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Hearing loss Management Hearing_loss > Management Management depends on the specific cause if known as well as the extent, type and configuration of the hearing loss. Sudden hearing loss due to an underlying nerve problem may be treated with corticosteroids.Most hearing loss, that resulting from age and noise, is progressive and irreversible, and there are currently no approved or recommended treatments. A few specific kinds of hearing loss are amenable to surgical treatment. In other cases, treatment is addressed to underlying pathologies, but any hearing loss incurred may be permanent. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Quantum Tunneling Resonance-assisted tunnelling Tunneling_time > Dynamical tunneling > Resonance-assisted tunnelling When ℏ {\displaystyle \hbar } is small in front of the size of the regular islands, the fine structure of the classical phase space plays a key role in tunnelling. In particular the two symmetric tori are coupled "via a succession of classically forbidden transitions across nonlinear resonances" surrounding the two islands. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Intrinsic bond orbitals Transition metal compounds Intrinsic_bond_orbitals > Application in structure and bonding > Transition metal compounds The even polarization of IBOs between Fe and N points towards a covalently bonded NO ligand. The double bond occurs via two d-p π-interactions and results in a formal Fe0 center. Confirmed by further calculations, IBO proved as a fast and straightforward method to interpret bonding in this case. Making use of the low computational cost, a Cloke-Wilson rearrangement catalyzed by – was investigated by constructing the IBOs for every stationary point along the IRC. It was found that one of the Fe-NO π bonds takes active part in catalysis by electron transfer to and from the substrate, explaining the unique catalytic activity of – compared to the isoelectronic 2–.Apart from the above mentioned compounds, the IBO method has been employed to investigate various other transition metal complexes, such as gold-diarylallenylidenes or diplatinum diboranyl complexes, proving as a valuable tool to gain insight into the extent and nature of bonding. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Urogenital tuberculosis Other signs Urogenital_tuberculosis > Symptoms > Other signs Pus cells and red cells in the urine, but no bacterial growth on routine bacterial culture Painless intermittent microscopic haematuria A painless, non-tender, irregular, and sometimes fluctuating mass on one side of the scrotum. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Measurement and Signature Intelligence Unattended ground sensors Measurement_and_Signature_Intelligence > Military uses > Unattended ground sensors Textron says that the ADAS acoustic sensors can track fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, and UAVs as well as traditional ground threats. ACTD added Remote Miniature Weather Station (RMWS), from System Innovations. These RMWS measure temperature, humidity, wind direction and speed, visibility and barometric pressure, which can then be sent over commercial or military satellite links. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Algorand Consensus algorithm Algorand > Design > Consensus algorithm The first phase (the block proposal phase) uses proof of stake principles. During this phase, a committee of users in the system is selected randomly, though in a manner that is weighted, to propose the new block. The selection of the committee is done via a process called "cryptographic sortition", where each user determines whether they are on the committee by locally executing a Verifiable random function (VRF). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Glossary of computer hardware terms D Computer_terminology > D direct mapped cache A cache where each physical address may only be mapped to one cache line, indexed using the low bits of the address. Simple but highly prone to allocation conflicts. direct memory access (DMA) The ability of a hardware device such as a disk drive or network interface controller to access main memory without intervention from the CPU, provided by one or more DMA channels in a system. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Systems Network Architecture Advantages Systems_Network_Architecture > Advantages and disadvantages > Advantages Localization of problems in the telecommunications network was easier because a relatively small amount of software actually dealt with communication links. There was a single error reporting system. Adding communication capability to an application program was much easier because the formidable area of link control software that typically requires interrupt processors and software timers was relegated to system software and NCP. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Transcript variants Modes Splice_variant > Modes If the retained intron is in the coding region, the intron must encode amino acids in frame with the neighboring exons, or a stop codon or a shift in the reading frame will cause the protein to be non-functional. This is the rarest mode in mammals but the most common in plants. In addition to these primary modes of alternative splicing, there are two other main mechanisms by which different mRNAs may be generated from the same gene; multiple promoters and multiple polyadenylation sites. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Tide Forces Tide > Physics > Forces At other times, Jupiter or Mars may have the most effect. The ocean's surface is approximated by a surface referred to as the geoid, which takes into consideration the gravitational force exerted by the earth as well as centrifugal force due to rotation. Now consider the effect of massive external bodies such as the Moon and Sun. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Atmospheric entry Real (equilibrium) gas model Phenolic-impregnated_carbon_ablator > Entry heating > Shock layer gas physics > Real (equilibrium) gas model The chemical composition of a gas in equilibrium with fixed pressure and temperature can be determined through the Gibbs free energy method. Gibbs free energy is simply the total enthalpy of the gas minus its total entropy times temperature. A chemical equilibrium program normally does not require chemical formulas or reaction-rate equations. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Jerk (physics) In an idealized setting Angular_jerk > In an idealized setting For example, consider a path along an arc of radius r, which tangentially connects to a straight line. The whole path is continuous, and its pieces are smooth. Now assume a point particle moves with constant speed along this path, so its tangential acceleration is zero. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Light interference Optical wave interference Interference_pattern > Complex valued wave functions > Optical wave interference Instead, when waves of different polarization are added together, they give rise to a wave of a different polarization state. Quantum mechanically the theories of Paul Dirac and Richard Feynman offer a more modern approach. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Evaluation Standards Evaluation > Standards The Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation has developed standards for program, personnel, and student evaluation. The Joint Committee standards are broken into four sections: Utility, Feasibility, Propriety, and Accuracy. Various European institutions have also prepared their own standards, more or less related to those produced by the Joint Committee. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Matrix Mechanics The three fundamental papers Matrix_Mechanics > Development of matrix mechanics > The three fundamental papers Volume 3. The Formulation of Matrix Mechanics and Its Modifications 1925–1926.) | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cantor distribution Summary Cantor_distribution The Cantor distribution is the probability distribution whose cumulative distribution function is the Cantor function. This distribution has neither a probability density function nor a probability mass function, since although its cumulative distribution function is a continuous function, the distribution is not absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure, nor does it have any point-masses. It is thus neither a discrete nor an absolutely continuous probability distribution, nor is it a mixture of these. Rather it is an example of a singular distribution. Its cumulative distribution function is continuous everywhere but horizontal almost everywhere, so is sometimes referred to as the Devil's staircase, although that term has a more general meaning. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
John Strain (mathematician) Summary John_Strain_(mathematician) John Andrew Strain is a Professor of Mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley. His area of interest are Applied Mathematics, Algorithms, Numerical Analysis, and Materials Science. John Strain received his PhD in Mathematics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1988 working with his advisor Alexandre Joel Chorin. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Relaxed k-d tree Supported queries Relaxed_k-d_tree > Supported queries The average time complexities in a relaxed K-d tree with n records are: Exact match queries: O(log n) Partial match queries: O(n1−f(s/K)), where: s out of K attributes are specified with 0 < f(s/K) < 1, a real valued function of s/K Nearest neighbor queries: O(log n) | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Taylor polynomial Third example Maclaurin_series > Calculation of Taylor series > Third example }}\right)x^{n}\\&=1+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {n+1}{n! }}x^{n}\\&=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {n+1}{n! }}x^{n}.\end{aligned}}} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Flying machine Lift and efficiency Early_flying_machines > Heavier than air > The first practical aircraft > Lift and efficiency Other radical approaches to wing design were also being tried. The Scottish-born inventor Alexander Graham Bell devised a cellular octahedral wing form which, like the multiplane, proved disappointingly inefficient. Other lacklustre performers included the Edwards Rhomboidal, the Lee-Richards annular wing and varying numbers of wings one after the other in tandem. Many of these early experimental forms were in principle quite practical and have since reappeared. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Discrete Fourier Transform Expressing the inverse DFT in terms of the DFT Discrete_Fourier_Transform > Properties > Expressing the inverse DFT in terms of the DFT A useful property of the DFT is that the inverse DFT can be easily expressed in terms of the (forward) DFT, via several well-known "tricks". (For example, in computations, it is often convenient to only implement a fast Fourier transform corresponding to one transform direction and then to get the other transform direction from the first.) First, we can compute the inverse DFT by reversing all but one of the inputs (Duhamel et al., 1988): F − 1 ( { x n } ) = 1 N F ( { x N − n } ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}^{-1}(\{x_{n}\})={\frac {1}{N}}{\mathcal {F}}(\{x_{N-n}\})} (As usual, the subscripts are interpreted modulo N; thus, for n = 0 {\displaystyle n=0} , we have x N − 0 = x 0 {\displaystyle x_{N-0}=x_{0}} .) Second, one can also conjugate the inputs and outputs: F − 1 ( x ) = 1 N F ( x ∗ ) ∗ {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}^{-1}(\mathbf {x} )={\frac {1}{N}}{\mathcal {F}}\left(\mathbf {x} ^{*}\right)^{*}} Third, a variant of this conjugation trick, which is sometimes preferable because it requires no modification of the data values, involves swapping real and imaginary parts (which can be done on a computer simply by modifying pointers). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Ecoimmunology Summary Ecoimmunology Ecoimmunology or Ecological Immunology is the study of the causes and consequences of variation in immunity. The field of ecoimmunology seeks to give an ultimate perspective for proximate mechanisms of immunology. This approach places immunology in evolutionary and ecological contexts across all levels of biological organization. Classical, or mainstream, immunology works hard to control variation (inbred/domestic model organisms, parasite-free environments, etc.) and asks questions about the mechanisms and functionality of the immune system using a reductionist method. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Pulse-Doppler radar Summary Pulse-Doppler_radar This gives pulse-Doppler radars "look-down/shoot-down" capability. A secondary advantage in military radar is to reduce the transmitted power while achieving acceptable performance for improved safety of stealthy radar.Pulse-Doppler techniques also find widespread use in meteorological radars, allowing the radar to determine wind speed from the velocity of any precipitation in the air. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Codomain Summary Codomain Namely, a function that is not surjective has elements y in its codomain for which the equation f(x) = y does not have a solution. A codomain is not part of a function f if f is defined as just a graph. For example in set theory it is desirable to permit the domain of a function to be a proper class X, in which case there is formally no such thing as a triple (X, Y, G). With such a definition functions do not have a codomain, although some authors still use it informally after introducing a function in the form f: X → Y. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Bloom syndrome protein Meiosis Bloom_syndrome_protein > Meiosis Recombination during meiosis is often initiated by a DNA double-strand break (DSB). During recombination, sections of DNA at the 5' ends of the break are cut away in a process called resection. In the strand invasion step that follows, an overhanging 3' end of the broken DNA molecule then "invades" the DNA of an homologous chromosome that is not broken. After strand invasion, the further sequence of events may follow either of two main pathways leading to a crossover (CO) or a non-crossover (NCO) recombinant (see Genetic recombination and bottom of Figure in this section). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Thermoelectric materials Thermoelectric figure of merit Thermoelectric_material > Thermoelectric figure of merit The usefulness of a material in thermoelectric systems is determined by the device efficiency. This is determined by the material's electrical conductivity (σ), thermal conductivity (κ), and Seebeck coefficient (S), which change with temperature (T). The maximum efficiency of the energy conversion process (for both power generation and cooling) at a given temperature point in the material is determined by the thermoelectric materials figure of merit z T {\displaystyle zT} , given by | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Composite Higgs models Experiments Composite_Higgs_models > Experiments After the first run of the LHC the couplings of the Higgs with fermions and gauge bosons agree with the SM with a precision around 20%. These results pose some tension for CHM but are compatible with a compositeness scale f~TeV. The hypothesis of partial compositeness allows to suppress flavor violation beyond the SM that is severely constrained experimentally. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Body plethysmography Methodological approach Body_plethysmography > Organs studied > Lungs > Methodological approach With this information, Boyle's Law is used again to determine the original volume of gas in the chest: the initial volume (unknown) times the initial pressure is equal to the final volume times the final pressure. Starting from this principle, it can be shown that the functional residual capacity is a function of the changes in volume and pressures as follows: F R C = K V Δ V b o x Δ P m o u t h , K V ≈ P B a r o m e t r i c {\displaystyle FRC=K_{V}{\frac {\Delta V_{box}}{\Delta P_{mouth}}},K_{V}\approx P_{Barometric}} The difference between full and empty lungs can be used to assess diseases and airway passage restrictions. An obstructive disease will show increased FRC because some airways do not empty normally, while a restrictive disease will show decreased FRC. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Principal interacting orbital Zeise's salt Principal_interacting_orbital > Chemical examples > Zeise's salt PIO can also be used to describe transition metal compounds, which are often more complicated to analyze than main group compounds due to more possible bonding patterns. A classic example is Zeise's salt, which is usually described with the Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson (DCD) model. C2H4 donates its pi electrons to the empty orbital of Pt, while its π* orbital accepts electrons from Pt. The semilocalized bonding cannot be adequately described with methods such as NBO (localized two-center-two-electron) and CMO (delocalized over the entire molecule). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Monte Carlo sampling Applications Monte_Carlo_sampling > Applications Monte Carlo methods are especially useful for simulating phenomena with significant uncertainty in inputs and systems with many coupled degrees of freedom. Areas of application include: | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Nucleosynthesis Minor mechanisms and processes Nucleosynthesis > Minor mechanisms and processes This process happens when an energetic particle from radioactive decay, often an alpha particle, reacts with a nucleus of another atom to change the nucleus into another nuclide. This process may also cause the production of further subatomic particles, such as neutrons. Neutrons can also be produced in spontaneous fission and by neutron emission. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Eyeball search Quality control Eyeball_search > Quality control A study of the visual inspection of small integrated circuits found that the modal duration of eye fixations of trained inspectors was about 200 ms. The most accurate inspectors made the fewest eye fixations and were the fastest. When the same chip was judged more than once by an individual inspector the consistency of judgment was very high whereas the consistency between inspectors was somewhat less. Variation by a factor of six in inspection speed led to variation of less than a factor of two in inspection accuracy. Visual inspection had a false positive rate of 2% and a false negative rate of 23%. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Expectation states theory Scope Expectation_states_theory > Basic concepts > Scope The theory attempts to explain: "When a task-oriented group is differentiated with respect to some external status characteristic, this status difference determines the observable power and prestige within the group whether or not the external status characteristic is related to the group task". In other words, the theory attempts to explain how hierarchies are created in small group interactions (with a shared goal) based on status cues. Specifically, this theory explains unequal distribution of participation, influence, and prestige between members of the group. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Immunization Passive immunization Immunization > Passive and active immunization > Passive immunization Passive immunization is where pre-synthesized elements of the immune system are transferred to a person so that the body does not need to produce these elements itself. Currently, antibodies can be used for passive immunization. This method of immunization begins to work very quickly, but it is short lasting, because the antibodies are naturally broken down, and if there are no B cells to produce more antibodies, they will disappear. Passive immunization occurs physiologically, when antibodies are transferred from mother to fetus during pregnancy, to protect the fetus before and shortly after birth. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Square matrices Invertible matrix and its inverse Square_matrices > Special kinds > Invertible matrix and its inverse A square matrix A {\displaystyle A} is called invertible or non-singular if there exists a matrix B {\displaystyle B} such that If B {\displaystyle B} exists, it is unique and is called the inverse matrix of A {\displaystyle A} , denoted A − 1 {\displaystyle A^{-1}} . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Generative Adversarial Network Progressive GAN Generative_Adversarial_Network > Variants > StyleGAN series > Progressive GAN To avoid shock between stages of the GAN game, each new layer is "blended in" (Figure 2 of the paper). For example, this is how the second stage GAN game starts: Just before, the GAN game consists of the pair G N , D N {\displaystyle G_{N},D_{N}} generating and discriminating 4x4 images. Just after, the GAN game consists of the pair ( ( 1 − α ) + α ⋅ G N − 1 ) ∘ u ∘ G N , D N ∘ d ∘ ( ( 1 − α ) + α ⋅ D N − 1 ) {\displaystyle ((1-\alpha )+\alpha \cdot G_{N-1})\circ u\circ G_{N},D_{N}\circ d\circ ((1-\alpha )+\alpha \cdot D_{N-1})} generating and discriminating 8x8 images. Here, the functions u , d {\displaystyle u,d} are image up- and down-sampling functions, and α {\displaystyle \alpha } is a blend-in factor (much like an alpha in image composing) that smoothly glides from 0 to 1. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Topical antibiotic Etymology Topical_antibiotic > Etymology It also excluded synthetic antibacterial compounds such as the sulfonamides. In current usage, the term "antibiotic" is applied to any medication that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth, regardless of whether that medication is produced by a microorganism or not.The term "antibiotic" derives from anti + βιωτικός (biōtikos), "fit for life, lively", which comes from βίωσις (biōsis), "way of life", and that from βίος (bios), "life". The term "antibacterial" derives from Greek ἀντί (anti), "against" + βακτήριον (baktērion), diminutive of βακτηρία (baktēria), "staff, cane", because the first bacteria to be discovered were rod-shaped. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Communication infrastructure and methods Supervisory_Control_and_Data_Acquisition > Communication infrastructure and methods Modern carrier-class systems provide the quality of service required for SCADA.RTUs and other automatic controller devices were developed before the advent of industry wide standards for interoperability. The result is that developers and their management created a multitude of control protocols. Among the larger vendors, there was also the incentive to create their own protocol to "lock in" their customer base. A list of automation protocols is compiled here. An example of efforts by vendor groups to standardize automation protocols is the OPC-UA (formerly "OLE for process control" now Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Bode plotter Bode plotter Bode_Plot > Bode plotter The Bode plotter is an electronic instrument resembling an oscilloscope, which produces a Bode diagram, or a graph, of a circuit's voltage gain or phase shift plotted against frequency in a feedback control system or a filter. An example of this is shown in Figure 10. It is extremely useful for analyzing and testing filters and the stability of feedback control systems, through the measurement of corner (cutoff) frequencies and gain and phase margins. This is identical to the function performed by a vector network analyzer, but the network analyzer is typically used at much higher frequencies. For education/research purposes, plotting Bode diagrams for given transfer functions facilitates better understanding and getting faster results (see external links). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
WAVL tree Summary WAVL_tree If a WAVL tree is created using only insertions, without deletions, then it has the same small height bound that an AVL tree has. On the other hand, red–black trees have the advantage over AVL trees in lesser restructuring of their trees. In AVL trees, each deletion may require a logarithmic number of tree rotation operations, while red–black trees have simpler deletion operations that use only a constant number of tree rotations. WAVL trees, like red–black trees, use only a constant number of tree rotations, and the constant is even better than for red–black trees.WAVL trees were introduced by Haeupler, Sen & Tarjan (2015). The same authors also provided a common view of AVL trees, WAVL trees, and red–black trees as all being a type of rank-balanced tree. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cis-Dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) chloride Related complexes Cis-Dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III)_chloride > Related complexes This salt is less soluble than its dull-green isomer trans-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) chloride. This pair of isomers were significant in the development of the area of coordination chemistry. The chiral cis isomer is obtained by heating the trans isomer. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
MS SQL Concurrency and locking Microsoft_SQL > Data storage > Concurrency and locking SQL Server also provides the optimistic concurrency control mechanism, which is similar to the multiversion concurrency control used in other databases. The mechanism allows a new version of a row to be created whenever the row is updated, as opposed to overwriting the row, i.e., a row is additionally identified by the ID of the transaction that created the version of the row. Both the old as well as the new versions of the row are stored and maintained, though the old versions are moved out of the database into a system database identified as Tempdb. When a row is in the process of being updated, any other requests are not blocked (unlike locking) but are executed on the older version of the row. If the other request is an update statement, it will result in two different versions of the rows—both of them will be stored by the database, identified by their respective transaction IDs. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cerberin Mechanism of action Cerberin > Mechanism of action When cerberin binds to the Na+/K+-ATPase the conformation of the enzyme changes. This will lead to the activation of signal transduction pathways in the cell. A detailed description of the effects of cerberin in the cell is given below. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
