crapinu... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "crappe",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English crappe"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "crape",
"templ... | [
"Dutch",
"English",
"French"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
ananke | ananke | [
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"From Ancient Greek ἀνάγκη (anánkē, “necessity”).",
"From Ancient Greek Ἀνάγκη (Anánkē, “Fate”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "ἀνάγκη",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Ancient Greek ἀνάγκη (anánkē, “necessity”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "Ἀ... | [
"Greek"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
reality | reality | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *(H)reh₁-der.\nProto-Indo-European *(H)reh₁ís\nProto-Italic *reis\nLatin rēs\nProto-Indo-European *h₂el-der.?\nProto-Italic *-ālis\nLatin -ālis\nLatin reālis\nProto-Indo-European *-teh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-ts\nProto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts\nProto-Italic *-tāts\nLatin -tās\nMed... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "réalité",
"template": "der",
"detail": "French réalité (“quality of being real”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "re... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
tao | tao | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"From the Wade–Giles romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 道 (tao⁴).",
"From the Wade–Giles romanization of Mandarin 道 (Dào, literally “The Way”): Tao⁴.",
"Borrowed from Mandarin 陶 (Táo).",
"Borrowed from Yami Tao (“the Tao/Yami language”), from Yami tao (“human; person”), from Proto-Philippin... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Chinese",
"source_code": "cmn-wadegiles",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Wade–Giles"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Chinese",
"source_code": "zh",
"source_term": "道",
"template": "der"... | [
"Chinese",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
lexicographer | lexicographer | [
"noun"
] | [
"From French lexicographe + -er, from Ancient Greek λεξικός (lexikós, “of words”) + γράφω (gráphō, “write”). By surface analysis, lexico- + -grapher."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "lexicographe",
"template": "der",
"detail": "French lexicographe"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "λεξικός",
"temp... | [
"French",
"Greek"
] | [
"derived"
] |
musician | musician | [
"noun"
] | [
"Inherited from Middle English musician, musicien, from Old French musicien (“musician”), equivalent to music + -ian."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "musician",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English musician"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "musicien",
... | [
"English",
"French"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
andante | andante | [
"noun",
"adv",
"adj"
] | [
"Borrowed from Italian andante."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Italian",
"source_code": "it",
"source_term": "andante",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Italian andante"
}
] | [
"Italian"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
brassiere | brassiere | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from French brassière. Doublet of brachiaria."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "brassière",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French brassière"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
jitter | jitter | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Possibly alteration of chitter (“to tremble, shiver”), from Middle English chittern (“to twitter, chatter”). Ultimately onomatopoeic; compare didder and teeter as well as German zittern."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "chittern",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English chittern (“to twitter, chatter”)"
}
] | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
weapon | weapon | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English wepen, from Old English wǣpn, from Proto-West Germanic *wāpn, from Proto-Germanic *wēpną (“weapon”), of unknown origin, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wēbnom.\nCognates\nCognate with Scots weepon (“weapon”), North Frisian woopen (“weapon”), Saterland Frisian Woapen (“weapon”), West Frisian ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "wepen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English wepen"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "wǣpn",
"templ... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
stock | stock | [
"noun",
"verb",
"adj"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *(s)teyg-\nProto-Germanic *stikanąder.\nProto-Germanic *stukkaz\nProto-West Germanic *stokk\nOld English stocc\nMiddle English stok\nEnglish stock\nFrom Middle English stok, from Old English stocc, from Proto-West Germanic *stokk, from Proto-Germanic *stukkaz (“tree-trunk”).\nMo... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "stok",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English stok"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "stocc",
"templa... | [
"English",
"Italian",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
aria | aria | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ews-\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ewsér\nProto-Hellenic *auhḗr\nAncient Greek ᾱ̓ήρ (āḗr)bor.\nLatin āera\nItalian ariabor.\nEnglish aria\nFrom Italian aria, metathesis from Latin āerem, accusative of āēr, from Ancient Greek ἀήρ (aḗr, “air”). Doublet of air."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Italian",
"source_code": "it",
"source_term": "aria",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Italian aria"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "āerem",
"template": "der",
... | [
"Greek",
"Italian",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
arietta | arietta | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Italian arietta (“breeze”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Italian",
