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68–95–99.7 rule Summary Three_sigma_rule In statistics, the 68–95–99.7 rule, also known as the empirical rule, is a shorthand used to remember the percentage of values that lie within an interval estimate in a normal distribution: 68%, 95%, and 99.7% of the values lie within one, two, and three standard deviations of the mean, respectively. In mathematical notation, these facts can be expressed as follows, where Pr() is the probability function, Χ is an observation from a normally distributed random variable, μ (mu) is the mean of the distribution, and σ (sigma) is its standard deviation: The usefulness of this heuristic especially depends on the question under consideration. In the empirical sciences, the so-called three-sigma rule of thumb (or 3σ rule) expresses a conventional heuristic that nearly all values are taken to lie within three standard deviations of the mean, and thus it is empirically useful to treat 99.7% probability as near certainty.In the social sciences, a result may be considered "significant" if its confidence level is of the order of a two-sigma effect (95%), while in particle physics, there is a convention of a five-sigma effect (99.99994% confidence) being required to qualify as a discovery. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mitogen Resistance to anti-mitogens Mitogenic_factor > Relationship to cancer > Resistance to anti-mitogens In other cases, tumor cells possess loss-of-function mutations in some part of the anti-mitogenic pathway. For example, consider the well-known anti-mitogen, transforming growth factor (TGF-𝝱). TGF-𝝱 works by binding to cell-surface receptors and activating the Smad gene regulatory proteins. Smad proteins then trigger an increase in p15, which inhibits cyclin D1 and prevents cell cycle progression. In many cancers, there is a loss-of-function mutation in the Smad proteins, thus negating the entire anti-mitogenic pathway. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Promoter (genetics) Synthetic promoter design and engineering Promoter_regions_(genetics) > Synthetic promoter design and engineering Promoters are important gene regulatory elements used in tuning synthetically designed genetic circuits and metabolic networks. For example, to overexpress an important gene in a network, to yield higher production of target protein, synthetic biologists design promoters to upregulate its expression. Automated algorithms can be used to design neutral DNA or insulators that do not trigger gene expression of downstream sequences. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Natural unit Schrödinger units Natural_unit > Systems of natural units > Schrödinger units A system of units in which ℏ = e = G = 1 {\displaystyle \hbar =e=G=1} and c = 1 / α {\displaystyle c=1/\alpha } is seldom mentioned in literature as Schrödinger's system of units (after Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger).In this system of units the speed of light changes in inverse proportion to the fine structure constant, therefore it has gained some interest recent years in the niche hypothesis of time-variation of fundamental constants. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Coefficient of variation Log-normal data Relative_standard_deviation > Estimation > Log-normal data In many applications, it can be assumed that data are log-normally distributed (evidenced by the presence of skewness in the sampled data). In such cases, a more accurate estimate, derived from the properties of the log-normal distribution, is defined as: c v ^ r a w = e s l n 2 − 1 {\displaystyle {\widehat {cv}}_{\rm {raw}}={\sqrt {\mathrm {e} ^{s_{\rm {ln}}^{2}}-1}}} where s l n {\displaystyle {s_{\rm {ln}}}\,} is the sample standard deviation of the data after a natural log transformation. (In the event that measurements are recorded using any other logarithmic base, b, their standard deviation s b {\displaystyle s_{b}\,} is converted to base e using s l n = s b ln ( b ) {\displaystyle s_{\rm {ln}}=s_{b}\ln(b)\,} , and the formula for c v ^ r a w {\displaystyle {\widehat {cv}}_{\rm {raw}}\,} remains the same.) This estimate is sometimes referred to as the "geometric CV" (GCV) in order to distinguish it from the simple estimate above. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Victim cache Overview Victim_cache > Overview A victim cache is a hardware cache designed to decrease conflict misses and improve hit latency for direct-mapped caches. It is employed at the refill path of a Level 1 cache, such that any cache-line which gets evicted from the cache is cached in the victim cache. Thus, the victim cache gets populated only when data is thrown out of Level 1 cache. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Extremal principles in non-equilibrium thermodynamics Continuous and discontinuous motions of fluids Extremal_principles_in_non-equilibrium_thermodynamics > Continuous and discontinuous motions of fluids Much of the theory of classical non-equilibrium thermodynamics is concerned with the spatially continuous motion of fluids, but fluids can also move with spatial discontinuities. Helmholtz (1868) wrote about how in a flowing fluid, there can arise a zero fluid pressure, which sees the fluid broken asunder. This arises from the momentum of the fluid flow, showing a different kind of dynamical structure from that of the conduction of heat or electricity. Thus for example: water from a nozzle can form a shower of droplets (Rayleigh 1878, and in section 357 et seq. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
C2H6ClO2PS Summary C2H6ClO2PS The molecular formula C2H6ClO2PS (molar mass: 160.56 g/mol, exact mass: 159.9515 u) may refer to: Dimethyl chlorothiophosphate Dimethyl phosphorochloridothioate | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Statistical energy analysis History Statistical_energy_analysis > History The initial derivation of SEA arose from independent calculations made in 1959 by Richard Lyon and Preston Smith as part of work concerned with the development of methods for analyzing the response of large complex aerospace structures subjected to spatially distributed random loading. Lyon's calculation showed that under certain conditions, the flow of energy between two coupled oscillators is proportional to the difference in the oscillator energies (suggesting a thermal analogy exists in structural-acoustic systems). Smith's calculation showed that a structural mode and a diffuse reverberant sound field attain a state of 'equipartition of energy' as the damping of the mode is reduced (suggesting a state of thermal equilibrium can exist in structural-acoustic systems). The extension of the two oscillator results to more general systems is often referred to as the modal approach to SEA. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cook–Levin theorem Complexity Cook–Levin_theorem > Complexity While the above method encodes a non-deterministic Turing machine in complexity O ( log ( p ( n ) ) p ( n ) 3 ) {\displaystyle O(\log(p(n))p(n)^{3})} , the literature describes more sophisticated approaches in complexity O ( p ( n ) log ( p ( n ) ) ) {\displaystyle O(p(n)\log(p(n)))} . The quasilinear result first appeared seven years after Cook's original publication. The use of SAT to prove the existence of an NP-complete problem can be extended to other computational problems in logic, and to completeness for other complexity classes. The quantified Boolean formula problem (QBF) involves Boolean formulas extended to include nested universal quantifiers and existential quantifiers for its variables. The QBF problem can be used to encode computation with a Turing machine limited to polynomial space complexity, proving that there exists a problem (the recognition of true quantified Boolean formulas) that is PSPACE-complete. Analogously, dependency quantified boolean formulas encode computation with a Turing machine limited to logarithmic space complexity, proving that there exists a problem that is NL-complete. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cohesive force Summary Cohesion_(chemistry) This results in a relatively strong Coulomb force between molecules. In simple terms, the polarity (a state in which a molecule is oppositely charged on its poles) of water molecules allows them to be attracted to each other. The polarity is due to the electronegativity of the atom of oxygen: oxygen is more electronegative than the atoms of hydrogen, so the electrons they share through the covalent bonds are more often close to oxygen rather than hydrogen. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Zeller's congruence Analysis Zeller's_congruence > Analysis This term is calculated as an integer result. Any remainder is discarded. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Engineered wood Summary Engineered_Lumber Engineered wood, also called mass timber, composite wood, man-made wood, or manufactured board, includes a range of derivative wood products which are manufactured by binding or fixing the strands, particles, fibres, or veneers or boards of wood, together with adhesives, or other methods of fixation to form composite material. The panels vary in size but can range upwards of 64 by 8 feet (19.5 by 2.4 m) and in the case of cross-laminated timber (CLT) can be of any thickness from a few inches to 16 inches (410 mm) or more. These products are engineered to precise design specifications, which are tested to meet national or international standards and provide uniformity and predictability in their structural performance. Engineered wood products are used in a variety of applications, from home construction to commercial buildings to industrial products. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Stepwise refinement Software development Top-down_design > Computer science > Software development But these delay testing of the ultimate functional units of a system until significant design is complete. Bottom–up emphasizes coding and early testing, which can begin as soon as the first module has been specified. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Point pattern Description Point_pattern > Description The easiest way to visualize a 2-D point pattern is a map of the locations, which is simply a scatterplot but with the provision that the axes are equally scaled. If D is not the boundary of the map then it should also be indicated. An empirical definition of D would be the convex hull of the points, or at least their bounding box, a matrix of the ranges of the coordinates. Another straightforward way to visualize the points is a 2D histogram (sometimes called a quadrats) that bins the points into rectangular regions. A benefit of quadrat analysis is that it forces the analysis to take into account possible scales within which statistically significant inhomogeneities may be occurring. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein Function Mitochondrial_antiviral-signaling_protein > Function The MAVS signaling complex interacts with TANK binding kinase 1 and/or protein kinases IKKA (CHUK) and IKKB (IKBKB), which leads to the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3. Although MAVS signal transduction and regulation is not fully understood, activated MAVS proteins in the mitochondria, ER, and peroxisome are needed to maximize the antiviral innate immune response. MAVS protein induces apoptosis in host virally infected cells by interacting with a protease called caspase 8. Activation of apoptosis by caspase 8 is independent of the Bax/Bak apoptotic pathway, the main pathway of apoptosis in cells. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Invariable plane Description Invariable_plane > Description But almost all are not, allowing the transfer of a very small amount of momenta from axial rotations to orbital revolutions due to tidal friction and to bodies being non-spherical. This causes a change in the magnitude of the orbital angular momentum, as well as a change in its direction (precession) because the rotational axes are not parallel to the orbital axes. Nevertheless, these changes are exceedingly small compared to the total angular momentum of the system, which is very nearly conserved despite these effects. For almost all purposes, the plane defined from the giant planets' orbits alone can be considered invariable when working in Newtonian dynamics, by also ignoring the even tinier amounts of angular momentum ejected in material and gravitational waves leaving the Solar System, and the extremely tiny torques exerted on the Solar System by other stars passing nearby, Milky Way galactic tides, etc. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Convolutional layer Distinguishing features Max_pooling > Distinguishing features This ignores locality of reference in data with a grid-topology (such as images), both computationally and semantically. Thus, full connectivity of neurons is wasteful for purposes such as image recognition that are dominated by spatially local input patterns. Convolutional neural networks are variants of multilayer perceptrons, designed to emulate the behavior of a visual cortex. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Free fatty acid receptor 2 Type 2 diabetes Free_fatty_acid_receptor_2 > FFAR2 functions and actions > Diabetes > Type 2 diabetes However, men treated with both antagonists responded with very low insulin and very high glucose blood levels: their responses were similar to those in individuals with type 2 diabetes. This study shows that 1) the stimulation of the FFAR2 on K and L cells by SCFAs underlies the differences between oral and intravenous glucose challenges defined by the incretin effect and 2) FFAR2 functions to regulate blood insulin and glucose levels. This does not prove that type 2 diabetes is a FFAR2-incretin disease: post-feeding secretion of the incretins (i.e.,GLP-1 and GIP) is impaired in type 2 diabetes, but the impairment appears to result primarily from decreases in the responsiveness of pancreas alpha cells to GLP-1. This conclusion is supported by studies showing that type 2 diabetic individuals who are treated with large amounts of GLP-1 and challenged with intravenous glucose show changes in blood insulin and glucose levels that are similar to those in non-diabetic individuals. Indeed, GLP-1 agonists, e.g., Dulaglutide, and a first-in-kind GLP-1 and GIP agonist, Tirzepatide, are used to treat type 2 diabetes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Spin–lattice relaxation time Nuclear physics Spin–lattice_relaxation_in_the_rotating_frame > Nuclear physics As mobility increases, the vibrational and rotational frequencies increase, making it more likely for a component of the lattice field to be able to stimulate the transition from high to low energy states. However, at extremely high mobilities, the probability decreases as the vibrational and rotational frequencies no longer correspond to the energy gap between states. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Axiom of constructibility Implications Axiom_of_constructibility > Implications Although the axiom of constructibility does resolve many set-theoretic questions, it is not typically accepted as an axiom for set theory in the same way as the ZFC axioms. Among set theorists of a realist bent, who believe that the axiom of constructibility is either true or false, most believe that it is false. This is in part because it seems unnecessarily "restrictive", as it allows only certain subsets of a given set (for example, 0 ♯ ⊂ ω {\displaystyle 0^{\sharp }\subset \omega } can't exist), with no clear reason to believe that these are all of them. In part it is because the axiom is contradicted by sufficiently strong large cardinal axioms. This point of view is especially associated with the Cabal, or the "California school" as Saharon Shelah would have it. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Schizotypal personality disorder Neurological Schizotypal_personality_disorder > Etiology > Neurological Reduced volume of gray or white matter in the superior temporal gyrus or the transverse temporal gyrus are thought to lead to issues with speech, memory, and hallucinations. Deficits in the gray matter volume of the temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex are likely associated with impairments in cognitive function, sensory processing, speech, executive function, decision-making, and emotional processing present in people with StPD. StPD symptoms may also be influenced by reduced internal capsule, which carries information to the cerebral cortex. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Marine meteorology Development of warm ocean currents Marine_meteorology > Importance of the wind > Development of warm ocean currents The trade winds blow westward in the tropics, and the westerlies blow eastward at mid-latitudes. This wind pattern applies a stress to the subtropical ocean surface with negative curl across the north Atlantic Ocean. The resulting Sverdrup transport is equatorward. Because of conservation of potential vorticity caused by the poleward-moving winds on the subtropical ridge's western periphery and the increased relative vorticity of northward moving water, transport is balanced by a narrow, accelerating poleward current, which flows along the western boundary of the ocean basin, outweighing the effects of friction with the western boundary current known as the Labrador current. The conservation of potential vorticity also causes bends along the Gulf Stream, which occasionally break off due to a shift in the Gulf Stream's position, forming separate warm and cold eddies. This overall process, known as western intensification, causes currents on the western boundary of an ocean basin, such as the Gulf Stream, to be stronger than those on the eastern boundary. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Theory of measurement Quantum mechanics Numerical_measure > Definitions and theories > Quantum mechanics In quantum mechanics, a measurement is an action that determines a particular property (position, momentum, energy, etc.) of a quantum system. Quantum measurements are always statistical samples from a probability distribution; the distribution for many quantum phenomena is discrete. : 197 Quantum measurements alter quantum states and yet repeated measurements on a quantum state are reproducible. The measurement appears to act as a filter, changing the quantum state into one with the single measured quantum value. The unambiguous meaning of the quantum measurement is an unresolved fundamental problem in quantum mechanics; the most common interpretation is that when a measurement is performed, the wavefunction of the quantum system "collapses" to a single, definite value. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Rclone Crypt remotes Rclone > Backends and Commands > Crypt remotes Rclone's crypt implements encryption of files at rest in cloud storage. It layers an encrypted remote over a pre-existing, cloud or other remote. Crypt is commonly used to encrypt / decrypt media, for streaming, on consumer storage services such as Google Drive. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Brachymeiosis Summary Brachymeiosis The second reduction was hypothesized to occur during the second or third mitotic division in the ascus, even though chromosome reduction does not typically occur during mitosis. This supposed form of meiosis was termed “brachymeiosis” in 1908 by H. C. I. Fraser.The existence of brachymeiosis was controversial throughout the first half of the twentieth century, with many conflicting results published. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Economic theory Empirical research Economic_thought > Methodology > Empirical research Acceptance is dependent upon the falsifiable hypothesis surviving tests. Use of commonly accepted methods need not produce a final conclusion or even a consensus on a particular question, given different tests, data sets, and prior beliefs. Experimental economics has promoted the use of scientifically controlled experiments. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Algebraic signal processing Algebraic Neural Networks Algebraic_signal_processing > Algebraic Neural Networks Inspired by a recent perspective that popular graph neural networks (GNNs) architectures are in fact convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recent work has been focused on developing novel neural network architectures from the algebraic point-of-view. An algebraic neural network is a composition of algebraic convolutions, possibly with multiple features and feature aggregations, and nonlinearities. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Élie Cartan Alternative theory to general relativity Élie_Cartan > Alternative theory to general relativity Cartan created a competitor theory of gravity also Einstein–Cartan theory. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Security strength In asymmetric cryptography Security_strength > In asymmetric cryptography The design of most asymmetric algorithms (i.e. public-key cryptography) relies on neat mathematical problems that are efficient to compute in one direction, but inefficient to reverse by the attacker. However, attacks against current public-key systems are always faster than brute-force search of the key space. Their security level isn't set at design time, but represents a computational hardness assumption, which is adjusted to match the best currently known attack.Various recommendations have been published that estimate the security level of asymmetric algorithms, which differ slightly due to different methodologies. For the RSA cryptosystem at 128-bit security level, NIST and ENISA recommend using 3072-bit keys and IETF 3253 bits. Elliptic curve cryptography requires shorter keys, so the recommendations are 256-383 (NIST), 256 (ENISA) and 242 bits (IETF). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Shake it Up Australia Foundation Biomarker's research at La Trobe University Shake_it_Up_Australia_Foundation > Research projects > Biomarker's research at La Trobe University Shake it Up committed funding to Professor Andrew Hill and Dr Lesley Cheng at La Trobe University to test the power of extracellular vesicles or cell particles, to detect Parkinson's via a simple blood test. The biological clue the test is looking for relates to the bloods 'appetite' for blood, as patient's with Parkinson's disease have white blood cells which consumes oxygen four times faster than normal cells. They are assessing whether this biomarker can be collected to determine a patient's neurological status. Researchers used blood samples from The Australian Parkinson's Disease Registry to determine whether biomarkers could be detected in both early onset and advanced patients who have taken medication for upwards of 5 years. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Sea Physical science Sea > Physical science Earth is the only known planet with seas of liquid water on its surface,: 22 although Mars possesses ice caps and similar planets in other solar systems may have oceans. Earth's 1,335,000,000 cubic kilometers (320,000,000 cu mi) of sea contain about 97.2 percent of its known water and cover approximately 71 percent of its surface. : 7 Another 2.15% of Earth's water is frozen, found in the sea ice covering the Arctic Ocean, the ice cap covering Antarctica and its adjacent seas, and various glaciers and surface deposits around the world. The remainder (about 0.65% of the whole) form underground reservoirs or various stages of the water cycle, containing the freshwater encountered and used by most terrestrial life: vapor in the air, the clouds it slowly forms, the rain falling from them, and the lakes and rivers spontaneously formed as its waters flow again and again to the sea.The scientific study of water and Earth's water cycle is hydrology; hydrodynamics studies the physics of water in motion. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Java Platform, Standard Edition java.lang.ref Java_Platform,_Standard_Edition > General purpose packages > java.lang > java.lang.ref The java.lang.ref package provides more flexible types of references than are otherwise available, permitting limited interaction between the application and the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) garbage collector. It is an important package, central enough to the language for the language designers to give it a name that starts with "java.lang", but it is somewhat special-purpose and not used by a lot of developers. This package was added in J2SE 1.2. Java has an expressive system of references and allows for special behavior for garbage collection. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Angular momentum quantization Summary Angular_momentum_quantization In both classical and quantum mechanical systems, angular momentum (together with linear momentum and energy) is one of the three fundamental properties of motion.There are several angular momentum operators: total angular momentum (usually denoted J), orbital angular momentum (usually denoted L), and spin angular momentum (spin for short, usually denoted S). The term angular momentum operator can (confusingly) refer to either the total or the orbital angular momentum. Total angular momentum is always conserved, see Noether's theorem. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Luminescent protein Distribution Bioluminescence > Distribution However, some loose-jawed fish emit red and infrared light, and the genus Tomopteris emits yellow light.The most frequently encountered bioluminescent organisms may be the dinoflagellates in the surface layers of the sea, which are responsible for the sparkling luminescence sometimes seen at night in disturbed water. At least 18 genera exhibit luminosity. Luminescent dinoflagellate ecosystems are present in warm water lagoons and bays with narrow openings to the ocean. A different effect is the thousands of square miles of the ocean which shine with the light produced by bioluminescent bacteria, known as mareel or the milky seas effect. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Magnetic force microscope Advantages Magnetic_force_microscope > Advantages Detectable magnetic field intensity, H, is in the range of 10 A/m Detectable magnetic field, B, is in the range of 0.1 gauss (10 microteslas). Typical measured forces are as low as 10−14 N, with the spatial resolutions as low as 20 nm. MFM can be combined with other scanning methods like STM. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Serial production Advantages and disadvantages Mass_produced > Advantages and disadvantages He must locate and use many tools many times for varying tasks. In mass production, each worker repeats one or a few related tasks that use the same tool to perform identical or near-identical operations on a stream of products. The exact tool and parts are always at hand, having been moved down the assembly line consecutively. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Web accessibility Norway Web_accessibility > Web accessibility legislation > Norway In Norway, web accessibility is a legal obligation under the Act 20 June 2008 No 42 relating to a prohibition against discrimination on the basis of disability, also known as the Anti-discrimination Accessibility Act. The Act went into force in 2009, and the Ministry of Government Administration, Reform and Church Affairs published the Regulations for universal design of information and communication technology (ICT) solutions in 2013. The regulations require compliance with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (WCAG 2.0) / NS / ISO / IEC 40500: 2012, level A and AA with some exceptions. The Norwegian Agency for Public Management and eGovernment (Difi) is responsible for overseeing that ICT solutions aimed at the general public are in compliance with the legislative and regulatory requirements. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Method of continued fractions Summary Method_of_continued_fractions The approximations are constructed within Krylov subspace constructed from vector | ϕ ⟩ {\displaystyle |\phi \rangle } with action of the operator A = G 0 V {\displaystyle A=G_{0}V} . The method can thus be understood as resummation of (in general divergent) Born series by Padé approximants. It is also closely related to Schwinger variational principle. In general the method requires similar amount of numerical work as calculation of terms of Born series, but it provides much faster convergence of the results. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Adrenergic neuron blockers Non-selective alpha blockers Adrenergic_neuron_blockers > Adverse Effects > Selectivity > Non-selective alpha blockers Non-selective alpha blockers have the potential to cause hypotension, weakness, tachycardia, and tremor. The simultaneous suppression of alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptors is responsible for these adverse effects. Alpha 1 receptor blockade, which results in vascular smooth muscle relaxation and consequent vasodilation, is the cause of hypotension. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Statistical hypothesis test The testing process Statistical_hypothesis_testing > The testing process Reject the null hypothesis, in favor of the alternative hypothesis, if and only if the p-value is less than (or equal to) the significance level (the selected probability) threshold (α), for example 0.05 or 0.01.The former process was advantageous in the past when only tables of test statistics at common probability thresholds were available. It allowed a decision to be made without the calculation of a probability. It was adequate for classwork and for operational use, but it was deficient for reporting results. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Working fluids Summary Working_fluid For fluid power, a working fluid is a gas or liquid that primarily transfers force, motion, or mechanical energy. In hydraulics, water or hydraulic fluid transfers force between hydraulic components such as hydraulic pumps, hydraulic cylinders, and hydraulic motors that are assembled into hydraulic machinery, hydraulic drive systems, etc. In pneumatics, the working fluid is air or another gas which transfers force between pneumatic components such as compressors, vacuum pumps, pneumatic cylinders, and pneumatic motors. In pneumatic systems, the working gas also stores energy because it is compressible. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Slide rule scale Notes about table Slide_rule_scale > Scales > Notes about table For example, arctanh(x) approaches ∞ (infinity) as x approaches 1, so the scale stops short. In slide rule terminology "log-log" means the scale is logarithmic applied over an inherently logarithmic scale. Slide rule annotation generally ignores powers of 10. However, for some scales, such as log-log, decimal points are relevant and are likely to be marked. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
150 (number) In other fields 150_(number) > In other fields 150 is also: The number of degrees in the quincunx astrological aspect explored by Johannes Kepler. The approximate value for Dunbar's number, a theoretical value with implications in sociology and anthropology The total number of Power Stars in Super Mario 64 DS for the Nintendo DS.The total number of dragon eggs in Spyro: Year of the Dragon. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Searching theory Summary Searching_theory Real-world transactions involve discrete quantities of goods and services, imperfect and expensive information, and possible physical or other barriers separating buyers and sellers. parties looking to conduct business, such as a potential employee and an employer, or a buyer and a seller of goods. Their search for one another is strained by this encounter. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Crowd simulation Scalable simulations Crowd_simulation > Particle systems > Scalable simulations Agents must have continuous changes in the environment since agent behaviors allow complex interactions. Scalable architecture can manage large crowds through the behavior and interactive rates. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Glucose Energy source Glucose > Biochemical properties > Energy source The metabolic pathway of glycolysis is used by almost all living beings. An essential difference in the use of glycolysis is the recovery of NADPH as a reductant for anabolism that would otherwise have to be generated indirectly.Glucose and oxygen supply almost all the energy for the brain, so its availability influences psychological processes. When glucose is low, psychological processes requiring mental effort (e.g., self-control, effortful decision-making) are impaired. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The Internet of Things Confusing terminology The_Internet_of_Things > Criticism, problems and controversies > Confusing terminology Kevin Lonergan at Information Age, a business technology magazine, has referred to the terms surrounding the IoT as a "terminology zoo". The lack of clear terminology is not "useful from a practical point of view" and a "source of confusion for the end user". A company operating in the IoT space could be working in anything related to sensor technology, networking, embedded systems, or analytics. According to Lonergan, the term IoT was coined before smart phones, tablets, and devices as we know them today existed, and there is a long list of terms with varying degrees of overlap and technological convergence: Internet of things, Internet of everything (IoE), Internet of goods (supply chain), industrial Internet, pervasive computing, pervasive sensing, ubiquitous computing, cyber-physical systems (CPS), wireless sensor networks (WSN), smart objects, digital twin, cyberobjects or avatars, cooperating objects, machine to machine (M2M), ambient intelligence (AmI), Operational technology (OT), and information technology (IT). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Magnetic reactance Three phase transformer Magnetic_reactance > Examples > Three phase transformer Each winding is modeled by a gyrator. The gyration resistance of each gyrator is equal to the number of turns on the associated winding. Each permeance element is modeled by a capacitor. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Relationships and health Models Relationships_and_health > Models Poor relationships have a negative impact on health outcomes. In 1985, Cohen and Wills presented two models that have been employed to describe this connection: the main effect model and the stress-buffering model.The main effect model postulates that our social networks influence our psychology (our affect) and our physiology (biological responses). These three variables are thought to influence health, as described in Figure 1. This model predicts that increasing social networks may enhance general health. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy Samples Resonant_ultrasound_spectroscopy > Measurements > Samples Since the accuracy of the measure depends strictly on the accuracy in the sample preparation, several precautions are taken: RPRs are prepared with the edges parallel to crystallographic directions; for cylinders only the axis can be matched to sample symmetry. RUS is rarely used for samples of lower symmetry, and for isotropic samples, alignment is irrelevant. For the higher symmetries, it is convenient to have different lengths edges to prevent a redundant resonance. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Differential (mechanical device) Purpose Differential_(mechanical_device) > Use in wheeled vehicles > Purpose However, for improved cornering abilities, many vehicles use a differential, which allows the two wheels to rotate at different speeds. The purpose of a differential is to transfer the engine's power to the wheels while still allowing the wheels to rotate at different speeds when required. An illustration of the operating principle for a ring-and-pinion differential is shown below. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Quadratic formula Dimensional analysis Quadratic_formula > Significant uses > Dimensional analysis If the constants a, b, and/or c are not unitless then the units of x must be equal to the units of b/a, due to the requirement that ax2 and bx agree on their units. Furthermore, by the same logic, the units of c must be equal to the units of b2/a, which can be verified without solving for x. This can be a powerful tool for verifying that a quadratic expression of physical quantities has been set up correctly. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hybrid blockchains Permissionless (public) blockchain Blockchain_technology > Structure and design > Openness > Permissionless (public) blockchain In 2016, venture capital investment for blockchain-related projects was weakening in the USA but increasing in China. Bitcoin and many other cryptocurrencies use open (public) blockchains. As of April 2018, bitcoin has the highest market capitalization. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The Visual Display of Quantitative Information Information design The_Visual_Display_of_Quantitative_Information > Work > Information design Tufte's writing is important in such fields as information design and visual literacy, which deal with the visual communication of information. He coined the word chartjunk to refer to useless, non-informative, or information-obscuring elements of quantitative information displays. Tufte's other key concepts include what he calls the lie factor, the data-ink ratio, and the data density of a graphic.He uses the term "data-ink ratio" to argue against using excessive decoration in visual displays of quantitative information. In Visual Display, Tufte explains, "Sometimes decoration can help editorialize about the substance of the graphic. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Electrical engineering Photonics and optics Electrical_engineering > Subfields > Photonics and optics Photonics and optics deals with the generation, transmission, amplification, modulation, detection, and analysis of electromagnetic radiation. The application of optics deals with design of optical instruments such as lenses, microscopes, telescopes, and other equipment that uses the properties of electromagnetic radiation. Other prominent applications of optics include electro-optical sensors and measurement systems, lasers, fiber optic communication systems, and optical disc systems (e.g. CD and DVD). Photonics builds heavily on optical technology, supplemented with modern developments such as optoelectronics (mostly involving semiconductors), laser systems, optical amplifiers and novel materials (e.g. metamaterials). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mental confusion Etymology Mental_confusion > Etymology The word confusion derives from the Latin word, confundo, which means "confuse, mix, blend, pour together, disorder, embroil." | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Light field Discrete focal stack transform Light_fields > Image refocusing > Discrete focal stack transform For every u {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {u}}} , compute the Discrete Fourier transform of L F d ( s , u ) {\displaystyle L_{F}^{d}({\boldsymbol {s}},{\boldsymbol {u}})} , and get the result R 1 {\displaystyle R1} . For every focal length α F {\displaystyle \alpha F} , compute the fractional fourier transform of R 1 {\displaystyle R1} , where the order of the transform depends on α {\displaystyle \alpha } , and get the result R 2 {\displaystyle R2} . Compute the inverse Discrete Fourier transform of R 2 {\displaystyle R2} . Remove the marginal pixels of R 2 {\displaystyle R2} so that each 2-D photograph has the size ( 2 n s + 1 ) × ( 2 n s + 1 ) {\displaystyle (2{n}_{\boldsymbol {s}}+1)\times (2{n}_{\boldsymbol {s}}+1)} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Axiom of Choice Possibly equivalent implications of AC Axiom_of_Choice > Weaker forms > Possibly equivalent implications of AC Equivalently, a partition of a set S cannot be strictly larger than S. If WPP holds, this already implies the existence of a non-measurable set. Each of the previous three statements is implied by the preceding one, but it is unknown if any of these implications can be reversed. There is no infinite decreasing sequence of cardinals. The equivalence was conjectured by Schoenflies in 1905. Abstract algebra Hahn embedding theorem: Every ordered abelian group G order-embeds as a subgroup of the additive group R Ω {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{\Omega }} endowed with a lexicographical order, where Ω is the set of Archimedean equivalence classes of G. This equivalence was conjectured by Hahn in 1907. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Distribution transformer Summary Pole_mount_transformer A distribution transformer or service transformer is a transformer that provides the final voltage transformation in the electric power distribution system, stepping down the voltage used in the distribution lines to the level used by the customer. The invention of a practical efficient transformer made AC power distribution feasible; a system using distribution transformers was demonstrated as early as 1882. If mounted on a utility pole, they are called pole-mount transformers. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Relativistic quantum theory Non-renormalizability Quantum_field > History > Non-renormalizability In contrast, the coupling constant in the strong interaction is roughly of the order of one, making complicated, higher order, Feynman diagrams just as important as simple ones. There was thus no way of deriving reliable quantitative predictions for the strong interaction using perturbative QFT methods. : 31 With these difficulties looming, many theorists began to turn away from QFT. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Imatinib Chronic_Myeloid_Leukemia > Treatment > Chronic phase > Imatinib The first of this new class of drugs was imatinib mesylate (marketed as Gleevec or Glivec), approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2001. Imatinib was found to inhibit the progression of CML in the majority of patients (65–75%) sufficiently to achieve regrowth of their normal bone marrow stem cell population (a cytogenetic response) with stable proportions of maturing white blood cells. Because some leukemic cells (as evaluated by RT-PCR) persist in nearly all patients, the treatment has to be continued indefinitely. Since the advent of imatinib, CML has become the first cancer in which a standard medical treatment may give to the patient a normal life expectancy. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic transporter Mechanism Tripartite_ATP-independent_periplasmic_transporter > Mechanism By using an SBP, TRAP transporters share some similarity to ABC transporters in that the substrate for the transporter is initially recognized outside of the cytoplasmic membrane. In Gram-negative bacteria, the SBP is usually free in the periplasm and expressed at relatively high levels compared to the membrane domains. In Gram positive bacteria and archaea, the SBP is tethered to the cytoplasmic membrane. In both types of systems the SBP binds to substrate, usually with low micromolar affinity, which causes a significant conformation change in the protein, akin to a Venus flytrap closing. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Wave functions Hydrogen atom Normalizable_wavefunction > Non-relativistic examples > Hydrogen atom The wave functions of an electron in a Hydrogen atom are expressed in terms of spherical harmonics and generalized Laguerre polynomials (these are defined differently by different authors—see main article on them and the hydrogen atom). It is convenient to use spherical coordinates, and the wave function can be separated into functions of each coordinate, where R are radial functions and Ymℓ(θ, φ) are spherical harmonics of degree ℓ and order m. This is the only atom for which the Schrödinger equation has been solved exactly. Multi-electron atoms require approximative methods. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Chemical Registration system Conformation Chemical_database > Search > Conformation Search by matching 3D conformation of molecules or by specifying spatial constraints is another feature that is particularly of use in drug design. Searches of this kind can be computationally very expensive. Many approximate methods have been proposed, for instance BCUTS, special function representations, moments of inertia, ray-tracing histograms, maximum distance histograms, shape multipoles to name a few. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Osmotic gradient Role in living things Osmotic_gradient > Role in living things Plants concentrate solutes in their root cells by active transport, and water enters the roots by osmosis. Osmosis is also responsible for controlling the movement of guard cells. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Immunopathology Improper Immune Responses Immunopathology > Improper Immune Responses A few examples of autoimmune diseases are Type 1 diabetes, Addison's disease and Celiac disease. The third and final type of complication with the immune system is Immunodeficiency, where the immune system lacks the ability to fight off a certain disease. The immune system's ability to combat it is either hindered or completely absent. The two types are Primary Immunodeficiency, where the immune system is either missing a key component or does not function properly, and Secondary Immunodeficiency, where disease is obtained from an outside source, like radiation or heat, and therefore cannot function properly. Diseases that can cause immunodeficiency include HIV, AIDS and leukemia. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Spectral shape analysis Laplace Spectral_shape_analysis > Laplace The Laplace–Beltrami operator is involved in many important differential equations, such as the heat equation and the wave equation. It can be defined on a Riemannian manifold as the divergence of the gradient of a real-valued function f: Δ f := div grad f . {\displaystyle \Delta f:=\operatorname {div} \operatorname {grad} f.} Its spectral components can be computed by solving the Helmholtz equation (or Laplacian eigenvalue problem): Δ φ i + λ i φ i = 0. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Damping factor In practice Damping_factor > In practice At around 4 kHz, the real-life difference between an amplifier with a moderate (100) damping factor and one with a low (20) damping factor is about 0.37 dB. However, the amplifier with the low damping factor is acting more like a subtle graphic equaliser than is the amplifier with the moderate damping factor, where the peaks and dips in the amplifier's frequency response correspond closely to the peaks and dips in the loudspeaker impedance response.It is clear from the various amplifier frequency response curves that low damping factor values result in significant changes in the frequency response of the amplifier in a number of frequency bands. This will result in broad levels of sound coloration that are highly likely to be audible. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cache coherency protocols (examples) Synapse protocol Cache_coherency_protocols_(examples) > Coherency protocols > Synapse protocol - else the data is read from MM. - The cache is set VWrite Hit- If the cache is D , the write can take place locally without any other action. - else V, like with Read Miss does, including a data transfer from memory with in addition an invalidate command (RWITM). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Logology (science) Collaboration Logology_(science) > Sociology of science > Collaboration "Everyone", writes James Somers, "falls into creative ruts, but two people rarely do so at the same time. "The same point was made by Francis Crick, member of a famous scientific duo, Francis Crick and James Watson, who together discovered the structure of the genetic material, DNA. At the end of a PBS television documentary on James Watson, in a video clipping Crick explains to Watson that their collaboration had been crucial to their discovery because, when one of them was wrong, the other would set him straight. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Neural network Criticism Neural_network > Criticism While the brain has hardware tailored to the task of processing signals through a graph of neurons, simulating even a most simplified form on Von Neumann technology may compel a neural network designer to fill many millions of database rows for its connections—which can consume vast amounts of computer memory and data storage capacity. Furthermore, the designer of neural network systems will often need to simulate the transmission of signals through many of these connections and their associated neurons—which must often be matched with incredible amounts of CPU processing power and time. While neural networks often yield effective programs, they too often do so at the cost of efficiency (they tend to consume considerable amounts of time and money). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Difference calculus Summary Backward_difference Certain recurrence relations can be written as difference equations by replacing iteration notation with finite differences. In numerical analysis, finite differences are widely used for approximating derivatives, and the term "finite difference" is often used as an abbreviation of "finite difference approximation of derivatives". Finite difference approximations are finite difference quotients in the terminology employed above. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Internal ocean Waves and swell Ocean_salinity > Physical properties > Waves and swell If approaching at an angle, waves may bend (refraction) or wrap around rocks and headlands (diffraction). When the wave reaches a point where its deepest oscillations of the water contact the ocean floor, they begin to slow down. This pulls the crests closer together and increases the waves' height, which is called wave shoaling. When the ratio of the wave's height to the water depth increases above a certain limit, it "breaks", toppling over in a mass of foaming water. This rushes in a sheet up the beach before retreating into the ocean under the influence of gravity.Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or other major geological disturbances can set off waves that can lead to tsunamis in coastal areas which can be very dangerous. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Zion (The Matrix) Role within the franchise Zion_(The_Matrix) > Role within the franchise Zion serves as a living space for humans who have chosen to be disconnected from the Matrix and fight against the machines that created it. The city is defended by a fleet of hovercraft, an infantry force, and a corps of soldiers who operate powered battle suits. In The Matrix Reloaded, Neo learns from the Architect that the machines allowed Zion to be created as a method of coping with the problem of human choice, reducing but not eliminating the instability caused by those who rejected the Matrix. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Connectomics Applications Connectomics > Applications This is an expanding field and there is room for greater application to mental health disorders and brain malfunction, in which current research is building on neural networks and the psychopathology involved.The human connectome can be viewed as a graph, and the rich tools, definitions and algorithms of the Graph theory can be applied to these graphs. Comparing the connectomes (or braingraphs) of healthy women and men, Szalkai et al. have shown that in several deep graph-theoretical parameters, the structural connectome of women is significantly better connected than that of men. For example, women's connectome has more edges, higher minimum bipartition width, larger eigengap, greater minimum vertex cover than that of men. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
