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HTML tables Anchor HTML_elements > Document body elements > Inline elements > Anchor ... An anchor element is called an anchor because web designers can use it to "anchor" a URL to some text on a web page. When users view the web page in a browser, they can click the text to activate the link and visit the page whose URL is in the link. In HTML, an anchor can be either the origin (the anchor text) or the target (destination) end of a hyperlink. With the attribute href, the anchor becomes a hyperlink to either another part of the document or another resource (e.g. a webpage) using an external URL. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Binary antilogarithm Applications Logarithmic_function > Applications Logarithms have many applications inside and outside mathematics. Some of these occurrences are related to the notion of scale invariance. For example, each chamber of the shell of a nautilus is an approximate copy of the next one, scaled by a constant factor. This gives rise to a logarithmic spiral. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Diffraction topography White-beam Diffraction_topography > Experimental techniques I – Some classical topographic techniques > White-beam White-beam topography is therefore a very simple and fast technique. Disadvantages include the high X-ray dose, possibly leading to radiation damage to the sample, and the necessity to carefully shield the experiment. White-beam topography produces a pattern of several diffraction spots, each spot being related to one specific lattice plane in the crystal. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Standard error (statistics) Assumptions and usage Standard_error_of_measurement > Assumptions and usage An example of how SE {\displaystyle \operatorname {SE} } is used is to make confidence intervals of the unknown population mean. If the sampling distribution is normally distributed, the sample mean, the standard error, and the quantiles of the normal distribution can be used to calculate confidence intervals for the true population mean. The following expressions can be used to calculate the upper and lower 95% confidence limits, where x ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {x}}} is equal to the sample mean, SE {\displaystyle \operatorname {SE} } is equal to the standard error for the sample mean, and 1.96 is the approximate value of the 97.5 percentile point of the normal distribution: In particular, the standard error of a sample statistic (such as sample mean) is the actual or estimated standard deviation of the sample mean in the process by which it was generated. In other words, it is the actual or estimated standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample statistic. The notation for standard error can be any one of SE, SEM (for standard error of measurement or mean), or SE. Standard errors provide simple measures of uncertainty in a value and are often used because: in many cases, if the standard error of several individual quantities is known then the standard error of some function of the quantities can be easily calculated; when the probability distribution of the value is known, it can be used to calculate an exact confidence interval; when the probability distribution is unknown, Chebyshev's or the Vysochanskiï–Petunin inequalities can be used to calculate a conservative confidence interval; and as the sample size tends to infinity the central limit theorem guarantees that the sampling distribution of the mean is asymptotically normal. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Rotation symmetry Summary Rotational_symmetry Rotational symmetry, also known as radial symmetry in geometry, is the property a shape has when it looks the same after some rotation by a partial turn. An object's degree of rotational symmetry is the number of distinct orientations in which it looks exactly the same for each rotation. Certain geometric objects are partially symmetrical when rotated at certain angles such as squares rotated 90°, however the only geometric objects that are fully rotationally symmetric at any angle are spheres, circles and other spheroids. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Electron velocity Summary Electron_velocity Drift velocity is proportional to current. In a resistive material, it is also proportional to the magnitude of an external electric field. Thus Ohm's law can be explained in terms of drift velocity. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Generalized Assignment Problem Greedy approximation algorithm Generalized_Assignment_Problem > Greedy approximation algorithm The residual profit in iteration j {\displaystyle j} is denoted by P j {\displaystyle P_{j}} , where P j = p i j {\displaystyle P_{j}=p_{ij}} if item x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} is not scheduled (i.e. T = − 1 {\displaystyle T=-1} ) and P j = p i j − p i k {\displaystyle P_{j}=p_{ij}-p_{ik}} if item x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} is scheduled on bin b k {\displaystyle b_{k}} (i.e. T = k {\displaystyle T=k} ). Formally: Set T = − 1 for i = 1 … n {\displaystyle T=-1{\text{ for }}i=1\ldots n} For j = 1 , … , m {\displaystyle j=1,\ldots ,m} do: Call ALG to find a solution to bin b j {\displaystyle b_{j}} using the residual profit function P j {\displaystyle P_{j}} . Denote the selected items by S j {\displaystyle S_{j}} . Update T {\displaystyle T} using S j {\displaystyle S_{j}} , i.e., T = j {\displaystyle T=j} for all i ∈ S j {\displaystyle i\in S_{j}} . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Working hypothesis Application Working_hypothesis > Application They are often used as ways to investigate a problem in a particular city or public agency.These projects are a type of case study and use multiple methods of evidence collection. The working hypotheses are used as a device to direct evidence collection. As a result, working hypotheses are generally organized using sub-hypotheses, which specify in more detail the kinds of data or evidence needed to support the hypothesis. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Numerical modeling (geology) Mantle convection Numerical_modeling_(geology) > Applications > Global-scale > Mantle convection There are many attempts to model mantle convection. Finite element, finite volume, finite difference and spectral methods have all been used in modeling mantle convection, and almost every model used an Eulerian grid. Due to the simplicity and speed of the finite-difference and spectral methods, they were used in some early models, but finite-element or finite volume methods were generally adopted in the 2010s. Many benchmark papers have investigated the validity of these numerical models. Current approaches mostly uses a fixed and uniform grid. Grid refinement, in which the size of the elements is reduced in the part that requires more accurate approximation, is possibly the direction of future development in numerical modeling of mantle convection. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Approximation Summary Approximate_inequality An approximation is anything that is intentionally similar but not exactly equal to something else. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Classical diffusion In practice Classical_diffusion > In practice This demonstrated a linear relationship, as predicted by Bohm. As more machines were introduced this problem continued to hold, and by the 1960s the entire field had been taken over by "the doldrums". Further experiments demonstrated that the problem was not diffusion per se, but a host of previously unknown plasma instabilities caused by the magnetic and electric fields and the motion of the particles. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Thyroid follicular cell hyperplasia Treatment Thyroid_neoplasm > Treatment There is still a risk of hypothyroidism though, as the remaining thyroid tissue may not be able to produce enough hormones in the long-run.If the nodule is malignant or has indeterminate cytologic features, it may require surgery. A thyroidectomy is a medium-risk surgery that can result in complications if not performed correctly. Problems with the voice, nerve or muscular damage, or bleeding from a lacerated blood vessel are rare but serious complications that may occur. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Kepler-69c Orbit Kepler-69c > Physical characteristics > Orbit Kepler-69c orbits its host star with about 80% of the Sun's luminosity every 242 days at a distance of 0.64 times that of Earth. This is very similar to that of Venus's orbital period and distance in the Solar System. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Lactose operon Repressor structure Lac_operon > Regulation > Repressor structure In the current model, lac repressor is bound simultaneously to both the main operator O1 and to either O2 or O3. The intervening DNA loops out from the complex. The redundant nature of the two minor operators suggests that it is not a specific looped complex that is important. One idea is that the system works through tethering; if bound repressor releases from O1 momentarily, binding to a minor operator keeps it in the vicinity, so that it may rebind quickly. This would increase the affinity of repressor for O1. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Second-class lever Force and levers Lever > Force and levers The mechanical advantage of a lever can be determined by considering the balance of moments or torque, T, about the fulcrum. If the distance traveled is greater, then the output force is lessened. where F1 is the input force to the lever and F2 is the output force. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Alkane metathesis Examples and catalysts Alkane_metathesis > Examples and catalysts Alkane metathesis is catalyzed by metal-containing compounds or complexes. One such class of catalyst systems, discovered and developed by the group of Jean-Marie Basset, comprises tantalum hydride supported on silica (SiO2)TaH at temperatures of 25°C to 200°C. These systems catalyze the conversion of ethane to give methane, propane and traces of butane. Cross metathesis can also take place, for example methane and propane can react to give two molecules of ethane. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Instrument transformer Current transformer Instrument_transformer > Current transformer Current transformers (CT) are a series-connected type of instrument transformer. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and have an accurate current ratio and phase relationship to enable accurate secondary connected metering. Current transformers are often constructed by passing a single primary turn (either an insulated cable or an uninsulated bus bar) through a well-insulated toroidal core wrapped with many turns of wire. This affords easy implementation on high voltage bushings of grid transformers and other devices by installing the secondary turn core inside high-voltage bushing insulators and using the pass-through conductor as a single turn primary. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase Mechanism Homogentisate_1,2-dioxygenase > Mechanism The iron atom is also coordinated to His335, His371, and Glu341. O2 then binds to the iron atom, subsequently reacting with the aromatic ring to form a peroxo-bridged intermediate. In the next step, O2 is cleaved with the formation of an epoxide. This epoxide intermediate allowing radical reactions to eventually open and oxidize the six-membered ring. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Coupling strength Phenomenology of the running of a coupling Running_coupling_constant > Running coupling > Phenomenology of the running of a coupling It is convenient to separate the first-order 1 / r 2 {\displaystyle 1/r^{2}} law from this extra r {\displaystyle r} -dependence. This latter is then accounted for by being included in the coupling, which then becomes 1 / r {\displaystyle 1/r} -dependent, (or equivalently μ-dependent). Since the additional particles involved beyond the single force carrier approximation are always virtual, i.e. transient quantum field fluctuations, one understands why the running of a coupling is a genuine quantum and relativistic phenomenon, namely an effect of the high-order Feynman diagrams on the strength of the force. Since a running coupling effectively accounts for microscopic quantum effects, it is often called an effective coupling, in contrast to the bare coupling (constant) present in the Lagrangian or Hamiltonian. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Parallel-plate capacitor Circuit analysis Parallel-plate_capacitor > Theory of operation > Circuit analysis For capacitors in parallelCapacitors in a parallel configuration each have the same applied voltage. Their capacitances add up. Charge is apportioned among them by size. Using the schematic diagram to visualize parallel plates, it is apparent that each capacitor contributes to the total surface area. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
RNA splicing tRNA splicing Cryptic_splice_site > Splicing pathways > tRNA splicing tRNA (also tRNA-like) splicing is another rare form of splicing that usually occurs in tRNA. The splicing reaction involves a different biochemistry than the spliceosomal and self-splicing pathways. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast tRNA splicing endonuclease heterotetramer, composed of TSEN54, TSEN2, TSEN34, and TSEN15, cleaves pre-tRNA at two sites in the acceptor loop to form a 5'-half tRNA, terminating at a 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiester group, and a 3'-half tRNA, terminating at a 5'-hydroxyl group, along with a discarded intron. Yeast tRNA kinase then phosphorylates the 5'-hydroxyl group using adenosine triphosphate. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Bayesian epistemology Summary Bayesian_epistemology These norms can be divided into static constraints, governing the rationality of beliefs at any moment, and dynamic constraints, governing how rational agents should change their beliefs upon receiving new evidence. The most characteristic Bayesian expression of these principles is found in the form of Dutch books, which illustrate irrationality in agents through a series of bets that lead to a loss for the agent no matter which of the probabilistic events occurs. Bayesians have applied these fundamental principles to various epistemological topics but Bayesianism does not cover all topics of traditional epistemology. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Battle Formation Lithology Battle_Formation > Lithology The Battle Formation is easily recognized in outcrop and in geophysical well logs. It consists of distinctive mauve-grey to purplish brown mudstones with minor siltstone and rare sandstone. The mudstones contain a large component of volcanic ash that has been altered to bentonitic and montmorillonitic clay, and they form a porous, popcorn-like crust upon weathering. The Kneehills Tuff bed consists of brown-grey, hard siliceous rock. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Immune reaction Summary Immunological_response An immune response is a physiological reaction which occurs within an organism in the context of inflammation for the purpose of defending against exogenous factors. These include a wide variety of different toxins, viruses, intra- and extracellular bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and fungi which could cause serious problems to the health of the host organism if not cleared from the body.In addition, there are other forms of immune response. For example, harmless exogenous factors (such as pollen and food components) can trigger allergy; latex and metals are also known allergens. A transplanted tissue (for example, blood) or organ can cause graft-versus-host disease. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