"source_code": "it",
"source_term": "arietta",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Italian arietta (“breeze”)"
}
] | [
"Italian"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
poppycock | poppycock | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Dutch pappekak, from Middle Dutch pappe (“soft food”) + kak (“dung, excrement”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Dutch",
"source_code": "nl",
"source_term": "pappekak",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Dutch pappekak"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Dutch",
"source_code": "dum",
"source_term": "pappe",
"template": "der... | [
"Dutch"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
hell | hell | [
"name",
"noun",
"intj",
"adv",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English helle, from Old English hell, from Proto-West Germanic *hallju, from Proto-Germanic *haljō (“concealed place, netherworld”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, conceal, save”). First attested in c. 725.\nCognate with Saterland Frisian Hälle (“hell”), West Frisian hel (“hell”), Dutch hel... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "helle",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English helle"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "hell",
"templ... | [
"English",
"German",
"Old Norse",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
pencil | pencil | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Anglo-Norman and Old French pincil (see the variant pincel, which gave rise to Modern French pinceau (“paintbrush”)), from Latin pēnicillum, diminutive of pēniculus (“brush”), itself a diminutive of pēnis (“tail; penis”). Not related to pen."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Anglo-Norman"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "pincil",
"template": "der",
... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
conceal | conceal | [
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English concelen, from Old French conceler (“hide, disguise”), from Latin concēlō, concēlāre (“carefully disguise”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "concelen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English concelen"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "conceler",
... | [
"English",
"French"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
dutch | Dutch | [
"adj",
"name",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"PIE word\n *tewtéh₂\nDerived from Middle English Duch (“German, Low German, Dutch”), from Middle Low German dütsch, düdesch (“German, Low German, Dutch”) and Middle Dutch dūtsch, dūtsc (“German, Low German, Dutch”), from Proto-West Germanic *þiudisk, from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz (“of one’s people”), derived from... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Duch",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle English Duch (“German, Low German, Dutch”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "German",
"source_code": "gml",
"source_te... | [
"Dutch",
"English",
"German",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived"
] |
acronym | acronym | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Borrowed from German Akronym, from Ancient Greek ἄκρον (ákron, “end, peak”) and ὄνυμα (ónuma, “name”), equivalent to acro- (“high; beginning”) + -onym (“name”). Modelled after Homonym and Synonym, first attested in German in the early 1900s and in English in 1940."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "German",
"source_code": "de",
"source_term": "Akronym",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from German Akronym"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "ἄκρον",
"... | [
"German",
"Greek"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
music | music | [
"noun",
"verb",
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle English musik, musike, borrowed from Anglo-Norman musik, musike, Old French musique, and their source Latin mūsica, from Ancient Greek μουσική (mousikḗ), from Ancient Greek Μοῦσα (Moûsa, “Muse”), an Ancient Greek deity of the arts. By surface analysis, muse + -ic (“pertaining to”). In this sense, displ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "musik",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English musik"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "musik",
"templat... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
secret | secret | [
"noun",
"verb",
"adj"
] | [
"The noun is from Middle English secret, from Latin sēcrētum. Doublet of secretum. Displaced Old English dēagolnes (“a secret”).\nThe verb is from the noun.",
"From Middle English secrette, from Old French secret, from Latin sēcrētus (“separated, hidden”), from ptp of sēcernō (“separate, to set aside, sunder out”... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "secret",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English secret"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "sēcrētum",
"temp... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
most | most | [
"det",
"adv",
"adj",
"pron",
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *meh₂-der.\nProto-Germanic *maiz\nProto-Germanic *maistaz\nProto-Germanic *maist\nProto-West Germanic *maist\nOld English mǣst\nMiddle English\nEnglish most\nFrom Middle English most, moste, from Old English mǣst, māst, from Proto-Germanic *maistaz, *maist. Cognate with Scots ma... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "most",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English most"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "mǣst",
"templat... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
fere | fere | [
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle English fere, from (Northumbrian) Old English fǣra, aphetic form of ġefēra (whence also Middle English y-fere).",
"From Middle English fer, from Anglo-Norman fer, from Old French fier. Compare Latin ferus (“wild”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "fere",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English fere"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "fǣra",
"templat... | [