PID control Modifications to the algorithm PID_algorithm > Modifications to the algorithm The basic PID algorithm presents some challenges in control applications that have been addressed by minor modifications to the PID form. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Bronchial Pneumonia Microbiology Hypostatic_pneumonia > Diagnosis > Microbiology In people managed in the community, determining the causative agent is not cost-effective and typically does not alter management. For people who do not respond to treatment, sputum culture should be considered, and culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis should be carried out in persons with a chronic productive cough. Microbiological evaluation is also indicated in severe pneumonia, alcoholism, asplenia, immunosuppression, HIV infection, and those being empirically treated for MRSA of pseudomonas. Although positive blood culture and pleural fluid culture definitively establish the diagnosis of the type of micro-organism involved, a positive sputum culture has to be interpreted with care for the possibility of colonisation of respiratory tract. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cardiovascular exercise Summary Aerobic_exercise For reducing the risk of health issues, 2.5 hours of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week is recommended. At the same time, even doing an hour and a quarter (11 minutes/day) of exercise can reduce the risk of early death, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cancer.Aerobic exercise may be better referred to as "solely aerobic", as it is designed to be low-intensity enough that all carbohydrates are aerobically turned into energy via mitochondrial ATP production. Mitochondria are organelles that rely on oxygen for the metabolism of carbs, proteins, and fats. Aerobic exercise causes a remodeling of mitochondrial cells within the tissues of the liver and heart. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mefenamic acid Interactions Mefenamic_acid > Interactions Interactions are broadly similar to those of other NSAIDs. Mefenamic acid interferes with the anti–blood clotting mechanism of Aspirin. It increases the blood thinning effects of warfarin and phenprocoumon because it displaces them from their plasma protein binding and increases their free concentrations in the bloodstream. It adds to the risk of gastrointestinal ulcera associated with corticosteroids and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Chart Field-specific charts Chart > Types > Field-specific charts Some types of charts have specific uses in a certain field This gallery shows: Stock market prices are often depicted with an open-high-low-close chart with a traditional bar chart of volume at the bottom. Candlestick charts are another type of bar chart used to describe price movements of an equity over time. A Kagi chart is a time-independent stock tracking chart that attempts to minimise noise. Alternatively, where less detail is required, and chart size is paramount, a Sparkline may be used.Other examples: Interest rates, temperatures, etc., at the close of the period are plotted with a line chart. Project planners use a Gantt chart to show the timing of tasks as they occur over time. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Neural Computation Summary Neural_Computation All three branches agree that cognition is computation, however, they disagree on what sorts of computations constitute cognition. The classicism tradition believes that computation in the brain is digital, analogous to digital computing. Both connectionism and computational neuroscience do not require that the computations that realize cognition are necessarily digital computations. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Quartic equation Converting to a depressed quartic Quartic_equation > The general case > Converting to a depressed quartic Let be the general quartic equation which it is desired to solve. Divide both sides by A, x 4 + B A x 3 + C A x 2 + D A x + E A = 0 . {\displaystyle \ x^{4}+{B \over A}x^{3}+{C \over A}x^{2}+{D \over A}x+{E \over A}=0\ .} The first step, if B is not already zero, should be to eliminate the x3 term. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Chronic viral hepatitis Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Chronic_viral_hepatitis > Epidemiology > Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is projected to become the top reason for liver transplantation in the United States by 2020, supplanting chronic liver disease due to hepatitis C. About 20–45% of the U.S. population have NAFLD and 6% have NASH. The estimated prevalence of NASH in the world is 3–5%. Of NASH patients who develop cirrhosis, about 2% per year will likely progress to hepatocellular carcinoma. Worldwide, the estimated prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma related to NAFLD is 15–30%. NASH is thought to be the primary cause of cirrhosis in approximately 25% of patients in the United States, representing 1–2% of the general population. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Spinterface Magnetic Tunneling Junction Spinterface > Physics and applications > Magnetic Tunneling Junction Applied research on spinterfaces is often focused on studying the tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) in hybrid magnetic tunneling junctions (MTJs). Conventional MTJs are composed by two ferromagnetic electrodes separated by an insulating layer, thin enough for electron tunneling events to be relevant. The idea of using spinterfaces consists in replacing the inorganic insulating barrier with an organic one. The motivation for this is given by the flexibility, low cost and higher spin-relaxation times of molecules and the possibility of chemically engineering the interfaces. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Wind-turbine aerodynamics Angular momentum and wake rotation Wind-turbine_aerodynamics > Angular momentum and wake rotation One key difference between actual turbines and the actuator disk, is that the energy is extracted through torque. The wind imparts a torque on the wind turbine, thrust is a necessary by-product of torque. Newtonian physics dictates that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Laplace–Carson transform Summary Laplace–Carson_transform In mathematics, the Laplace–Carson transform, named after Pierre Simon Laplace and John Renshaw Carson, is an integral transform with significant applications in the field of physics and engineering, particularly in the field of railway engineering. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Orders of magnitude (data) Summary Computer_capacity_measurements The binary prefixes kibi, mebi, gibi, tebi, etc. respectively refer to the corresponding power of 210 = 1024. In casual usage, when 1024 is a close enough approximation of 1000, some of the decimal prefixes have been used in relation to computer memories to mean the binary power, but increasingly from 1998, standards bodies have chosen to limit the resultant confusion by disallowing when software displays a binary quantity with a decimal prefix. Microsoft operating systems still report file and free spaces on a storage device in this casual sense. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Architectural element Structural elements Outline_of_architecture > Building construction > Structural elements Column or pillar – a relatively slender structural element, typically circular, square or polygonal in plan, that bears the weight of the structure above. Dome – a roof structure, typically hemispherical, constructed in a similar way to an arch. The plan shape may be circular, elliptical or polygonal, and the cross section shape can vary in the same ways as an arch. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Signs and symptoms of Graves' disease Neuropsychological manifestations Signs_and_symptoms_of_Graves'_disease > Neuropsychological manifestations Several studies have suggested a high prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders and mental disorder symptoms in Graves' disease (and thyroid disease in general), which are similar to those in patients with organic brain disease. These manifestations are diverse, affecting the central and peripheral nervous systems. The vast majority of patients with hyperthyroidism meet criteria for some psychiatric disorders, and those with milder presentations are probably not entirely free of mental symptoms such as emotional lability, tension, depression and anxiety. Anxiety syndromes related to hyperthyroidism are typically complicated by major depression and cognitive decline, such as in memory and attention. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Pipeline flush Structural hazards Structural_hazard > Types > Structural hazards A structural hazard occurs when two (or more) instructions that are already in pipeline need the same resource. The result is that instruction must be executed in series rather than parallel for a portion of pipeline. Structural hazards are sometime referred to as resource hazards. Example: A situation in which multiple instructions are ready to enter the execute instruction phase and there is a single ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit). One solution to such resource hazard is to increase available resources, such as having multiple ports into main memory and multiple ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) units. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Extended finite element method Principle Extended_finite_element_method > Principle Enriched finite element methods extend, or enrich, the approximation space so that it is able to naturally reproduce the challenging feature associated with the problem of interest: the discontinuity, singularity, boundary layer, etc. It was shown that for some problems, such an embedding of the problem's feature into the approximation space can significantly improve convergence rates and accuracy. Moreover, treating problems with discontinuities with eXtended Finite Element Methods suppresses the need to mesh and remesh the discontinuity surfaces, thus alleviating the computational costs and projection errors associated with conventional finite element methods, at the cost of restricting the discontinuities to mesh edges. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism Normal Physiology Glucocorticoid_remediable_aldosteronism > Normal Physiology Aldosterone synthase normally is not ACTH sensitive, and is only activated by angiotensin II.Aldosterone causes the tubules of the kidneys to retain sodium and water. This increases the volume of fluid in the body and drives up blood pressure.Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol within the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone and corticosterone share the first part of their biosynthetic pathway. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Temperature jump Summary Temperature_jump If K is the equilibrium constant and dT is the change in temperature then the enthalpy change is given by the Van 't Hoff equation: Δ H o = R T 2 . d ln K d T {\displaystyle {\Delta H^{o}}={RT^{2}}. {\frac {d\ln K}{dT}}} where R is the universal gas constant and T is the absolute temperature. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Reorganization energy The Marcus model Reorganization_energy > The Marcus model The consequence of an electron transfer is the rearrangement of charges, and this greatly influences the solvent environment. For the dipolar solvent molecules rearrange in the direction of the field of the charges (this is called orientation polarisation), and also the atoms and electrons in the solvent molecules are slightly displaced (atomic and electron polarization, respectively). It is this solvent polarization which determines the free energy of activation and thus the reaction rate. Substitution, elimination and isomerization reactions differ from the outer sphere redox reaction not only in the structural changes outlined above, but also in the fact that the movements of the nuclei and the shift of charges (charge transfer, CT) on the reactions path take place in a continuous and concerted way: nuclear configurations and charge distribution are always "in equilibrium". | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Didier Sornette Earthquake forecasting Didier_Sornette > Theory of earthquakes and fault networks > Earthquake prediction and forecasting > Earthquake forecasting This over-simplified assumption has recently relaxed by coupling the statistics of ETAS to genuine mechanical information. This is done by modelling the stress perturbation due to a given event on its surroundings, and correlating it with the space-time rate of subsequent activity as a function of transferred stress amplitude and sign. This suggests that triggering of aftershocks stems from a combination of dynamic (seismic waves) and elasto-static processes. Another unambiguous interesting result of this work is that the Earth crust in Southern California has quite a short memory of past stress fluctuations lasting only about 3 to 4 months. This may put more constraint on the time window within which one may look for both seismic and non-seismic precursors. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Pi-system Definitions Pi_system > Definitions A π-system is a non-empty collection of sets P {\displaystyle P} that is closed under non-empty finite intersections, which is equivalent to P {\displaystyle P} containing the intersection of any two of its elements. If every set in this π-system is a subset of Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } then it is called a π-system on Ω . {\displaystyle \Omega .} For any non-empty family Σ {\displaystyle \Sigma } of subsets of Ω , {\displaystyle \Omega ,} there exists a π-system I Σ , {\displaystyle {\mathcal {I}}_{\Sigma },} called the π-system generated by Σ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\varSigma }}} , that is the unique smallest π-system of Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } containing every element of Σ . {\displaystyle \Sigma .