External stimulus Homeostatic imbalances External_stimulus > Types > Internal > Homeostatic imbalances Homeostatic outbalances are the main driving force for changes of the body. These stimuli are monitored closely by receptors and sensors in different parts of the body. These sensors are mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors and thermoreceptors that, respectively, respond to pressure or stretching, chemical changes, or temperature changes. Examples of mechanoreceptors include baroreceptors which detect changes in blood pressure, Merkel's discs which can detect sustained touch and pressure, and hair cells which detect sound stimuli. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Model Predictive Control Summary Model_Predictive_Control The main advantage of MPC is the fact that it allows the current timeslot to be optimized, while keeping future timeslots in account. This is achieved by optimizing a finite time-horizon, but only implementing the current timeslot and then optimizing again, repeatedly, thus differing from a linear–quadratic regulator (LQR). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
CRISPR interference Advantages CRISPR_interference > Advantages and limitations > Advantages As an exogenous system, CRISPRi does not compete with endogenous machinery such as microRNA expression or function. Furthermore, because CRISPRi acts at the DNA level, one can target transcripts such as noncoding RNAs, microRNAs, antisense transcripts, nuclear-localized RNAs, and polymerase III transcripts. Finally, CRISPRi possesses a much larger targetable sequence space; promoters and, in theory, introns can also be targeted. In E. coli, construction of a gene knockdown strain is extremely fast and requires only one-step oligo recombineering. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Steam motor Doble Steam_motor > Development > Doble The steam motor principle owes much to the work and advocacy of Abner Doble, who was inspired by his earlier work on steam cars. He later worked for Henschel of Germany who built trucks, buses, railcars and even locomotives using his steam motor principle.Doble also designed for Sentinel, particularly for the development of advanced boiler designs. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
East Greenland Current Current research East_Greenland_Current > Current research Current research in the EGC is largely focused on freshwater fluxes (in the ocean and also as sea ice). Because the EGC runs through the Greenland Sea and eventually through the Labrador Sea (as the West Greenland Current) it can have strong implications for the strengthening and or weakening of deep water formation in the Greenland and Labrador Seas. The Meridional Overturning Circulation is a density driven circulation in which a small perturbation in the density field could easily slow down or speed up the deep water formation in the Nordic Seas. Jones et al. note that there are three different freshwater sources for the EGC: Pacific water, river runoff, and sea-ice meltwater. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Single bond Summary Single_bond Single bonds are the longest of the three types of covalent bonds as interatomic attraction is greater in the two other types, double and triple. The increase in component bonds is the reason for this attraction increase as more electrons are shared between the bonded atoms (Moore, Stanitski, and Jurs 343). Single bonds are often seen in diatomic molecules. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Exotic star Boson stars Exotic_star > Boson stars A boson star is a hypothetical astronomical object formed out of particles called bosons (conventional stars are formed from mostly protons, which are fermions, but also consist of Helium-4 nuclei, which comprise bosons). For this type of star to exist, there must be a stable type of boson with self-repulsive interaction; one possible candidate particle is the still-hypothetical "axion" (which is also a candidate for the not-yet-detected "non-baryonic dark matter" particles, which appear to compose roughly 25% of the mass of the Universe). It is theorized that unlike normal stars (which emit radiation due to gravitational pressure and nuclear fusion), boson stars would be transparent and invisible. The immense gravity of a compact boson star would bend light around the object, creating an empty region resembling the shadow of a black hole's event horizon. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Horticultural crop Controlling environmental variables Horticultural_crop > Techniques and practices > Controlling environmental variables They can be built out of glass, although they are now primarily made from plastic sheets. More expensive and modern greenhouses can include temperature control through shade and light control or air-conditioning as well as automatic watering. Shade houses provide shading to limit water loss by evapotranspiration.Temperature control can be done through a variety of methods. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Collaborative Computing Project for NMR Summary Collaborative_Computing_Project_for_NMR The Collaborative Computing Project for NMR (CCPN) is a project that aims to bring together computational aspects of the scientific community involved in NMR spectroscopy, especially those who work in the field of protein NMR. The general aims are to link new and existing NMR software via a common data standard and provide a forum within the community for the discussion of NMR software and the scientific methods it supports. CCPN was initially started in 1999 in the United Kingdom but collaborates with NMR and software development groups worldwide. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Edge (graph) B Strongly_perfect_graph > B butterfly 1. The butterfly graph has five vertices and six edges; it is formed by two triangles that share a vertex. 2. The butterfly network is a graph used as a network architecture in distributed computing, closely related to the cube-connected cycles. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Judith Klinman Summary Judith_Klinman Judith P. Klinman (born April 17, 1941, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American chemist, biochemist, and molecular biologist known for her work on enzyme catalysis. She became the first female professor in the physical sciences at the University of California, Berkeley in 1978, where she is now Professor of the Graduate School and Chancellor's Professor. In 2012, she was awarded the National Medal of Science by President Barack Obama. She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Philosophical Society. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Weighted fair queueing Summary Weighted_fair_queuing Weighted fair queueing (WFQ) is a network scheduling algorithm. WFQ is both a packet-based implementation of the generalized processor sharing (GPS) policy, and a natural extension of fair queuing (FQ). Whereas FQ shares the link's capacity in equal subparts, WFQ allows schedulers to specify, for each flow, which fraction of the capacity will be given. Weighted fair queuing is also known as packet-by-packet GPS (PGPS or P-GPS) since it approximates generalized processor sharing "to within one packet transmission time, regardless of the arrival patterns." | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Definition of the metre Speed of light definition Definition_of_the_metre > History of definition > Speed of light definition The conversion of a length in wavelengths to a length in metres is based upon the relation λ = c n f {\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {c}{nf}}} which converts the unit of wavelength λ to metres using c, the speed of light in vacuum in m/s. Here n is the refractive index of the medium in which the measurement is made, and f is the measured frequency of the source. Although conversion from wavelengths to metres introduces an additional error in the overall length due to measurement error in determining the refractive index and the frequency, the measurement of frequency is one of the most accurate measurements available.The CIPM issued a clarification in 2002: Its definition, therefore, applies only within a spatial extent sufficiently small that the effects of the non-uniformity of the gravitational field can be ignored (note that, at the surface of the Earth, this effect in the vertical direction is about 1 part in 1016 per metre). In this case, the effects to be taken into account are those of special relativity only. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Elmer FEM solver Summary Elmer_FEM_solver ElmerSolver – The numerical solver which performs the finite element calculations, using the mesh and case files. ElmerPost – A post-processing/visualisation module. (Development stopped in favour of other post-processing tools such as ParaView, VisIt, etc.)The different parts of Elmer software may be used independently. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Glossary of cell biology C Glossary_of_cell_biology > C cytology The study of the morphology, processes, and life history of living cells, particularly by means of light and electron microscopy. The term is also sometimes used as a synonym for the broader field of cell biology. cytolysis See lysis. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Logical Atomism Russell's principles Logical_Atomism > Principles > Russell's principles In logical atomism, belief is a complex that possesses both true and untrue propositions. Initially, Russell plotted belief as the special relationship between a subject and a complex proposition. Later, he amended this to say that belief lacks a proposition, and instead associates with universals and particulars directly. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cl2Sn Uses Cl2Sn > Uses For example, if SnCl2 is added dropwise into a solution of mercury(II) chloride, a white precipitate of mercury(I) chloride is first formed; as more SnCl2 is added this turns black as metallic mercury is formed. Stannous chloride can be used to test for the presence of gold compounds. SnCl2 turns bright purple in the presence of gold (see Purple of Cassius). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Artificial intelligence in healthcare Regulation Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare > Regulation This includes policies such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The GDPR pertains to patients within the EU and details the consent requirements for patient data use when entities collect patient healthcare data. Similarly, HIPAA protects healthcare data from patient records in the United States. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Acute flaccid myelitis Causes Acute_flaccid_myelitis > Causes He also suggested that adults with respiratory diseases should also be evaluated for neurological deficits, and that infectious disease should be considered as a cause when patients presented with neurological symptoms.A subsequent report described 29 cases of EV-D68-associated AFM in Europe in 2016, noting, "these probably represent only the tip of the iceberg. "CDC sees 2018 as a record year, annual documented cases of AFM reached a record 238 nationwide. The relatively lower circulation in 2020 may reflect the use of COVID-19 pandemic infection mitigation measures. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cardiac Output Summary Cardiac_Output The amount/percentage of the circulated oxygen consumed (VO2) per minute through metabolism varies depending on the activity level but at rest is circa 25% of the DO2. Physical exercise requires a higher than resting-level of oxygen consumption to support increased muscle activity. In the case of heart failure, actual CO may be insufficient to support even simple activities of daily living; nor can it increase sufficiently to meet the higher metabolic demands stemming from even moderate exercise. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Tricarboxylic acid Summary Tricarboxylic_acid A tricarboxylic acid is an organic carboxylic acid whose chemical structure contains three carboxyl functional groups (-COOH). The best-known example of a tricarboxylic acid is citric acid. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hack computer Hardware architecture Hack_computer > Hardware architecture The random access memory, called RAM, provides storage for an executing program’s data and provides services and storage areas for the computer’s memory-mapped I/O mechanism. Data processing and program control management are provided by the CPU. The three units are connected by parallel buses. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Gene Disease Database Introduction Gene_Disease_Database > Introduction In other occurrences, the same disease, for instance, some forms of carcinoma or melanoma, may stem from an inbred condition in some people, from new changes in other people, and from non-genetic causes in still other individuals.There are more than six thousand known single-gene disorders (monogenic), which occur in about 1 out of every 200 births. As their term suggests, these diseases are caused by a mutation in one gene. By contrast, polygenic disorders are caused by several genes, regularly in combination with environmental factors. Examples of genetic phenotypes include Alzheimer's disease, breast cancer, leukemia, Down syndrome, heart defects, and deafness; therefore, cataloguing to sort out all the diseases related to genes is needed. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
List of RNA structure prediction software Intermolecular interactions: RNA-RNA List_of_RNA_structure_prediction_software > Intermolecular interactions: RNA-RNA Many ncRNAs function by binding to other RNAs. For example, miRNAs regulate protein coding gene expression by binding to 3' UTRs, small nucleolar RNAs guide post-transcriptional modifications by binding to rRNA, U4 spliceosomal RNA and U6 spliceosomal RNA bind to each other forming part of the spliceosome and many small bacterial RNAs regulate gene expression by antisense interactions E.g. GcvB, OxyS and RyhB. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Active disturbance rejection control Disturbance rejection Active_disturbance_rejection_control > Disturbance rejection To achieve robustness, ADRC is based on extension of the system model with an additional and fictitious state variable representing everything that the user does not include in the mathematical description of the base system to be controlled. This virtual state (sum of unknown part of model dynamics and external disturbances, usually denoted as a "total disturbance") is estimated online with an extended state observer and used in the control signal in order to decouple the system from the actual perturbation acting on the plant. This disturbance rejection feature allows users to treat the considered system with a simpler model insofar as the negative effects of modeling uncertainty are compensated in real time. As a result, the operator does not need a precise analytical description of the base system; one can model the unknown parts of the dynamics as internal disturbances in the base system. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
First derivative Continuity and differentiability First-order_derivative_expression > Continuity and differentiability For example, the absolute value function given by f ( x ) = | x | {\displaystyle f(x)=|x|} is continuous at x = 0 {\displaystyle x=0} , but it is not differentiable there. If h is positive, then the slope of the secant line from 0 to h is one; if h is negative, then the slope of the secant line from 0 to h is -1. This can be seen graphically as a "kink" or a "cusp" in the graph at x = 0 {\displaystyle x=0} . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Global differential geometry Summary Differential_geometry_and_topology For example, in Riemannian geometry distances and angles are specified, in symplectic geometry volumes may be computed, in conformal geometry only angles are specified, and in gauge theory certain fields are given over the space. Differential geometry is closely related to, and is sometimes taken to include, differential topology, which concerns itself with properties of differentiable manifolds that do not rely on any additional geometric structure (see that article for more discussion on the distinction between the two subjects). Differential geometry is also related to the geometric aspects of the theory of differential equations, otherwise known as geometric analysis. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