H2O3 Reactions Hydrogen_trioxide > Reactions Trioxidane readily decomposes into water and singlet oxygen, with a half-life of about 16 minutes in organic solvents at room temperature, but only milliseconds in water. It reacts with organic sulfides to form sulfoxides, but little else is known of its reactivity. Recent research found that trioxidane is the active ingredient responsible for the antimicrobial properties of the well known ozone/hydrogen peroxide mix. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Multiple comparisons problem Large-scale multiple testing Multiple_comparison > Large-scale multiple testing In this situation, very high false positive rates are expected unless multiple comparisons adjustments are made. For large-scale testing problems where the goal is to provide definitive results, the family-wise error rate remains the most accepted parameter for ascribing significance levels to statistical tests. Alternatively, if a study is viewed as exploratory, or if significant results can be easily re-tested in an independent study, control of the false discovery rate (FDR) is often preferred. The FDR, loosely defined as the expected proportion of false positives among all significant tests, allows researchers to identify a set of "candidate positives" that can be more rigorously evaluated in a follow-up study.The practice of trying many unadjusted comparisons in the hope of finding a significant one is a known problem, whether applied unintentionally or deliberately, is sometimes called "p-hacking". | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Le Chatelier's principle Effect of change in pressure Le_Chatelier's_principle > Chemistry > Effect of change in pressure The equilibrium concentrations of the products and reactants do not directly depend on the total pressure of the system. They may depend on the partial pressure of the products and reactants, but if the number of moles of gaseous reactants is equal to the number of moles of gaseous products, pressure has no effect on equilibrium. Changing total pressure by adding an inert gas at constant volume does not affect the equilibrium concentrations (see Effect of adding an inert gas below). Changing total pressure by changing the volume of the system changes the partial pressures of the products and reactants and can affect the equilibrium concentrations (see §Effect of change in volume below). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Quantum perturbation theory Method of variation of constants Time-independent_perturbation_theory > Time-dependent perturbation theory > Method of variation of constants By supplying appropriate initial values cn(t), we could in principle find an exact (i.e., non-perturbative) solution. This is easily done when there are only two energy levels (n = 1, 2), and this solution is useful for modelling systems like the ammonia molecule. However, exact solutions are difficult to find when there are many energy levels, and one instead looks for perturbative solutions. These may be obtained by expressing the equations in an integral form, Repeatedly substituting this expression for cn back into right hand side, yields an iterative solution, where, for example, the first-order term is To the same approximation, the summation in the above expression can be removed since in the unperturbed state c k ( 0 ) = δ k n {\displaystyle c_{k}^{(0)}=\delta _{kn}} so that we have Several further results follow from this, such as Fermi's golden rule, which relates the rate of transitions between quantum states to the density of states at particular energies; or the Dyson series, obtained by applying the iterative method to the time evolution operator, which is one of the starting points for the method of Feynman diagrams. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Point and figure chart History Point_and_figure_chart > History They started using Xs instead of numbers and these charts became known as ‘point charts’. Traders used both point charts and figure charts together and referred to them as their point and figure charts, which is where Du Plessis suggests the name point and figure came from. Modern point and figure charts are drawn with Xs and Os where columns of Xs are rising prices and columns of Os are falling prices, although many traditionalists such as David Fuller and Louise Yamada still use the Xs only point method of plotting. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Streeter-Phelps equation Numerical approach Streeter–Phelps_equation > Streeter–Phelps equation > Numerical approach Nowadays it is possible to solve the classical Streeter–Phelps equation numerically by use of computers. The differential equations are solved by integration. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Pyruvate oxidation Summary Pyruvate_decarboxylation Pyruvate decarboxylation or pyruvate oxidation, also known as the link reaction, Swanson Conversion, or oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, is the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by the enzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.The reaction may be simplified as: Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA → Acetyl-CoA + NADH + CO2Pyruvate oxidation is the step that connects glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. In glycolysis, a single glucose molecule (6 carbons) is split into 2 pyruvates (3 carbons each). Because of this, the link reaction occurs twice for each glucose molecule to produce a total of 2 acetyl-CoA molecules, which can then enter the Krebs cycle. Energy-generating ions and molecules, such as amino acids and carbohydrates, enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl coenzyme A and oxidize in the cycle. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Condensed phase External magnetic fields Physics_of_condensed_matter > Experimental > External magnetic fields In experimental condensed matter physics, external magnetic fields act as thermodynamic variables that control the state, phase transitions and properties of material systems. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a method by which external magnetic fields are used to find resonance modes of individual nuclei, thus giving information about the atomic, molecular, and bond structure of their environment. NMR experiments can be made in magnetic fields with strengths up to 60 tesla. Higher magnetic fields can improve the quality of NMR measurement data. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Assembly cut Methods of montage Assembly_cut > Methods of montage He argued that conflict was the basis of all art, and never failed to see montage in other cultures. For example, he saw montage as a guiding principle in the construction of "Japanese hieroglyphics in which two independent ideographic characters ('shots') are juxtaposed and explode into a concept. Thus: Eye + Water = Crying Door + Ear = Eavesdropping Child + Mouth = Screaming Mouth + Dog = Barking Mouth + Bird = Singing. "He also found montage in Japanese haiku, where short sense perceptions are juxtaposed and synthesized into a new meaning, as in this example: A lonely crow On a leafless bough One autumn eve. (枯朶に烏のとまりけり秋の暮) — Matsuo Basho As Dudley Andrew notes, "The collision of attractions from line to line produces the unified psychological effect which is the hallmark of haiku and montage." | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Collision detection A posteriori (discrete) versus a priori (continuous) Continuous_collision_detection > Collision detection in computer simulation > A posteriori (discrete) versus a priori (continuous) The instants of collision are calculated with high precision, and the physical bodies never actually interpenetrate. This is called a priori because the collision detection algorithm calculates the instants of collision before it updates the configuration of the physical bodies. The main benefits of the a posteriori methods are as follows. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Available energy Engineering applications Exergy > Applications > Engineering applications One goal of energy and exergy methods in engineering is to compute what comes into and out of several possible designs before a design is built. Energy input and output will always balance according to the First Law of Thermodynamics or the energy conservation principle. Exergy output will not equal the exergy input for real processes since a part of the exergy input is always destroyed according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics for real processes. After the input and output are calculated, an engineer will often want to select the most efficient process. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Algorithmic bias United States Algorithmic_bias > Regulation > United States The United States has no general legislation controlling algorithmic bias, approaching the problem through various state and federal laws that might vary by industry, sector, and by how an algorithm is used. Many policies are self-enforced or controlled by the Federal Trade Commission. In 2016, the Obama administration released the National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan, which was intended to guide policymakers toward a critical assessment of algorithms. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Helper T cell THαβ helper cells CD4+_T_cells > Determination of the effector T cell response > THαβ helper cells THαβ helper cells provide the host immunity against viruses. Their differentiation is triggered by IFN α/β or IL-10. Their key effector cytokine is IL-10. Their main effector cells are NK cells as well as CD8 T cells, IgG B cells, and IL-10 CD4 T cells. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Tuberculosis diagnosis Interferon-γ release assays Tuberculosis_diagnosis > Interferon-γ release assays In a recently published metaanalysis, with data from both developed and developing countries, QuantiFERON-TB Gold In Tube had a pooled sensitivity for active TB of 81% and specificity of 99.2%, whereas T-SPOT.TB had a pooled sensitivity of 87.5% and specificity of 86.3%. In head-to-head comparisons, the sensitivity of IGRAs surpassed TST. However, several subsequent studies have reported higher sensitivity for TST than for IGRAs in patients with active TB; one large study reported a sensitivity of 90% for TST and only of 81% for the QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay.A study at Stanford University confirmed that addition of immune boosters can make the IGRA more reliable in terms of separating positive from negative individuals. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Quartic equation Obtaining alternative solutions the hard way Quartic_equation > The general case > Obtaining alternative solutions the hard way It could happen that one only obtained one solution through the formulae above, because not all four sign patterns are tried for four solutions, and the solution obtained is complex. It may also be the case that one is only looking for a real solution. Let x1 denote the complex solution. If all the original coefficients A, B, C, D and E are real—which should be the case when one desires only real solutions – then there is another complex solution x2 which is the complex conjugate of x1. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cylindrical lens Other uses Cylindrical_lens > Uses > Other uses Cylinder lenses are also used in many laser applications. A cylindrical lens can be used to create a laser line. A doublet cylinder lens is used to make laser sheets and circularize elliptical beams from laser diodes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Relational quantum mechanics History and development Relational_quantum_mechanics > History and development Relational quantum mechanics arose from a comparison of the quandaries posed by the interpretations of quantum mechanics with those resulting from Lorentz transformations prior to the development of special relativity. Rovelli suggested that just as pre-relativistic interpretations of Lorentz's equations were complicated by incorrectly assuming an observer-independent time exists, a similarly incorrect assumption frustrates attempts to make sense of the quantum formalism. The assumption rejected by relational quantum mechanics is the existence of an observer-independent state of a system.The idea has been expanded upon by Lee Smolin and Louis Crane, who have both applied the concept to quantum cosmology, and the interpretation has been applied to the EPR paradox, revealing not only a peaceful co-existence between quantum mechanics and special relativity, but a formal indication of a completely local character to reality. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Interactive visualization Scientific visualization Interactive_visualization > Applications > Scientific visualization As a subject in computer science, scientific visualization is the use of interactive, sensory representations, typically visual, of abstract data to reinforce cognition, hypothesis building, and reasoning. Scientific visualization is the transformation, selection, or representation of data from simulations or experiments, with an implicit or explicit geometric structure, to allow the exploration, analysis, and understanding of the data. Scientific visualization focuses and emphasizes the representation of higher order data using primarily graphics and animation techniques. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
List of finite element software packages Summary List_of_finite_element_software_packages This is a list of notable software packages that implement the finite element method for solving partial differential equations. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Industrial strategy Debates on process Industrial_strategy > Debates on process Many countries are now seeing a revival of industrial policy.One question is which kinds of industrial policy are most effective in promoting economic development. For example, economists debate whether developing countries should focus on their comparative advantage by promoting mostly resource- and labor-intensive products and services, or invest in higher-productivity industries, which may only become competitive in the longer term.Debate also surrounds the issue of whether government failures are more pervasive and severe than market failures. Some argue that the lower the government accountability and capabilities, the higher the risk of political capture of industrial policies, which may be economically more harmful than existing market failures.Of particular relevance for developing countries are the conditions under which industrial policies may also contribute to poverty reduction, such as a focus on specific industries or the promotion of linkages between larger companies and smaller local enterprises. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Balanced Scorecard First generation Balanced_Scorecard > Design > First generation These suggestions were notably triggered by a recognition that different but equivalent headings would yield alternative sets of measures, and this represents the major design challenge faced with this type of balanced scorecard design: justifying the choice of measures made. "Of all the measures you could have chosen, why did you choose these?" These issues contribute to dis-satisfaction with early balanced scorecard designs, since if users are not confident that the measures within the balanced scorecard are well chosen, they will have less confidence in the information it provides.Although less common, these early-style balanced scorecards are still designed and used today.In short, first generation balanced scorecards are hard to design in a way that builds confidence that they are well designed. Because of this, many are abandoned soon after completion. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Domain name auction Basic uses and purposes of Domain Names Domain_name_auction > Evolution of Domain Names > Basic uses and purposes of Domain Names In order for the exchange of information to be organized and searchable on the World Wide Web domain names are used. Domain names are substitutes for IP addresses, which are presented numerically, in order to further simplify the process of searching for information on the Internet. Domain name servers maintain the list that matches domain names to IP addresses. There are two types of domain names TLDs or Top Level Domains which include: .com, .edu, .gov, .net, .org, etc., and SLDs or secondary level domains, which precedes TLDs in the web address, and usually refers to the organization that has been registered to TLD by ICANN. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Replication stress Causation DNA_replication_stress > Causation Replication stress is induced from various endogenous and exogenous stresses, which are regularly introduced to the genome. These stresses include, but are not limited to, DNA damage, excessive compacting of chromatin (preventing replisome access), over-expression of oncogenes, or difficult-to-replicate genome structures. Replication stress can lead to genome instability, cancer, and ageing. Uncoordinated replication–transcription conflicts and unscheduled R-loop accumulation are significant contributors. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Small nucleolar RNA SNORD34 Summary Small_nucleolar_RNA_SNORD34 In molecular biology, snoRNA U34 (also known as SNORD34) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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