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Oriented tree Related structures Oriented_tree > Related structures An arborescence is a directed rooted tree, i.e. a directed acyclic graph in which there exists a single source node that has a unique path to every other node. Every arborescence is a polytree, but not every polytree is an arborescence. A multitree is a directed acyclic graph in which the subgraph reachable from any node forms a tree. Every polytree is a multitree.
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Playing God (2012 film) Scientific Concepts Playing_God_(2012_film) > Scientific Concepts The area of synthetic biology is extensively discussed in Playing God. This is considered to be a relatively new field that incorporates elements of engineering into biology. It involves the blending and manipulation of natural molecules and unnatural molecules to obtain a specific outcome. Through this mean, scientists may use biology as a base for the development of synthetic life and genetic coding. This area of study has been noted with the potential to increase the efficiency of the production of certain biomolecules and naturally occurring materials, such as enzymes.
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Digital computing Concept of modern computer General-purpose_computer > History > Modern computers > Concept of modern computer The fundamental concept of Turing's design is the stored program, where all the instructions for computing are stored in memory. Von Neumann acknowledged that the central concept of the modern computer was due to this paper. Turing machines are to this day a central object of study in theory of computation. Except for the limitations imposed by their finite memory stores, modern computers are said to be Turing-complete, which is to say, they have algorithm execution capability equivalent to a universal Turing machine.
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Physical fitness Anaerobic exercise Physical_fitness > Exercise > Anaerobic exercise Prominent examples of anaerobic exercises include: Weight training – A common type of strength training for developing the strength and size of skeletal muscles. Isometric exercise – Helps to maintain strength. A muscle action in which no visible movement occurs and the resistance matches the muscular tension.
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Robot platform Visual programming language Robot_software > Other robot programming languages > Visual programming language The LEGO Mindstorms EV3 programming language is a simple language for its users to interact with. It is a graphical user interface (GUI) written with LabVIEW. The approach is to start with the program rather than the data. The program is constructed by dragging icons into the program area and adding or inserting into the sequence.
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Homeostasis Arterial blood pressure Homeostatic_response > Controls of variables > Arterial blood pressure If the drop in blood pressure is very rapid or excessive, the medulla oblongata stimulates the adrenal medulla, via "preganglionic" sympathetic nerves, to secrete epinephrine (adrenaline) into the blood. This hormone enhances the tachycardia and causes severe vasoconstriction of the arterioles to all but the essential organ in the body (especially the heart, lungs, and brain). These reactions usually correct the low arterial blood pressure (hypotension) very effectively.
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Reflective memory Summary Reflective_memory Reflective memory technologies are focused to applications where determinism, simplicity for implementation and lack of software overhead are very important considerations. Reflective memory was developed in the 1980s by VMIC for applications in VME systems. Usually reflective memory devices are connected together by means of fiber optic.
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Metamaterial cover Usage of metamaterials Metamaterial_cloaking > Usage of metamaterials As stated earlier – the range of response has been known, and studied, going back to Ptolemy – eighteen hundred years ago. The range of response could not be effectively exceeded, because natural materials proved incapable of doing so. In scientific studies and research, one way to communicate the range of response is the refractive index of a given optical material.
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Bioenergetic systems Aerobic glycolysis Bioenergetic_systems > Aerobic metabolism > Aerobic glycolysis This stage of the aerobic system takes place in the matrix of the cells' mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation – The last stage of the aerobic system produces the largest yield of ATP – a total of 34 ATP molecules. It is called oxidative phosphorylation because oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions (hence oxidative) and an extra phosphate is added to ADP to form ATP (hence phosphorylation).This stage of the aerobic system occurs on the cristae (infoldings of the membrane of the mitochondria).
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First law of thermodynamics Cited sources First_law_of_thermodynamics > References > Cited sources See English Translation: On the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws regarding the Nature of Heat itself which are deducible therefrom. Phil. Mag.
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Rotary converter Principles of operation Rotary_converter > Principles of operation In this first illustration of a single-phase to direct-current rotary converter, it may be used five different ways: If the coil is rotated, alternating currents can be taken from the collector rings, and it is called an alternator. if the coil is rotated, direct current can be taken from the commutator, and it is called a dynamo. If the coil is rotated, two separate currents can be taken from the armature, one providing direct current and the other providing alternating current.
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Eye movement (sensory) Music reading Eye_movements > Reading > Music reading Eye movement in music reading is the scanning of a musical score by a musician's eyes. This usually occurs as the music is read during performance, although musicians sometimes scan music silently to study it, and sometimes perform from memory without score. Eye movement in music reading may at first appear to be similar to that in language reading, since in both activities the eyes move over the page in fixations and saccades, picking up and processing coded meanings. However, music is nonlinguistic and involves a strict and continuous time constraint on an output that is generated by a continuous stream of coded instructions.
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Metal halide Precursor to inorganic compounds Metal_halide > Applications > Precursor to inorganic compounds Halide ligands may also be displaced by the alkali salt of an X-type ligand, such as a salen-type ligand. This reaction is formally a transmetallation, and the abstraction of the halide is driven by the precipitation of the resultant alkali halide in an organic solvent. The alkali halides generally have very high lattice energies. For example, sodium cyclopentadienide reacts with ferrous chloride to yield ferrocene: 2 NaC5H5 + FeCl2 → Fe(C5H5)2 + 2 NaClWhile inorganic compounds used for catalysis may be prepared and isolated, they may at times be generated in situ by addition of the metal halide and the desired ligand. For example, palladium chloride and triphenylphosphine may be often be used in lieu of bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride for palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions.
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Period 6 element Tantalum Period_6_element > d-block elements > Tantalum Tantalum is a chemical element with the symbol Ta and atomic number 73. Previously known as tantalium, the name comes from Tantalus, a character from Greek mythology. Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion resistant.
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Weighing scale Microbalance Weighing_machine > Pan balance > Electronic devices > Microbalance A microbalance (also called an ultramicrobalance, or nanobalance) is an instrument capable of making precise measurements of the mass of objects of relatively small mass: on the order of a million parts of a gram and below.