DNA metabarcoding Pollinator networks EDNA_metabarcoding > Applications > Pollinator networks Because of the positive relationship between interaction frequency (f) and connectivity (s), undersampled interactions may lead to overestimating the degree of specialization in networks. Second, network analyses have mostly operated at species levels. Networks have very rarely been up scaled to the functional groups or down scaled to the individual-based networks, and most of them have been focused on one or two species only. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Chunking (psychology) Chunking and working memory Chunking_(psychology) > Chunking and working memory A experiment was done to see how chunking could beneficial to patients who had Alzheimer’s disease. This study was based on the how chunking was used to improve working memory in normal young people. Working memory is impaired in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease affects the ability to everyday task. It also affects executive control of working memory. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Total derivative Summary Total_derivative In mathematics, the total derivative of a function f at a point is the best linear approximation near this point of the function with respect to its arguments. Unlike partial derivatives, the total derivative approximates the function with respect to all of its arguments, not just a single one. In many situations, this is the same as considering all partial derivatives simultaneously. The term "total derivative" is primarily used when f is a function of several variables, because when f is a function of a single variable, the total derivative is the same as the ordinary derivative of the function. : 198–203 | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Small nucleolar RNA MBI-1 Summary Small_nucleolar_RNA_MBI-1 In molecular biology, the Small nucleolar RNA MBI-1 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a "guide RNA". snoRNA MBI-1 was originally cloned from mouse brain tissues and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure and has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Heuristic routing Summary Heuristic_routing Heuristic routing is achieved using specific algorithms to determine a better, although not always optimal, path to a destination. When an interruption in a network topology occurs, the software running on the networking electronics can calculate another route to the desired destination via an alternate available path. According to Shuster & Schur (1974, p. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Photonic molecule Construction Photonic_molecule > Construction Gaseous rubidium atoms were pumped into a vacuum chamber. The cloud was cooled using lasers to just a few degrees above absolute zero. Using weak laser pulses, small numbers of photons were fired into the cloud.As the photons entered the cloud, their energy excited atoms along their path, causing them to lose speed. Inside the cloud medium, the photons dispersively coupled to strongly interacting atoms in highly excited Rydberg states. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Medications Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy > Treatment > Medications The primary goal of medications is to relieve symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and palpitations. Beta blockers are considered first-line agents, as they can slow down the heart rate and decrease the likelihood of ectopic beats. For people who cannot tolerate beta blockers, nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers such as verapamil can be used, but are potentially harmful in people who also have low blood pressure or severe shortness of breath at rest. These medications also decrease the heart rate, though their use in people with severe outflow obstruction, elevated pulmonary artery wedge pressure, and low blood pressures should be done with caution. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Molar heat capacity Specific heat of solids Molar_heat_capacity > Physical basis > Specific heat of solids Therefore, the heat capacity of a sample of a solid substance is expected to be 3RNa, or (24.94 J/K)Na, where Na is the number of moles of atoms in the sample, not molecules. Said another way, the atom-molar heat capacity of a solid substance is expected to be 3R = 24.94 J⋅K−1⋅mol−1, where "amol" denotes an amount of the solid that contains the Avogadro number of atoms.It follows that, in molecular solids, the heat capacity per mole of molecules will usually be close to 3nR, where n is the number of atoms per molecule. Thus n atoms of a solid should in principle store twice as much energy as n atoms of a monatomic gas. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Osmoregulation In plants Osmoregulation > In plants Other plants have leaf modifications to reduce water loss, such as needle-shaped leaves, sunken stomata, and thick, waxy cuticles as in the pine. The sand-dune marram grass has rolled leaves with stomata on the inner surface. Hydrophytes are plants that grow in aquatic habitats; they may be floating, submerged, or emergent, and may grow in seasonal (rather than permanent) wetlands. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Immune network theory The symmetrical immune network theory Immune_network_theory > The symmetrical immune network theory Tabs are able to exert a powerful suppressive effect on the production of IgG antibodies in response to foreign substances (antigens), as was demonstrated rigorously by Takemori and Tada. Hoffmann and Gorczynski have reproduced the Takemori and Tada experiment, confirming the existence of specific T cell factors. In the symmetrical network theory tabs are able to block V regions and also to have a stimulatory role when bound to a tab receptor on A cells. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Strain theory (sociology) Sources and further reading Strain_theory_(sociology) > Sources and further reading 57–76 in Sociological Theory and Criminological Research: Views from Europe and the United States, ed. M. Deflem. Amsterdam: Elsevier/JAI Press. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Heat radiator Overview Thermal_emission > Overview However, its emissivity at a temperature of about −5 °C (23 °F), peak wavelength of about 12 micrometers, is 0.95. Thus, to thermal radiation it appears black. The distribution of power that a black body emits with varying frequency is described by Planck's law. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
K vitamin Summary Vitamin_K It is active as a vitamin in animals and performs the classic functions of vitamin K, including its activity in the production of blood-clotting proteins. Animals may also convert it to vitamin K2, variant MK-4. Bacteria in the gut flora can also convert K1 into K2. All forms of K2 other than MK-4 can only be produced by bacteria, which use these during anaerobic respiration. Vitamin K3 (menadione), a synthetic form of vitamin K, was used to treat vitamin K deficiency, but because it interferes with the function of glutathione, it is no longer used this way in human nutrition. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Coronary artery anomaly Treatment Coronary_artery_anomaly > Treatment Criteria for intervention in ACAOS-IM are: - symptoms of effort-related chest pain, shortness of breath, syncope or aborted sudden cardiac death (Class I, Level of Evidence A/B) and/or high-risk professional lifestyle. - positive treadmill stress test, ideally by nuclear technology, in the correct dependent myocardial territory, in the presence of intramural course (Class I, Level of Evidence B) For special populations, e.g. athletes, treatment may be indicated with specific advice of medical experts, in the absence of the previously mentioned criteria. Cut-off for stenosis severity requiring intervention is not clear, although narrowing >50% in comparison to the distal normal segment is generally accepted as a marker of severity in L-ACAOS-IM. Decisions on treatment should be guided by the patient's individual characteristics such as age, symptoms, profession and level of engagement in physical activity. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Electron affinity (data page) Specific molecules Electron_affinity_(data_page) > Bibliography > Specific molecules (1995), "Spin-orbit coupling in the O−2 anion", Z. Naturforsch. A, 50 (11): 1041, Bibcode:1995ZNatA..50.1041S, doi:10.1515/zna-1995-1110, S2CID 197275321 Schiedt, J.; Weinkauf, R. (1999), "Resonant photodetachment via shape and Feshbach resonances: p-benzoquinone anions as a model system", J. Chem. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Vitamin K Absorption Vitamin_K > Physiology > Absorption Less information is available for absorption of vitamin K2 from foods.The intestinal membrane protein Niemann–Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) mediates cholesterol absorption. Animal studies show that it also factors into absorption of vitamins E and K1. The same study predicts potential interaction between SR-BI and CD36 proteins as well. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cryptography Public-key cryptography Mathematical_cryptography > Modern cryptography > Public-key cryptography The historian David Kahn described public-key cryptography as "the most revolutionary new concept in the field since polyalphabetic substitution emerged in the Renaissance".In public-key cryptosystems, the public key may be freely distributed, while its paired private key must remain secret. In a public-key encryption system, the public key is used for encryption, while the private or secret key is used for decryption. While Diffie and Hellman could not find such a system, they showed that public-key cryptography was indeed possible by presenting the Diffie–Hellman key exchange protocol, a solution that is now widely used in secure communications to allow two parties to secretly agree on a shared encryption key. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Falling (accident) Summary Accidental_fall Falling is the action of a person or animal losing stability and ending up in a lower position, often on the ground. It is the second-leading cause of accidental death worldwide and a major cause of personal injury, especially for the elderly. Falls in older adults are a major class of preventable injuries. Construction workers, electricians, miners, and painters are occupations with high rates of fall injuries. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Calibration (statistics) In classification Calibration_(statistics) > In classification Calibration in classification means turning transform classifier scores into class membership probabilities. An overview of calibration methods for two-class and multi-class classification tasks is given by Gebel (2009) .A variety of metrics exist that are aimed to measure the extent to which a classifier produces well-calibrated probabilities. Foundational work includes the Expected Calibration Error (ECE). Recent variants include the Adaptive Calibration Error (ACE) and the Test-based Calibration Error (TCE) which address limitations of the ECE metric that may arise when classifier scores concentrate on narrow subset of the range. The following univariate calibration methods exist for transforming classifier scores into class membership probabilities in the two-class case: Assignment value approach, see Garczarek (2002) Bayes approach, see Bennett (2002) Isotonic regression, see Zadrozny and Elkan (2002) Platt scaling (a form of logistic regression), see Lewis and Gale (1994) and Platt (1999) Bayesian Binning into Quantiles (BBQ) calibration, see Naeini, Cooper, Hauskrecht (2015) Beta calibration, see Kull, Filho, Flach (2017) | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Dold–Kan correspondence Summary Dold–Kan_correspondence In mathematics, more precisely, in the theory of simplicial sets, the Dold–Kan correspondence (named after Albrecht Dold and Daniel Kan) states that there is an equivalence between the category of (nonnegatively graded) chain complexes and the category of simplicial abelian groups. Moreover, under the equivalence, the n {\displaystyle n} th homology group of a chain complex is the n {\displaystyle n} th homotopy group of the corresponding simplicial abelian group, and a chain homotopy corresponds to a simplicial homotopy. (In fact, the correspondence preserves the respective standard model structures.) | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Autoinflammatory diseases Mechanisms of the origin Autoinflammatory_diseases > Mechanisms of the origin Most proteins known to be involved in hereditary AIDs are involved in regulation of interleukin-1 β (IL-1β). Their mutations induce increased and/or prolonged secretion of IL-1β, a proinflammatory and pyrogenic cytokine.Patients with AIDs often suffer from noninfectious fever and systemic and/or disease-specific organ inflammation. The over-secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines lead to organ damage and can be life-threatening. For such patients, excessive IL-1 signaling, constitutive NF-κB activation, and chronic IFN I signaling is specific. Some AIDs seemingly do not have any specific pivotal proinflammatory mediators, being caused by accumulation of metabolites or triggered by intracellular stress or cell death. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
CAD/CAM dentistry Digital impressions CAD/CAM_dentistry > Computer-aided design (CAD) > Digital impressions Non-contact scanners capture the shape of dental structures by using optics, such as light-emitting diodes. Light is emitted from the scanner which hits the object and then reflects into an onboard sensor, usually a charge couple device (CCD) or a position sensing detector (PSD). These reflections allow the scanner to build up a 3D image of the object as with contact scanners Extraoral non-contact scanners can obtain this information by different means, namely: structured light, laser light and confocal microscopy. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Inelastic collision Summary Inelastic_collision An inelastic collision, in contrast to an elastic collision, is a collision in which kinetic energy is not conserved due to the action of internal friction. In collisions of macroscopic bodies, some kinetic energy is turned into vibrational energy of the atoms, causing a heating effect, and the bodies are deformed. The molecules of a gas or liquid rarely experience perfectly elastic collisions because kinetic energy is exchanged between the molecules' translational motion and their internal degrees of freedom with each collision. At any one instant, half the collisions are – to a varying extent – inelastic (the pair possesses less kinetic energy after the collision than before), and half could be described as “super-elastic” (possessing more kinetic energy after the collision than before). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Porocyte Description Porocyte > Description They are present in the Leucosolenia (an asconoid sponge) in the body wall through which water enters the body or they are present in Scypha (a syconoid sponge) as a connection between incurrent canal and radial canal. The pore is called an ostia in asconoid type sponges as it serves as the connection between the outside of the body and the spongocoel but called a prosopyle in syconoid sponges. They are modified pinacocytes. == Notes == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Knapsack constraints 0-1 knapsack problem Knapsack_problem > Solving > Dynamic programming in-advance algorithm > 0-1 knapsack problem That is to say, the program above computes more than necessary because the weight changes from 0 to W often. From this perspective, we can program this method so that it runs recursively. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Subsonic filter Description Highpass_filter > Description In electronics, a filter is a two-port electronic circuit which removes frequency components from a signal (time-varying voltage or current) applied to its input port. A high-pass filter attenuates frequency components below a certain frequency, called its cutoff frequency, allowing higher frequency components to pass through. This contrasts with a low-pass filter, which attenuates frequencies higher than a certain frequency, and a bandpass filter, which allows a certain band of frequencies through and attenuates frequencies both higher and lower than the band. In optics a high pass filter is a transparent or translucent window of colored material that allows light longer than a certain wavelength to pass through and attenuates light of shorter wavelengths. Since light is often measured not by frequency but by wavelength, which is inversely related to frequency, a high pass optical filter, which attenuates light frequencies below a cutoff frequency, is often called a short-pass filter; it attenuates longer wavelengths. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