"English",
"French"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
langue | langue | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from French langue. Doublet of lingua and tongue."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "langue",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from French langue"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
war | war | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English werre, from Late Old English werre /wyrre (“armed conflict”), from Anglo-Norman and Old Northern French guerre /werre (compare modern French guerre), from Medieval Latin werra, from Frankish *werʀu (“confusion; quarrel”), from Proto-Indo-European *wers- (“to mix up, confuse, beat, thresh”). Gra... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "werre",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English werre"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "werre//wyrre",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
peace | peace | [
"noun",
"intj",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English pees, pes, pais, borrowed from Anglo-Norman peis and Old French pais (“peace”), from Latin pāx (“peace”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ḱ- (“to fasten, stick, place”), related to Latin pacīscor (“agree, stipulate”), Latin pangō (“fasten, fix”); see pact. Doublet of pax. Displaced native Old Eng... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "pees",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English pees"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "peis",
"template":... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
and | and | [
"conj",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ent-\nProto-Indo-European *-s\nProto-Indo-European *h₂énts\nProto-Indo-European *-i\nProto-Indo-European *h₂énti\nProto-Germanic *andi\nOld English and\nMiddle English and\nEnglish and\nInherited from Middle English and, an, from Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-West Ger... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "and",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English and"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "Proto-Germanic",
"source_code": "gmw-pro",
"source_term": "*andi",
... | [
"English",
"Old Norse",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
conjunction | conjunction | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Old French conjonction, from Latin coniūnctiō (“joining”), from coniungere (“to join”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "conjonction",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Old French conjonction"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "coniūnctiō",
... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
euro | euro | [
"noun"
] | [
"The name euro was the winner of a contest open to the general public to propose names for the new European currency, and as such is technically a neologism, although it obviously alludes to the common root of geographical names for the continent Europe, derived from Latin Europa, from Ancient Greek Εὐρώπη (Eurṓpē)... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Europa",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin Europa"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "Εὐρώπη",
"template": "der",
... | [
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
lifetime | lifetime | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English lyftyme, equivalent to life + time. Cognate with Icelandic líftími (“lifetime”). Compare also Saterland Frisian Lieuwendstied, Dutch leeftijd and levenstijd, German Low German Levenstied, German Lebenszeit, Danish livstid, Swedish livstid."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "lyftyme",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English lyftyme"
}
] | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
maquiladora | maquiladora | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Mexican Spanish maquiladora, from maquilar (“assemble”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "maquiladora",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Mexican Spanish maquiladora"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
perfunctory | perfunctory | [
"adj"
] | [
"From Late Latin perfunctōrius (“careless, negligent”), from the past participial stem of perfungor, perfunct- (“perform, carry through”), from per- + fungor."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-lat",
"source_term": "perfunctōrius",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Late Latin perfunctōrius (“careless, negligent”)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
embellish | embellish | [
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English embelishen, from Old French embellir, from em- + bel."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "embelishen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English embelishen"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "embellir",... | [
"English",
"French"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
hamper | hamper | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English hamper, contracted from hanaper, hanypere, from Anglo-Norman hanaper, Old French hanapier, hanepier (“case for holding a large goblet or cup”), from hanap (“goblet, drinking cup”), from Frankish *hnapp (“cup, bowl, basin”), from Proto-Germanic *hnappaz (“cup, bowl”).\nCognate with Old High Germ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "hamper",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English hamper"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "hanaper",
"tem... | [
"English",
"French",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
relegate | relegate | [
"verb"
] | [
"First attested in 1561, borrowed from Latin relēgātus, the past participle of relēgō (“to dispatch, banish”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "relēgātus",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Latin relēgātus"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
iraq | Iraq | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Arabic الْعِرَاق (al-ʕirāq, “Iraq”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Arabic",