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Metal film Wire wound Electrical_resistor > Fixed resistors > Wire wound However, winding the wire in sections with alternately reversed direction can minimize inductance. Other techniques employ bifilar winding, or a flat thin former (to reduce cross-section area of the coil). For the most demanding circuits, resistors with Ayrton–Perry winding are used. Applications of wirewound resistors are similar to those of composition resistors with the exception of high frequency applications. The high frequency response of wirewound resistors is substantially worse than that of a composition resistor.
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Psychotic break Classification Acute_psychotic_episode > History > Classification The word was also used to distinguish a condition considered a disorder of the mind, as opposed to neurosis, which was considered a disorder of the nervous system. The psychoses thus became the modern equivalent of the old notion of madness, and hence there was much debate on whether there was only one (unitary) or many forms of the new disease. One type of broad usage would later be narrowed down by Koch in 1891 to the 'psychopathic inferiorities'—later renamed abnormal personalities by Schneider.The division of the major psychoses into manic depressive illness (now called bipolar disorder) and dementia praecox (now called schizophrenia) was made by Emil Kraepelin, who attempted to create a synthesis of the various mental disorders identified by 19th-century psychiatrists, by grouping diseases together based on classification of common symptoms.
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Causal modeling History Causal_models > History After a years-long effort to identify causal rules for domains such as biological inheritance, Galton introduced the concept of mean regression (epitomized by the sophomore slump in sports) which later led him to the non-causal concept of correlation.As a positivist, Pearson expunged the notion of causality from much of science as an unprovable special case of association and introduced the correlation coefficient as the metric of association. He wrote, "Force as a cause of motion is exactly the same as a tree god as a cause of growth" and that causation was only a "fetish among the inscrutable arcana of modern science". Pearson founded Biometrika and the Biometrics Lab at University College London, which became the world leader in statistics.In 1908 Hardy and Weinberg solved the problem of trait stability that had led Galton to abandon causality, by resurrecting Mendelian inheritance.In 1921 Wright's path analysis became the theoretical ancestor of causal modeling and causal graphs.
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Maple (software) Laplace transform Maple_computer_algebra_system > Examples of Maple code > Laplace transform Laplace transform ( 1 + A t + B t 2 ) e c t {\displaystyle \left(1+A\,t+B\,t^{2}\right)e^{ct}} 1 s − c + A ( s − c ) 2 + 2 B ( s − c ) 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{s-c}}+{\frac {A}{(s-c)^{2}}}+{\frac {2B}{(s-c)^{3}}}} inverse Laplace transform e a x {\displaystyle e^{ax}}
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Multiple complex developmental disorder Diagnostic criteria Multiple_complex_developmental_disorder > Diagnostic criteria The current diagnostic criteria for MCDD are a matter of debate due to it not being in the DSM-V or ICD-10. Various websites contain various diagnostic criteria. At least three of the following categories should be present.
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Graphical programming List of visual languages Visual_scripting > List of visual languages The following contains a list of notable visual programming languages.
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Poly(propylene glycol) diglycidyl ether Summary Poly(propylene_glycol)_diglycidyl_ether Poly(propylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PPGDGE) is an organic chemical in the glycidyl ether family. There are a number of variations depending on the starting molecular weight of the polypropylene glycol. They have the formula (C3H6O)n.C6H10O3 and the IUPAC name is Poly,a-(2-oxiranylmethyl)-w-(2-oxiranylmethoxy)- A key use is as a modifier for epoxy resins as a reactive diluent and flexibilizer. It is REACH registered.
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No-cloning theorem Consequences No_cloning_theorem > Consequences Bob will know that Alice has transmitted a "0" if all his measurements produce the same result; otherwise, his measurements will have outcomes | z + ⟩ B {\displaystyle |z+\rangle _{B}} or | z − ⟩ B {\displaystyle |z-\rangle _{B}} with equal probability. This would allow Alice and Bob to communicate classical bits between each other (possibly across space-like separations, violating causality).
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Viscoelasticity Background Viscoelasticity > Background In the nineteenth century, physicists such as Maxwell, Boltzmann, and Kelvin researched and experimented with creep and recovery of glasses, metals, and rubbers. Viscoelasticity was further examined in the late twentieth century when synthetic polymers were engineered and used in a variety of applications. Viscoelasticity calculations depend heavily on the viscosity variable, η. The inverse of η is also known as fluidity, φ. The value of either can be derived as a function of temperature or as a given value (i.e. for a dashpot). Depending on the change of strain rate versus stress inside a material, the viscosity can be categorized as having a linear, non-linear, or plastic response.
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Non-measurable set Historical constructions Non-measurable_subset > Historical constructions While a finitely additive measure is sufficient for most intuition of area, and is analogous to Riemann integration, it is considered insufficient for probability, because conventional modern treatments of sequences of events or random variables demand countable additivity. In this respect, the plane is similar to the line; there is a finitely additive measure, extending Lebesgue measure, which is invariant under all isometries. For higher dimensions the picture gets worse. The Hausdorff paradox and Banach–Tarski paradox show that a three-dimensional ball of radius 1 can be dissected into 5 parts which can be reassembled to form two balls of radius 1.
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Procter & Gamble Co. v OHIM Background Procter_&_Gamble_Co._v_OHIM > Background The Court of First Instance confirmed this decision and agreed that 'BABY-DRY' "merely conveyed to consumers the intended purpose of the goods but exhibited no additional feature to render the sign distinctive." In reversing the Court of First Instance, the ECJ first noted that Article 7(1) and Article 12 of Regulation No. 40/94 should be read together and adopted a very narrow interpretation of descriptiveness in evaluating the suitability of registered marks. Procter & Gamble claimed that marks composed of signs or indications satisfying that definition should not be refused registration unless they lack additional signs and indications, and the purely descriptive signs or indications of which they are composed are not presented or configured in a manner that distinguishes the resultant whole from the usual way of designating the goods or services concerned, or their essential characteristics. Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (OHIM) said that descriptiveness must be determined not only in relation to each word taken separately but also in relation to the goods. Any perceptible difference between the combination of words submitted for registration and the terms used in common parlance of the relevant class of consumers to designate the goods or services or their essential characteristics is apt to confer distinctive character on the word combination enabling it to be registered as a trade mark.
