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Magnetic gear Second-order device Magnetic_gear > Gearing modes > Second-order device The Ferromagnetic stator allows for two alternative modes. The first uses the sum of the number of pole pairs of the two rotors as the number of ferromagnetic stator rods, which will drive the secondary rotor the opposite direction of rotation of the primary. The second mode has the number of stator pieces equal the difference between the pole pair counts of the rotors, which drives the secondary rotor the same direction as the primary. The table below shows the relationship between magnets in the rotors, the number of pairs, the number of iron stator rods, the gear ratio and the output direction for a pair of imaginary motors. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Turing's proof An example to illustrate the first proof Turing's_proof > Summary of the proofs > An example to illustrate the first proof So H now increments tally R from 12 to 13 and then re-converts the number-under-test K into its S.D and uses U to simulate it. But this means that H will be simulating its own motions. What is the first thing the simulation will do? | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cancer genomics Source of cancer driver mutations, cancer mutagenesis Genetics_of_cancer > Source of cancer driver mutations, cancer mutagenesis Mutations provide the raw material for natural selection in evolution and can be caused by errors of DNA replication, the action of exogenous mutagens or endogenous DNA damage. The machinery of replication and genome maintenance can be damaged by mutations, or altered by physiological conditions and differential levels of expression in cancer (see references in ). As pointed out by Gao et al., the stability and integrity of the human genome are maintained by the DNA-damage response (DDR) system. Un-repaired DNA damage is a major cause of mutations that drive carcinogenesis. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Genetic engineering techniques Summary Techniques_of_genetic_engineering The gene must then be isolated and incorporated, along with other genetic elements, into a suitable vector. This vector is then used to insert the gene into the host genome, creating a transgenic or edited organism. The ability to genetically engineer organisms is built on years of research and discovery on gene function and manipulation. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Sign relation Examples of sign relations Sign_relation > Examples of sign relations The syntactic domain or the sign system that is involved in their discussion is limited to the set of four signs {"Ann", "Bob", "I", "You"}. In their discussion, Ann and Bob are not only the passive objects of nominative and accusative references but also the active interpreters of the language that they use. The system of interpretation (SOI) associated with each language user can be represented in the form of an individual three-place relation called the sign relation of that interpreter. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Scree's test Etymology Scree's_test > Etymology The scree plot is named after the elbow's resemblance to a scree in nature. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Apache Ignite Memory architecture Apache_Ignite > Memory architecture The memory architecture in Apache Ignite consists of two storage tiers and is called "durable memory". Internally, it uses paging for memory space management and data reference, similar to the virtual memory of systems like Unix. However, one significant difference between the durable and virtual memory architectures is that the former always keeps the whole data set with indexes on disk (assuming that the disk tier is enabled), while the virtual memory uses the disk when it runs out of RAM, for swapping purposes only. The first tier of the memory architecture, memory tier, keeps data and indexes in RAM out of Java heap in so-called "off-heap regions". | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
SARS-CoV-2 vaccine mRNA vaccines COVID_vaccine > Vaccine technologies > mRNA vaccines Several COVID‑19 vaccines, such as the Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, use RNA to stimulate an immune response. When introduced into human tissue, the vaccine contains either self-replicating RNA or messenger RNA (mRNA), which both cause cells to express the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. This teaches the body how to identify and destroy the corresponding pathogen. RNA vaccines often use nucleoside-modified messenger RNA. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Linked lists Summary Linked_list Linked lists are among the simplest and most common data structures. They can be used to implement several other common abstract data types, including lists, stacks, queues, associative arrays, and S-expressions, though it is not uncommon to implement those data structures directly without using a linked list as the basis. The principal benefit of a linked list over a conventional array is that the list elements can be easily inserted or removed without reallocation or reorganization of the entire structure because the data items do not need to be stored contiguously in memory or on disk, while restructuring an array at run-time is a much more expensive operation. Linked lists allow insertion and removal of nodes at any point in the list, and allow doing so with a constant number of operations by keeping the link previous to the link being added or removed in memory during list traversal. On the other hand, since simple linked lists by themselves do not allow random access to the data or any form of efficient indexing, many basic operations—such as obtaining the last node of the list, finding a node that contains a given datum, or locating the place where a new node should be inserted—may require iterating through most or all of the list elements. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Circular arc Segment area Circular_path > Segment area The area of the shape bounded by the arc and the straight line between its two end points is 1 2 r 2 ( θ − sin θ ) . {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}r^{2}(\theta -\sin \theta ).} To get the area of the arc segment, we need to subtract the area of the triangle, determined by the circle's center and the two end points of the arc, from the area A {\displaystyle A} . See Circular segment for details. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Electrostatic induction Charging an object by induction Electrostatic_induction > Charging an object by induction However, the induction effect can also be used to put a net charge on an object. : p.711-713 If, while it is close to the positive charge, the above object is momentarily connected through a conductive path to electrical ground, which is a large reservoir of both positive and negative charges, some of the negative charges in the ground will flow into the object, under the attraction of the nearby positive charge. When the contact with ground is broken, the object is left with a net negative charge. This method can be demonstrated using a gold-leaf electroscope, which is an instrument for detecting electric charge. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Agricultural biotechnology Mutagenesis Agricultural_biotechnology > Crop modification techniques > Mutagenesis Mutations can occur randomly in the DNA of any organism. In order to create variety within crops, scientists can randomly induce mutations within plants. Mutagenesis uses radioactivity to induce random mutations in the hopes of stumbling upon the desired trait. Scientists can use mutating chemicals such as ethyl methanesulfonate, or radioactivity to create random mutations within the DNA. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Categorification Summary Categorification In mathematics, categorification is the process of replacing set-theoretic theorems with category-theoretic analogues. Categorification, when done successfully, replaces sets with categories, functions with functors, and equations with natural isomorphisms of functors satisfying additional properties. The term was coined by Louis Crane. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Ionic bonds Formation Ionic_interaction > Formation Many sulfides, e.g., do form non-stoichiometric compounds. Many ionic compounds are referred to as salts as they can also be formed by the neutralization reaction of an Arrhenius base like NaOH with an Arrhenius acid like HCl NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2OThe salt NaCl is then said to consist of the acid rest Cl− and the base rest Na+. The removal of electrons to form the cation is endothermic, raising the system's overall energy. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Quantum Philosophy Brief summary of Omnès' central argument Quantum_Philosophy > Brief summary of Omnès' central argument Now finally, we can enter the world either at the formal level, or at the classical level, and we find that each entails the other: experiment has led to the quantum formalism; the quantum formalism now, finally, allows the recovery of the framework of classical reasoning under which the experiments took place. Omnès emphasises throughout that no new principles, other than those described when quantum mechanics was developed in the 1920s, are needed. Moreover, some additional principles which seemed to be required then (such as wavefunction collapse, or its slightly more formal sister, wavefunction reduction) are no longer needed. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Flywheel storage power system Summary Flywheel_storage_power_system Possible areas of application are places where electrical energy can be obtained and stored, and must be supplied again to compensate for example, fluctuations in the seconds range in wind or solar power. These storage facilities consist of individual flywheels in a modular design. Energy up to 150 kWh can be absorbed or released per flywheel. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Algorithm function Delayed stacking Subroutine_call > Call stack > Delayed stacking One disadvantage of the call stack mechanism is the increased cost of a procedure call and its matching return. The extra cost includes incrementing and decrementing the stack pointer (and, in some architectures, checking for stack overflow), and accessing the local variables and parameters by frame-relative addresses, instead of absolute addresses. The cost may be realized in increased execution time, or increased processor complexity, or both. This overhead is most obvious and objectionable in leaf procedures or leaf functions, which return without making any procedure calls themselves. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Attention schema theory Summary of the theory Attention_schema_theory > Summary of the theory A growing set of behavioral evidence supports this hypothesis. When subjective awareness of a visual stimulus is absent, people can still direct attention to that stimulus, but that attention loses some aspects of control. It is less stable over time, and is less adaptable given training on perturbations. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
RL filter Frequency domain considerations RL_circuit > Series circuit > Frequency domain considerations These are frequency domain expressions. Analysis of them will show which frequencies the circuits (or filters) pass and reject. This analysis rests on a consideration of what happens to these gains as the frequency becomes very large and very small. As ω → ∞: G L → 1 and G R → 0 . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Bernoulli's identity Historical proof Bernoulli's_identity > Proof > Historical proof In this case m = n {\textstyle m=n} , and they are integers, so Integrating from 0 to 1, all the terms vanish except the last term at 1, which yields: This is equivalent to computing Euler's integral identity Γ ( n + 1 ) = n ! {\displaystyle \Gamma (n+1)=n!} for the Gamma function on a different domain (corresponding to changing variables by substitution), as Euler's identity itself can also be computed via an analogous integration by parts. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Otto cycle engine Processes Otto_cycle > Processes The system is defined to be the mass of air that's drawn from the atmosphere into the cylinder, compressed by the piston, heated by the spark ignition of the added fuel, allowed to expand as it pushes on the piston, and finally exhausted back into the atmosphere. The mass of air is followed as its volume, pressure and temperature change during the various thermodynamic steps. As the piston is capable of moving along the cylinder, the volume of the air changes with its position in the cylinder. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fredholm integral equation General theory Fredholm_integral_equation > General theory The general theory underlying the Fredholm equations is known as Fredholm theory. One of the principal results is that the kernel K yields a compact operator. Compactness may be shown by invoking equicontinuity. As an operator, it has a spectral theory that can be understood in terms of a discrete spectrum of eigenvalues that tend to 0. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Od (Unix) Summary Od_(Unix) od is a command on various operating systems for displaying ("dumping") data in various human-readable output formats. The name is an acronym for "octal dump" since it defaults to printing in the octal data format. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Correlation function (statistical mechanics) Definitions Correlation_function_(statistical_mechanics) > Definitions Correlation functions between the same random variable are autocorrelation functions. However, in statistical mechanics, not all correlation functions are autocorrelation functions. For example, in multicomponent condensed phases, the pair correlation function between different elements is often of interest. Such mixed-element pair correlation functions are an example of cross-correlation functions, as the random variables s 1 {\displaystyle s_{1}} and s 2 {\displaystyle s_{2}} represent the average variations in density as a function position for two distinct elements. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Parachute landing fall Technique Parachute_landing_fall > Technique Experienced jumpers can deploy a parachute landing fall naturally during an accidental, non-parachute related fall; this has reduced or prevented injuries. The parachute landing fall is most commonly performed by jumpers who are using round canopies. Such parachutes allow less directional control and less lateral- or vertical-speed control than square parachutes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Method claim Summary Method_claim The prime characteristic of process patents in these treaties is that "the protection conferred by the patent shall extend to the products directly obtained by such process". Art. 28(1)(b) TRIPS provides a similar rule. This shows the historical background of process patents in chemistry, where there was a need to protect new processes to manufacture known substances. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Black light Safety Black_light > Safety Although black lights produce light in the UV range, their spectrum is mostly confined to the longwave UVA region, that is, UV radiation nearest in wavelength to visible light, with low frequency and therefore relatively low energy. While low, there is still some power of a conventional black light in the UVB range. UVA is the safest of the three spectra of UV light, although high exposure to UVA has been linked to the development of skin cancer in humans. The relatively low energy of UVA light does not cause sunburn. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Phototaxis Phototaxis in bacteria and archea Phototaxis > Phototaxis in bacteria and archea To do this efficiently requires the ability to control motility in response to integrated information on the intensity of light, the spectral quality of light and the physiological status of the cell. A second major reason for light-controlled motility is to avoid light at damaging intensities or wavelengths: this factor is not confined to photosynthetic bacteria since light (especially in the UV region) can be dangerous to all prokaryotes, primarily because of DNA and protein damage and inhibition of the translation machinery by light-generated reactive oxygen species.Finally, light signals potentially contain rich and complex information about the environment, and the possibility should not be excluded that bacteria make sophisticated use of this information to optimize their location and behavior. For example, plant or animal pathogens could use light information to control their location and interaction with their hosts, and in fact light signals are known to regulate development and virulence in several non-phototrophic prokaryotes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Thermocompression bonding Examples Thermocompression_bonding > Examples Compliant bonding is a unique method of forming this type of solid state bond between a gold lead and a gold surface since heat and pressure is transmitted through a compliant or deformable media. The use of the compliant medium ensures the physical integrity of the lead by controlling the extent of wire deformation. The process also allows one to bond a multiple number of gold wires of various dimensions simultaneously since the compliant media ensures contacting and deforming all the lead wires. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
G force Summary G_force More transient acceleration, accompanied with significant jerk, is called shock. When the g-force is produced by the surface of one object being pushed by the surface of another object, the reaction force to this push produces an equal and opposite force for every unit of each object's mass. The types of forces involved are transmitted through objects by interior mechanical stresses. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Signaling cascade Pathway construction Signaling_cascade > Pathway construction A few useful databases are described in the following table. Legend: Y – Yes, N – No; BIND – Biomolecular Interaction Network Database, DIP – Database of Interacting Proteins, GNPV – Genome Network Platform Viewer, HPRD = Human Protein Reference Database, MINT – Molecular Interaction database, MIPS – Munich Information center for Protein Sequences, UNIHI – Unified Human Interactome, OPHID – Online Predicted Human Interaction Database, EcoCyc – Encyclopaedia of E. Coli Genes and Metabolism, MetaCyc – aMetabolic Pathway database, KEGG – Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, PANTHER – Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationship database, STKE – Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment, PID – The Pathway Interaction Database, BioPP – Biological Pathway Publisher. A comprehensive list of resources can be found at http://www.pathguide.org. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Vitamin K reaction Precautions Vitamin_K_reaction > Precautions Intravenous administration of vitamin K should only be done by a healthcare facility under the care of a healthcare professional that can provide proper observation of the person in case of an adverse vitamin K reaction. Intravenous vitamin K should only be given in emergencies where benefits outweigh risks when compared to alternative options, as in the case of oral anticoagulant overdose. Adverse effects can be avoided with appropriate dosing, dilution, and slow administration. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Interstellar Travel Faster-than-light travel Interstellar_space_travel > Propulsion > Theoretical concepts > Faster-than-light travel Scientists and authors have postulated a number of ways by which it might be possible to surpass the speed of light, but even the most serious-minded of these are highly speculative.It is also debatable whether faster-than-light travel is physically possible, in part because of causality concerns: travel faster than light may, under certain conditions, permit travel backwards in time within the context of special relativity. Proposed mechanisms for faster-than-light travel within the theory of general relativity require the existence of exotic matter and, it is not known if it could be produced in sufficient quantities, if at all. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Kolmogorov equations Summary Kolmogorov_equations In probability theory, Kolmogorov equations, including Kolmogorov forward equations and Kolmogorov backward equations, characterize continuous-time Markov processes. In particular, they describe how the probability that a continuous-time Markov process is in a certain state changes over time. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Strontium hydride Reactions Strontium_hydride > Reactions Strontium hydride can be prepared by combining strontium and hydrogen: Sr + H2 → SrH2Strontium hydride reacts with water and produces hydrogen and strontium hydroxide: SrH2 + 2 H2O → 2 H2 + Sr(OH)2 | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
DOT Language Summary DOT_Language Others, such as gvpr, gc, acyclic, ccomps, sccmap, and tred, read DOT files and perform calculations on the represented graph. Finally, others, such as lefty, dotty, and grappa, provide an interactive interface. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Work function Measurement Work_function > Measurement One may distinguish between two groups of experimental methods for work function measurements: absolute and relative. Absolute methods employ electron emission from the sample induced by photon absorption (photoemission), by high temperature (thermionic emission), due to an electric field (field electron emission), or using electron tunnelling. Relative methods make use of the contact potential difference between the sample and a reference electrode. Experimentally, either an anode current of a diode is used or the displacement current between the sample and reference, created by an artificial change in the capacitance between the two, is measured (the Kelvin Probe method, Kelvin probe force microscope). However, absolute work function values can be obtained if the tip is first calibrated against a reference sample. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hypoxic death Signs and symptoms Hypoxic_hypoxia > Signs and symptoms Cyanosis Headache Decreased reaction time, disorientation, and uncoordinated movement. Impaired judgment, confusion, memory loss and cognitive problems. Euphoria or dissociation Visual impairment Lightheaded or dizzy sensation, vertigo Fatigue, Drowsiness or tiredness Shortness of breath Palpitations may occur in the initial phases. Later, the heart rate may reduce significantly degree. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Shannon Entropy Data compression Entropy_(information_theory) > Aspects > Data compression Shannon's source coding theorem states a lossless compression scheme cannot compress messages, on average, to have more than one bit of information per bit of message, but that any value less than one bit of information per bit of message can be attained by employing a suitable coding scheme. The entropy of a message per bit multiplied by the length of that message is a measure of how much total information the message contains. Shannon's theorem also implies that no lossless compression scheme can shorten all messages. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Couette flow Summary Couette_flow In fluid dynamics, Couette flow is the flow of a viscous fluid in the space between two surfaces, one of which is moving tangentially relative to the other. The relative motion of the surfaces imposes a shear stress on the fluid and induces flow. Depending on the definition of the term, there may also be an applied pressure gradient in the flow direction. The Couette configuration models certain practical problems, like the Earth's mantle and atmosphere, and flow in lightly loaded journal bearings. It is also employed in viscometry and to demonstrate approximations of reversibility.It is named after Maurice Couette, a Professor of Physics at the French University of Angers in the late 19th century. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Multidimensional DSP with GPU acceleration Multidimensional convolution Multidimensional_DSP_with_GPU_acceleration > Examples of GPU programming for multidimensional DSP > Multidimensional convolution . . , n s − k s ) {\displaystyle y(n_{1},n_{2},...,n_{s})=x(n_{1},n_{2},...,n_{s})**h(n_{1},n_{2},...,n_{s})=\sum _{k_{1}=0}^{m_{1}-1}\sum _{k_{2}=0}^{m_{2}-1}...\sum _{k_{s}=0}^{m_{s}-1}x(k_{1},k_{2},...,k_{s})h(n_{1}-k_{1},n_{2}-k_{2},...,n_{s}-k_{s})} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Exploratory behavior Cortisol Exploratory_behavior > Role of neurological aspects and structures > Motivation and reward > Cortisol Cortisol is a chemical known for its role in stress regulation. However, cortisol may also be associated with curious or exploratory behavior. Studies suggesting a role of cortisol in curiosity support optimal arousal theory. They suggest the release of some cortisol, causing some stress, encourages curious behavior, while too much stress can initiate a "back away" response. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics Introduction Supersymmetric_Quantum_Mechanics > Introduction Of course, he did not call his solution supersymmetric, as SUSY was thirty years in the future. The SUSY solution of the hydrogen atom is only one example of the very general class of solutions which SUSY provides to shape-invariant potentials, a category which includes most potentials taught in introductory quantum mechanics courses. SUSY quantum mechanics involves pairs of Hamiltonians which share a particular mathematical relationship, which are called partner Hamiltonians. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Physics-informed neural networks Physics-informed neural networks for piece-wise function approximation Physics-informed_neural_networks > Physics-informed neural networks for piece-wise function approximation PINN is unable to approximate PDEs that have strong non-linearity or sharp gradients that commonly occur in practical fluid flow problems. Piece-wise approximation has been an old practice in the field of numerical approximation. With the capability of approximating strong non-linearity extremely light weight PINNs are used to solve PDEs in much larger discrete subdomains that increases accuracy substantially and decreases computational load as well. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Axiomatic foundations of topological spaces Summary Axiomatic_foundations_of_topological_spaces For example, in Kazimierz Kuratowski's well-known textbook on point-set topology, a topological space is defined as a set together with a certain type of "closure operator," and all other concepts are derived therefrom. Likewise, the neighborhood-based axioms (in the context of Hausdorff spaces) can be retraced to Felix Hausdorff's original definition of a topological space in Grundzüge der Mengenlehre.Many different textbooks use many different inter-dependences of concepts to develop point-set topology. The result is always the same collection of objects: open sets, closed sets, and so on. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Functional genomics RNAi Functional_genomics > Techniques and applications > Mutagenesis and phenotyping > RNAi RNA interference (RNAi) methods can be used to transiently silence or knockdown gene expression using ~20 base-pair double-stranded RNA typically delivered by transfection of synthetic ~20-mer short-interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) or by virally encoded short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). RNAi screens, typically performed in cell culture-based assays or experimental organisms (such as C. elegans) can be used to systematically disrupt nearly every gene in a genome or subsets of genes (sub-genomes); possible functions of disrupted genes can be assigned based on observed phenotypes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cross-validation (statistics) Holdout method Cross-validation_(statistics) > Types > Non-exhaustive cross-validation > Holdout method In the holdout method, we randomly assign data points to two sets d0 and d1, usually called the training set and the test set, respectively. The size of each of the sets is arbitrary although typically the test set is smaller than the training set. We then train (build a model) on d0 and test (evaluate its performance) on d1. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
DNA damage theory of aging Summary Genetic_mutation_theory_of_aging The DNA damage theory of aging proposes that aging is a consequence of unrepaired accumulation of naturally occurring DNA damage. Damage in this context is a DNA alteration that has an abnormal structure. Although both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage can contribute to aging, nuclear DNA is the main subject of this analysis. Nuclear DNA damage can contribute to aging either indirectly (by increasing apoptosis or cellular senescence) or directly (by increasing cell dysfunction).Several review articles have shown that deficient DNA repair, allowing greater accumulation of DNA damage, causes premature aging; and that increased DNA repair facilitates greater longevity, e.g. Mouse models of nucleotide-excision–repair syndromes reveal a striking correlation between the degree to which specific DNA repair pathways are compromised and the severity of accelerated aging, strongly suggesting a causal relationship. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Sigma-pi and equivalent-orbital models Summary Sigma-pi_and_equivalent-orbital_models The σ-π model and equivalent-orbital model refer to two possible representations of molecules in valence bond theory. The σ-π model differentiates bonds and lone pairs of σ symmetry from those of π symmetry, while the equivalent-orbital model hybridizes them. The σ-π treatment takes into account molecular symmetry and is better suited to interpretation of aromatic molecules (Hückel's rule), although computational calculations of certain molecules tend to optimize better under the equivalent-orbital treatment. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Regular verb Constructed languages Regular_verb > By language > Constructed languages The auxiliary language Interlingua has some irregular verbs, principally esser "to be", which has an irregular present tense form es "is" (instead of expected esse), an optional plural son "are", an optional irregular past tense era "was/were" (alongside regular esseva), and a unique subjunctive form sia (which can also function as an imperative). Other common verbs also have irregular present tense forms, namely vader "to go" — va, ir "to go" — va (also shared by the present tense of vader), and haber "to have" — ha. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Reactivity series Table Activity_series > Table Going from the bottom to the top of the table the metals: increase in reactivity; lose electrons (oxidize) more readily to form positive ions; corrode or tarnish more readily; require more energy (and different methods) to be isolated from their compounds; become stronger reducing agents (electron donors). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Well integrity Tree and wellhead integrity Well_integrity > Tree and wellhead integrity This refers to the integrity of the surface (or subsea) equipment. The wellhead and the tree are typically suitably engineered to be able to withstand the normal operating pressures. The major integrity issues for these components surround the operation of the valves, which are prone to leaking. For this reason, valves must be routinely maintained. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Solar module quality assurance Summary Solar_module_quality_assurance This is called a grid-connected photovoltaic system. Some advantages of solar panels are that they use a renewable and clean source of energy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and lower electricity bills. Some disadvantages are that they depend on the availability and intensity of sunlight, require maintenance and cleaning, and have high initial costs. Solar panels are widely used for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes, as well as for space and transportation applications. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Open problems in physics Philosophy of physics Open_problems_in_physics > Philosophy of physics Interpretation of quantum mechanics: How does the quantum description of reality, which includes elements such as the superposition of states and wavefunction collapse or quantum decoherence, give rise to the reality we perceive? Another way of stating this question regards the measurement problem: What constitutes a "measurement" which apparently causes the wave function to collapse into a definite state? Unlike classical physical processes, some quantum mechanical processes (such as quantum teleportation arising from quantum entanglement) cannot be simultaneously "local", "causal", and "real", but it is not obvious which of these properties must be sacrificed, or if an attempt to describe quantum mechanical processes in these senses is a category error such that a proper understanding of quantum mechanics would render the question meaningless. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cross-serial dependencies Non-context-freeness Cross-serial_dependencies > Non-context-freeness This can be shown by Ogden's lemma. Suppose the language is generated by a context-free grammar, then let p {\displaystyle p} be the length required in Ogden's lemma, then consider the word a p b p c p d p {\displaystyle a^{p}b^{p}c^{p}d^{p}} in the language, and mark the letters b p c p {\displaystyle b^{p}c^{p}} . Then the three conditions implied by Ogden's lemma cannot all be satisfied. All known spoken languages which contain cross-serial dependencies can be similarly proved to be not context-free. This led to the abandonment of Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar once cross-serial dependencies were identified in natural languages in the 1980s. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Unconventional computing Cellular automata and amorphous computing Alternative_computing > Biological approaches > Cellular automata and amorphous computing Cellular automata are discrete models of computation consisting of a grid of cells in a finite number of states, such as on and off. The state of each cell is determined by a fixed rule based on the states of the cell and its neighbors. There are four primary classifications of cellular automata, ranging from patterns that stabilize into homogeneity to those that become extremely complex and potentially Turing-complete. Amorphous computing refers to the study of computational systems using large numbers of parallel processors with limited computational ability and local interactions, regardless of the physical substrate. Examples of naturally occurring amorphous computation can be found in developmental biology, molecular biology, neural networks, and chemical engineering. The goal of amorphous computation is to understand and engineer novel systems through the characterization of amorphous algorithms as abstractions. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Temporal parietal junction Schizophrenia Temporoparietal_junction > Disorders > Schizophrenia The decreased ability for schizophrenia patients to function in social situations has been related to a deficit within the theory of mind process. There have been relatively few studies that have examined the role of theory of mind in schizophrenia patients; the findings of these studies as they relate to the activation of the TPJ are varied. Some studies have found decreased activation of the TPJ in schizophrenia patients who were asked to make inferences about other peoples' social intentions based on cartoons; other studies, however, performed similar assessments of schizophrenia patients and found that the TPJ actually became hyperactive, compared to control individuals without schizophrenia, in the TPJ. This indicates that there is abnormal activation of the TPJ in these patients while performing tasks that involving understanding social intention of others, but the directionality of this abnormal activity is not clear, or possibly not universal throughout schizophrenia patients. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Split-complex number Geometry Split-complex_number > Geometry This group consists of the hyperbolic rotations, which form a subgroup denoted SO+(1, 1), combined with four discrete reflections given by and z ↦ ± z ∗ . {\displaystyle z\mapsto \pm z^{*}.} The exponential map sending θ to rotation by exp(jθ) is a group isomorphism since the usual exponential formula applies: If a split-complex number z does not lie on one of the diagonals, then z has a polar decomposition. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Quartic interaction Spontaneous breaking of discrete symmetries Quartic_interaction > Spontaneous symmetry breaking > Spontaneous breaking of discrete symmetries The simplest relativistic system in which we can see spontaneous symmetry breaking is one with a single scalar field φ {\displaystyle \varphi } with Lagrangian L ( φ ) = 1 2 ( ∂ φ ) 2 + 1 2 μ 2 φ 2 − 1 4 λ φ 4 ≡ 1 2 ( ∂ φ ) 2 − V ( φ ) , {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}(\varphi )={\frac {1}{2}}(\partial \varphi )^{2}+{\frac {1}{2}}\mu ^{2}\varphi ^{2}-{\frac {1}{4}}\lambda \varphi ^{4}\equiv {\frac {1}{2}}(\partial \varphi )^{2}-V(\varphi ),} where μ 2 > 0 {\displaystyle \mu ^{2}>0} and V ( φ ) ≡ − 1 2 μ 2 φ 2 + 1 4 λ φ 4 . {\displaystyle V(\varphi )\equiv -{\frac {1}{2}}\mu ^{2}\varphi ^{2}+{\frac {1}{4}}\lambda \varphi ^{4}.} Minimizing the potential with respect to φ {\displaystyle \varphi } leads to V ′ ( φ 0 ) = 0 ⟺ φ 0 2 ≡ v 2 = μ 2 λ . {\displaystyle V'(\varphi _{0})=0\Longleftrightarrow \varphi _{0}^{2}\equiv v^{2}={\frac {\mu ^{2}}{\lambda }}.} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
C2H6O4S Summary C2H6O4S The molecular formula C2H6O4S (molar mass: 126.13 g/mol, exact mass: 125.9987 u) may refer to: Ethyl sulfate, also known as sulfovinic acid Isethionic acid Dimethyl sulfate (DMS) | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Air-breathing engine Thrust Prime_mover_(engine) > Performance > Thrust Thrust is the force exerted on an airplane as a consequence of its propeller or jet engine accelerating the air passing through it. It is also the force exerted on a ship as a consequence of its propeller accelerating the water passing through it. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Oxaliplatin Adverse effects Oxaliplatin > Adverse effects Side-effects of oxaliplatin treatment can potentially include: Neurotoxicity leading to chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, a progressive, enduring and often irreversible tingling numbness, intense pain and hypersensitivity to cold, beginning in the hands and feet and sometimes involving the arms and legs, often with deficits in proprioception. This chronic neuropathy may also be preceded by a transient acute neuropathy occurring at the time of infusion and associated with excitation of voltage-gated Na+ channels. Fatigue Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea Neutropenia (low number of a type of white blood cells) Ototoxicity (hearing loss) Extravasation if oxaliplatin leaks from the infusion vein it may cause severe damage to the connective tissues. Hypokalemia (low blood potassium), which is more common in women than men Persistent hiccups RhabdomyolysisIn addition, some patients may experience an allergic reaction to platinum-containing drugs. This is more common in women.Oxaliplatin has less ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity than cisplatin and carboplatin. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Symmetric group Low degree groups Symmetric_group > Low degree groups Beyond the group A4, S4 has a Klein four-group V as a proper normal subgroup, namely the even transpositions {(1), (1 2)(3 4), (1 3)(2 4), (1 4)(2 3)}, with quotient S3. In Galois theory, this map corresponds to the resolving cubic to a quartic polynomial, which allows the quartic to be solved by radicals, as established by Lodovico Ferrari. The Klein group can be understood in terms of the Lagrange resolvents of the quartic. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Statistical Lab Summary Statistical_Lab It can be extended by using external libraries. Via these libraries, it can also be adapted to individual and local demands like specific target groups. The versatile graphical diagrams allow demonstrative visualization of underlying data. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Lie quadric Basic concepts Lie_sphere_geometry > Basic concepts These objects, i.e., the points, oriented circles and oriented lines in the plane, or the points, oriented spheres and oriented planes in space, are sometimes called cycles or Lie cycles. It turns out that they form a quadric hypersurface in a projective space of dimension 4 or 5, which is known as the Lie quadric. The natural symmetries of this quadric form a group of transformations known as the Lie transformations. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Average case analysis Sorting algorithms Average_case_analysis > Examples > Sorting algorithms Also, when implemented with the "shortest first" policy, the worst-case space complexity is instead bounded by O(log(n)). Heapsort has O(n) time when all elements are the same. Heapify takes O(n) time and then removing elements from the heap is O(1) time for each of the n elements. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Quantity equation Polynomials and transcendental functions Quantity_equation > Properties > Polynomials and transcendental functions {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\cdot (\mathrm {-9.8~m/s^{2}} )\cdot t^{2}+(\mathrm {500~m/s} )\cdot t.} This is the height to which an object rises in time t if the acceleration of gravity is 9.8 metres per second per second and the initial upward speed is 500 metres per second. It is not necessary for t to be in seconds. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Finite strain theory Relative displacement vector Deformation_gradient_tensor > Deformation gradient tensor > Relative displacement vector In the deformed configuration this particle has a new position q {\displaystyle q} given by the position vector x + Δ x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} +\Delta \mathbf {x} \,\!} . Assuming that the line segments Δ X {\displaystyle \Delta X} and Δ x {\displaystyle \Delta \mathbf {x} } joining the particles P {\displaystyle P} and Q {\displaystyle Q} in both the undeformed and deformed configuration, respectively, to be very small, then we can express them as d X {\displaystyle d\mathbf {X} } and d x {\displaystyle d\mathbf {x} \,\!} . Thus from Figure 2 we have where d u {\displaystyle \mathbf {du} } is the relative displacement vector, which represents the relative displacement of Q {\displaystyle Q} with respect to P {\displaystyle P} in the deformed configuration. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Thyroid abnormalities Epidemiology Thyroid_disorder > Epidemiology An estimated one-third of the world's population currently lives in areas of low dietary iodine levels. In regions of severe iodine deficiency, the prevalence of goiter is as high as 80%. In areas where iodine-deficiency is not found, the most common type of hypothyroidism is an autoimmune subtype called Hashimoto's thyroiditis, with a prevalence of 1-2%. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Autonomous automation Purpose and implementation Autonomation > Purpose and implementation To be fully automated machines must be able to detect and correct their own operating problems which is currently not cost-effective. However, ninety percent of the benefits of full automation can be gained by Autonomation. The purpose of autonomation is that it makes possible the rapid or immediate address, identification and correction of mistakes that occur in a process. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cognitive models Associative memory Cognitive_modeling > Dynamical systems > Early dynamical systems > Associative memory By letting the network learn on its own, structure and computational properties naturally arise. Unlike previous models, “memories” can be formed and recalled by inputting a small portion of the entire memory. Time ordering of memories can also be encoded. The behavior of the system is modeled with vectors which can change values, representing different states of the system. This early model was a major step toward a dynamical systems view of human cognition, though many details had yet to be added and more phenomena accounted for. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Lactometer Scales Hydrometer > Scales Modern hydrometers usually measure specific gravity but different scales were (and sometimes still are) used in certain industries. Examples include: API gravity, universally used worldwide by the petroleum industry. Baumé scale, formerly used in industrial chemistry and pharmacology Brix scale, primarily used in fruit juice, wine making and the sugar industry Oechsle scale, used for measuring the density of grape must Plato scale, primarily used in brewing Twaddell scale, formerly used in the bleaching and dyeing industries | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Motor coordination Inter-limb Motor_coordination > Types of Motor Coordination > Inter-limb In this framework, the coordination between limbs is dictated by the relative phase of the oscillators representing the limbs. Specifically, an oscillator associated with a particular limb determines the progression of that limb through its movement cycle (e.g. step cycle in walking). In addition to driving the relative limb movement in a forward manner, sensory feedback can be incorporated into the CPG architecture. This feedback also dictates the coordination between the limbs by independently modifying the movement of the limb that the feedback is acting on. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Nonlinear system identification Neural networks Nonlinear_system_identification > Neural networks Hence when fitting dynamic models all the dynamics arise by allocating lagged inputs and outputs to the input layer of the network. The training procedure then produces the best static approximation that relates the lagged variables assigned to the input nodes to the output. There are more complex network architectures, including recurrent networks, that produce dynamics by introducing increasing orders of lagged variables to the input nodes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Static structure Moment of inertia Statics > Background > Moment of inertia In classical mechanics, moment of inertia, also called mass moment, rotational inertia, polar moment of inertia of mass, or the angular mass, (SI units kg·m²) is a measure of an object's resistance to changes to its rotation. It is the inertia of a rotating body with respect to its rotation. The moment of inertia plays much the same role in rotational dynamics as mass does in linear dynamics, describing the relationship between angular momentum and angular velocity, torque and angular acceleration, and several other quantities. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Heat energy Heat and enthalpy Heat_source > Classical thermodynamics > Heat and enthalpy The internal energy representation and the enthalpy representation are partial Legendre transforms of one another. They contain the same physical information, written in different ways. Like the internal energy, the enthalpy stated as a function of its natural variables is a thermodynamic potential and contains all thermodynamic information about a body.If a quantity Q of heat is added to a body while it does only expansion work W on its surroundings, one has Δ H = Δ U + Δ ( P V ) . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