"source_code": "ar",
"source_term": "الْعِرَاق",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Arabic الْعِرَاق (al-ʕirāq, “Iraq”)"
}
] | [
"Arabic"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
laconic | laconic | [
"adj"
] | [
"From Latin Lacōnicus (“Spartan”), from Ancient Greek Λακωνικός (Lakōnikós, “Laconian”). Laconia was the region inhabited and ruled by the Spartans, who were known for their brevity in speech."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Lacōnicus",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin Lacōnicus (“Spartan”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "Λακωνικός",
... | [
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
meticulous | meticulous | [
"adj"
] | [
"Learned borrowing from Latin meticulōsus (“full of fear, timid, fearful, terrible, frightful”), from metus (“fear”) and -culōsus, extracted from perīculōsus (“perilous”). Sense of “characterized by very precise, conscientious attention to details” is a semantic loan from French méticuleux."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "meticulōsus",
"template": "lbor",
"detail": "Learned borrowing from Latin meticulōsus (“full of fear, timid, fearful, terrible, frightful”)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
viable | viable | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from French viable (further from Latin vīta), with semantic influence of Latin viābilis (“passable”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "viable",
"template": "der",
"detail": "French viable"
}
] | [
"French"
] | [
"derived"
] |
belgium | Belgium | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *gelH-?\nProto-Celtic *galnatibor.\nLatin Gallus\nProto-Indo-European *-yós\nProto-Italic *-ios\nOld Latin -ios\nLatin -ius\nLatin -ia\nLatin Galliader.\nProto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ-?\nProto-Celtic *belgosbor.\nLatin Belgae\nProto-Indo-European *-ikos\nProto-Italic *-ikos\nLatin... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Belgium",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Latin Belgium"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
greece | Greece | [
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English Grece, from Old French Grece, from Latin Graecia, from Ancient Greek Γραικός (Graikós). Replaced Old English Grēcland, also from the same Latin source."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Grece",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Grece"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "Grece",
"templat... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
united arab emirates | United Arab Emirates | [
"name"
] | [
"Calque of Arabic الْإِمَارَات الْعَرَبِيَّة الْمُتَّحِدَة (al-ʔimārāt al-ʕarabiyya l-muttaḥida)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "calqued",
"source_language": "Arabic",
"source_code": "ar",
"source_term": "الْإِمَارَات الْعَرَبِيَّة الْمُتَّحِدَة",
"template": "cal",
"detail": "Calque of Arabic الْإِمَارَات الْعَرَبِيَّة الْمُتَّحِدَة (al-ʔimārāt al-ʕarabiyya l-muttaḥida)"
}
] | [
"Arabic"
] | [
"calqued"
] |
germany | Germany | [
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English Germanie, from Old English Germanie & Germania, from Latin Germānia (“land of the Germans”), from Germānī, a people living around and east of the Rhine first attested in the 1st century B.C.E. works of Julius Caesar and of uncertain etymology. The exonym was said by Strabo to derive from germān... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Germanie",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Germanie"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Germānia",
"... | [
"English",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
czech republic | Czech Republic | [
"name"
] | [
"Calque of Czech Česká republika."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "calqued",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Česká republika",
"template": "clq",
"detail": "Calque of Czech Česká republika"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"calqued"
] |
france | France | [
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English France, from Old French France, from Latin Francia, from Francī, the name of a Germanic tribe, of unclear (but Proto-Germanic) origin. Believed to be most likely from Frankish *Frankō (“a Frank”), from Proto-Germanic *frankô (“javelin”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *preng- (“pole, stalk... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "France",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English France"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "France",
"temp... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
new zealand | New Zealand | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Partial calque of Dutch Nieuw-Zeeland (“new Zeeland”), nieuw calqued as new, Zeeland borrowed as the respelling Zealand to parallel the historical exonym, after the Dutch settlement in Batavia, which in turn had been named after the Dutch province of Zeeland, from Middle Dutch Sêelant, equivalent to zee (“sea”) + ... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Dutch",
"source_code": "dum",
"source_term": "Sêelant",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle Dutch Sêelant"
}
] | [
"Dutch"
] | [
"derived"
] |
yugoslavia | Yugoslavia | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian Jugoslavija, in turn from jug (“south”) and slavija (“Slavia, the land of the Slavs”). Literally, the land of the South Slavs. By surface analysis, Yugoslav + -ia."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Jugoslavija",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Serbo-Croatian Jugoslavija"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
israel | Israel | [
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English Israel, from Old English, borrowed from Latin Israel, from Ancient Greek Ἰσραήλ (Israḗl), from Hebrew יִשְׂרָאֵל (yisra'él, “Israel”). In the Bible, it is said to be from the name יִשְׂרֶה אֵל (yisré 'él) given to Jacob in he:T:29, after which his descendants came to be known as Israelites and ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Israel",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Israel"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "-",