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Pointer structure Multiple indirection Pointer_arithmetic > Special kinds of pointers > Kinds defined by use or datatype > Multiple indirection In some languages, a pointer can reference another pointer, requiring multiple dereference operations to get to the original value. While each level of indirection may add a performance cost, it is sometimes necessary in order to provide correct behavior for complex data structures. For example, in C it is typical to define a linked list in terms of an element that contains a pointer to the next element of the list: This implementation uses a pointer to the first element in the list as a surrogate for the entire list. If a new value is added to the beginning of the list, head has to be changed to point to the new element. Since C arguments are always passed by value, using double indirection allows the insertion to be implemented correctly, and has the desirable side-effect of eliminating special case code to deal with insertions at the front of the list: In this case, if the value of item is less than that of head, the caller's head is properly updated to the address of the new item. A basic example is in the argv argument to the main function in C (and C++), which is given in the prototype as char **argv—this is because the variable argv itself is a pointer to an array of strings (an array of arrays), so *argv is a pointer to the 0th string (by convention the name of the program), and **argv is the 0th character of the 0th string.
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Gene conversion Mechanism Gene_conversion > Mechanism Conversion of one allele to the other is often due to base mismatch repair during homologous recombination: if one of the four chromatids during meiosis pairs up with another chromatid, as can occur because of sequence homology, DNA strand transfer can occur followed by mismatch repair. This can alter the sequence of one of the chromosomes, so that it is identical to the other. Meiotic recombination is initiated through formation of a double-strand break (DSB). The 5’ ends of the break are then degraded, leaving long 3’ overhangs of several hundred nucleotides.
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Artificial powered exoskeleton Classification Powered_exoskeleton > Classification The active class comprises exoskeletons that give “active” aid to the user; in other words, these exoskeletons perform the movements without the need for the user to apply energy. The energy needed to perform the movement is supplied by an external source. On the other hand, the passive class comprises exoskeletons that need the user to perform the movement to work; these exoskeletons do not have power sources.
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Mathematical sociology Mathematics in sociology Mathematical_sociology > Approaches > Mathematics in sociology This means making specified assumptions about some social phenomenon, expressing them in formal mathematics, and providing an empirical interpretation for the ideas. It also means deducing properties of the model and comparing these with relevant empirical data. Social network analysis is the best-known contribution of this subfield to sociology as a whole and to the scientific community at large. The models typically used in mathematical sociology allow sociologists to understand how predictable local interactions are and they are often able to elicit global patterns of social structure.
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Proof complexity Lower bounds Proof_complexity > Lower bounds Proving lower bounds on lengths of propositional proofs is generally very difficult. Nevertheless, several methods for proving lower bounds for weak proof systems have been discovered. Haken (1985) proved an exponential lower bound for Resolution and the pigeonhole principle. Ajtai (1988) proved a superpolynomial lower bound for the constant-depth Frege system and the pigeonhole principle.
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Markov chains on a measurable state space Definition Markov_chains_on_a_measurable_state_space > Definition Denote with ( E , Σ ) {\displaystyle (E,\Sigma )} a measurable space and with p {\displaystyle p} a Markov kernel with source and target ( E , Σ ) {\displaystyle (E,\Sigma )} . A stochastic process ( X n ) n ∈ N {\displaystyle (X_{n})_{n\in \mathbb {N} }} on ( Ω , F , P ) {\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}},\mathbb {P} )} is called a time homogeneous Markov chain with Markov kernel p {\displaystyle p} and start distribution μ {\displaystyle \mu } if P = ∫ A 0 … ∫ A n − 1 p ( y n − 1 , A n ) p ( y n − 2 , d y n − 1 ) … p ( y 0 , d y 1 ) μ ( d y 0 ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {P} =\int _{A_{0}}\dots \int _{A_{n-1}}p(y_{n-1},A_{n})\,p(y_{n-2},dy_{n-1})\dots p(y_{0},dy_{1})\,\mu (dy_{0})} is satisfied for any n ∈ N , A 0 , … , A n ∈ Σ {\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} ,\,A_{0},\dots ,A_{n}\in \Sigma } . One can construct for any Markov kernel and any probability measure an associated Markov chain.
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Singular chain complex Coefficients in R Singular_homology_group > Coefficients in R Of course, it is usually not a free module. The usual homology group is regained by noting that H n ( X ; Z ) = H n ( X ) {\displaystyle H_{n}(X;\mathbb {Z} )=H_{n}(X)} when one takes the ring to be the ring of integers. The notation Hn(X; R) should not be confused with the nearly identical notation Hn(X, A), which denotes the relative homology (below).
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Kinetic friction Dry friction Dynamic_friction > Dry friction Dry friction resists relative lateral motion of two solid surfaces in contact. The two regimes of dry friction are 'static friction' ("stiction") between non-moving surfaces, and kinetic friction (sometimes called sliding friction or dynamic friction) between moving surfaces. Coulomb friction, named after Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, is an approximate model used to calculate the force of dry friction. It is governed by the model: where F f {\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {f} }} is the force of friction exerted by each surface on the other.
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Nemosis Summary Nemosis Nemosis is a process of cell activation and death in human fibroblasts. Initially discovered as programmed necrosis, the name nemosis, is a derivative from the Goddess Nemesis in Greek mythodology. This name was adopted for fibroblast activation based on its initiation by direct cell–cell interactions as opposed to preference for extracellular matrix (ECM) contacts. Contacts between normal diploid fibroblasts induce cell activation leading to programmed cell death, PCD.
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1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Biosynthesis and its regulation 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin_D3 > Biosynthesis and its regulation Additional effects on the production of calcitriol include an increase by prolactin, a hormone which stimulates lactogenesis (the formation of milk in mammary glands), a process which requires large amounts of calcium. Activity is also decreased by high levels of serum phosphate and by an increase in the production of the hormone FGF23 by osteocyte cells in bone.Calcitriol is also produced outside the kidney in small amounts by many other tissues including placenta and activated macrophages.When the drug alfacalcidol is used, 25-hydroxylation in the liver produces calcitriol as the active metabolite. This will produce greater effects than other vitamin D precursors in patients with kidney disease who have loss of the renal 1-alpha-hydroxylase.
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Human organs Urinary system Human_anatomy > Composition > Systems > Urinary system Numerous diseases affect the urinary system including kidney stones which are formed when materials in the urine concentrate enough to form a solid mass, urinary tract infections which are infections of the urinary tract and can cause pain when urinating, frequent urination and even death if left untreated. Renal failure occurs when the kidneys fail to adequately filter waste from the blood and can lead to death if not treated with dialysis or kidney transplantation. Cancer can affect the bladder, kidneys, urethra and ureters with the latter two being far more rare.