SIP extensions for the IP Multimedia Subsystem NAT traversal SIP_extensions_for_the_IP_Multimedia_Subsystem > SIP extensions > NAT traversal Network address translation (NAT) makes it impossible for a terminal to be reached from outside its private network, since it uses a private address that is mapped to a public one when packets originated by the terminal cross the NAT. Therefore, NAT traversal mechanisms are needed for both the signaling plane and the media plane. Internet Engineering Task Force's RFC 6314 summarizes and unifies different methods to achieve this, such as symmetric response routing and client-initiated connections for SIP signaling, and the use of STUN, TURN and ICE, which combines both previous ones, for media streams | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Floating-point number Floating-point numbers Floating-point_arithmetic > Overview > Floating-point numbers As a power of ten, the scaling factor is then indicated separately at the end of the number. For example, the orbital period of Jupiter's moon Io is 152,853.5047 seconds, a value that would be represented in standard-form scientific notation as 1.528535047×105 seconds. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
History of artificial neural networks Backpropagation History_of_artificial_neural_networks > Backpropagation The backpropagation algorithm is an efficient application of the Leibniz chain rule (1673) to networks of differentiable nodes. It is also known as the reverse mode of automatic differentiation or reverse accumulation, due to Seppo Linnainmaa (1970). The term "back-propagating errors" was introduced in 1962 by Frank Rosenblatt, but he did not have an implementation of this procedure, although Henry J. Kelley had a continuous precursor of backpropagation already in 1960 in the context of control theory. In 1982, Paul Werbos applied backpropagation to MLPs in the way that has become standard. In 1986, David E. Rumelhart et al. published an experimental analysis of the technique. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Immunometabolism Signalling and metabolic network Immunometabolism > Signalling and metabolic network There are many indispensable signalling molecules connected to metabolic processes, which play an important role in both the immune system homeostasis and in the immune response. From these the most significant are mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), liver kinase B1 (LBK1), 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (akt). All of the aforementioned molecules together control the most important metabolic pathways in cells like glycolysis, krebs cycle or oxidative phosphorylation. To fully understand how all of these molecules and pathways affect the immune cells, it is first needed to examine the delicate interplay of these molecules. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Continuous probability distribution Categorical outcomes (events with K possible outcomes) Continuous_probability > Common probability distributions and their applications > Categorical outcomes (events with K possible outcomes) Categorical distribution, for a single categorical outcome (e.g. yes/no/maybe in a survey); a generalization of the Bernoulli distribution Multinomial distribution, for the number of each type of categorical outcome, given a fixed number of total outcomes; a generalization of the binomial distribution Multivariate hypergeometric distribution, similar to the multinomial distribution, but using sampling without replacement; a generalization of the hypergeometric distribution | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fast fission Fissionable but not fissile Fast_fission > Fissionable but not fissile Some atoms, notably uranium-238, do not usually undergo fission when struck by slow neutrons, but do split when struck with neutrons of high enough energy. The fast neutrons produced in a hydrogen bomb by fusion of deuterium and tritium have even higher energy than the fast neutrons produced in a nuclear reactor. This makes it possible to increase the yield of any given fusion weapon by the simple expedient of adding layers of cheap natural (or even depleted) uranium. Fast fission of uranium-238 provides a large part of the explosive yield, and fallout, in many designs of hydrogen bomb. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Yield curve Significance of slope and shape Yield_curve > Significance of slope and shape The shape of the yield curve is influenced by supply and demand: for instance, if there is a large demand for long bonds, for instance from pension funds to match their fixed liabilities to pensioners, and not enough bonds in existence to meet this demand, then the yields on long bonds can be expected to be low, irrespective of market participants' views about future events. The yield curve may also be flat or hump-shaped, due to anticipated interest rates being steady, or short-term volatility outweighing long-term volatility. Yield curves continually move all the time that the markets are open, reflecting the market's reaction to news. A further "stylized fact" is that yield curves tend to move in parallel; i.e.: the yield curve shifts up and down as interest rate levels rise and fall, which is then referred to as a "parallel shift". | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
RLC series circuit Laplace admittance RLC_Circuit > Series circuit > Laplace domain > Laplace admittance Solving for the Laplace admittance Y(s): Y ( s ) = I ( s ) V ( s ) = s L ( s 2 + R L s + 1 L C ) . {\displaystyle Y(s)={\frac {I(s)}{\,V(s)\,}}={\frac {s}{\,L\ \left(s^{2}+{\frac {R}{\,L\,}}s+{\frac {1}{\,L\,C\,}}\right)\,}}\,.} Simplifying using parameters α and ω0 defined in the previous section, we have Y ( s ) = I ( s ) V ( s ) = s L ( s 2 + 2 α s + ω 0 2 ) . {\displaystyle Y(s)={\frac {I(s)}{\,V(s)\,}}={\frac {s}{\,L\ \left(s^{2}+2\alpha s+\omega _{0}^{2}\right)\,}}\;.} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Evolutionary genetics Summary Evolutionary_genetics Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and among populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology. Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as adaptation, speciation, and population structure.Population genetics was a vital ingredient in the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis. Its primary founders were Sewall Wright, J. B. S. Haldane and Ronald Fisher, who also laid the foundations for the related discipline of quantitative genetics. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Behavioral endocrinology Hypothalamus Behavioral_endocrinology > The neuroendocrine system > Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is a distinct part of the brain that is made up of neurons and its main purpose is to maintain homeostasis. The hypothalamus also plays an important part in survival of the individual by integrating the interactions between hormonal and behavioral processes, such as, eating behavior and aggressive behavior. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Linear space (geometry) Examples Linear_space_(geometry) > Examples In the first illustration, the ten lines connecting the ten pairs of points are not drawn. In the second illustration, seven lines connecting seven pairs of points are not drawn. A linear space of n points containing a line being incident with n − 1 points is called a near pencil. (See pencil) | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