"templa... | [
"English",
"Greek",
"Hebrew",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
european | European | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from French Européen, via Latin europaeus, ultimately from Ancient Greek Εὐρωπαῖος (Eurōpaîos, “European”). By surface analysis, Europe + -an."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "Européen",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from French Européen"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "europaeus",
... | [
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
estonia | Estonia | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Medieval Latin Estonia. Other early Latin forms were Estia and Hestia, possibly derived from the tribal name Aestiī described by the Roman historian Tacitus in his Germania (ca. 98 AD). Displaced Middle English Ēstland, from Old English Ēstland. Compare also Old Norse Æistland, Icelandic Eistland, Ge... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "Estonia",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Medieval Latin Estonia"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
latvia | Latvia | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Latvian Latvija."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Latvija",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Latvian Latvija"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
lithuania | Lithuania | [
"name"
] | [
"From Medieval Latin Līthuānia f, from Proto-Slavic *Litъva f, from Old Lithuanian Lietuva f; compare the Early Modern synonym Lettow (from Middle English Lettowe).\nIt has been speculated that the name comes from the rivulet Lietauka, although archeological evidence does not corroborate this hypothesis."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "Lītuānia",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Medieval Latin Līthuānia f"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "*Litъva",
... | [
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
norway | Norway | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English Norwey, Norweye, Northwey, Norweȝe, Norewæiȝ, Norwæge, from Old English Norþweġ, a calque of Old Norse Norðvegr (“north way”), from norðr (“north”) + vegr (“way”), contrasted with suðrvegr (“south way”), i.e. Germany, and austrvegr (“east way”), the Baltic lands. Norwegian (1607) is from Mediev... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Norwey",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Norwey"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "Norþweġ",
"... | [
"English",
"Old Norse"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
sweden | Sweden | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Scots Swethin, Swadne (also Swaden), from Middle Dutch Sweden, dative of Swede. Originally used to refer to the people before the late 1600s, later displaced native Old English Swēoland (literally “Swede land”), Swēoþēod (literally “Swede nation”), and Swēorīċe (literally “Swede kingdom”) to refer to... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Swethin",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Scots Swethin"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Dutch",
"source_code": "dum",
"source_term": "Sweden",
... | [
"Dutch",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
finland | Finland | [
"name"
] | [
"Ultimately, from Old Norse Finnland, equivalent to Finn + -land. Compare Old English Finna land (“Lapland”, literally “land of the Sami”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Old Norse",
"source_code": "non",
"source_term": "Finnland",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Old Norse Finnland"
}
] | [
"Old Norse"
] | [
"derived"
] |
morocco | Morocco | [
"name"
] | [
"Earlier spelling Marocco, from Portuguese Marrocos and/or Spanish Marruecos, from Arabic مُرَّاكُش (murrākuš), further etymology uncertain. The word originally referred to the capital city of Marrakech (founded late 11th c.), but came to be used as a pars pro toto for the westernmost region of the Islamic world. C... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Marrocos",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Portuguese Marrocos"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "Marruecos",
"tem... | [
"Arabic",
"Italian",
"Other",
"Spanish"
] | [
"derived"
] |
algeria | Algeria | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nArabic جَزَائِر بَنِي مَزْغَنَّى (jazāʔir banī mazḡannā)ellip.\nArabic الْجَزَائِر (al-jazāʔir)bor.\nFrench Algerbor.\nEnglish Alger\nProto-Indo-European *-yós\nProto-Italic *-ios\nOld Latin -ios\nLatin -ius\nLatin -iader.\nEnglish -ia\n▲\nFrench Algérieinflu.\nEnglish Algeria\nFrom Alger + -ia, mo... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "Algérie",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French Algérie"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "الدزَاير",
"template":... | [
"Arabic",
"French",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
poland | Poland | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *pleth₂-?\nProto-Indo-European *pel-?\nProto-Indo-European *pleh₂-der.\nProto-Slavic *poľe\nProto-Slavic *-janъ\nProto-Indo-European *-nós\nProto-Indo-European *-iHnos\nProto-Slavic *-inъ\nProto-Slavic *-janinъ\nProto-Slavic *poľaninъder.\nGerman Polebor.\nEnglish Pole\nProto-In... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Proto-Indo-European",
"source_code": "ine-pro",
"source_term": "*pleh₂-",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat, wide”)"
}
] | [
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived"
] |
treaty | treaty | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"The noun is derived from Middle English trete, trety (“bargaining, negotiation; discussion; conference, meeting; entreaty, persuasion; agreement, contract, covenant; arrangement, settlement; agreement between two rulers, states, etc.; written work on a particular subject, treatise; subdivision of a written work, s... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "trete",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English trete"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "treté",