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While loop While programming language While_loop > Demonstrating while loops > While programming language The While programming language is a simple programming language constructed from assignments, sequential composition, conditionals and while statements, used in the theoretical analysis of imperative programming language semantics.
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Galois group of a polynomial Inseparable extensions Solvable_by_radicals > Inseparable extensions In this correspondence, an intermediate field E is assigned D e r E ( F , F ) ⊂ D e r K ( F , F ) {\displaystyle Der_{E}(F,F)\subset Der_{K}(F,F)} . Conversely, a subspace V ⊂ D e r K ( F , F ) {\displaystyle V\subset Der_{K}(F,F)} satisfying appropriate further conditions is mapped to { x ∈ F , f ( x ) = 0 ∀ f ∈ V } {\displaystyle \{x\in F,f(x)=0\ \forall f\in V\}} . Under the assumption F p ⊂ K {\displaystyle F^{p}\subset K} , Jacobson (1944) showed that this establishes a one-to-one correspondence. The condition imposed by Jacobson has been removed by Brantner & Waldron (2020), by giving a correspondence using notions of derived algebraic geometry.
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Kernel (integral operator) Usage example Integral_kernel > Usage example As an example of an application of integral transforms, consider the Laplace transform. This is a technique that maps differential or integro-differential equations in the "time" domain into polynomial equations in what is termed the "complex frequency" domain. (Complex frequency is similar to actual, physical frequency but rather more general. Specifically, the imaginary component ω of the complex frequency s = −σ + iω corresponds to the usual concept of frequency, viz., the rate at which a sinusoid cycles, whereas the real component σ of the complex frequency corresponds to the degree of "damping", i.e. an exponential decrease of the amplitude.)
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Smoothed finite element method Description Smoothed_finite_element_method > Description The essential idea in the S-FEM is to use a finite element mesh (in particular triangular mesh) to construct numerical models of good performance. This is achieved by modifying the compatible strain field, or construct a strain field using only the displacements, hoping a Galerkin model using the modified/constructed strain field can deliver some good properties. Such a modification/construction can be performed within elements but more often beyond the elements (meshfree concepts): bring in the information from the neighboring elements. Naturally, the strain field has to satisfy certain conditions, and the standard Galerkin weak form needs to be modified accordingly to ensure the stability and convergence. A comprehensive review of S-FEM covering both methodology and applications can be found in ("Smoothed Finite Element Methods (S-FEM): An Overview and Recent Developments").
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Intelligent automation Technology Intelligent_automation > Technology Intelligent automation applies the assembly line concept of breaking tasks into repetitive steps to digital business processes. Rather than having humans do each step, intelligent automation replaces each step with an intelligent software robot or bot, improving efficiency.
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Plasma glucose High blood sugar Blood_sugar_levels > Abnormalities > High blood sugar The most common cause of hyperglycemia is diabetes. When diabetes is the cause, physicians typically recommend an anti-diabetic medication as treatment. From the perspective of the majority of patients, treatment with an old, well-understood diabetes drug such as metformin will be the safest, most effective, least expensive, and most comfortable route to managing the condition. Treatment will vary for the distinct forms of Diabetes and can differ from person to person based on how they are reacting to treatment. Diet changes and exercise implementation may also be part of a treatment plan for diabetes.Some medications may cause a rise in blood sugars of diabetics, such as steroid medications, including cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, prednisone, and dexamethasone.
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HIV disease progression rates The effect of co-infections on progression rates HIV_disease_progression_rates > The effect of co-infections on progression rates Both reverse transcription of the HIV-1 genome and the rate of transcription of proviral DNA rely upon the activation state of the cell and are less likely to be successful in quiescent cells. In activated cells there is an increase in the cytoplasmic concentrations of mediators required for reverse transcription of the HIV genome. Activated cells also release IFN-alpha which acts on an autocrine and paracrine loop that up-regulates the levels of physiologically active NF-kappa B which activates host cell genes as well as the HIV-1 LTR.
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Immunopathology Types of Immunity Immunopathology > Types of Immunity When the antigen is originally introduced, the organism does not have any receptors for the antigen so it must generate them from the first time the antigen is present. The immune system then builds a memory of that antigen, which enables it to recognize the antigen quicker in the future and be able to combat it quicker and more efficiently. The more the system is exposed to the antigen, the quicker it will build up its responsiveness.
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Marfan syndrome Medication Marfan_syndrome > Management > Medication Management often includes the use of beta blockers such as propranolol or if not tolerated calcium channel blockers or ACE inhibitors. Beta blockers are used to reduce the stress exerted on the aorta and to decrease aortic dilation.
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Security of the Java software platform The JVM Security_of_the_Java_software_platform > Security features > The JVM The binary form of programs running on the Java platform is not native machine code but an intermediate bytecode. The JVM performs verification on this bytecode before running it to prevent the program from performing unsafe operations such as branching to incorrect locations, which may contain data rather than instructions. It also allows the JVM to enforce runtime constraints such as array bounds checking.
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Diehard tests Test descriptions Diehard_tests > Test descriptions A chi-square test is made on the no.-of-throws cell counts. Each 32-bit integer from the test file provides the value for the throw of a die, by floating to [0,1), multiplying by 6 and taking 1 plus the integer part of the result.Most of the tests in DIEHARD return a p-value, which should be uniform on [0,1) if the input file contains truly independent random bits. Those p-values are obtained by p = F(X), where F is the assumed distribution of the sample random variable X – often normal.
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Regulation of blood pressure Physiology Systolic_pressure > Physiology Mean blood pressure drops over the whole circulation, although most of the fall occurs along the small arteries and arterioles. Pulsatility also diminishes in the smaller elements of the arterial circulation, although some transmitted pulsatility is observed in capillaries. Gravity affects blood pressure via hydrostatic forces (e.g., during standing), and valves in veins, breathing, and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure, particularly in veins.
