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DC–DC converter Uses DC–DC_converter > Uses Most DC-to-DC converter circuits also regulate the output voltage. Some exceptions include high-efficiency LED power sources, which are a kind of DC to DC converter that regulates the current through the LEDs, and simple charge pumps which double or triple the output voltage. DC-to-DC converters which are designed to maximize the energy harvest for photovoltaic systems and for wind turbines are called power optimizers. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Minds and Machines Frequently cited articles Minds_and_Machines > Frequently cited articles (2004). "On the Morality of Artificial Agents". Minds and Machines. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Military simulation Problems of simulation Virtual_battlefield > Simulation and reality > Problems of simulation For obvious reasons of cost, weapons systems (such as an air-to-air missile system for use by fighter aircraft) are extensively modelled on computer. Without testing of their own, a potential buyer must rely to a large extent on the manufacturer's own model. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Genetic insertion Methods Genetic_insertion > Methods Zinc finger nuclease(ZFN), Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN), and CRISPR gene editing are the three main methods used in the former research to achieve gene insertion. And CRISPR/Cas tools have already become one of the most used methods to present research. Based on CRISPR/Cas tools, different systems have already been developed to achieve specific functions. For example, one strategy is double-strand nucleases cutting system, using the normal Cas9 protein with single guide RNA (sgRNA) and then achieving the gene insertion through end-joining or dividing cells with the DNA repair system. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Diffraction topography Theory Diffraction_topography > Theory Theoretical descriptions of contrast formation in X-ray topography are largely based on the dynamical theory of diffraction. This framework is helpful in the description of many aspects of topographic image formation: entrance of an X-ray wavefield into a crystal, propagation of the wavefield inside the crystal, interaction of wavefield with crystal defects, altering of wavefield propagation by local lattice strains, diffraction, multiple scattering, absorption. The theory is therefore often helpful in the interpretation of topographic images of crystal defects. The exact nature of a defect often cannot be deduced directly from the observed image (i.e., a "backwards calculation" is impossible). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Balanced matrix Connection to other matrix classes Balanced_matrix > Connection to other matrix classes Every balanced matrix is a perfect matrix. More restricting than the notion of balanced matrices is the notion of totally balanced matrices. A 0-1 matrix is called totally balanced if it does not contain a square submatrix having no repeated columns and all row sums and all column sums equal to 2. Equivalently, a matrix is totally balanced if and only if it does not contain a submatrix that is the incidence matrix of any cycle (no matter if of odd or even order). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Tensor fields Applications Tensor_field > Applications The curvature tensor is discussed in differential geometry and the stress–energy tensor is important in physics, and these two tensors are related by Einstein's theory of general relativity. In electromagnetism, the electric and magnetic fields are combined into an electromagnetic tensor field. It is worth noting that differential forms, used in defining integration on manifolds, are a type of tensor field. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Deep neural network Deep learning revolution Deep_neural_networks > History > Deep learning revolution In 2011, the DanNet by Dan Ciresan, Ueli Meier, Jonathan Masci, Luca Maria Gambardella, and Jürgen Schmidhuber achieved for the first time superhuman performance in a visual pattern recognition contest, outperforming traditional methods by a factor of 3. Also in 2011, DanNet won the ICDAR Chinese handwriting contest, and in May 2012, it won the ISBI image segmentation contest. Until 2011, CNNs did not play a major role at computer vision conferences, but in June 2012, a paper by Ciresan et al. at the leading conference CVPR showed how max-pooling CNNs on GPU can dramatically improve many vision benchmark records. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Glossary of artificial intelligence A Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence > A action model learning An area of machine learning concerned with creation and modification of software agent's knowledge about effects and preconditions of the actions that can be executed within its environment. This knowledge is usually represented in logic-based action description language and used as the input for automated planners. action selection A way of characterizing the most basic problem of intelligent systems: what to do next. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Test validity Validation process Test_validity > Validation process Or, conversely, they may compile a list of issues that may threaten the validity of the interpretations. In either case, the researchers proceed by gathering evidence – be it original empirical research, meta-analysis or review of existing literature, or logical analysis of the issues – to support or to question the interpretation's propositions (or the threats to the interpretation's validity). Emphasis is placed on quality, rather than quantity, of the evidence. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Oxygenic photosynthesis Efficiency Photosynthesis > Efficiency For this reason, it is not uncommon for authors to differentiate between work done under non-photorespiratory conditions and under photorespiratory conditions.Chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem II can measure the light reaction, and infrared gas analyzers can measure the dark reaction. It is also possible to investigate both at the same time using an integrated chlorophyll fluorometer and gas exchange system, or by using two separate systems together. Infrared gas analyzers and some moisture sensors are sensitive enough to measure the photosynthetic assimilation of CO2, and of ΔH2O using reliable methods CO2 is commonly measured in μmols/(m2/s), parts per million or volume per million and H2O is commonly measured in mmol/(m2/s) or in mbars. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
RNA modification Editing by insertion or deletion RNA_modification > Types of changes > Editing by insertion or deletion The mechanism of the editosome involves an endonucleolytic cut at the mismatch point between the guide RNA and the unedited transcript. The next step is catalyzed by one of the enzymes in the complex, a terminal U-transferase, which adds Us from UTP at the 3' end of the mRNA. The opened ends are held in place by other proteins in the complex. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Concurrency control Categories Concurrent_access > Concurrency control in databases > Concurrency control mechanisms > Categories The mutual blocking between two transactions (where each one blocks the other) or more results in a deadlock, where the transactions involved are stalled and cannot reach completion. Most non-optimistic mechanisms (with blocking) are prone to deadlocks which are resolved by an intentional abort of a stalled transaction (which releases the other transactions in that deadlock), and its immediate restart and re-execution. The likelihood of a deadlock is typically low. Blocking, deadlocks, and aborts all result in performance reduction, and hence the trade-offs between the categories. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Euclid's formula Special cases Euclid's_formula > Elementary properties of primitive Pythagorean triples > Special cases They are all primitive, and are obtained by putting n = 1 in Euclid's formula. More generally, for every integer k > 0, there exist infinitely many primitive Pythagorean triples in which the hypotenuse and the odd leg differ by 2k2. They are obtained by putting n = k in Euclid's formula. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Random mutation Adaptation Evolution_theory > Natural outcomes > Adaptation An interesting but still controversial idea is that some adaptations might increase the ability of organisms to generate genetic diversity and adapt by natural selection (increasing organisms' evolvability). Adaptation occurs through the gradual modification of existing structures. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
