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Musical modes Other types Musical_modes > Other types While the term "mode" is still most commonly understood to refer to Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, or Locrian modes, in modern music theory the word is often applied to scales other than the diatonic. This is seen, for example, in melodic minor scale harmony, which is based on the seven rotations of the ascending melodic minor scale, yielding some interesting scales as shown below. The "chord" row lists tetrads that can be built from the pitches in the given mode (in jazz notation, the symbol Δ is for a major seventh). The number of possible modes for any intervallic set is dictated by the pattern of intervals in the scale. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Lisp (programming language) Historically significant dialects Lisp_programming_language > History > Genealogy and variants > Historically significant dialects ACL2 is both a programming language which can model computer systems, and a tool to help proving properties of those models. Clojure, a recent dialect of Lisp which compiles to the Java virtual machine and has a particular focus on concurrency. Game Oriented Assembly Lisp (or GOAL) is a video game programming language developed by Andy Gavin at Naughty Dog. It was written using Allegro Common Lisp and used in the development of the entire Jak and Daxter series of games developed by Naughty Dog. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
AMD 10h Microarchitecture characteristics AMD_10h > Microarchitecture characteristics Extensible L3 cache design, with 6 MB planned for 45 nm process node, with the chips codenamed Shanghai. Changes in address space management: Two 64-bit independent memory controllers, each with its own physical address space; this provides an opportunity to better utilize the available bandwidth in case of random memory accesses occurring in heavily multi-threaded environments. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Benzoin condensation Reaction mechanism Benzoin_condensation > Reaction mechanism The reaction is catalyzed by nucleophiles such as a cyanide or an N-heterocyclic carbene (usually thiazolium salts). The reaction mechanism was proposed in 1903 by A. J. Lapworth. In the first step in this reaction, the cyanide anion (as sodium cyanide) reacts with the aldehyde in a nucleophilic addition. Rearrangement of the intermediate results in polarity reversal of the carbonyl group, which then adds to the second carbonyl group in a second nucleophilic addition. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Andreas von Antropoff Antropoff's periodic table Andreas_von_Antropoff > Antropoff's periodic table He first published his periodic table in the article "Eine neue Form des periodischen Systems der Elemente" in the Zeitschrift für angewandte Chemie in 1926. The periodic table is regularly numbered from 1 - Hydrogen to 118 - Oganesson, with "each number representing the number of protons stored within an atom's nucleus in a satisfying balance" compared to most other contemporary tables. In addition he placed the theoretical "Element zero", which had "been a matter of conjecture for nearly a century" atop his periodic table and called it Neutronium.His periodic table was in widespread use in German schools until 1945 and soon disappeared after von Antropoff's Nazi affiliations came to light.Linus Pauling copied Antropoff's periodic table design in his 1949 book General Chemistry and used it also in other editions of The Chemical Bond without crediting Antropoff, most likely due to the author's disgrace. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Preon matter Rishon model Preon_matter > Rishon model The rishon model (RM) is the earliest effort (1979) to develop a preon model to explain the phenomenon appearing in the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. It was first developed by Haim Harari and Michael A. Shupe (independently of each other), and later expanded by Harari and his then-student Nathan Seiberg.The model has two kinds of fundamental particles called rishons (ראשונים) (which means "First" in Hebrew). They are T ("Third" since it has an electric charge of ⅓ e, or Tohu (תוהו) which means "Chaos") and V ("Vanishes", since it is electrically neutral, or Vohu which means "void"). All leptons and all flavours of quarks are three-rishon ordered triplets. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Edward Bernays Selected articles Edward_Bernays > Publications > Selected articles Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 250 (Mar. 1947). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Point mutation Causes Nucleotide_substitution > Causes Point mutations usually take place during DNA replication. DNA replication occurs when one double-stranded DNA molecule creates two single strands of DNA, each of which is a template for the creation of the complementary strand. A single point mutation can change the whole DNA sequence. Changing one purine or pyrimidine may change the amino acid that the nucleotides code for. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Vulva cancer Staging Vulvar_cancer > Diagnosis > Staging Anatomical staging supplemented preclinical staging starting in 1988. FIGO's revised TNM classification system uses tumor size (T), lymph node involvement (N) and presence or absence of metastasis (M) as criteria for staging. Stages I and II describe the early stages of vulvar cancer that still appear to be confined to the site of origin. Stage III cancers include greater disease extension to neighboring tissues and inguinal lymph nodes on one side. Stage IV indicates metastatic disease to inguinal nodes on both sides or distant metastases. Illustrations showing stages of vulvar cancer | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Network theory in risk assessment Basic terminology Network_theory_in_risk_assessment > Network theory key components > Basic terminology A weighted network adds such element to its connections. It is widely used in genomic and systems biologic applications.Trees Undirected networks with no closed loops. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Basal ganglia disease Huntington's disease Basal_ganglia_calcification > Associated disorders > Hyperkinetic disorders > Huntington's disease Huntington's disease is a hereditary disease that causes defects in behavior, cognition, and uncontrolled rapid, jerky movements. Huntington's disease stems from a defect that consists of an expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin gene (HTT) located on the short arm p of chromosome 4. Evidence shows that the basal ganglia in patients with Huntington's disease show a decrease in activity of the mitochondrial pathway, complex II-III. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Solar plant Productivity by location Solar_power_plants > Economics > Productivity by location The productivity of solar power in a region depends on solar irradiance, which varies through the day and year and is influenced by latitude and climate. PV system output power also depends on ambient temperature, wind speed, solar spectrum, the local soiling conditions, and other factors. Onshore wind power tends to be the cheapest source of electricity in Northern Eurasia, Canada, some parts of the United States, and Patagonia in Argentina: whereas in other parts of the world mostly solar power (or less often a combination of wind, solar and other low carbon energy) is thought to be best. : 8 Modelling by Exeter University suggests that by 2030 solar will be cheapest in all countries except for some in north-east Europe.The locations with highest annual solar irradiance lie in the arid tropics and subtropics. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes Plastic deformation Mechanical_properties_of_carbon_nanotubes > Plastic deformation This defect structure is metastable, so it takes an energy of several eV to nucleate, or form. In addition, the defect moves by the separate migration of the 5-7 defect pairs. This motion is also associated with an energy barrier. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Eigenfunction expansion Vibrating strings Eigenfunction > Applications > Vibrating strings If we assume that h(x, t) can be written as the product of the form X(x)T(t), we can form a pair of ordinary differential equations: Each of these is an eigenvalue equation with eigenvalues − ω 2 c 2 {\textstyle -{\frac {\omega ^{2}}{c^{2}}}} and −ω2, respectively. For any values of ω and c, the equations are satisfied by the functions where the phase angles φ and ψ are arbitrary real constants. If we impose boundary conditions, for example that the ends of the string are fixed at x = 0 and x = L, namely X(0) = X(L) = 0, and that T(0) = 0, we constrain the eigenvalues. For these boundary conditions, sin(φ) = 0 and sin(ψ) = 0, so the phase angles φ = ψ = 0, and This last boundary condition constrains ω to take a value ωn = ncπ/L, where n is any integer. Thus, the clamped string supports a family of standing waves of the form In the example of a string instrument, the frequency ωn is the frequency of the n-th harmonic, which is called the (n − 1)-th overtone. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hang Gliding Stability and equilibrium Hang_gliders > Stability and equilibrium In the roll axis, the pilot shifts his body mass using the wing control bar, applying a rolling moment directly to the wing. The flexible wing is built to flex differentially across the span in response to the pilot applied roll moment. For example, if the pilot shifts his weight to the right, the right wing trailing edge flexes up more than the left, creating dissimilar lift that rolls the glider to the right.Yaw The yaw axis is stabilized through the backward-sweep of the wings. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Electrochemical cells Electrolytic cell Energy_cell > Types of electrochemical cells > Electrolytic cell The components of an electrolytic cell are: an electrolyte: usually a solution of water or other solvents in which ions are dissolved. Molten salts such as sodium chloride are also electrolytes. two electrodes (a cathode and an anode) which are electrical terminals consisting of a suitable substance at which oxidation or reduction can take place, and maintained at two different electric potentials.When driven by an external voltage (potential difference) applied to the electrodes, the ions in the electrolyte are attracted to the electrode with the opposite potential, where charge-transferring (also called faradaic or redox) reactions can take place. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Global digital divide Global solutions Global_digital_divide > Global solutions However, nowadays, power lines and satellites are used to increase the availability in these areas. Another component to keep in mind is disabilities. Some people may have the highest quality technologies, but a disability they have may keep them from using these technologies to their fullest extent.Using previous studies (Gamos, 2003; Nsengiyuma & Stork, 2005; Harwit, 2004 as cited in James), James asserts that in developing countries, "internet use has taken place overwhelmingly among the upper-income, educated, and urban segments" largely due to the high literacy rates of this sector of the population. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Regression intercept Other estimation techniques Multi-linear_regression > Estimation methods > Other estimation techniques Bayesian linear regression applies the framework of Bayesian statistics to linear regression. (See also Bayesian multivariate linear regression.) In particular, the regression coefficients β are assumed to be random variables with a specified prior distribution. The prior distribution can bias the solutions for the regression coefficients, in a way similar to (but more general than) ridge regression or lasso regression. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Learning curves Reasons for the effect Experience_curve_effects > Reasons for the effect The ones that did not break became mass-produced in other General Motors products; the ones that didn't stand the test of user "beatings" were discontinued, saving the car company money. As General Motors produced more cars, they learned how to best produce products that work for the least money. Network-building and use-cost reductions (network effects): As a product enters more widespread use, the consumer uses it more efficiently because they're familiar with it. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Rotating magnetic field Description Rotating_magnetic_field > Description A permanent magnet in such a field will rotate so as to maintain its alignment with the external field. This effect was utilized in early alternating-current electric motors. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Industrial Ecology Examples Industrial_Ecology > Examples The Kalundborg industrial park is located in Denmark. This industrial park is special because companies reuse each other's waste (which then becomes by-products). For example, the Energy E2 Asnæs Power Station produces gypsum as a by-product of the electricity generation process; this gypsum becomes a resource for the BPB Gyproc A/S which produces plasterboards. This is one example of a system inspired by the biosphere-technosphere metaphor: in ecosystems, the waste from one organism is used as inputs to other organisms; in industrial systems, waste from a company is used as a resource by others. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Oil constant Summary Oil_constant The term crude oil constant (Erdölkonstante in German) has been used as an inside joke and pun in the German petroleum industry, pointing out that the reserves-to-production ratio has been observed as roughly constant in the past decades, whereas oil constant (Ölkonstante in German) is a term describing various material properties of (vegetable and mineral) oils. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Numeration by Hieroglyphics Numerals Numeration_by_Hieroglyphics > Numerals The king's daughter Neferetiabet is shown with an offering of 1000 oxen, bread, beer, etc. The Egyptian number system was additive. Large numbers were represented by collections of the glyphs and the value was obtained by simply adding the individual numbers together. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Crossover experiment (chemistry) Endocyclic restriction test Crossover_experiment_(chemistry) > Endocyclic restriction test The fact that this reaction proceeds via in inter- rather than intramolecular mechanism lead to the conclusion that there are certain restrictions on the geometry of nucleophilic attack in SN2 reactions. The stereoelectrionic restrictions were rationalized in the set of Baldwin's Rules. This concept has been further explored in many subsequent endocyclic restriction tests. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Evidence of speciation by reinforcement Comparative studies Evidence_of_speciation_by_reinforcement > Comparative studies Assortive mating is expected to increase among sympatric populations experiencing reinforcement. This fact allows for the direct comparison of the strength of prezygotic isolation in sympatry and allopatry between different experiments and studies. : 362 Jerry Coyne and H. Allen Orr surveyed 171 species pairs, collecting data on their geographic mode, genetic distance, and strength of both prezygotic and post-zygotic isolation; finding that prezygotic isolation was significantly stronger in sympatric pairs, correlating with the ages of the species. : 362 Additionally, the strength of post-zygotic isolation was not different between sympatric and allopatric pairs.This finding lends support the predictions of speciation by reinforcement and correlates well with another later study by Daniel J. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Proteomics Systems biology Call-map_proteomics > Emerging trends > Systems biology In this way, proteomics can be seen as complementary to genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, metabolomics, and other -omics approaches in integrative analyses attempting to define biological phenotypes more comprehensively. As an example, The Cancer Proteome Atlas provides quantitative protein expression data for ~200 proteins in over 4,000 tumor samples with matched transcriptomic and genomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Similar datasets in other cell types, tissue types, and species, particularly using deep shotgun mass spectrometry, will be an immensely important resource for research in fields like cancer biology, developmental and stem cell biology, medicine, and evolutionary biology. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Personal Probability History Objective_Bayesian_probability > History In the objectivist stream, the statistical analysis depends on only the model assumed and the data analysed. No subjective decisions need to be involved. In contrast, "subjectivist" statisticians deny the possibility of fully objective analysis for the general case. In the 1980s, there was a dramatic growth in research and applications of Bayesian methods, mostly attributed to the discovery of Markov chain Monte Carlo methods and the consequent removal of many of the computational problems, and to an increasing interest in nonstandard, complex applications. While frequentist statistics remains strong (as demonstrated by the fact that much of undergraduate teaching is based on it ), Bayesian methods are widely accepted and used, e.g., in the field of machine learning. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Arrow pushing Addition-elimination reactions Arrow_pushing > Breaking of bonds > Addition-elimination reactions Addition-elimination reactions are addition reactions immediately followed by elimination reactions. In general, these reactions take place when esters (or related functional groups) react with nucleophiles. In fact, the only requirement for an addition-elimination reaction to proceed is that the group being eliminated is a better leaving group than the incoming nucleophile. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Causal adequacy principle Summary Causal_adequacy_principle The causal adequacy principle (CAP), or causal reality principle, is a philosophical claim made by René Descartes that the cause of an object must contain at least as much reality as the object itself, whether formally or eminently. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Thermal Equilibrium Overview Equilibrium_state > Overview Classical thermodynamics deals with states of dynamic equilibrium. The state of a system at thermodynamic equilibrium is the one for which some thermodynamic potential is minimized (in the absence of an applied voltage), or for which the entropy (S) is maximized, for specified conditions. One such potential is the Helmholtz free energy (A), for a closed system at constant volume and temperature (controlled by a heat bath): A = U − T S {\displaystyle A=U-TS} Another potential, the Gibbs free energy (G), is minimized at thermodynamic equilibrium in a closed system at constant temperature and pressure, both controlled by the surroundings: G = U − T S + P V {\displaystyle G=U-TS+PV} where T denotes the absolute thermodynamic temperature, P the pressure, S the entropy, V the volume, and U the internal energy of the system. In other words, Δ G = 0 {\displaystyle \Delta G=0} is a necessary condition for chemical equilibrium under these conditions (in the absence of an applied voltage). Thermodynamic equilibrium is the unique stable stationary state that is approached or eventually reached as the system interacts with its surroundings over a long time. The above-mentioned potentials are mathematically constructed to be the thermodynamic quantities that are minimized under the particular conditions in the specified surroundings. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Online algorithm Examples Online_algorithms > Definition > Examples Some online algorithms: Insertion sort Perceptron Reservoir sampling Greedy algorithm Adversary model Metrical task systems Odds algorithm Page replacement algorithm Algorithms for calculating variance Ukkonen's algorithm | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Domain engineering Domain analysis Domain_engineering > Phases > Domain analysis However, unlike requirements engineering, domain analysis does not solely consist of collection and formalization of information; a creative component exists as well. During the domain analysis process, engineers aim to extend knowledge of the domain beyond what is already known and to categorize the domain into similarities and differences to enhance reconfigurability.Domain analysis primarily produces a domain model, representing the common and varying properties of systems within the domain. The domain model assists with the creation of architectures and components in a configurable manner by acting as a foundation upon which to design these components. An effective domain model not only includes the varying and consistent features in a domain, but also defines the vocabulary used in the domain and defines concepts, ideas and phenomena, within the system. Feature models decompose concepts into their required and optional features to produce a fully formalized set of configurable requirements. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Chemical compounds Bonding and forces Chemical_compound > Bonding and forces Elements that fall close to each other on the periodic table tend to have similar electronegativities, which means they have a similar affinity for electrons. Since neither element has a stronger affinity to donate or gain electrons, it causes the elements to share electrons so both elements have a more stable octet. Ionic bonding occurs when valence electrons are completely transferred between elements. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Harmful bacteria Extracellular structures Bacteria > Cellular structure > Extracellular structures Most bacteria have the Gram-negative cell wall, and only members of the Bacillota group and actinomycetota (previously known as the low G+C and high G+C Gram-positive bacteria, respectively) have the alternative Gram-positive arrangement. These differences in structure can produce differences in antibiotic susceptibility; for instance, vancomycin can kill only Gram-positive bacteria and is ineffective against Gram-negative pathogens, such as Haemophilus influenzae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Some bacteria have cell wall structures that are neither classically Gram-positive or Gram-negative. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Ice core dating Isotopic analysis Ice_core_dating > Ice core data > Isotopic analysis Deuterium (2H, or D) is heavier than hydrogen (1H) and makes water more likely to condense and less likely to evaporate. A δD ratio can be defined in the same way as δ18O. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