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Static pressure Static pressure in fluid dynamics Static_pressure > Static pressure in fluid dynamics It is also known as the stagnation pressure.Every point in a steadily flowing fluid, regardless of the fluid speed at that point, has its own static pressure P {\displaystyle P} , dynamic pressure q {\displaystyle q} , and total pressure P 0 {\displaystyle P_{0}} . Static pressure and dynamic pressure are likely to vary significantly throughout the fluid but total pressure is constant along each streamline. In irrotational flow, total pressure is the same on all streamlines and is therefore constant throughout the flow.The simplified form of Bernoulli's equation can be summarised in the following memorable word equation: static pressure + dynamic pressure = total pressure.This simplified form of Bernoulli's equation is fundamental to an understanding of the design and operation of ships, low speed aircraft, and airspeed indicators for low speed aircraft – that is aircraft whose maximum speed will be less than about 30% of the speed of sound. As a consequence of the widespread understanding of the term static pressure in relation to Bernoulli's equation, many authors in the field of fluid dynamics also use static pressure rather than pressure in applications not directly related to Bernoulli's equation. The British Standards Institution, in its Standard Glossary of Aeronautical Terms, gives the following definition: 4412 Static pressure The pressure at a point on a body moving with the fluid.
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History of gravitational theory Mass as distinct from weight Gravitational_theory > European Enlightenment > Mass as distinct from weight In 1686, Newton gave the concept of mass its name. In the first paragraph of Principia, Newton defined quantity of matter as “density and bulk conjunctly”, and mass as quantity of matter.The quantity of matter is the measure of the same, arising from its density and bulk conjunctly. ... It is this quantity that I mean hereafter everywhere under the name of body or mass. And the same is known by the weight of each body; for it is proportional to the weight.
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Freivalds' algorithm Input Freivalds'_algorithm > The algorithm > Input Three n × n matrices A {\displaystyle A} , B {\displaystyle B} , and C {\displaystyle C} .
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Material Science Polymers Material_physics > Industry > Polymers The versatility of PVC is due to the wide range of plasticisers and other additives that it accepts. The term "additives" in polymer science refers to the chemicals and compounds added to the polymer base to modify its material properties. Polycarbonate would be normally considered an engineering plastic (other examples include PEEK, ABS).
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Resistance (ecology) Summary Resistance_(ecology) In the context of ecological stability, resistance is the property of communities or populations to remain "essentially unchanged" when subject to disturbance. : 789 The inverse of resistance is sensitivity.
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Energy is conserved History Energy_is_conserved > History Inspired by the theories of Gottfried Leibniz, she repeated and publicized an experiment originally devised by Willem 's Gravesande in 1722 in which balls were dropped from different heights into a sheet of soft clay. Each ball's kinetic energy—as indicated by the quantity of material displaced—was shown to be proportional to the square of the velocity. The deformation of the clay was found to be directly proportional to the height from which the balls were dropped, equal to the initial potential energy.
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Protected health information Ethical Concerns Protected_health_information > Concerns with PHI > Ethical Concerns In the case of PHI, there are ethical concerns regarding how information is treated on a daily basis by healthcare personnel. In 1996, the Clinton Administration passed the HIPAA Privacy Rule, limiting a physician's ability to arbitrarily disclose patients’ personal medical records.As health artificial intelligence (AI) applications are expected to save over $150 billion in annual savings for U.S. healthcare, researchers are studying the risks of potential PHI leaks.
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Hierarchical control system Artificial intelligence Hierarchical_control_system > Applications > Artificial intelligence Value judgment is responsible for evaluating the updated situation and evaluating alternative plans. World Model is the local state that provides a model for the controlled system, controlled process, or environment at the abstraction level of the subordinate nodes.At its lowest levels, the RMA can be implemented as a subsumption architecture, in which the world model is mapped directly to the controlled process or real world, avoiding the need for a mathematical abstraction, and in which time-constrained reactive planning can be implemented as a finite state machine. Higher levels of the RMA however, may have sophisticated mathematical world models and behavior implemented by automated planning and scheduling. Planning is required when certain behaviors cannot be triggered by current sensations, but rather by predicted or anticipated sensations, especially those that come about as result of the node's actions.
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Newton's laws of motion Prerequisites Newton's_laws_of_motion > Prerequisites Position, when thought of as a displacement from an origin point, is a vector: a quantity with both magnitude and direction. : 1 Velocity and acceleration are vector quantities as well. The mathematical tools of vector algebra provide the means to describe motion in two, three or more dimensions.
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Audio induction loop Other equipment within the magnetic field Audio_induction_loop > Practical induction loops > Other equipment within the magnetic field Audio induction loops create relatively high magnetic field levels. Other equipment must be designed and installed to work properly within this field. The most common cause of problems is earth loops, where different pieces of equipment are connected together by signal wires, but powered from different power sockets in different parts of the room or building. The combination of the mains earth and signal earth creates a receiving loop that produces an interference signal proportional to the area within the earth loop. Various steps are used to prevent interference on audio and video equipment. Powering signal sources and output devices from the same mains circuit to prevent formation of an earth loop; shielded cables or signal isolators may be used.
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Outline of oceanography Currents of the Arctic Ocean Outline_of_oceanography > Physical Oceanography > Circulation > Circulation phenomena > Currents of the Arctic Ocean Baffin Island Current – An ocean current running south down the western side of Baffin Bay in the Arctic Ocean, along Baffin Island Beaufort Gyre – A wind-driven ocean current in the Arctic Ocean polar region East Greenland Current – A cold, low salinity current that extends from Fram Strait to Cape Farewell off the eastern coat of Greenland East Iceland Current – A cold water ocean current that forms as a branch of the East Greenland Current Labrador Current – A cold current in the Atlantic Ocean along the coasts of Labrador, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia Lomonosov Current – A deep current in the Atlantic Ocean. from the coast of Brazil to the Gulf of Guinea North Icelandic Jet – A deep-reaching current that flows along the continental slope of Iceland Norwegian Current – A current that flows northeasterly along the Atlantic coast of Norway into the Barents Sea Transpolar Drift Stream – An ocean current of the Arctic Ocean West Greenland Current – A weak cold water current that flows to the north along the west coast of Greenland. West Spitsbergen Current – A warm, salty current that runs poleward just west of Spitsbergen
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Optical pathway Summary Optical_pathway The visual system comprises the sensory organ (the eye) and parts of the central nervous system (the retina containing photoreceptor cells, the optic nerve, the optic tract and the visual cortex) which gives organisms the sense of sight (the ability to detect and process visible light) as well as enabling the formation of several non-image photo response functions. It detects and interprets information from the optical spectrum perceptible to that species to "build a representation" of the surrounding environment. The visual system carries out a number of complex tasks, including the reception of light and the formation of monocular neural representations, colour vision, the neural mechanisms underlying stereopsis and assessment of distances to and between objects, the identification of a particular object of interest, motion perception, the analysis and integration of visual information, pattern recognition, accurate motor coordination under visual guidance, and more.