System of units of measurement Summary System_of_units_of_measurement A system of units of measurement, also known as a system of units or system of measurement, is a collection of units of measurement and rules relating them to each other. Systems of measurement have historically been important, regulated and defined for the purposes of science and commerce. Instances in use include the International System of Units or SI (the modern form of the metric system), the British imperial system, and the United States customary system. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Thermodynamic processes Summary Thermodynamic_processes It also contrasts with idealized frictionless processes in the surroundings, which may be thought of as including 'purely mechanical systems'; this difference comes close to defining a thermodynamic process. (2) A cyclic process carries the system through a cycle of stages, starting and being completed in some particular state. The descriptions of the staged states of the system are not the primary concern. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Chemical equilibria Thermodynamics Equilibrium_reaction > Thermodynamics It can be shown that in this case, the sum of chemical potentials times the stoichiometric coefficients of the products is equal to the sum of those corresponding to the reactants. Therefore, the sum of the Gibbs energies of the reactants must be the equal to the sum of the Gibbs energies of the products. α μ A + β μ B = σ μ S + τ μ T {\displaystyle \alpha \mu _{\mathrm {A} }+\beta \mu _{\mathrm {B} }=\sigma \mu _{\mathrm {S} }+\tau \mu _{\mathrm {T} }\,} where μ is in this case a partial molar Gibbs energy, a chemical potential. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Linus Pauling Journal articles Linus_Pauling > Publications > Journal articles —— (1932). "The Nature of the Chemical Bond. III. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Laws of force Force and the second law Newtons_second_law > History > Force and the second law Newton considered aetherial explanations of force but ultimately rejected them. The study of magnetism by William Gilbert and others created a precedent for thinking of immaterial forces, and unable to find a quantitatively satisfactory explanation of his law of gravity in terms of an aetherial model, Newton eventually declared, "I feign no hypotheses": whether or not a model like Descartes's vortices could be found to underlie the Principia's theories of motion and gravity, the first grounds for judging them must be the successful predictions they made. And indeed, since Newton's time every attempt at such a model has failed. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Multipath TCP Simplified description Multipath_TCP > Protocol operation > Simplified description Each TCP connection is identified by a four-tuple (source and destination addresses and ports). Given this restriction, an application can only create one TCP connection through a single link. Multipath TCP allows the connection to use several paths simultaneously. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Instructional Simulation Uses in medicine Instructional_Simulation > Uses in medicine At the same time, however, students use all the protocol they would with a real patient. That means they introduce themselves, address the patients by name and respect their privacy. The use of the simulation saves lives and money by reducing medical errors, training time, operating room time and the need to replace expensive equipment. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Coot (software) Validation tools Coot_(software) > Features > Validation tools Check/Delete waters - check for water molecules which do not fit the density. Check waters by difference map variance Geometry analysis - check for improbable bond lengths, angles, etc. Peptide omega analysis - check for non-planar peptide bonds. Temperature factor variance analysis - GLN and ASN B-factor outliers - Rotamer analysis - check for unusual protein side-chain conformations. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Root mean square AC voltage Transmission, distribution, and domestic power supply AC_voltage > Transmission, distribution, and domestic power supply Near the loads, the transmission voltage is stepped down to the voltages used by equipment. Consumer voltages vary somewhat depending on the country and size of load, but generally motors and lighting are built to use up to a few hundred volts between phases. The voltage delivered to equipment such as lighting and motor loads is standardized, with an allowable range of voltage over which equipment is expected to operate. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Measurement uncertainty Propagation of distributions Measurement_uncertainty > Propagation of distributions This standard uncertainty is said to be associated with the (corresponding) estimate x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} . The use of available knowledge to establish a probability distribution to characterize each quantity of interest applies to the X i {\displaystyle X_{i}} and also to Y {\displaystyle Y} . In the latter case, the characterizing probability distribution for Y {\displaystyle Y} is determined by the measurement model together with the probability distributions for the X i {\displaystyle X_{i}} . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Regular grammar Strictly regular grammars Regular_grammar > Strictly regular grammars A right-regular grammar (also called right-linear grammar) is a formal grammar (N, Σ, P, S) in which all production rules in P are of one of the following forms: A → a A → aB A → εwhere A, B, S ∈ N are non-terminal symbols, a ∈ Σ is a terminal symbol, and ε denotes the empty string, i.e. the string of length 0. S is called the start symbol. In a left-regular grammar, (also called left-linear grammar), all rules obey the forms A → a A → Ba A → εThe language described by a given grammar is the set of all strings that contain only terminal symbols and can be derived from the start symbol by repeated application of production rules. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Gauge symmetry Mathematical formalism Non-abelian_gauge_theories > Mathematical formalism In fact, a result in general gauge theory shows that affine representations (i.e., affine modules) of the gauge transformations can be classified as sections of a jet bundle satisfying certain properties. There are representations that transform covariantly pointwise (called by physicists gauge transformations of the first kind), representations that transform as a connection form (called by physicists gauge transformations of the second kind, an affine representation)—and other more general representations, such as the B field in BF theory. There are more general nonlinear representations (realizations), but these are extremely complicated. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Internet privacy Summary Internet_tracking Internet privacy involves the right or mandate of personal privacy concerning the storage, re-purposing, provision to third parties, and display of information pertaining to oneself via the Internet. Internet privacy is a subset of data privacy. Privacy concerns have been articulated from the beginnings of large-scale computer sharing and especially relate to mass surveillance enabled by the emergence of computer technologies.Privacy can entail either personally identifiable information (PII) or non-PII information such as a site visitor's behaviour on a website. PII refers to any information that can be used to identify an individual. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Bridge scour Causes Bridge_scour > Causes The equilibrium scour depth is achieved when material is transported into the scour hole at the same rate at which it is transported out. Typically the maximum equilibrium clear-water scour is about 10% larger than the equilibrium live-bed scour. Conditions that favour clear water scour are: Bed material that is too coarse to be transported Vegetated or artificial reinforced channels where velocities are only high enough due to local scour, or Flat bed slopes during low flows.It is possible that both clear water and live-bed scour can occur. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Bode Plot Overview Bode_Plot > Overview (Dutch: ).Bode was faced with the problem of designing stable amplifiers with feedback for use in telephone networks. He developed the graphical design technique of the Bode plots to show the gain margin and phase margin required to maintain stability under variations in circuit characteristics caused during manufacture or during operation. The principles developed were applied to design problems of servomechanisms and other feedback control systems. The Bode plot is an example of analysis in the frequency domain. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Relative angular momentum Total angular momentum as generator of rotations Orbital_angular_momentum > Angular momentum in quantum mechanics > Total angular momentum as generator of rotations There is then an associated action of the Lie algebra so(3) of SO(3); the operators describing the action of so(3) on our Hilbert space are the (total) angular momentum operators. The relationship between the angular momentum operator and the rotation operators is the same as the relationship between Lie algebras and Lie groups in mathematics. The close relationship between angular momentum and rotations is reflected in Noether's theorem that proves that angular momentum is conserved whenever the laws of physics are rotationally invariant. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hostname Summary Hostname In computer networking, a hostname (archaically nodename) is a label that is assigned to a device connected to a computer network and that is used to identify the device in various forms of electronic communication, such as the World Wide Web. Hostnames may be simple names consisting of a single word or phrase, or they may be structured. Each hostname usually has at least one numeric network address associated with it for routing packets for performance and other reasons. Internet hostnames may have appended the name of a Domain Name System (DNS) domain, separated from the host-specific label by a period ("dot"). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Epigenome editing Determining the function of specific methylation sites Epigenome_editing > Applications > Determining the function of specific methylation sites It is important to understand the role specific methylation sites play regulating in gene expression. To study this, one research group used a TALE-TET1 fusion protein to demethylate a single CpG methylation site. Although this approach requires many controls to ensure specific binding to target loci, a properly performed study using this approach can determine the biological function of a specific CpG methylation site. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Seismic energy Summary Seismic_waves A seismic wave is a mechanical wave of acoustic energy that travels through the Earth or another planetary body. It can result from an earthquake (or generally, a quake), volcanic eruption, magma movement, a large landslide, and a large man-made explosion that produces low-frequency acoustic energy. Seismic waves are studied by seismologists, who record the waves using seismometers, hydrophones (in water), or accelerometers. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Entner–Doudoroff pathway Conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate Entner–Doudoroff_pathway > Catalyzing enzymes > Conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate In animals, an isozyme of hexokinase called glucokinase is also used in the liver, which has a much lower affinity for glucose (Km in the vicinity of normal glycemia), and differs in regulatory properties. The different substrate affinity and alternate regulation of this enzyme are a reflection of the role of the liver in maintaining blood sugar levels. Cofactors: Mg2+ | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mode conversion Summary Mode_conversion Mode conversion is the transformation of a wave at an interface into other wave types (modes). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
43 (number) In mathematics 43_(number) > In mathematics Where prime(n) is the n-th prime number. There are only two numbers with that property, the other one is 127. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Positive-definite kernel Examples of p.d. kernels Positive-definite_kernel > Definition > Examples of p.d. kernels kernel. Indeed, we have Kernels defined on R + d {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} _{+}^{d}} and histograms: Histograms are frequently encountered in applications of real-life problems. Most observations are usually available under the form of nonnegative vectors of counts, which, if normalized, yield histograms of frequencies. It has been shown that the following family of squared metrics, respectively Jensen divergence, the χ {\displaystyle \chi } -square, Total Variation, and two variations of the Hellinger distance:can be used to define p.d. kernels using the following formula | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Regular Expressions Deciding equivalence of regular expressions Regular_expression_examples > Formal language theory > Deciding equivalence of regular expressions This is a surprisingly difficult problem. As simple as the regular expressions are, there is no method to systematically rewrite them to some normal form. The lack of axiom in the past led to the star height problem. In 1991, Dexter Kozen axiomatized regular expressions as a Kleene algebra, using equational and Horn clause axioms. Already in 1964, Redko had proved that no finite set of purely equational axioms can characterize the algebra of regular languages. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Solution in radicals Summary Solution_in_radicals There exist more complicated algebraic solutions for cubic equations and quartic equations. The Abel–Ruffini theorem,: 211 and, more generally Galois theory, state that some quintic equations, such as x 5 − x + 1 = 0 , {\displaystyle x^{5}-x+1=0,} do not have any algebraic solution. The same is true for every higher degree. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Balanced rudder Aerodynamic balancing Balanced_rudder > Aircraft > Aerodynamic balancing The principle is used on rudders, elevators and ailerons, with methods refined over the years. Two illustrations of aircraft rudders, published by Flight Magazine in 1920, illustrate early forms, both with curved leading and trailing edges. Both are mounted so that the area of the balancing surface ahead of the hinge is less than that of the rudder behind. Various layouts have been tried over the years, generally with smaller balance/rudder areas. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Time-independent Schrödinger equation History Time-dependent_Schrödinger_equation > History Following Max Planck's quantization of light (see black-body radiation), Albert Einstein interpreted Planck's quanta to be photons, particles of light, and proposed that the energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency, one of the first signs of wave–particle duality. Since energy and momentum are related in the same way as frequency and wave number in special relativity, it followed that the momentum p {\displaystyle p} of a photon is inversely proportional to its wavelength λ {\displaystyle \lambda } , or proportional to its wave number k {\displaystyle k}: where h {\displaystyle h} is Planck's constant and ℏ = h / 2 π {\displaystyle \hbar ={h}/{2\pi }} is the reduced Planck constant. Louis de Broglie hypothesized that this is true for all particles, even particles which have mass such as electrons. He showed that, assuming that the matter waves propagate along with their particle counterparts, electrons form standing waves, meaning that only certain discrete rotational frequencies about the nucleus of an atom are allowed. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
McDonald criteria 2017 revision McDonald_criteria > 2017 revision The 2017 revision tries to accelerate the diagnosis without risking specificity. The new recommendations include: First of all, probably the most polemical change, a patient with CIS (only one demyelinating lesion) can now be diagnosed as MS if an MRI shows dissemination in space (DIS). In these cases dissemination in time (DIT) can be substituted by a laboratory testing of oligoclonal bands. Second, both symptomatic and asymptomatic lesions can be considered for showing DIS and DIT Third, also cortical lesions can be used to show DIS. Fourth, also for PPMS cortical and asymptomatic lesions can be used in diagnosis. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
ENZYME STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Thermodynamics Enzyme-substrate_complex > Thermodynamics First, binding forms a low energy enzyme-substrate complex (ES). Second, the enzyme stabilises the transition state such that it requires less energy to achieve compared to the uncatalyzed reaction (ES‡). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude Overview On_the_Number_of_Primes_Less_Than_a_Given_Magnitude > Overview He then obtained the main result of the paper, a formula for J(x), by comparing with ln(ζ(s)). Riemann then found a formula for the prime-counting function π(x) (which he calls F(x)). He notes that his equation explains the fact that π(x) grows more slowly than the logarithmic integral, as had been found by Carl Friedrich Gauss and Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt. The paper contains some peculiarities for modern readers, such as the use of Π(s − 1) instead of Γ(s), writing tt instead of t2, and using the bounds of ∞ to ∞ as to denote a contour integral. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
DCE Distributed File System Summary DCE_Distributed_File_System A DCE/DFS client system utilized a locally managed cache that would contain copies (or regions) of the original file. The client system would coordinate with a server system where the original copy of the file was stored to ensure that multiple clients accessing the same file would re-fetch a cached copy of the file data when the original file had changed. The advantage of this approach is that it provided very good performance even over slow network connections because most of the file access was actually done to the local cached regions of the file. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Pesticide degradation Prediction Pesticide_degradation > Prediction Because kinetic isotope effects typically favor the transformation of light isotopes (e.g., 12C), heavy isotopes (13C) become enriched in residues. An increased 13C/12C isotope ratio in a parent compound thus provides direct evidence of degradation. Repeated pesticide analyses, in groundwater over time, or direct measurements in combination with groundwater dating that show increasing 13C/12C isotope ratios in a parent pesticide, provides direct evidence of degradation, even if the pesticide was released long before. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Ointment Local versus systemic effect Ointment > Local versus systemic effect Specific types include transdermal patches which have become a popular means of administering some drugs for birth control, hormone replacement therapy, and prevention of motion sickness. One example of an antibiotic that may be applied topically is chloramphenicol. If defined strictly as having local effect, the topical route of administration can also include enteral administration of medications that are poorly absorbable by the gastrointestinal tract. One poorly absorbable antibiotic is vancomycin, which is recommended by mouth as a treatment for severe Clostridium difficile colitis. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Matrix Mechanics Matrix basics Matrix_Mechanics > Development of matrix mechanics > Matrix basics Quantum mechanics had been developing by two paths, one led by Einstein, who emphasized the wave–particle duality he proposed for photons, and the other led by Bohr, that emphasized the discrete energy states and quantum jumps that Bohr discovered. De Broglie had reproduced the discrete energy states within Einstein's framework—the quantum condition is the standing wave condition, and this gave hope to those in the Einstein school that all the discrete aspects of quantum mechanics would be subsumed into a continuous wave mechanics. Matrix mechanics, on the other hand, came from the Bohr school, which was concerned with discrete energy states and quantum jumps. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Derivative (generalizations) Differential operators Generalizations_of_the_derivative > Differential operators This allows us to think of the set of solutions of this differential equation as a "generalized antiderivative" of its right hand side 4x − 1, by analogy with ordinary integration, and formally write Combining derivatives of different variables results in a notion of a partial differential operator. The linear operator which assigns to each function its derivative is an example of a differential operator on a function space. By means of the Fourier transform, pseudo-differential operators can be defined which allow for fractional calculus. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Linear amplifier Summary Linear_amplification A linear amplifier is an electronic circuit whose output is proportional to its input, but capable of delivering more power into a load. The term usually refers to a type of radio-frequency (RF) power amplifier, some of which have output power measured in kilowatts, and are used in amateur radio. Other types of linear amplifier are used in audio and laboratory equipment. Linearity refers to the ability of the amplifier to produce signals that are accurate copies of the input. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Impossibility of a gambling system Summary Impossibility_of_a_gambling_system In their view Church's recursive function definition was too restrictive in that it read the elements in order. Instead they proposed a rule based on a partially computable process which having read any N elements of the sequence, decides if it wants to select another element which has not been read yet. The principle influenced modern concepts in randomness, e.g. the work by A. N. Kolmogorov in considering a finite sequence random (with respect to a class of computing systems) if any program that can generate the sequence is at least as long as the sequence itself. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Personality Biology Personality > Biology The biological basis of personality is the theory that anatomical structures located in the brain contribute to personality traits. This stems from neuropsychology, which studies how the structure of the brain relates to various psychological processes and behaviors. For instance, in human beings, the frontal lobes are responsible for foresight and anticipation, and the occipital lobes are responsible for processing visual information. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Filter strip Wind buffer Filter_strip > Types > Wind buffer Wind buffers (also referred to as windbreaks) are rows of planted trees or shrubs which are used to prevent soil erosion in fields. Additionally, they may be used to prevent the drifting of snow onto roadways and can reduce noise along highways. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Bacterial morphological plasticity Bimodal effect Bacterial_morphological_plasticity > Environmental cues > Bimodal effect Multicellular complexes of bacterial cells also change the ability of protist's ingestion. Cells in biofilms or microcolonies are often more resistant to predation. For instance, the swarm cells of Serratia liquefaciens resist predation by its predator, Tetrahymenu. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Greedoid Greedy algorithm Greedoid > Greedy algorithm This result guarantees the optimality of many well-known algorithms. For example, a minimum spanning tree of a weighted graph may be obtained using Kruskal's algorithm, which is a greedy algorithm for the cycle matroid. Prim's algorithm can be explained by taking the vertex search greedoid instead. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Lower sulfur oxides Cyclic SnOx (x = 1, 2) Lower_sulfur_oxides > Cyclic SnOx (x = 1, 2) One dioxide is well characterized: the deep orange S7O2 (m.p. 60–62 °C with decomposition), which arises using trifluoroperoxoacetic acid. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Interval tree Membership queries Interval_tree > Augmented tree > Membership queries The disadvantage is that membership queries take O ( log n ) {\displaystyle O(\log n)} time. Alternately, at the rate of O ( n ) {\displaystyle O(n)} memory, membership queries in expected constant time can be implemented with a hash table, updated in lockstep with the interval tree. This may not necessarily double the total memory requirement, if the intervals are stored by reference rather than by value. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Structured data The role of data models Structured_data > Overview > The role of data models "Entity types are often not identified, or incorrectly identified. This can lead to replication of data, data structure, and functionality, together with the attendant costs of that duplication in development and maintenance". "Data models for different systems are arbitrarily different. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Force control Control concepts Force_control > Control concepts Various control concepts are used for force control. Depending on the desired behavior of the system, a distinction is made between the concepts of direct force control and indirect control via specification of compliance or mechanical impedance. As a rule, force control is combined with motion control. Concepts for force control have to consider the problem of coupling between force and position: If the manipulator is in contact with the environment, a change of the position also means a change of the contact force. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Contact mechanics Adhesive contact between elastic bodies Contact_mechanics > Adhesive contact between elastic bodies When two solid surfaces are brought into close proximity, they experience attractive van der Waals forces. Bradley's van der Waals model provides a means of calculating the tensile force between two rigid spheres with perfectly smooth surfaces. The Hertzian model of contact does not consider adhesion possible. However, in the late 1960s, several contradictions were observed when the Hertz theory was compared with experiments involving contact between rubber and glass spheres. It was observed that, though Hertz theory applied at large loads, at low loads the area of contact was larger than that predicted by Hertz theory, the area of contact had a non-zero value even when the load was removed, and there was even strong adhesion if the contacting surfaces were clean and dry.This indicated that adhesive forces were at work. The Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) model and the Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov (DMT) models were the first to incorporate adhesion into Hertzian contact. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Radium oxide Chemical properties Radium_oxide > Chemical properties Radium oxide can react with water to form radium hydroxide: RaO + H2O → Ra(OH)2 | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Quantum tomography Example: homodyne tomography. Quantum_process_tomography > Methods of quantum state tomography > Linear inversion > Example: homodyne tomography. Therefore, we have temporal-spatial mode selectivity of the signal. The beamsplitter redirects the two beams to two photodetectors. The photodetectors generate an electric current proportional to the photon number. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Volumetric titration Acid–base titrations Volumetric_titration > Particular uses > Acid–base titrations For biodiesel fuel: waste vegetable oil (WVO) must be neutralized before a batch may be processed. A portion of WVO is titrated with a base to determine acidity, so the rest of the batch may be neutralized properly. This removes free fatty acids from the WVO that would normally react to make soap instead of biodiesel fuel. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Renewable resource Non-food resources Renewable_sources > Non-food resources Animal based renewables include fur, leather, technical fat and lubricants and further derived products, as e.g. animal glue, tendons, casings or in historical times ambra and baleen provided by whaling. With regard to pharmacy ingredients and legal and illegal drugs, plants are important sources, however e.g. venom of snakes, frogs and insects has been a valuable renewable source of pharmacological ingredients. Before GMO production set in, insulin and important hormones were based on animal sources. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Wave shoaling Summary Wave_shoaling In other words, as the waves approach the shore and the water gets shallower, the waves get taller, slow down, and get closer together. In shallow water and parallel depth contours, non-breaking waves will increase in wave height as the wave packet enters shallower water. This is particularly evident for tsunamis as they wax in height when approaching a coastline, with devastating results. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Romantic medicine Details of Heilkunst Romantic_medicine > The ‘elements’ of a new system > Hahnemann and the special theory of disease > Details of Heilkunst Just as each tonic disease has a unique state of mind disturbance, so does each pathic disease contain a unique disturbance of the thermal organization in man. This approach to pathic diseases Hahnemann termed homeopathy (from the Greek homoios and pathos, or similar suffering). This approach expanded empiricism from its limitation within the bounds of Erfahrung (experience of outer forms or natura naturata) to Erlebnis provings (experience via the life body of natura naturans). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Single instruction, multiple threads Description Single_instruction,_multiple_threads > Description This is where the processor is oversubscribed with computation tasks, and is able to quickly switch between tasks when it would otherwise have to wait on memory. This strategy is comparable to multithreading in CPUs (not to be confused with multi-core). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Glossary of engineering: A–L L Glossary_of_engineering:_A–L > L L'Hôpital's ruleIn mathematics, more specifically calculus, L'Hôpital's rule or L'Hospital's rule (French: , English: , loh-pee-TAHL) provides a technique to evaluate limits of indeterminate forms. Application (or repeated application) of the rule often converts an indeterminate form to an expression that can be easily evaluated by substitution. The rule is named after the 17th-century French mathematician Guillaume de l'Hôpital. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Generative statistical model Contrast with discriminative classifiers Generative_statistical_model > Contrast with discriminative classifiers A generative algorithm models how the data was generated in order to categorize a signal. It asks the question: based on my generation assumptions, which category is most likely to generate this signal? A discriminative algorithm does not care about how the data was generated, it simply categorizes a given signal. So, discriminative algorithms try to learn p ( y | x ) {\displaystyle p(y|x)} directly from the data and then try to classify data. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Thermoelectric figure of merit Quality factor (detailed theory on semiconductors) Thermoelectric_power_factor > Thermoelectric figure of merit > Aspects of materials choice > Quality factor (detailed theory on semiconductors) For isotropic materials m b ∗ = m l ∗ {\displaystyle m_{\rm {b}}^{*}=m_{\rm {l}}^{*}} . Therefore, it is desirable for thermoelectric materials to have high valley degeneracy in a very sharp band structure. Other complex features of the electronic structure are important. These can be partially quantified using an electronic fitness function. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Coase Theorem The theorem Coase_Theorem > The theorem It would not matter which station had the initial right to broadcast; eventually, the right to broadcast would end up with the party that was able to put it to the most highly valued use. Of course, the parties themselves would care who was granted the rights initially because this allocation would impact their wealth, but the result of who broadcasts would not change because the parties would trade to the outcome that was overall most efficient. This counterintuitive insight—that the initial imposition of legal entitlement is irrelevant because the parties will eventually reach the same result—is Coase's invariance thesis. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Jacobi logarithm Definition Zech's_logarithm > Definition Given a primitive element α {\displaystyle \alpha } of a finite field, the Zech logarithm relative to the base α {\displaystyle \alpha } is defined by the equation α Z α ( n ) = 1 + α n , {\displaystyle \alpha ^{Z_{\alpha }(n)}=1+\alpha ^{n},} which is often rewritten as Z α ( n ) = log α ( 1 + α n ) . {\displaystyle Z_{\alpha }(n)=\log _{\alpha }(1+\alpha ^{n}).} The choice of base α {\displaystyle \alpha } is usually dropped from the notation when it is clear from the context. To be more precise, Z α {\displaystyle Z_{\alpha }} is a function on the integers modulo the multiplicative order of α {\displaystyle \alpha } , and takes values in the same set. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Untranslated region Summary Untranslated_region The 3' UTR plays a critical role in translation termination as well as post-transcriptional modification.These often long sequences were once thought to be useless or junk mRNA that has simply accumulated over evolutionary time. However, it is now known that the untranslated region of mRNA is involved in many regulatory aspects of gene expression in eukaryotic organisms. The importance of these non-coding regions is supported by evolutionary reasoning, as natural selection would have otherwise eliminated this unusable RNA. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Slothful induction Summary Slothful_induction Slothful induction, also called appeal to coincidence, is a fallacy in which an inductive argument is denied its proper conclusion, despite strong evidence for inference. An example of slothful induction might be that of a careless man who has had twelve accidents in the last six months and it is strongly evident that it was due to his negligence or rashness, yet keeps insisting that it is just a coincidence and not his fault. Its logical form is: evidence suggests X results in Y, yet the person in question insists Y was caused by something else.Its opposite fallacy (which perhaps occurs more often) is called correlation does not imply causation. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Unreachable memory Summary Unreachable_object Unreachable memory in systems that use manual memory management results in a memory leak. Some garbage collectors implement weak references. If an object is reachable only through either weak references or chains of references that include a weak reference, then the object is said to be weakly reachable. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Grainyhead-like gene family Grhl2 Grainyhead-like_gene_family > Orthologues > Grhl2 Additionally, over-expression of Grhl2 can also lead to mice developing spina bifida, showing the delicate balance in regulation required for Grhl2. Grhl2 is also related to breast cancer progression due to its ability to regulate epithelial cells and other processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), although it is not known if EMT is promoted or inhibited by Grhl2. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Partition function (quantum field theory) General theories Partition_function_in_quantum_field_theory > Generating functional > General theories Most of the same principles of the scalar case hold for more general theories with additional fields. Each field requires the introduction of its own fictitious current, with antiparticle fields requiring their own separate currents. Acting on the partition function with a derivative of a current brings down its associated field from the exponential, allowing for the construction of arbitrary correlation functions. After differentiation, the currents are set to zero when correlation functions in a vacuum state are desired, but the currents can also be set to take on particular values to yield correlation functions in non-vanishing background fields. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Alimentary system Pancreas Alimentary_system > Components > Pancreas The pancreas also secretes phospholipase A2, lysophospholipase, and cholesterol esterase. The precursor zymogens, are inactive variants of the enzymes; which avoids the onset of pancreatitis caused by autodegradation. Once released in the intestine, the enzyme enteropeptidase present in the intestinal mucosa activates trypsinogen by cleaving it to form trypsin; further cleavage results in chymotripsin. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Multisensor tracker Kalman filter Radar_tracker > Track smoothing > Kalman filter The role of the Kalman Filter is to take the current known state (i.e. position, heading, speed and possibly acceleration) of the target and predict the new state of the target at the time of the most recent radar measurement. In making this prediction, it also updates its estimate of its own uncertainty (i.e. errors) in this prediction. It then forms a weighted average of this prediction of state and the latest measurement of state, taking account of the known measurement errors of the radar and its own uncertainty in the target motion models. Finally, it updates its estimate of its uncertainty of the state estimate. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