"templat... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
austria | Austria | [
"name"
] | [
"From Latin Austria, a Latinization of Old High German Ōstarrīhhi, the first element of which means \"east\" and stems from Proto-Germanic *austraz (“eastern”), and the second element of which is rīhhi (“realm”). See east, eastern for more.\nDistantly cognate to Australia: it derives from the same Proto-Indo-Europe... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Austria",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Latin Austria"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "German",
"source_code": "goh",
"source_term": "Ōstarrīhhi",
"template": ... | [
"German",
"Latin",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
iceland | Iceland | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\n▲\nOld Norse Íslandcalq.\nMiddle English Iseland\nEnglish Iceland\nFrom Middle English Iseland, Island, Islond, Yslond, a calque of Old Norse Ísland, equivalent to ice + land. Replaced earlier Old Norse Snæland (literally “snowland”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Iseland",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Iseland"
},
{
"mechanism": "calqued",
"source_language": "Old Norse",
"source_code": "non",
"source_term": "Ísland",
... | [
"English",
"Old Norse"
] | [
"calqued",
"inherited"
] |
philippines | Philippines | [
"name"
] | [
"See Name of the Philippines in Wikipedia for a complete etymology.\nBorrowed from French Philippines, originally from Spanish Filipinas, which was from Felipe (the name of a king of Spain). By surface analysis, Philip + -ine + -s."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "Philippines",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from French Philippines"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "Fili... | [
"French",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
greenland | Greenland | [
"name"
] | [
"From green + land, calque of Old Norse Grǿnland, from grǿnn (“green”) + land (“land”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "calqued",
"source_language": "Old Norse",
"source_code": "non",
"source_term": "Grǿnland",
"template": "calque",
"detail": "calque of Old Norse Grǿnland"
}
] | [
"Old Norse"
] | [
"calqued"
] |
inflation | inflation | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English, borrowed from Old French inflation (“swelling”), from Latin īnflātiō (“expansion\", \"blowing up”), from īnflātus, the perfect passive participle of īnflō (“blow into, expand”), from in (“into”) + flō (“blow”). By surface analysis, inflate + -ion."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "inflation",
"template": "d... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
wage | wage | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English wage, from Anglo-Norman wage, from Old Northern French wage, a northern variant of Old French gauge, guage (whence modern French gage), Medieval Latin wadium, from Frankish *waddī (cognate with Old English wedd), from Proto-Germanic *wadją (“pledge”), from Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ- (“to pledge... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "wage",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle English wage"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "wage",
"template": "... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
now | now | [
"adj",
"adv",
"conj",
"intj",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English nou, nu, from Old English nū, from Proto-West Germanic *nū, from Proto-Germanic *nu (“now”), from Proto-Indo-European *nū (“now”). Doublet of nu (\"well?\").\nCognates\nCognate with Scots noo, nou, now (“now”), Yola neow, now, nowe (“now”), North Frisian nü (“now”), West Frisian no (“now”), Dut... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "nou",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English nou"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "nū",
"template": ... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
bank | bank | [
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰeg-der.\nProto-Germanic *bankiz\nProto-West Germanic *banki\nLombardic bankbor.\nItalian bancabor.\nMiddle French banqueder.\nEnglish bank\nInherited from Middle English banke, from Middle French banque, from Italian banca (“counter, moneychanger's bench or table”), from Lomb... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "banke",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English banke"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "banque",
"templa... | [
"Dutch",
"English",
"French",
"German",
"Italian",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
deficit | deficit | [
"noun"
] | [
"From French déficit, from Latin dēficit. Related to defect."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "déficit",
"template": "der",
"detail": "French déficit"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "dēficit",
"template": "der... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
fiscal | fiscal | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Spanish fiscal, ultimately from Latin fiscus (“treasury”).",
"After Afrikaans fiskaal (“public official, hangman”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "fiscal",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Spanish fiscal"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "fiskaal",
"template":... | [
"Other",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
tax | tax | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English taxe, from Middle French taxe, from Medieval Latin taxa, from Latin taxō (“to appraise, value, estimate; (medieval) to tax”). Doublet of task. Displaced native Old English gafol, which was also the word for “tribute” and “rent”.",
"From Middle English taxen, from Anglo-Norman taxer (“to impos... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "taxe",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English taxe"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "taxe",