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Quantum Reality Eight interpretations Quantum_Reality > Synopsis > Eight interpretations : 172–175 Quantum logic ("The world obeys a non-human kind of reasoning.") Associated with John von Neumann, Garrett Birkhoff, and David Finkelstein, this interpretation holds that quantum objects do possess innate attributes, but that the relationships between these attributes are governed by a non-distributive lattice, or "wave logic", unlike the Boolean lattice governing classical objects.
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Artificial lifeform Drug delivery platforms Artificial_life_form > Applications > Drug delivery platforms In therapeutics, synthetic biology has achieved significant advancements in altering and simplifying the therapeutics scope in a relatively short period of time. In fact, new therapeutic platforms, from the discovery of disease mechanisms and drug targets to the manufacture and transport of small molecules, are made possible by the logical and model-guided design construction of biological components.Synthetic biology devices have been designed to act as therapies in therapeutic treatment. It is possible to control complete created viruses and organisms to target particular pathogens and diseased pathways. Thus, in two independent studies 91,92, researchers utilised genetically modified bacteriophages to fight antibiotic-resistant bacteria by giving them genetic features that specifically target and hinder bacterial defences against antibiotic activity.In the therapy of cancer, since conventional medicines frequently indiscriminately target tumours and normal tissues, artificially created viruses and organisms that can identify and connect their therapeutic action to pathological signals may be helpful. For example, p53 pathway activity in human cells was put into adenoviruses to control how they replicated.
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Neuroethics Brain imaging Neuroethics > Key issues > Brain imaging For example, employers, marketers, and the government all have a strong interest in knowing the abilities, personality, truthfulness and other mental contents of certain people. This raises the question of whether, when, and how to ensure the privacy of our own minds. Another ethical problem is that brain scans are often viewed as more accurate and objective than in fact they are.
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Attitude and Heading Reference Systems Summary Attitude_and_Heading_Reference_System A form of non-linear estimation such as an Extended Kalman filter is typically used to compute the solution from these multiple sources.AHRS is reliable and is common in commercial and business aircraft. AHRS is typically integrated with electronic flight instrument systems (EFIS) which are the central part of glass cockpits, to form the primary flight display. AHRS can be combined with air data computers to form an Air data, attitude and heading reference system (ADAHRS), which provide additional information such as airspeed, altitude and outside air temperature.
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Reaction kinetics Catalysts Chemical_dynamics > Factors affecting reaction rate > Catalysts A catalyst is a substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction but it remains chemically unchanged afterwards. The catalyst increases the rate of the reaction by providing a new reaction mechanism to occur with in a lower activation energy. In autocatalysis a reaction product is itself a catalyst for that reaction leading to positive feedback. Proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions are called enzymes.
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Physical organic Vibrational spectroscopy Physical_organic_chemistry > Spectroscopy, spectrometry, and crystallography > Vibrational spectroscopy These can instead be probed through Raman spectroscopy, but this technique requires a more elaborate apparatus and is less commonly performed. However, as Raman spectroscopy relies on light scattering it can be performed on microscopic samples such as the surface of a heterogeneous catalyst, a phase boundary, or on a one microliter (µL) subsample within a larger liquid volume. The applications of vibrational spectroscopy are often used by astronomers to study the composition of molecular gas clouds, extrasolar planetary atmospheres, and planetary surfaces.
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Malaria Vaccine Choosing to address the symptom or the source Malaria_Vaccine > Considerations > Choosing to address the symptom or the source The parasite induces two main response types from the human immune system. These are anti-parasitic immunity and anti-toxic immunity. "Anti-parasitic immunity" addresses the source; it consists of an antibody response (humoral immunity) and a cell-mediated immune response. Ideally, a vaccine would enable the development of anti-plasmodial antibodies in addition to generating an elevated cell-mediated response.
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Multidrug resistant tuberculosis Prevention Multi-drug-resistant_tuberculosis > Prevention Identifying contacts who could have contracted TB: family members, people in close contact, etc. Research: Much research and funding is needed in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of TB and MDR TB. "Opponents of a universal tuberculosis treatment, reasoning from misguided notions of cost-effectiveness, fail to acknowledge that MDRTB is not a disease of poor people in distant places.
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B+ tree Implementation B+_tree > Implementation If a storage system has a block size of B bytes, and the keys to be stored have a size of k, arguably the most efficient B+ tree is one where b = B k − 1 {\displaystyle b={\tfrac {B}{k}}-1} . Although theoretically the one-off is unnecessary, in practice there is often a little extra space taken up by the index blocks (for example, the linked list references in the leaf blocks). Having an index block which is slightly larger than the storage system's actual block represents a significant performance decrease; therefore erring on the side of caution is preferable.
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Mouth infection Treatment Mouth_infection > Treatment Since most mouth infections are polymicrobial, penicillin is an appropriate initial choice of antibiotic because of its activity against Streptococcus and gram negative anaerobes. If the patient has a penicillin allergy, then clindamycin with or without metronidazole are also effective empiric antibiotic regimens.
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Glossary of cell biology C Glossary_of_cell_biology > C The circular DNA genomes of bacteria and some viruses are also sometimes called chromosomes, though they are not composed of chromatin and are not contained within a nucleus. cilium citric acid cycle coenocyte A multinucleate mass of cytoplasm bounded by a cell wall and resulting from continuous cytoplasmic growth and repeated nuclear division without cytokinesis, found in some species of algae and fungi, e.g. Vaucheria and Physarum. coenzyme A cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) cytokine cytokinesis The final stage of cell division in both mitosis and meiosis, usually immediately following the division of the nucleus, during which the cytoplasm of the parent cell is cleaved and divided approximately evenly between the two daughter cells.