McShane integral Therem 2 (fundamental theorem of Henstock-Kurzweil integral) McShane_integral > Relationship with Derivatives > Therem 2 (fundamental theorem of Henstock-Kurzweil integral) If F: → R {\textstyle F:\rightarrow \mathbb {R} } is differentiable on {\displaystyle } , then F ′ {\textstyle F'} is Henstock-Kurzweil integrable on {\displaystyle } and ∫ a b F ′ = F ( b ) − F ( a ) {\textstyle \int _{a}^{b}F'=F(b)-F(a)} . In order to illustrate these theorems we analyse the following example based upon Example 2.4.12. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Quantum Computation Language Summary Quantum_Computation_Language Quantum Computation Language (QCL) is one of the first implemented quantum programming languages. The most important feature of QCL is the support for user-defined operators and functions. Its syntax resembles the syntax of the C programming language and its classical data types are similar to primitive data types in C. One can combine classical code and quantum code in the same program. The language was created to explore programming concepts for quantum computers.The QCL library provides standard quantum operators used in quantum algorithms such as: Controlled-not with many target qubits, Hadamard operation on many qubits, Phase and controlled phase. Quantum algorithms for addition, multiplication and exponentiation with binary constants (all modulus n) The quantum fourier transform | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cellular replication Elongation Lagging_strand > Replication process > Elongation In this mechanism, once the two strands are separated, primase adds RNA primers to the template strands. The leading strand receives one RNA primer while the lagging strand receives several. The leading strand is continuously extended from the primer by a DNA polymerase with high processivity, while the lagging strand is extended discontinuously from each primer forming Okazaki fragments. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Villarceau circles Example Villarceau_circles > Example Consider a horizontal torus in xyz space, centered at the origin and with major radius 5 and minor radius 3. That means that the torus is the locus of some vertical circles of radius three whose centers are on a circle of radius five in the horizontal xy plane. Points on this torus satisfy this equation: 0 = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 16 ) 2 − 100 ( x 2 + y 2 ) . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Turing reducible Stronger reductions Turing_reduction > Stronger reductions Equivalently, a weak truth table reduction is one for which the use of the reduction is bounded by a computable function. For this reason, weak truth table reductions are sometimes called "bounded Turing" reductions.The second way to produce a stronger reducibility notion is to limit the computational resources that the program implementing the Turing reduction may use. These limits on the computational complexity of the reduction are important when studying subrecursive classes such as P. A set A is polynomial-time reducible to a set B {\displaystyle B} if there is a Turing reduction of A {\displaystyle A} to B {\displaystyle B} that runs in polynomial time. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Internet Layer IETF standards Internet_Layer > IETF standards STD 5. RFC 792. Internet Standard. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Optical device Dispersion and scattering Optics > Classical optics > Physical optics > Dispersion and scattering A small proportion of light scattering from atoms or molecules may undergo Raman scattering, wherein the frequency changes due to excitation of the atoms and molecules. Brillouin scattering occurs when the frequency of light changes due to local changes with time and movements of a dense material.Dispersion occurs when different frequencies of light have different phase velocities, due either to material properties (material dispersion) or to the geometry of an optical waveguide (waveguide dispersion). The most familiar form of dispersion is a decrease in index of refraction with increasing wavelength, which is seen in most transparent materials. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Escape respirator Rebreathers Escape_respirator > Types > Autonomous breathing gas supply > Rebreathers They may use the pendulum type breathing system, which has larger dead space than a one-way loop architecture, but is simpler and cheaper to manufacture. Endurance is generally from 20 to 100 minutes Oxygen is produced by a chemical reaction between the carbon dioxide and potassium superoxide absorbent, which both removes the carbon dioxide and supplies a slightly larger volume of oxygen to replace that which was used.A basic unit may use a bite-grip mouthpiece and nose clip, or may include goggles or a hood if eye protection is necessary. Some units have a cartridge to inflate the bag when first used, but this is mainly to provide a bit more volume in the counterlung, which can reduce the feeling of insufficient gas at startup when the bag is nearly empty.These sets can offer a relatively long endurance, and may be classed as working breathing apparatus as well, in which case they may be worn to carry out a task, unlike most escape sets which are for escape only. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mitotic cell rounding Significance Mitotic_cell_rounding > Significance Secondly, mitotic rounding has been proposed to be a driver for morphological events during tissue development. Examples include epithelial invagination of the Drosophila melanogaster tracheal placode and the anisotropic shape and growth of the inner ear lumen in Zebrafish. Thirdly, mitotic rounding has been shown to be important to generate sufficient space and appropriate geometry for proper mitotic spindle function, which is necessary for timely and accurate progression through mitosis.Thus, mitotic cell rounding is involved in tissue organization and homeostasis. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Preferential bidding system Pairings Preferential_bidding_system > Pairings Work schedules in the airlines industry must cover not just a shift or a day, as workers in other industries might. Airlines work schedules consist of assignments called "crew pairings" or simply "pairings", which is a sequence of flights or legs that starts and then ends at the same domicile. Pairings are usually created by another computer program called pairing optimizer. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Telomerase reverse transcriptase Function Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase > Function Studies in mice suggest that telomerase also participates in chromosomal repair, since de novo synthesis of telomere repeats may occur at double-stranded breaks. Alternatively spliced variants encoding different isoforms of telomerase reverse transcriptase have been identified; the full-length sequence of some variants has not been determined. Alternative splicing at this locus is thought to be one mechanism of regulation of telomerase activity. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Junctionless nanowire transistor Summary Junctionless_nanowire_transistor Junction-Less nanowire transistor (JLNT) is a type of Field-effect transistor (FET) which channel is one or multiple nanowires and does not present any junction. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Logit regression Definition Logit_model > Definition As in linear regression, the outcome variables Yi are assumed to depend on the explanatory variables x1,i ... xm,i. Explanatory variablesThe explanatory variables may be of any type: real-valued, binary, categorical, etc. The main distinction is between continuous variables and discrete variables. (Discrete variables referring to more than two possible choices are typically coded using dummy variables (or indicator variables), that is, separate explanatory variables taking the value 0 or 1 are created for each possible value of the discrete variable, with a 1 meaning "variable does have the given value" and a 0 meaning "variable does not have that value".) | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Bacterial Meningitis Antibiotics Bacterial_Meningitis > Management > Bacterial meningitis > Antibiotics For an antibiotic to be effective in meningitis it must not only be active against the pathogenic bacterium but also reach the meninges in adequate quantities; some antibiotics have inadequate penetrance and therefore have little use in meningitis. Most of the antibiotics used in meningitis have not been tested directly on people with meningitis in clinical trials. Rather, the relevant knowledge has mostly derived from laboratory studies in rabbits. Tuberculous meningitis requires prolonged treatment with antibiotics. While tuberculosis of the lungs is typically treated for six months, those with tuberculous meningitis are typically treated for a year or longer. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Condensation reaction Summary Condensation_reaction In organic chemistry, a condensation reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which two molecules are combined to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of a small molecule such as water. If water is lost, the reaction is also known as a dehydration synthesis. However other molecules can also be lost, such as ammonia, ethanol, acetic acid and hydrogen sulfide.The addition of the two molecules typically proceeds in a step-wise fashion to the addition product, usually in equilibrium, and with loss of a water molecule (hence the name condensation). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Interprocedural optimization WPO and LTO Interprocedural_optimization > WPO and LTO This expands the scope of interprocedural optimizations to encompass the whole program (or, rather, everything that is visible at link time). With link-time optimization, the compiler can apply various forms of interprocedural optimization to the whole program, allowing for deeper analysis, more optimization, and ultimately better program performance. In practice, LTO does not always optimize the entire program—library functions, especially dynamically linked shared objects, are intentionally kept out to avoid excessive duplication and to allow for updating. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Solvability by radicals Modern approach by field theory Solvability_by_radicals > Modern approach by field theory It allows one to more easily study infinite extensions. Again this is important in algebraic number theory, where for example one often discusses the absolute Galois group of Q, defined to be the Galois group of K/Q where K is an algebraic closure of Q. It allows for consideration of inseparable extensions. This issue does not arise in the classical framework, since it was always implicitly assumed that arithmetic took place in characteristic zero, but nonzero characteristic arises frequently in number theory and in algebraic geometry. It removes the rather artificial reliance on chasing roots of polynomials. That is, different polynomials may yield the same extension fields, and the modern approach recognizes the connection between these polynomials. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Computational complexity Space Asymptotic_complexity > Resources > Space Another important resource is the size of computer memory that is needed for running algorithms. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Database query language Summary Query_language A query language, also known as data query language or database query language (DQL), is a computer language used to make queries in databases and information systems. A well known example is the Structured Query Language (SQL). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Glossary of cell biology C Glossary_of_cell_biology > C It is most commonly observed in very large eukaryotic cells, for which there is a greater need for transport efficiency. cytosol Also hyaloplasm. The soluble phase of the cytoplasm, in which small particles such as ribosomes, proteins, nucleic acids, and many other molecules are suspended or dissolved, excluding larger structures and organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Business Catalyst History Business_Catalyst > History 2008 - Business Catalyst opens their first international office in San Francisco, USA. August, 2009 - Business Catalyst is acquired by Adobe Systems, closing down the GoodBarry brand to focus solely on the web professional market. April, 2010 - Adobe announces the opening of the first of three new datacenters for their Business Catalyst service May 2012 - Adobe includes base Business Catalyst hosting as part of the Creative Cloud platform. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Generative grammar Historical development of models of transformational grammar Generative_grammar > Frameworks > Historical development of models of transformational grammar Leonard Bloomfield, an influential linguist in the American Structuralist tradition, saw the ancient Indian grammarian Pāṇini as an antecedent of structuralism. However, in Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, Chomsky writes that "even Panini's grammar can be interpreted as a fragment of such a 'generative grammar'", a view that he reiterated in an award acceptance speech delivered in India in 2001, where he claimed that "the first 'generative grammar' in something like the modern sense is Panini's grammar of Sanskrit".Military funding to generativist research was influential to its early success in the 1960s.Generative grammar has been under development since the mid 1950s, and has undergone many changes in the types of rules and representations that are used to predict grammaticality. In tracing the historical development of ideas within generative grammar, it is useful to refer to the various stages in the development of the theory: | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Intelligent tutoring systems Improvements Intelligent_tutoring_system > Improvements One example of an ITS that addresses affect is Gaze Tutor which was developed to track students eye movements and determine whether they are bored or distracted and then the system attempts to reengage the student.Rapport Building To date, most ITSs have focused purely on the cognitive aspects of tutoring and not on the social relationship between the tutoring system and the student. As demonstrated by the Computers are social actors paradigm humans often project social heuristics onto computers. For example, in observations of young children interacting with Sam the CastleMate, a collaborative story telling agent, children interacted with this simulated child in much the same manner as they would a human child. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection Streptococcus_pneumoniae > Infection Streptococcus pneumoniae is part of the normal upper respiratory tract flora. As with many natural flora, it can become pathogenic under the right conditions, typically when the immune system of the host is suppressed. Invasins, such as pneumolysin, an antiphagocytic capsule, various adhesins, and immunogenic cell wall components are all major virulence factors. After S. pneumoniae colonizes the air sacs of the lungs, the body responds by stimulating the inflammatory response, causing plasma, blood, and white blood cells to fill the alveoli. This condition is called bacterial pneumonia. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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