"template":... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
apple | apple | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl\nProto-Germanic *aplaz\nProto-West Germanic *applu\nOld English æppel\nMiddle English appel\nEnglish apple\nThe noun is derived from Middle English appel (“Malus domestica fruit or tree, apple; any type of fruit, nut, or tuber; tree bearing fruit; (figurative) ball, sphe... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "appel",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English appel (“Malus domestica fruit or tree, apple; any type of fruit, nut, or tuber; tree bearing fruit; (figurative) ball, sphere; (Christianity) f... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
economics | economics | [
"noun"
] | [
"From economic (noun) (obsolete) + -s (suffix forming pluralia tantum, and regular plural forms of nouns). Economic is derived from Middle English economike, iconomique (“household management”), and then:\n* from Middle French iconomique, oeconomique, and Old French iconomike (“(noun) household management; person i... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "economike",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English economike"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "iconomique",... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
urban | urban | [
"adj"
] | [
"Borrowed from Middle French urbain (“belonging to a city, urban; courteous, refined, urbane”) (modern French urbain), or from its etymon Latin urbānus (“of or belonging to a city, urban; of manners or style: like those of city dwellers: cultivated, polished, refined, sophisticated”) + English -an (suffix meaning ‘... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "urbain",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Middle French urbain (“belonging to a city, urban; courteous, refined, urbane”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "La... | [
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
open | open | [
"adj",
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"Adjective from Middle English open, from Old English open (“open”), from Proto-West Germanic *opan, from Proto-Germanic *upanaz (“open”), from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“up from under, over”).\nCognates\n* Scots apen (“open”)\n* Saterland Frisian eepen (“open”)\n* West Frisian iepen (“open”)\n* Cimbrian offe (“ope... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "open",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English open"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "Proto-Germanic",
"source_code": "gmw-pro",
"source_term": "*opan",
... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
consensus | consensus | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Borrowed from Latin cōnsēnsus (“agreement, accordance, unanimity”), from cōnsentiō (“feel together; agree”); see consent."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "cōnsēnsus",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Latin cōnsēnsus (“agreement, accordance, unanimity”)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
slow | slow | [
"adj",
"verb",
"noun",
"adv"
] | [
"From Middle English slaw, slow, from Old English slāw (“lazy; inert, slow”), from Proto-West Germanic *slaiw, from Proto-Germanic *slaiwaz (“blunt; dull; exhausted, faint, sluggish, weak, weary; listless, torpid; dim-witted, slow; lazy, slack”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *sleyH-u- (“bad”).\nCognates\nCogna... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "slaw",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English slaw"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "slāw",
"templat... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
policy | policy | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English policie, from Old French policie, pollicie and police, from Late Latin politia (“citizenship; government”), classical Latin polītīa (in Cicero), from Ancient Greek πολιτεία (politeía, “citizenship; polis, (city) state; government”), from πολίτης (polítēs, “citizen”). Doublet of police, polis (“... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "policie",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English policie"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "policie",
"t... | [
"English",
"French",
"Greek",
"Italian",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
mandapa | mandapa | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Sanskrit मण्डप (maṇḍapa), मण्टप (maṇṭapa, “pavilion, mandapa”), a non-native word likely from the same source as मठ (maṭha, “hut, hermit's cottage”). Probably derived via Hindi मंडप (maṇḍap) or another New Indo-Aryan language."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Sanskrit",
"source_code": "sa",
"source_term": "मण्डप",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Sanskrit मण्डप (maṇḍapa)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Hindi",
"source_code": "hi",
"source_term": "मंडप",
"templat... | [
"Hindi",
"Sanskrit"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
fruit | fruit | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰruHg-\nProto-Italic *frūgjōr\nLatin fruor\nProto-Indo-European *-tus\nProto-Italic *-tus\nLatin -tus\nLatin frūctus\nOld French fruitbor.\nMiddle English fruyt\nEnglish fruit\nFrom Middle English fruyt, frut (“fruits and vegetables”), from Old French fruit (“produce, fruits a... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "fruyt",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English fruyt"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "fruit",
"templat... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
gratuitous | gratuitous | [
"adj"
] | [
"From Latin grātuītus (“free”), from Latin grātia (“favor”), grātus (“showing favor”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "grātuītus",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Latin grātuītus (“free”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "grātia",
"temp... | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