König's theorem (set theory) A proof of König's theorem König's_theorem_(set_theory) > A proof of König's theorem Assuming Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, including especially the axiom of choice, we can prove the theorem. Remember that we are given ∀ i ∈ I A i < B i {\displaystyle \forall i\in I\quad A_{i} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Minor spliceosome Structure of U12-type introns Minor_spliceosome > Structure of U12-type introns Although originally referred to as AT-AC introns, not all these introns are delimited by AT-AC dinucleotides. Some of them have GT-AG or AT-AG ends, at least. Thus, it is more correct to speak about the splicing machinery which is used to process them, differentiating between U2-type (canonical or major) and U12-type (non-canonical or minor). The main determinants for distinguishing U2- and U12-type introns are 5' splice site and branch site sequences. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Brain Homeostasis Brain > Function > Homeostasis For any animal, survival requires maintaining a variety of parameters of bodily state within a limited range of variation: these include temperature, water content, salt concentration in the bloodstream, blood glucose levels, blood oxygen level, and others. The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body—the milieu intérieur, as the pioneering physiologist Claude Bernard called it—is known as homeostasis (Greek for "standing still"). Maintaining homeostasis is a crucial function of the brain. The basic principle that underlies homeostasis is negative feedback: any time a parameter diverges from its set-point, sensors generate an error signal that evokes a response that causes the parameter to shift back toward its optimum value. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Green algal derived chloroplast Specialized chloroplasts in C4 plants Chloroplast > Structure > Specialized chloroplasts in C4 plants The light reactions, which store light energy in ATP and NADPH, are done in the mesophyll cells of a C4 leaf. The Calvin cycle, which uses the stored energy to make sugar using RuBisCO, is done in the bundle sheath cells, a layer of cells surrounding a vein in a leaf.As a result, chloroplasts in C4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis. In mesophyll cells, chloroplasts are specialized for the light reactions, so they lack RuBisCO, and have normal grana and thylakoids, which they use to make ATP and NADPH, as well as oxygen. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Optical resolution Lens resolution Optical_resolution > Lens resolution OTF may be broken down into the magnitude and phase components as follows: where M T F ( ξ , η ) = | O T F ( ξ , η ) | {\displaystyle \mathbf {MTF(\xi ,\eta )} =|\mathbf {OTF(\xi ,\eta )} |} P T F ( ξ , η ) = e − i 2 ⋅ π ⋅ λ ( ξ , η ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {PTF(\xi ,\eta )} =e^{-i2\cdot \pi \cdot \lambda (\xi ,\eta )}} and ( ξ , η ) {\displaystyle (\xi ,\eta )} are spatial frequency in the x- and y-plane, respectively.The OTF accounts for aberration, which the limiting frequency expression above does not. The magnitude is known as the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) and the phase portion is known as the Phase Transfer Function (PTF). In imaging systems, the phase component is typically not captured by the sensor. Thus, the important measure with respect to imaging systems is the MTF. Phase is critically important to adaptive optics and holographic systems. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Bareiss Algorithm Analysis Bareiss_Algorithm > Analysis It follows that, for an n × n matrix of maximum (absolute) value 2L for each entry, the Bareiss algorithm runs in O(n3) elementary operations with an O(nn/2 2nL) bound on the absolute value of intermediate values needed. Its computational complexity is thus O(n5L2 (log(n)2 + L2)) when using elementary arithmetic or O(n4L (log(n) + L) log(log(n) + L))) by using fast multiplication. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Gate teleportation Non-technical summary Quantum_teleportation > Non-technical summary In matters relating to quantum information theory, it is convenient to work with the simplest possible unit of information: the two-state system of the qubit. The qubit functions as the quantum analog of the classic computational part, the bit, as it can have a measurement value of both a 0 and a 1, whereas the classical bit can only be measured as a 0 or a 1. The quantum two-state system seeks to transfer quantum information from one location to another location without losing the information and preserving the quality of this information. This process involves moving the information between carriers and not movement of the actual carriers, similar to the traditional process of communications, as two parties remain stationary while the information (digital media, voice, text, etc.) is being transferred, contrary to the implications of the word "teleport." | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Recursive relation Definition Difference_operator > Definition This defines recurrence relation of first order. A recurrence relation of order k has the form u n = φ ( n , u n − 1 , u n − 2 , … , u n − k ) for n ≥ k , {\displaystyle u_{n}=\varphi (n,u_{n-1},u_{n-2},\ldots ,u_{n-k})\quad {\text{for}}\quad n\geq k,} where φ: N × X k → X {\displaystyle \varphi :\mathbb {N} \times X^{k}\to X} is a function that involves k consecutive elements of the sequence. In this case, k initial values are needed for defining a sequence. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Heavy element Strength- or durability-based Heavy_elements > Uses > Strength- or durability-based Gold, silver, and platinum are used in jewellery as are, for example, nickel, copper, indium, and cobalt in coloured gold. Low-cost jewellery and children's toys may be made, to a significant degree, of heavy metals such as chromium, nickel, cadmium, or lead.Copper, zinc, tin, and lead are mechanically weaker metals but have useful corrosion prevention properties. While each of them will react with air, the resulting patinas of either various copper salts, zinc carbonate, tin oxide, or a mixture of lead oxide, carbonate, and sulfate, confer valuable protective properties. Copper and lead are therefore used, for example, as roofing materials; zinc acts as an anti-corrosion agent in galvanised steel; and tin serves a similar purpose on steel cans.The workability and corrosion resistance of iron and chromium are increased by adding gadolinium; the creep resistance of nickel is improved with the addition of thorium. Tellurium is added to copper (tellurium copper) and steel alloys to improve their machinability; and to lead to make it harder and more acid-resistant. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Behavioral neuroscience Genetic techniques Behavioral_neuroscience > Research methods > Genetic techniques QTL mapping – The influence of a gene in some behavior can be statistically inferred by studying inbred strains of some species, most commonly mice. The recent sequencing of the genome of many species, most notably mice, has facilitated this technique. Selective breeding – Organisms, often mice, may be bred selectively among inbred strains to create a recombinant congenic strain. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fréchet space Fréchet manifolds and Lie groups Fréchet_space > Fréchet manifolds and Lie groups One may define Fréchet manifolds as spaces that "locally look like" Fréchet spaces (just like ordinary manifolds are defined as spaces that locally look like Euclidean space R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} ), and one can then extend the concept of Lie group to these manifolds. This is useful because for a given (ordinary) compact C ∞ {\displaystyle C^{\infty }} manifold M , {\displaystyle M,} the set of all C ∞ {\displaystyle C^{\infty }} diffeomorphisms f: M → M {\displaystyle f:M\to M} forms a generalized Lie group in this sense, and this Lie group captures the symmetries of M . {\displaystyle M.} Some of the relations between Lie algebras and Lie groups remain valid in this setting. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Spacetime curvature Summary General_Theory_of_Relativity General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics. General relativity generalizes special relativity and refines Newton's law of universal gravitation, providing a unified description of gravity as a geometric property of space and time or four-dimensional spacetime. In particular, the curvature of spacetime is directly related to the energy and momentum of whatever matter and radiation are present. The relation is specified by the Einstein field equations, a system of second order partial differential equations. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
P53 Isoforms Tumor_suppressor_protein_p53 > Isoforms It is required among others for p53 mediated apoptosis. Some isoforms lack the proline rich domain, such as Δ133p53β,γ and Δ160p53α,β,γ; hence some isoforms of p53 are not mediating apoptosis, emphasizing the diversifying roles of the TP53 gene. Afterwards there is the DNA binding domain (DBD), which enables the proteins to sequence specific binding. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cayley–Dickson construction Complex numbers as ordered pairs Cayley–Dickson_process > Stages in construction of real algebras > Complex numbers as ordered pairs {\displaystyle |z|=\left(z^{*}z\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}.\,} Furthermore, for any non-zero complex number z, conjugation gives a multiplicative inverse, z − 1 = z ∗ | z | 2 . {\displaystyle z^{-1}={\frac {z^{*}}{|z|^{2}}}.} As a complex number consists of two independent real numbers, they form a two-dimensional vector space over the real numbers. Besides being of higher dimension, the complex numbers can be said to lack one algebraic property of the real numbers: a real number is its own conjugate. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Syntax (programming languages) Syntax versus semantics Syntax_of_programming_languages > Syntax versus semantics The syntax of a language describes the form of a valid program, but does not provide any information about the meaning of the program or the results of executing that program. The meaning given to a combination of symbols is handled by semantics (either formal or hard-coded in a reference implementation). Not all syntactically correct programs are semantically correct. Many syntactically correct programs are nonetheless ill-formed, per the language's rules; and may (depending on the language specification and the soundness of the implementation) result in an error on translation or execution. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Structure of liquids and glasses Diffraction Structure_of_liquids_and_glasses > Pair distribution functions and structure factors > Diffraction In x-ray diffraction, such measurements are typically called “energy dispersive”, whereas in neutron diffraction this is normally called “time-of-flight” reflecting the different detection methods used. Once obtained, an S(q) pattern can be Fourier transformed to provide a corresponding radial distribution function (or pair correlation function), denoted in this article as g(r). For an isotropic material, the relation between S(q) and its corresponding g(r) is The g(r), which describes the probability of finding an atom at a separation r from another atom, provides a more intuitive description of the atomic structure. The g(r) pattern obtained from a diffraction measurement represents a spatial, and thermal average of all the pair correlations in the material, weighted by their coherent cross-sections with the incident beam. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Newtonian theory History Classical_mechanics > History The study of the motion of bodies is an ancient one, making classical mechanics one of the oldest and largest subjects in science, engineering, and technology. Some Greek philosophers of antiquity, among them Aristotle, founder of Aristotelian physics, may have been the first to maintain the idea that "everything happens for a reason" and that theoretical principles can assist in the understanding of nature. While to a modern reader, many of these preserved ideas come forth as eminently reasonable, there is a conspicuous lack of both mathematical theory and controlled experiment, as we know it. These later became decisive factors in forming modern science, and their early application came to be known as classical mechanics. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Energy profile (chemistry) Applications Energy_profile_(chemistry) > Applications In the transition state structure the charge is distributed between the Cl and the O atoms and the more polar solvent is less effective at stabilizing the transition state structure relative to the starting materials. In other words, the energy difference between the polar and non-polar solvent is greater for the ground state (for the starting material) than in the transition state.Catalysts: There are two types of catalysts, positive and negative. Positive catalysts increase the reaction rate and negative catalysts (or inhibitors) slow down a reaction and possibly cause the reaction not occur at all. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Oxidation process Redox reactions in geology Reduction_reaction > Redox reactions in geology Minerals are generally oxidized derivatives of metals. Iron is mined as its magnetite (Fe3O4). Titanium is mined as its dioxide, usually in the form of rutile (TiO2). To obtain the corresponding metals, these oxides must be reduced, which is often achieved by heating these oxides with carbon or carbon monoxide as reducing agents. Blast furnaces are the reactors where iron oxides and coke (a form of carbon) are combined to produce molten iron.The main chemical reaction producing the molten iron is: Fe2O3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO2 | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Sensor Fusion Levels Sensor_Fusion > Levels When portable devices are employed data compression represent an important factor, since collecting raw information from multiple sources generates huge information spaces that could define an issue in terms of memory or communication bandwidth for portable systems. Data level information fusion tends to generate big input spaces, that slow down the decision-making procedure. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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