HTTP requests Server response HTTP_response > HTTP/1.1 example of request / response transaction > Server response The ETag (entity tag) header field is used to determine if a cached version of the requested resource is identical to the current version of the resource on the server. "Content-Type" specifies the Internet media type of the data conveyed by the HTTP message, while "Content-Length" indicates its length in bytes. The HTTP/1.1 webserver publishes its ability to respond to requests for certain byte ranges of the document by setting the field "Accept-Ranges: bytes". | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Desk checking Inspection Desk_checking > Inspection Inspection is a verification method that is used to compare how correctly the conceptual model matches the executable model. Teams of experts, developers, and testers will thoroughly scan the content (algorithms, programming code, documents, equations) in the original conceptual model and compare with the appropriate counterpart to verify how closely the executable model matches. One of the main purposes of this method of verification is to see what original goals have been overlooked. By doing an inspection check on the model, the team can not only see what issues might have been overlooked, but also catch any potential flaws that can become an issue later in the project.Depending on the resources available, the members of the inspection team may or may not be part of the model production team. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Free fatty acid receptor 4 Inflammation Free_fatty_acid_receptor_4 > FFAR4 functions and activities > Inflammation Furthermore, FFAR4 agonist drugs and/or omega-3 fatty acids reduced: 1) the chronic inflammation that develops in the fat and liver tissues of db/db mice; 2) cyclophosphamide-induced interstitial cystitis (i.e., urinary bladder inflammation) in rats; 3) the liver inflammation which follows transient blockage of its blood supply in mice; 4) chronic sleep deprivation-induced inflammation of visceral fat tissues in mice; 5) diet-induced inflammation in the islets of the pancreas in mice (this reduction did not occur in mice lacking a functional FFAR4 gene); 6) 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced mouse contact dermatitis (this reduction did not occur in FFAR4 gene-deficient mice); 7) dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice; and 8) brain inflammation due to the reduction of blood flow to the brains of mice caused by experimentally induced cerebral infarction.The short-term (i.e., less than 29 days) phase II clinical trial (NCT02444910 https://www.clinicaltrials.gov) found that nine diabetic adults treated with the FFAR4 agonist KDT501 developed higher plasma levels of adiponectin. Biopsied specimens of these individual's subcutaneous fat tissues obtained up to 3 days after the end of KDT501 treatment released greater amounts of adiponectin than biopsies obtained before KDT501 treatment. Adiponectin has various anti-inflammatory actions. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Lagrangian formulation of mechanics Relativistic formulation Lagrangian_formulation_of_mechanics > Other contexts and formulations > Relativistic formulation Lagrangian mechanics can be formulated in special relativity and general relativity. Some features of Lagrangian mechanics are retained in the relativistic theories but difficulties quickly appear in other respects. In particular, the EL equations take the same form, and the connection between cyclic coordinates and conserved momenta still applies, however the Lagrangian must be modified and is not simply the kinetic minus the potential energy of a particle. Also, it is not straightforward to handle multiparticle systems in a manifestly covariant way, it may be possible if a particular frame of reference is singled out. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Terraforming of Venus Space-based Terraforming_of_Venus > Proposed approaches to terraforming > Cooling planet by solar shades > Space-based Solar shades could also serve as solar power generators. Space-based solar shade techniques, and thin-film solar sails in general, are only in an early stage of development. The vast sizes require a quantity of material that is many orders of magnitude greater than any human-made object that has ever been brought into space or constructed in space. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Unique identifier Internet architecture and standards Unique_identifier > Examples > Internet architecture and standards Best Current Practice (BCP) For Your Information (FYI) Internet Draft (I-D) Internet Experiment Note (IEN) Internet Standard (STD) Request for Comments (RFC) RARE Technical Reports (RTR) | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Paul Milgrom Learning in games Paul_Milgrom > Academic career > Game theory > Learning in games With these definitions in place, Milgrom and Roberts showed that if a sequence converges to a Nash equilibrium or correlated equilibrium then it is consistent with adaptive learning. This gave a certain generality to those processes. They then showed how these processes related to the elimination of dominated strategies. This was shown to have implications for convergence in Cournot and Bertrand games. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Prevention of type 2 diabetes Summary Prevention_of_type_2_diabetes Prevention of type 2 diabetes can be achieved with both lifestyle changes and use of medication. The American Diabetes Association categorizes prediabetes as a high-risk group that has glycemic levels higher than normal but does not meet criteria for diabetes. Without intervention people with prediabetes progress to type 2 diabetes with a 5% to 10% rate. Diabetes prevention is achieved through weight loss and increased physical activity, which can reduce the risk of diabetes by 50% to 60%. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Ciechocinek Formation Stratigraphy Ciechocinek_Formation > Stratigraphy These layers correlate with erratic boulders found all over North German Basin, and are called Grätensandstein layers, and are in the Ciechocinek Formation composed by light gray fine sandstones deposited on wavy layers, with fragment remnants of teleosts and shell remains of mussels (probably Pseudomytiloides sp.). These sandstones developed as carbonate-cemented concretions within the loose sands. These sands are the result of the erosion of the Höör layers from Skåne and host a greater amount of wood and limonite imprints than any other layer, and as well shows the presence of flow channels, and some can be interpreted as channel fillings. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Data processing system Systems Data_processing_system > Systems A data processing system is a combination of machines, people, and processes that for a set of inputs produces a defined set of outputs. The inputs and outputs are interpreted as data, facts, information etc. depending on the interpreter's relation to the system. A term commonly used synonymously with data or storage (codes) processing system is information system. With regard particularly to electronic data processing, the corresponding concept is referred to as electronic data processing system. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Busy beaver Summary Busy_Beaver_Number In theoretical computer science, the busy beaver game aims at finding a terminating program of a given size that produces the most output possible. Since an endlessly looping program producing infinite output is easily conceived, such programs are excluded from the game. More precisely, the busy beaver game consists of designing a halting Turing machine with alphabet {0,1} which writes the most 1s on the tape, using only a given set of states. The rules for the 2-state game are as follows: the machine must have at most two states in addition to the halting state, and the tape initially contains 0s only.A player should conceive a transition table aiming for the longest output of 1s on the tape while making sure the machine will halt eventually. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Complication (medicine) Streptococcal pharyngitis Complication_(medicine) > Common illnesses and complications > Respiratory complications > Streptococcal pharyngitis Rheumatic fever generally develops a few weeks after symptoms of strep throat have passed and is less likely to develop if prompt treatment (antibiotics) is given. Typical symptoms can include polyarthritis (temporary joint pain in multiple areas), carditis or chest pain, rash, subcutaneous nodules, and involuntary jerks. Rheumatic fever is believed to be the result of an autoimmune reaction to various tissues in the body that are similar to toxins produced by Streptococcus pyogenes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Complex square root Properties and uses Square_root > Properties and uses The principal square root function f ( x ) = x {\displaystyle f(x)={\sqrt {x}}} (usually just referred to as the "square root function") is a function that maps the set of nonnegative real numbers onto itself. In geometrical terms, the square root function maps the area of a square to its side length. The square root of x is rational if and only if x is a rational number that can be represented as a ratio of two perfect squares. (See square root of 2 for proofs that this is an irrational number, and quadratic irrational for a proof for all non-square natural numbers.) | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Reilly's law of retail gravitation Antecedents Reilly's_law_of_retail_gravitation > Antecedents In addition to Newton's Law of Gravity in the physical sciences, there were other antecedents to Reilly's "law" of retail gravity. In particular, E.C. Young in 1924 described a formula for migration that was based on the physical law of gravity, and H.C. Carey had included a description of the tendency of humans to "gravitate" together in an 1858 summary of social science theory. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Arterial gas embolism Decompression illness Air_embolism > Causes > Decompression illness Gas embolism is a diving disorder experienced by underwater divers who breathe gases at ambient pressure, and can happen in two distinct ways: Pulmonary barotrauma: Air bubbles can enter the bloodstream as a result of gross trauma to the lining of the lung following a rapid ascent while holding the breath; the air held within the lung expands to the point where the tissues tear (pulmonary barotrauma). This is easy to do as the lungs give little warning through pain until they do burst. The diver will usually arrive at the surface in pain and distress and may froth or spit blood. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Random Sequence Modern approaches Random_Sequence > Modern approaches During the 20th century various technical approaches to defining random sequences were developed and now three distinct paradigms can be identified. In the mid 1960s, A. N. Kolmogorov and D. W. Loveland independently proposed a more permissive selection rule. In their view Church's recursive function definition was too restrictive in that it read the elements in order. Instead they proposed a rule based on a partially computable process which having read any N elements of the sequence, decides if it wants to select another element which has not been read yet. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Rule of division (combinatorics) Examples Rule_of_division_(combinatorics) > Examples Thus there are 4! = 24 possible ways to seat them. However, since we only consider a different arrangement when they don't have the same neighbours left and right, only 1 out of every 4 seat choices matter. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Statmho Conversion Statmho > Conversion In the ESU system, the permittivity of free space is set to unity by definition. This results in unit conversions to the SI system containing a power of the speed of light, c, as well as a power of 10. In the case of the statmho, the conversion from siemens (S) is given by: 1 S ≘ c2 × 10−5 s2/m2 × 1 statmho.The value of c in the SI system is 299792458 metres per second exactly by definition. However, in the era in which the ESU system was in use, the speed of light was determined by measurement and was taken to be approximately 29973000000 centimetres per second. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Reporter gene Common reporter genes Reporter_gene > Common reporter genes To introduce a reporter gene into an organism, scientists place the reporter gene and the gene of interest in the same DNA construct to be inserted into the cell or organism. For bacteria or prokaryotic cells in culture, this is usually in the form of a circular DNA molecule called a plasmid. For viruses, this is known as a viral vector. It is important to use a reporter gene that is not natively expressed in the cell or organism under study, since the expression of the reporter is being used as a marker for successful uptake of the gene of interest.Commonly used reporter genes that induce visually identifiable characteristics usually involve fluorescent and luminescent proteins. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Loop-based music software Modern looping Music_loop > Modern looping Today, many musicians use digital hardware and software devices to create and modify loops, often in conjunction with various electronic musical effects. A loop can be created by a looper pedal, a device that records the signal from a guitar or other audio source and then plays the recorded passage over and over again. In the early 1990s, dedicated digital devices were invented specifically for use in live looping, i.e. loops that are recorded in front of a live audience.Many hardware loopers exist, some in rack unit form, but primarily as effect pedals. The discontinued Lexicon JamMan, Gibson Echoplex Digital Pro, Electrix Repeater, and Looperlative LP1 are 19" rack units. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Animal skin Aging Animal_skin > Functions > Aging Tissue homeostasis generally declines with age, in part because stem/progenitor cells fail to self-renew or differentiate. Skin aging is caused in part by TGF-β by blocking the conversion of dermal fibroblasts into fat cells which provide support. Common changes in the skin as a result of aging range from wrinkles, discoloration, and skin laxity, but can manifest in more severe forms such as skin malignancies. Moreover, these factors may be worsened by sun exposure in a process known as photoaging. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Matrix decomposition Complete orthogonal decomposition Matrix_factorization > Decompositions based on eigenvalues and related concepts > Complete orthogonal decomposition Also known as: UTV decomposition, ULV decomposition, URV decomposition. Applicable to: m-by-n matrix A. Decomposition: A = U T V ∗ {\displaystyle A=UTV^{*}} , where T is a triangular matrix, and U and V are unitary matrices. Comment: Similar to the singular value decomposition and to the Schur decomposition. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Logical theory General theories (as expressed in formal language) Theory_(mathematical_logic) > General theories (as expressed in formal language) When defining theories for foundational purposes, additional care must be taken, as normal set-theoretic language may not be appropriate. The construction of a theory begins by specifying a definite non-empty conceptual class E {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}} , the elements of which are called statements. These initial statements are often called the primitive elements or elementary statements of the theory—to distinguish them from other statements that may be derived from them. A theory T {\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}} is a conceptual class consisting of certain of these elementary statements. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Weakly electric fish Physiology Weakly_electric_fish > Electric organ > Physiology Electric organs are made up of electrocytes, large, flat cells that create and store electrical energy, awaiting discharge. The anterior ends of these cells react to stimuli from the nervous system and contain sodium channels. The posterior ends contain sodium–potassium pumps. Electrocytes become polar when triggered by a signal from the nervous system. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Block matrix Application Block_diagonal_matrix > Application For those we can assume an interpretation as an endomorphism of an n-dimensional space V; the block structure in which the bunching of rows and columns is the same is of importance because it corresponds to having a single direct sum decomposition on V (rather than two). In that case, for example, the diagonal blocks in the obvious sense are all square. This type of structure is required to describe the Jordan normal form. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Biophysics Focus as a subfield Biophysics > Focus as a subfield Structural biology – Ångstrom-resolution structures of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and complexes thereof. Biochemistry and chemistry – biomolecular structure, siRNA, nucleic acid structure, structure-activity relationships. Computer science – Neural networks, biomolecular and drug databases. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Glutathione synthetase deficiency Genetics Glutathione_synthetase_deficiency > Genetics Mutations in the GSS gene cause glutathione synthetase deficiency. This gene provides instructions for making the enzyme glutathione synthetase. This enzyme is involved in a process called the gamma-glutamyl cycle, which takes place in most of the body's cells. This cycle is necessary for producing a molecule called glutathione. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Apathy Parkinson's disease Apathy > Medical aspects > Parkinson's disease Overall, ~40% of Parkinson's disease patients suffer from apathy, with prevalence rates varying from 16-62%, depending on the study. Apathy is increasingly recognized to be an important non-motor symptom in Parkinson's disease. It has a significant negative impact on quality of life. In some patients, apathy can be improved by dopaminergic medication. There is also some evidence for a positive effect of cholinesterase inhibitors such as Rivastigmine on apathy. Diminished sensitivity to reward may be a key component of the syndrome in Parkinson's disease. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Syntactic hierarchy Phrase structure rules Syntactic_hierarchy > Analysis of Syntactic Hierarchy Levels > Phrase > Verb phrase > Phrase structure rules A phrase structure tree shows that a sentence is both linear string of words and a hierarchical structure with phrases nested in phrases (combination of phrase structures). A phrase structure tree is a formal device for representing speaker’s knowledge about phrase structure in speech.The syntactic category of each individual word appears immediately above that word. In this way, “the” is shown to be a determiner, “child” is a noun, and so on. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Privacy settings Summary Privacy_settings The third person effect explains why privacy settings can remain unchanged throughout time. Companies can enforce a Principle of Reciprocity (PoR) where users have to decide what information they are willing to share in exchange for others’ information.With the growing focus on internet privacy, there are technologies and programs designed to enhance and encourage more privacy setting activity. Applications such as the Personal Data Manager (PDM) are used to improve the efficiency of privacy setting management. Privacy by design can enhance privacy settings through incorporating privacy notifications or prompting users to occasionally manage their privacy settings. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
TCP/IP stack fingerprinting Summary TCP/IP_stack_fingerprinting TCP/IP stack fingerprinting is the remote detection of the characteristics of a TCP/IP stack implementation. The combination of parameters may then be used to infer the remote machine's operating system (aka, OS fingerprinting), or incorporated into a device fingerprint. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Renormalization Miscellaneous Renormalization > Further reading > Miscellaneous Shirkov, Dmitry; The Bogoliubov Renormalization Group, JINR Communication E2-96-15 (1996). Full text available at: hep-th/9602024 Zinn-Justin, Jean; Renormalization and renormalization group: From the discovery of UV divergences to the concept of effective field theories, in: de Witt-Morette C., Zuber J.-B. (eds), Proceedings of the NATO ASI on Quantum Field Theory: Perspective and Prospective, June 15–26, 1998, Les Houches, France, Kluwer Academic Publishers, NATO ASI Series C 530, 375–388 (1999). Full text available in PostScript. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Carrying capacity Mathematics Carrying_capacity > Mathematics The carrying capacity of an environment varies for different species.In the standard ecological algebra as illustrated in the simplified Verhulst model of population dynamics, carrying capacity is represented by the constant K: d N d t = r N ( 1 − N K ) {\displaystyle {\frac {dN}{dt}}=rN\left(1-{\frac {N}{K}}\right)} where N is the population size, r is the intrinsic growth rate K is the carrying capacity of the local environment, and dN/dt, the derivative of N with respect to time t, is the rate of change in population with time.Thus, the equation relates the growth rate of the population N to the current population size, incorporating the effect of the two constant parameters r and K. (Note that decrease is negative growth.) The choice of the letter K came from the German Kapazitätsgrenze (capacity limit). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Potency (pharmacology) Types of potency Potency_(pharmacology) > Types of potency The International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) has stated that "potency is an imprecise term that should always be further defined", and lists of types of potency as follows: | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Principal component regression Efficiency Principal_component_regression > Fundamental characteristics and applications of the PCR estimator > Efficiency {\displaystyle \lambda _{j}<(p\sigma ^{2})/{\boldsymbol {\beta }}^{T}{\boldsymbol {\beta }}.} Practical implementation of this guideline of course requires estimates for the unknown model parameters σ 2 {\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}} and β {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}} . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Limit inferior Special case: discrete metric Limit_superior_(topological_space) > Sequences of sets > Special case: discrete metric Specifically, for points x, y ∈ X, the discrete metric is defined by d ( x , y ) := { 0 if x = y , 1 if x ≠ y , {\displaystyle d(x,y):={\begin{cases}0&{\text{if }}x=y,\\1&{\text{if }}x\neq y,\end{cases}}} under which a sequence of points (xk) converges to point x ∈ X if and only if xk = x for all but finitely many k. Therefore, if the limit set exists it contains the points and only the points which are in all except finitely many of the sets of the sequence. Since convergence in the discrete metric is the strictest form of convergence (i.e., requires the most), this definition of a limit set is the strictest possible. If (Xn) is a sequence of subsets of X, then the following always exist: lim sup Xn consists of elements of X which belong to Xn for infinitely many n (see countably infinite). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Frequency responses Summary Response_function In signal processing and electronics, the frequency response of a system is the quantitative measure of the magnitude and phase of the output as a function of input frequency. The frequency response is widely used in the design and analysis of systems, such as audio and control systems, where they simplify mathematical analysis by converting governing differential equations into algebraic equations. In an audio system, it may be used to minimize audible distortion by designing components (such as microphones, amplifiers and loudspeakers) so that the overall response is as flat (uniform) as possible across the system's bandwidth. In control systems, such as a vehicle's cruise control, it may be used to assess system stability, often through the use of Bode plots. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Object pinning Compile-time use Root_set > Availability > Compile-time use Compile-time garbage collection is a form of static analysis allowing memory to be reused and reclaimed based on invariants known during compilation. This form of garbage collection has been studied in the Mercury programming language, and it saw greater usage with the introduction of LLVM's automatic reference counter (ARC) into Apple's ecosystem (iOS and OS X) in 2011. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Inflammatory disease Acute-phase proteins Inflammation > Systemic effects > Acute-phase proteins Inflammation also is characterized by high systemic levels of acute-phase proteins. In acute inflammation, these proteins prove beneficial; however, in chronic inflammation, they can contribute to amyloidosis. These proteins include C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, and serum amyloid P, which cause a range of systemic effects including: | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Projection to latent structures Literature Partial_least_squares_regression > Literature "Partial least squares". In Kotz, Samuel; Johnson, Norman L. (eds.). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Nucleic Acid Deoxyribonucleic acid Nucleic_acids > Types > Deoxyribonucleic acid In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Squall Severe weather Squall > Severe weather A squall line is an organized line of thunderstorms. It is classified as a multi-cell cluster, meaning a thunderstorm complex comprising many individual updrafts. They are also called multi-cell lines. Squalls are sometimes associated with hurricanes or other cyclones, but they can also occur independently. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Data-driven control system Summary Data-driven_control_system Data-driven control systems are a broad family of control systems, in which the identification of the process model and/or the design of the controller are based entirely on experimental data collected from the plant.In many control applications, trying to write a mathematical model of the plant is considered a hard task, requiring efforts and time to the process and control engineers. This problem is overcome by data-driven methods, which fit a system model to the experimental data collected, choosing it in a specific models class. The control engineer can then exploit this model to design a proper controller for the system. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Comparison of programming languages (associative array) Prolog Comparison_of_programming_languages_(associative_array) > Language support > Prolog Some versions of Prolog include dictionary ("dict") utilities. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Introduction to genetics Genes are copied Introduction_to_genetics > How genes work > Genes are copied These changes in the DNA sequence are called mutations. Mutations produce new alleles of genes. Sometimes these changes stop the functioning of that gene or make it serve another advantageous function, such as the melanin genes discussed above. These mutations and their effects on the traits of organisms are one of the causes of evolution. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Oblate spheroidal coordinates Scale factors Oblate_spheroidal_coordinates > Definition (σ, τ, φ) > Scale factors The scale factors for the alternative oblate spheroidal coordinates ( σ , τ , ϕ ) {\displaystyle (\sigma ,\tau ,\phi )} are whereas the azimuthal scale factor is h ϕ = a σ τ {\displaystyle h_{\phi }=a\sigma \tau } . Hence, the infinitesimal volume element can be written and the Laplacian equals Other differential operators such as ∇ ⋅ F {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {F} } and ∇ × F {\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {F} } can be expressed in the coordinates ( σ , τ ) {\displaystyle (\sigma ,\tau )} by substituting the scale factors into the general formulae found in orthogonal coordinates. As is the case with spherical coordinates, Laplaces equation may be solved by the method of separation of variables to yield solutions in the form of oblate spheroidal harmonics, which are convenient to use when boundary conditions are defined on a surface with a constant oblate spheroidal coordinate (See Smythe, 1968). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Traction substation Conversions Traction_current_converter_plant > Conversions These systems can be used to convert three-phase 50 Hz or 60 Hz alternating current (AC) for the supply of AC railway electrification systems at a lower frequency and single phase, as used by many older systems, or to rectify AC into direct current (DC) for those systems (primarily public transit systems) using DC for traction power. The three-phase voltage from the local utility is stepped down and rectified in the traction substations to provide the required DC voltage. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Proton-exchange fuel cells Increasing catalytic activity Proton-exchange_fuel_cells > Science > Catalyst research > Increasing catalytic activity To further complicate things, Nafion cannot be infiltrated beyond 10 um, so using more Pt than this is an unnecessary expense. Thus the amount and shape of the catalyst is limited by the constraints of other materials.A second method of increasing the catalytic activity of platinum is to alloy it with other metals. For example, it was recently shown that the Pt3Ni(111) surface has a higher oxygen reduction activity than pure Pt(111) by a factor of ten. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Single electron transistors In a tunnel junction Coulomb_blockade > In a tunnel junction If the capacitance is very small, the voltage build up can be large enough to prevent another electron from tunnelling. The electric current is then suppressed at low bias voltages and the resistance of the device is no longer constant. The increase of the differential resistance around zero bias is called the Coulomb blockade. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Navigational database Summary Navigational_database By the notion of currency, they refer to the idea that a program maintains (explicitly or implicitly) a current position in any sequence of records that it is processing, and that operations such as GET NEXT and GET PRIOR retrieve records relative to this current position, while also changing the current position to the record that is retrieved. Navigational database programming thus came to be seen as intrinsically procedural; and moreover to depend on the maintenance of an implicit set of global variables (currency indicators) holding the current state. As such, the approach was seen as diametrically opposed to the declarative programming style used by the relational model. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Loop (algebra) Loops Inverse_property_loop > Loops A loop is a quasigroup with an identity element; that is, an element, e, such that x ∗ e = x and e ∗ x = x for all x in Q.It follows that the identity element, e, is unique, and that every element of Q has unique left and right inverses (which need not be the same). A quasigroup with an idempotent element is called a pique ("pointed idempotent quasigroup"); this is a weaker notion than a loop but common nonetheless because, for example, given an abelian group, (A, +), taking its subtraction operation as quasigroup multiplication yields a pique (A, −) with the group identity (zero) turned into a "pointed idempotent". (That is, there is a principal isotopy (x, y, z) ↦ (x, −y, z).) A loop that is associative is a group. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Thermo-mechanical analysis Dynamic force thermomechanometry experimental Thermo-mechanical_analysis > Dynamic force thermomechanometry experimental The result of a stress-strain analysis is a curve that will reveal the modulus (hardness) or compliance (softness, the reciprocal of modulus). The modulus is the slope of the initial linear region of the stress–strain curve. Various ways of selecting the region to calculate gradient are used such as the initial part of the curve, another is to select a region defined by the secant to the curve. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Power electronics Applications Industrial_electronics > Applications AC/AC converters are used to change either the voltage level or the frequency (international power adapters, light dimmer). In power distribution networks, AC/AC converters may be used to exchange power between utility frequency 50 Hz and 60 Hz power grids. DC/AC converters (inverters) are used primarily in UPS or renewable energy systems or emergency lighting systems. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Lamm-Honigmann process Process principle Lamm-Honigmann_process > Process principle The working fluid is absorbed by the solution and heat of absorption is transferred to the evaporator to hold the pressure in the evaporator. During this discharging process the pressure in the absorber is rising due to dilution of the mixture, until the pressure potential is not large enough anymore to drive the expansion device or whatever is connected to it. The storage is discharged. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Microwave spectroscope Classification of molecular rotors Rotational_spectrum > Overview > Classification of molecular rotors The particular pattern of energy levels (and, hence, of transitions in the rotational spectrum) for a molecule is determined by its symmetry. A convenient way to look at the molecules is to divide them into four different classes, based on the symmetry of their structure. These are Spherical tops (spherical rotors) All three moments of inertia are equal to each other: I A = I B = I C {\displaystyle I_{A}=I_{B}=I_{C}} . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Energy access Energy sources Energy_burden > Causes > Energy sources Although some developing countries like BRIC have reached close to the energy-related technological level of developed countries and have financial power, still most developing countries are dominated by traditional biomass. According to the International Energy Agency IEA, "use of traditional biomass will decrease in many countries, but is likely to increase in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa alongside population growth. "Energy poverty projects involving renewable sources can also make a positive contribution to low-carbon development strategies. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Data fidelity Summary Database_integrity The overall intent of any data integrity technique is the same: ensure data is recorded exactly as intended (such as a database correctly rejecting mutually exclusive possibilities). Moreover, upon later retrieval, ensure the data is the same as when it was originally recorded. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Variational Bayes Summary Variational_inference To derive a lower bound for the marginal likelihood (sometimes called the evidence) of the observed data (i.e. the marginal probability of the data given the model, with marginalization performed over unobserved variables). This is typically used for performing model selection, the general idea being that a higher marginal likelihood for a given model indicates a better fit of the data by that model and hence a greater probability that the model in question was the one that generated the data. (See also the Bayes factor article. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Biological sciences Cell structure Biology > Cells > Cell structure These organelles include the cell nucleus, which contains most of the cell's DNA, or mitochondria, which generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to power cellular processes. Other organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus play a role in the synthesis and packaging of proteins, respectively. Biomolecules such as proteins can be engulfed by lysosomes, another specialized organelle. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Machine ethics Integration of Artificial General Intelligences with society Machine_ethics > Focuses of machine ethics > Integration of Artificial General Intelligences with society Preliminary work has been conducted on methods of integrating artificial general intelligences (full ethical agents as defined above) with existing legal and social frameworks. Approaches have focused on consideration of their legal position and rights. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Colon cancer Exercise Stool_DNA_screening_test > Treatment > Exercise Other possible mechanisms may involve metabolic hormone and sex-steroid hormones, although these pathways may be involved in other types of cancers.Another potential biomarker may be p27. Survivors with tumors that expressed p27 and performed greater and equal to 18 MET hours per week were found to have reduced colorectal cancer mortality survival compared to those with less than 18 MET hours per week. Survivors without p27 expression who exercised were shown to have worse outcomes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Liminality Summary Liminality More recently, usage of the term has broadened to describe political and cultural change as well as rites. During liminal periods of all kinds, social hierarchies may be reversed or temporarily dissolved, continuity of tradition may become uncertain, and future outcomes once taken for granted may be thrown into doubt. The dissolution of order during liminality creates a fluid, malleable situation that enables new institutions and customs to become established. The term has also passed into popular usage and has been expanded to include liminoid experiences that are more relevant to post-industrial society. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Combination puzzles Pattern variations Combination_puzzle > Types > Regular cuboids > Pattern variations There are many puzzles which are mechanically identical to the regular cuboids listed above but have variations in the pattern and colour of design. Some of these are custom made in very small numbers, sometimes for promotional events. The ones listed in the table below are included because the pattern in some way affects the difficulty of the solution or is notable in some other way. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Rest frame Summary Rest_frame This frame is also called the center-of-mass frame, or center-of-momentum frame. The center-of-momentum frame is notable for being the reference frame in which the total energy (total relativistic energy) of a particle or compound object, is also the invariant mass (times the scale-factor speed of light squared). It is also the reference frame in which the object or system has minimum total energy. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Pythagoras On Greek philosophy Pythagoras > Later influence in antiquity > On Greek philosophy According to Charles H. Kahn, Plato's middle dialogues, including Meno, Phaedo, and The Republic, have a strong "Pythagorean coloring", and his last few dialogues (particularly Philebus and Timaeus) are extremely Pythagorean in character.According to R. M. Hare, Plato's Republic may be partially based on the "tightly organised community of like-minded thinkers" established by Pythagoras at Croton. Additionally, Plato may have borrowed from Pythagoras the idea that mathematics and abstract thought are a secure basis for philosophy, science, and morality. Plato and Pythagoras shared a "mystical approach to the soul and its place in the material world" and it is probable that both were influenced by Orphism. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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