hardwareman | hardwareman | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English hardewareman, hardwareman; equivalent to hardware + -man."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "hardewareman",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English hardewareman"
}
] | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
religion | religion | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nLatin religiōbor.\nOld French religionbor.\nMiddle English religioun\nEnglish religion\nFrom Middle English religioun, from Old French religion, from Latin religiō (“scrupulousness, pious misgivings, superstition, conscientiousness, sanctity, an object of veneration, cult-observance, reverence”). M... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "religioun",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English religioun"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "religion",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
derecho | derecho | [
"noun"
] | [
"Learned borrowing from Spanish derecho (“straight”). First used by Gustavus Detlef Hinrichs in 1888, apparently coined to distinguish the winds from tornadoes, which rotate; compare tornado. Doublet of direct."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "derecho",
"template": "lbor",
"detail": "Learned borrowing from Spanish derecho (“straight”)"
}
] | [
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
government | government | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English governement, from Old French governement (modern French gouvernement), from governer (see govern) + -ment. Morphologically govern + -ment. Displaced native Old English gerec, leodweard, ræden, rǣding and ealdordōm."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "governement",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English governement"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "governem... | [
"English",
"French"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
big | big | [
"adj",
"adv",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Inherited from Northern Middle English big, bigge (“powerful, strong”), possibly from a dialect of Old Norse. Ultimately perhaps a derivative of Proto-Germanic *bugja- (“swollen up, thick”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰew-, *bu- (“to swell”), in which case big would be related to bogey, bugbear, and bug.\nCompare ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm-nor",
"source_term": "big",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Northern Middle English big"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Old Norse",
"source_code": "non",
"source_term": "-",
... | [
"English",
"Old Norse",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
wall | wall | [
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English wal, from Old English weall (“wall, dike, earthwork, rampart, dam, rocky shore, cliff”), from Proto-West Germanic *wall (“wall, rampart, entrenchment”), from Latin vallum (“wall, rampart, entrenchment, palisade”), from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn, wind, roll”).\nPerhaps conflated with ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "wal",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English wal"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "weall",
"template... | [
"Chinese",
"English",
"Latin",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"calqued",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
morning | morning | [
"noun",
"intj"
] | [
"From Middle English morwenynge, from morwen + -ynge. By surface analysis, morn + -ing. See also morrow (Middle English morwe)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "morwenynge",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English morwenynge"
}
] | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
mexican | Mexican | [
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"Borrowed from Spanish mexicano, from Nahuatl mēxihcah plural of mēxihcatl (“a Mexica”) + -ano (“-an”). By surface analysis, Mexico + -an. Doublet of Mexicano."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "mexicano",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Spanish mexicano"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "mexihca... | [
"Other",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
send | send | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English senden, from Old English sendan (“to send, cause to go”), from Proto-West Germanic *sandijan, from Proto-Germanic *sandijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sont-eye- (“to cause to go”), causative of *sent- (“to walk, travel”). The noun derives from the verb.\nCognates\nCognate with Saterland Frisia... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "senden",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English senden"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "sendan",
"t... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
market | market | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English market, from late Old English market (“market”) and Anglo-Norman markiet (Old French marchié); all ultimately from Latin mercātus (“trade, market”), from mercor (“to trade, deal in, buy”), itself derived from merx (“wares, merchandise”). Cognate with West Frisian merk (“market”), Dutch markt, O... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "market",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English market"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "markiet",
"tem... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
food | food | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *peh₂-der.\nProto-Germanic *fōdô\nOld English fōda\nMiddle English fode\nEnglish food\nFrom Middle English fode, foode, from Old English fōda (“food”), from Proto-West Germanic *fōdō, from Proto-Germanic *fōdô (“food”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to guard, graze, feed”).\... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "fode",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English fode"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "fōda",
"templat... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
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