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Adaptive Evolution What adaptation is Adaptation > General principles > What adaptation is Adaptedness is the state of being adapted: the degree to which an organism is able to live and reproduce in a given set of habitats. 3. An adaptive trait is an aspect of the developmental pattern of the organism which enables or enhances the probability of that organism surviving and reproducing.
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Function prototype Example Function_prototype > Example The return type is "void". This means that the function is not going to return any value. Note that the parameter names in the first example are optional.
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Basic category Mathematics Basic_category > Mathematics In 2016, Tom Leinster published the "Basic Category Theory", which seeks universal properties that govern in mathematics. == References ==
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Peer-to-peer computing Network neutrality Peer-to-peer_networking > Political implications > Network neutrality Their rationale was that P2P is mostly used to share illegal content, and their infrastructure is not designed for continuous, high-bandwidth traffic. Critics point out that P2P networking has legitimate legal uses, and that this is another way that large providers are trying to control use and content on the Internet, and direct people towards a client–server-based application architecture. The client–server model provides financial barriers-to-entry to small publishers and individuals, and can be less efficient for sharing large files.
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Kinetic control In Diels–Alder reactions Kinetic_control > Scope > In Diels–Alder reactions The Diels–Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene with furan can produce two isomeric products. At room temperature, kinetic reaction control prevails and the less stable endo isomer 2 is the main reaction product. At 81 °C and after long reaction times, the chemical equilibrium can assert itself and the thermodynamically more stable exo isomer 1 is formed. The exo product is more stable by virtue of a lower degree of steric congestion, while the endo product is favoured by orbital overlap in the transition state.
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Positive-pressure ventilation High-frequency ventilation (Passive) Positive-pressure_ventilation > Descriptions of common modes > High-frequency ventilation (Passive) The term passive refers to the ventilator's non-forced expiratory system. In a HFV-P scenario, the ventilator uses pressure to apply an inspiratory breath and then returns to atmospheric pressure to allow for a passive expiration. This is seen in High-Frequency Jet Ventilation, sometimes abbreviated HFJV. Also categorized under High Frequency Ventilation is High Frequency Percussive Ventilation, sometimes abbreviated HFPV. With HFPV it utilizes an open circuit to deliver its subtidal volumes by way of the patient interface known as the Phasitron.
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Social rejection Ball toss / cyberball experiments Social_rejection > In the laboratory > Ball toss / cyberball experiments A common experimental technique is the "ball toss" paradigm, which was developed by Kip Williams and his colleagues at Purdue University. This procedure involves a group of three people tossing a ball back and forth. Unbeknownst to the actual participant, two members of the group are working for the experimenter and following a pre-arranged script. In a typical experiment, half of the subjects will be excluded from the activity after a few tosses and never get the ball again.
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ICANN Summary ICANN ICANN also maintains registries of Internet Protocol identifiers. ICANN's primary principles of operation have been described as helping preserve the operational stability of the Internet; to promote competition; to achieve broad representation of the global Internet community; and to develop policies appropriate to its mission through bottom-up, consensus-based processes. The organization has often included a motto of "One World.
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Chemical transport reaction Summary Chemical_transport_reaction The technique requires that the two ends of the tube (which contains the sample to be crystallized) be maintained at different temperatures. So-called two-zone tube furnaces are employed for this purpose. The method derives from the Van Arkel de Boer process which was used for the purification of titanium and vanadium and uses iodine as the transport agent.
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Logic in computer science Theoretical foundations and analysis Logic_in_computer_science > Theoretical foundations and analysis Logic plays a fundamental role in computer science. Some of the key areas of logic that are particularly significant are computability theory (formerly called recursion theory), modal logic and category theory. The theory of computation is based on concepts defined by logicians and mathematicians such as Alonzo Church and Alan Turing. Church first showed the existence of algorithmically unsolvable problems using his notion of lambda-definability.
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Purinergic signalling Digestive system Purinergic_signalling > Purinergic signalling in humans > Digestive system In the liver, ATP is constantly released during homeostasis and its signalling via P2 receptors influences bile secretion as well as liver metabolism and regeneration. P2Y receptors in the enteric nervous system and at intestinal neuromuscular junctions modulate intestinal secretion and motility.
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Constant speed propeller Constant-speed propellers Propeller_governor > Mechanisms > Constant-speed propellers That way, if the CSU fails, that propeller will automatically feather, reducing drag, while the aircraft continues to be flown on the good engine. An "unfeathering accumulator" will enable such a propeller to return to fine pitch for an in-flight engine restart. Operation in a single engine reciprocating aircraft is as follows: Engine oil is pumped through the propeller shaft by the governor to push on a piston that drives the mechanism to change pitch.
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Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease Dietary and lifestyle interventions Autosomal_dominant_polycystic_kidney_disease > Treatment > Dietary and lifestyle interventions Consistent with this, serum glucose levels positively correlate with faster disease progression in ADPKD patients. Also, individuals with ADPKD and type 2 diabetes have significantly larger total kidney volume (TKV) than those with ADPKD alone, and overweight or obesity associate with faster progression in early-stage ADPKD. A retrospective case series study showed that ADPKD disease symptoms - including pain, hypertension and renal function - improved among 131 patients who implemented ketogenic diets for an average duration of 6 months.Dietary intake of sodium is associated with worse renal function decline in ADPKD, and limiting sodium intake is generally recommended to patients.
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Epigenetic Therapy Background Epigenetic_Therapy > Background Histones are proteins which are involved in the folding and compaction of the chromatin. There are several different types of histones, and they can be chemically modified in a number of ways. Acetylation of histone tails typically leads to weaker interactions between the histones and the DNA, which is associated with gene expression.
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Theoretical computer scientist Information theory Theoretical_computer_scientist > Topics > Information theory Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics, electrical engineering, and computer science involving the quantification of information. Information theory was developed by Claude E. Shannon to find fundamental limits on signal processing operations such as compressing data and on reliably storing and communicating data. Since its inception it has broadened to find applications in many other areas, including statistical inference, natural language processing, cryptography, neurobiology, the evolution and function of molecular codes, model selection in statistics, thermal physics, quantum computing, linguistics, plagiarism detection, pattern recognition, anomaly detection and other forms of data analysis.Applications of fundamental topics of information theory include lossless data compression (e.g. ZIP files), lossy data compression (e.g. MP3s and JPEGs), and channel coding (e.g. for Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)).