E2 reaction Competition among mechanisms Elimination_Reaction > Competition among mechanisms In accordance with an E2 elimination the reaction with t-butyl chloride results in a KIE of 2.3. The methyl chloride reaction (only SN2 possible) on the other hand has a KIE of 0.85 consistent with a SN2 reaction because in this reaction type the C-H bonds tighten in the transition state. The KIE's for the ethyl (0.99) and isopropyl (1.72) analogues suggest competition between the two reaction modes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Predictive informatics Systems biology Predictive_informatics > Current uses of PI > Systems biology Scientists involved in systems biology employ predictive informatics to integrate complex data about the interactions in biological systems from diverse experimental sources. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Crowd simulation Algorithm by Patil and Van Den Berg Crowd_simulation > Particle systems > Algorithm by Patil and Van Den Berg In order to guarantee that every agent reaches its own goal the navigation field must be free of local minima, except for the presence of sinks at the specified goals. The running time of computing the navigation field is O ( m ∗ n ∗ l o g ( m n ) ) {\displaystyle O(m*n*log(mn))} , where m × n is the grid dimension (similar to Dijkstra's algorithm). Thus, the algorithm is only dependent on the grid resolution and not dependent on the number of agents in the environment. However, this algorithm has a high memory cost. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Combination problem In relation to other theories Combination_problem > In relation to other theories Because panpsychism encompasses a wide range of theories, it can in principle be compatible with reductive materialism, dualism, functionalism, or other perspectives depending on the details of a given formulation. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Tension-type headache Summary Tension_headache Despite its benign character, tension-type headache, especially in its chronic form, can impart significant disability on patients as well as burden on society at large. In 2016, the global burden of TTH was reported to be 7.2 million years of life lived with disability (YLDs). The YLD was calculated using TTH prevalence and average time spent with TTH multiplied by percentage health loss caused by TTH (3.7%). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Chlorofluorocarbon Impact as greenhouse gases Chlorofluorocarbon > Impact as greenhouse gases This “atmospheric window” absorption is intensified by the low concentration of each individual CFC. Because CO2 is close to saturation with high concentrations and few infrared absorption bands, the radiation budget and hence the greenhouse effect has low sensitivity to changes in CO2 concentration; the increase in temperature is roughly logarithmic. Conversely, the low concentration of CFCs allow their effects to increase linearly with mass, so that chlorofluorocarbons are greenhouse gases with a much higher potential to enhance the greenhouse effect than CO2. Groups are actively disposing of legacy CFCs to reduce their impact on the atmosphere.According to NASA in 2018, the hole in the ozone layer has begun to recover as a result of CFC bans. However, new research released in 2023 reports an alarming increase in CFCs, pointing to unregulated use in China. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cieplak effect Summary Cieplak_effect In organic chemistry, the Cieplak effect is a predictive model to rationalize why nucleophiles preferentially add to one face of a carbonyl over another. Proposed by Andrzej Stanislaw Cieplak in 1980, it correctly predicts results that could not be justified by the other standard models at the time, such as the Cram and Felkin–Anh models. In the Cieplak model, electrons from a neighboring bond delocalize into the forming carbon–nucleophile (C–Nuc) bond, lowering the energy of the transition state and accelerating the rate of reaction. Whichever bond can best donate its electrons into the C–Nuc bond determines which face of the carbonyl the nucleophile will add to. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Improper Riemann integral Types of integrals Improper_Riemann_integral > Types of integrals There is more than one theory of integration. From the point of view of calculus, the Riemann integral theory is usually assumed as the default theory. In using improper integrals, it can matter which integration theory is in play. For the Riemann integral (or the Darboux integral, which is equivalent to it), improper integration is necessary both for unbounded intervals (since one cannot divide the interval into finitely many subintervals of finite length) and for unbounded functions with finite integral (since, supposing it is unbounded above, then the upper integral will be infinite, but the lower integral will be finite). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Macroeconomic policy Growth models Macroeconomic_policies > Development > Growth models The Solow model assumes that labor and capital are used at constant rates without the fluctuations in unemployment and capital utilization commonly seen in business cycles. In this model, increases in output, i.e. economic growth, can only occur because of an increase in the capital stock, a larger population, or technological advancements that lead to higher productivity (total factor productivity). An increase in the savings rate leads to a temporary increase as the economy creates more capital, which adds to output. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia Summary Levodopa-induced_dyskinesia Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is a form of dyskinesia associated with levodopa (l-DOPA), used to treat Parkinson's disease. It often involves hyperkinetic movements, including chorea, dystonia, and athetosis.In the context of Parkinson's disease (PD), dyskinesia is often the result of long-term dopamine therapy. These motor fluctuations occur in up to 80% of PD patients after 5–10 years of l-DOPA treatment, with the percentage of affected patients increasing over time. Based on the relationship with levodopa dosing, dyskinesia most commonly occurs at the time of peak l-DOPA plasma concentrations and is thus referred to as peak-dose dyskinesia (PDD). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Classical Theism Summary Classical_Theism Classical theism is a form of theism in which God is characterized as the absolutely metaphysically ultimate being, in contrast to other conceptions such as pantheism, panentheism, polytheism, deism and process theism.Classical theism is a form of monotheism. Whereas most monotheists agree that God is, at minimum, all-knowing, all-powerful, and completely good, classical theism asserts that God is both immanent (encompassing or manifested in the material world) and simultaneously transcendent (independent of the material universe); simple, and having such attributes as immutability, impassibility, and timelessness. A key concept in classical theism is that "created beings" (ie, material phenomena, whether sentient biological organisms or insentient matter) are dependent for their existence on the one supreme divine Being. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Wallerian degeneration Summary Wallerian_degeneration Wallerian degeneration is an active process of degeneration that results when a nerve fiber is cut or crushed and the part of the axon distal to the injury (which in most cases is farther from the neuron's cell body) degenerates. A related process of dying back or retrograde degeneration known as 'Wallerian-like degeneration' occurs in many neurodegenerative diseases, especially those where axonal transport is impaired such as ALS and Alzheimer's disease. Primary culture studies suggest that a failure to deliver sufficient quantities of the essential axonal protein NMNAT2 is a key initiating event.Wallerian degeneration occurs after axonal injury in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS). It occurs in the section of the axon distal to the site of injury and usually begins within 24–36 hours of a lesion. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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