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Square function In complex numbers Square_(algebra) > In complex numbers The absolute square of a complex number is always a nonnegative real number, that is zero if and only if the complex number is zero. It is easier to compute than the absolute value (no square root), and is a smooth real-valued function. Because of these two properties, the absolute square is often preferred to the absolute value for explicit computations and when methods of mathematical analysis are involved (for example optimization or integration).
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Zero-knowledge proofs Two balls and the colour-blind friend Zero-knowledge_proof > Abstract examples > Two balls and the colour-blind friend Next, he takes one of the balls and brings it out from behind his back and displays it. He then places it behind his back again and then chooses to reveal just one of the two balls, picking one of the two at random with equal probability. He will ask you, "Did I switch the ball?"
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Aorticopulmonary septum Summary Aorticopulmonary_septum The aorticopulmonary septum is developmentally formed from neural crest, specifically the cardiac neural crest, and actively separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries and fuses with the interventricular septum within the heart during heart development.
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Cerebral thrombosis Prognosis Cerebral_thrombosis > Prognosis A venous embolus (mostly from deep vein thrombosis in the lower limbs) will travel through the systemic circulation, reach the right side of the heart, and travel through the pulmonary artery, resulting in a pulmonary embolism. Arterial thrombosis resulting from hypertension or atherosclerosis can become mobile and the resulting emboli can occlude any artery or arteriole downstream of the thrombus formation. This means that cerebral stroke, myocardial infarction, or any other organ can be affected.
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Indistinguishable particle Statistical properties of bosons and fermions Identical_particles > Statistical properties > Statistical properties of bosons and fermions If A and B are identical bosons, then the composite system has only three distinct states: | 0 ⟩ | 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle |0\rangle |0\rangle } , | 1 ⟩ | 1 ⟩ {\displaystyle |1\rangle |1\rangle } , and 1 2 ( | 0 ⟩ | 1 ⟩ + | 1 ⟩ | 0 ⟩ ) {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(|0\rangle |1\rangle +|1\rangle |0\rangle )} . When the experiment is performed, the probability of obtaining two particles in the | 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle |0\rangle } state is now 0.33; the probability of obtaining two particles in the | 1 ⟩ {\displaystyle |1\rangle } state is 0.33; and the probability of obtaining one particle in the | 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle |0\rangle } state and the other in the | 1 ⟩ {\displaystyle |1\rangle } state is 0.33. Note that the probability of finding particles in the same state is relatively larger than in the distinguishable case.
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Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering T Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering > T transfer functionThe mathematical relation between input and output, usually expressed in terms of frequency or complex frequency (s-domain). transformer oil testingExamination of transformer oil for its insulating strength, dissolved moisture and other properties, to ensure it is still suitable for use. transformer oilA hydrocarbon liquid that cools and insulates transformers and other types of electrical apparatus.
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Pre-mRNA processing Introns Splicing RNA_processing > mRNA processing > Introns Splicing Although most RNA splicing occurs after the complete synthesis and end-capping of the pre-mRNA, transcripts with many exons can be spliced co-transcriptionally. The splicing reaction is catalyzed by a large protein complex called the spliceosome assembled from proteins and small nuclear RNA molecules that recognize splice sites in the pre-mRNA sequence. Many pre-mRNAs, including those encoding antibodies, can be spliced in multiple ways to produce different mature mRNAs that encode different protein sequences. This process is known as alternative splicing, and allows production of a large variety of proteins from a limited amount of DNA.
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FHI-aims Overview FHI-aims > Overview The resulting orbitals can be used within the framework of many-body perturbation theory, such as Møller-Plesset perturbation theory or the GW approximation. Moreover, thermodynamic properties of the molecules and solids are accessible via Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics and path integral molecular dynamics methods. The first step is to expand the Kohn-Sham orbitals Ψi(r) into a set of basis function {Φj(r)} Ψi(r) = ΣjCijΦj(r).
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SPIKE algorithm Preprocessing stage SPIKE_algorithm > SPIKE as a polyalgorithmic banded linear system solver > Recursive SPIKE > Preprocessing stage The first step of the preprocessing stage is to factorize the diagonal blocks Aj. For numerical stability, one can use LAPACK's XGBTRF routines to LU factorize them with partial pivoting. Alternatively, one can also factorize them without partial pivoting but with a "diagonal boosting" strategy. The latter method tackles the issue of singular diagonal blocks.
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Autonomous racing Technology Autonomous_racing > Technology The DevBot has a standardized safety cell for a driver, and it has a seat for a driver, allowing for both human and machine to drive the vehicle. Its hardware is used for testing and development. Robocar cars are deployed at a low speed, so-called, “explorer mode” and track data in this mode by using sensors such as LIDARS, radars, ultrasonics, and cameras to determine the fastest route around the track. The car's final design is to have four wheels hiden inside the vast aerodynamic scoops. It will be made out of carbon fiber weighing 2,150 pounds (980 kg) and have dimensions of 189 inches (4.8 m) in length and 79 inches (2.0 m) in width.
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Inline assembler In actual compilers Inline_assembler > Syntax > In actual compilers It does not explicitly require the compiler to understand instruction names, as the compiler is only needed to substitute its register assignments, plus a few mov operations, to handle the input requirements. However, the user is prone to specifying clobbered registers incorrectly. The MSVC form of an embedded domain-specific language provides ease of writing, but it requires the compiler itself to know about opcode names and their clobbering properties, demanding extra attention in maintenance and porting.
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Environmental stress cracking Characterizing ESC Environmental_stress_cracking > Characterizing ESC Further, new tests have been developed where the time for crack initiation under transverse loading and an aggressive solvent (10% Igepal CO-630 solution) is evaluated. These methods rely on an indentor to stress the material biaxially, while preventing a radial stress concentration.
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Mortal matrix problem Occurrences Zero_matrix > Occurrences The mortal matrix problem is the problem of determining, given a finite set of n × n matrices with integer entries, whether they can be multiplied in some order, possibly with repetition, to yield the zero matrix. This is known to be undecidable for a set of six or more 3 × 3 matrices, or a set of two 15 × 15 matrices.In ordinary least squares regression, if there is a perfect fit to the data, the annihilator matrix is the zero matrix.
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