} It is equal to the intersection of all π-systems containing Σ , {\displaystyle \Sigma ,} and can be explicitly described as the set of all possible non-empty finite intersections of elements of Σ: {\displaystyle \Sigma :} A non-empty family of sets has the finite intersection property if and only if the π-system it generates does not contain the empty set as an element. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Bacterial cell structure Intracellular membranes Bacterial_cell_structure > Intracellular (internal) structures > Intracellular membranes Intracellular membranes are also found in bacteria belonging to the poorly studied Planctomycetota group, although these membranes more closely resemble organellar membranes in eukaryotes and are currently of unknown function. Chromatophores are intracellular membranes found in phototrophic bacteria. Used primarily for photosynthesis, they contain bacteriochlorophyll pigments and carotenoids. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Scale-invariant feature transform Competing methods Scale-invariant_feature_transform > Competing methods For this purpose, the originally ℓ 2 {\displaystyle \ell ^{2}} normalized descriptor is first ℓ 1 {\displaystyle \ell ^{1}} normalized and the square root of each element is computed followed by ℓ 2 {\displaystyle \ell ^{2}} renormalization. After these algebraic manipulations, RootSIFT descriptors can be normally compared using Euclidean distance which is equivalent to using the Hellinger kernel on the original SIFT descriptors. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Randomized block design Examples Randomized_block_design > Use > Examples Male and female: An experiment is designed to test a new drug on patients. There are two levels of the treatment, drug, and placebo, administered to male and female patients in a double blind trial. The sex of the patient is a blocking factor accounting for treatment variability between males and females. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Lateral intraparietal cortex Summary Lateral_intraparietal_cortex The conclusion of this task experiment is that neurons in area LIP store information (the location of the target) useful for guiding the saccadic movement; that is, this area of the cortex shows modality-specific working memory. Areas showing specificity for other modalities have been located. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Wide-issue Summary Wide-issue A wide-issue architecture is a computer processor that issues more than one instruction per clock cycle. They can be considered in three broad types: Statically-scheduled superscalar architectures execute instructions in the order presented; the hardware logic determines which instructions are ready and safe to dispatch on each clock cycle. VLIW architectures rely on the programming software (compiler) to determine which instructions to dispatch on a given clock cycle. Dynamically-scheduled superscalar architectures execute instructions in an order that gives the same result as the order presented; the hardware logic determines which instructions are ready and safe to dispatch on each clock cycle. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Creep-testing machine Summary Creep-testing_machine A creep-testing machine measures the alteration of a material after it has undergone stresses. Engineers use Creep machines to determine the stability and behaviour of a material when put through ordinary stresses. They determine how much strain (load) an object can handle under pressure, so engineers and researchers are able to determine what materials to use. The device generates a creep time-dependent curve by calculating the steady rate of creep in reference to the time it takes for the material to change. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Computer organisation Increasing execution speed Microarchitecture > Microarchitectural concepts > Increasing execution speed Complicating this simple-looking series of steps is the fact that the memory hierarchy, which includes caching, main memory and non-volatile storage like hard disks (where the program instructions and data reside), has always been slower than the processor itself. Step (2) often introduces a lengthy (in CPU terms) delay while the data arrives over the computer bus. A considerable amount of research has been put into designs that avoid these delays as much as possible. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Sine waves Fourier series Non-sinusoidal_waveform > Fourier series In 1822, French mathematician Joseph Fourier discovered that sinusoidal waves can be used as simple building blocks to describe and approximate any periodic waveform, including square waves. Fourier used it as an analytical tool in the study of waves and heat flow. It is frequently used in signal processing and the statistical analysis of time series. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of nucleic acids Structure determination Nucleic_acid_NMR > Structure determination The protocol implies two approaches: nucleotide-type selective labeling of RNA and usage of heteronuclear correlation experiments. NMR is also useful for investigating nonstandard geometries such as bent helices, non-Watson–Crick basepairing, and coaxial stacking. It has been especially useful in probing the structure of natural RNA oligonucleotides, which tend to adopt complex conformations such as stem-loops and pseudoknots. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Granzyme B Mediated apoptosis Granzyme_B > Mediated apoptosis Bim stimulates BAX/BAK oligomerisation, mitochondrial membrane permeability and apoptosis. Granzyme B can also cleave HAX1 (Hs-1 associated protein X-1) to facilitate mitochondria polarisation.Granzyme B can also generate a cytotoxic level of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) to mediate cell death. The caspase independent pathways of cell death are thought to have arisen to overcome viruses that can inhibit caspases and prevent apoptosis. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Rump kernel Anykernel Rump_kernel > Anykernel An anykernel is different in concept from microkernels, exokernels, partitioned kernels or hybrid kernels in that it tries to preserve the advantages of a monolithic kernel, while still enabling the faster driver development and added security in user space. The "anykernel" concept refers to an architecture-agnostic approach to drivers where drivers can either be compiled into the monolithic kernel or be run as a userspace process, microkernel-style, without code changes. With drivers, a wider concept is considered where not only device drivers are included but also file systems and the networking stack. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mind wandering Working memory Mind_wandering > Working memory Recent research has studied the relationship between mind-wandering and working memory capacity. Working memory capacity represents personal skill to have a good command of individual's mind. This relationship requires more research to understand how they influence one another. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Geology applications of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Instrumentation Geology_applications_of_Fourier_transform_infrared_spectroscopy > Instrumentation The fundamental components of a Fourier transform spectrometer include a polychromatic light source and a Michelson Interferometer with a movable mirror. When light goes into the interferometer, it is separated into two beams. 50% of the light reaches the static mirror and the other half reaches the movable mirror. The two light beams reflect from the mirrors and combine as a single beam again at the beam splitter. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
By inspection Proof techniques By_inspection > Proof techniques Often this computation is "proof of concept" and treats only an accessible special case. brute force Rather than finding underlying principles or patterns, this is a method where one would evaluate as many cases as needed to sufficiently prove or provide convincing evidence that the thing in question is true. Sometimes this involves evaluating every possible case (where it is also known as proof by exhaustion). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
PH level Strong acids and bases Acids_and_bases > pH calculations > Strong acids and bases For instance, a 5×10−8M solution of HCl would be expected to have a pH of 7.3 based on the above procedure, which is incorrect as it is acidic and should have a pH of less than 7. In such cases, the system can be treated as a mixture of the acid or base and water, which is an amphoteric substance. By accounting for the self-ionization of water, the true pH of the solution can be calculated. For example, a 5×10−8M solution of HCl would have a pH of 6.89 when treated as a mixture of HCl and water. The self-ionization equilibrium of solutions of sodium hydroxide at higher concentrations must also be considered. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Table (furniture) Specialized types End_table > Specialized types Early examples typically have four legs, often standing on casters, while later examples sometimes have turned columns or other forms of support. Drum tables are round tables introduced for writing, with drawers around the platform. End tables are small tables typically placed beside couches or armchairs. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Discriminant of a polynomial Degree 3 Determinant_of_a_quadratic_form > Low degrees > Degree 3 The discriminant is zero if and only if at least two roots are equal. If the coefficients are real numbers, and the discriminant is not zero, the discriminant is positive if the roots are three distinct real numbers, and negative if there is one real root and two complex conjugate roots.The square root of a quantity strongly related to the discriminant appears in the formulas for the roots of a cubic polynomial. Specifically, this quantity can be −3 times the discriminant, or its product with the square of a rational number; for example, the square of 1/18 in the case of Cardano formula. If the polynomial is irreducible and its coefficients are rational numbers (or belong to a number field), then the discriminant is a square of a rational number (or a number from the number field) if and only if the Galois group of the cubic equation is the cyclic group of order three. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Max pooling Pooling layer Convolutional_layer > Building blocks > Pooling layer This is the idea behind the use of pooling in convolutional neural networks. The pooling layer serves to progressively reduce the spatial size of the representation, to reduce the number of parameters, memory footprint and amount of computation in the network, and hence to also control overfitting. This is known as down-sampling. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
McCarthy 91 function Code McCarthy_91_function > Code Here is an implementation of the nested-recursive algorithm in Lisp: Here is an implementation of the nested-recursive algorithm in Haskell: Here is an implementation of the nested-recursive algorithm in OCaml: Here is an implementation of the tail-recursive algorithm in OCaml: Here is an implementation of the nested-recursive algorithm in Python: Here is an implementation of the nested-recursive algorithm in C: Here is an implementation of the tail-recursive algorithm in C: | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Riemann–Stieltjes Integral Summary Riemann–Stieltjes_Integral In mathematics, the Riemann–Stieltjes integral is a generalization of the Riemann integral, named after Bernhard Riemann and Thomas Joannes Stieltjes. The definition of this integral was first published in 1894 by Stieltjes. It serves as an instructive and useful precursor of the Lebesgue integral, and an invaluable tool in unifying equivalent forms of statistical theorems that apply to discrete and continuous probability. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Redefinition of the SI base units Ampere Redefinition_of_the_SI_base_units > Impact on base unit definitions > Ampere The definition of the ampere underwent a major revision. The previous definition, which is difficult to realise with high precision in practice, was replaced by a definition that is easier to realise. Previous definition: The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 m apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2×10−7 newton per metre of length. 2019 definition: The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Modern quantum theory Schrödinger and the wave mechanics of the Niels Bohr Institute History_of_quantum_mechanics > Development of modern quantum mechanics > Schrödinger and the wave mechanics of the Niels Bohr Institute (Born rule, due to Max Born, which gives a physical meaning to the wave function in the Copenhagen interpretation: the probability amplitude) The values of incompatible pairs of properties of the system cannot be known at the same time. (Heisenberg's uncertainty principle) Matter, like light, exhibits a wave-particle duality. An experiment can demonstrate the particle-like properties of matter, or its wave-like properties; but not both at the same time. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Sexual reproduction Bacteria and archaea Mammalian_sexual_reproduction > Bacteria and archaea For a bacterium to bind, take up, and recombine exogenous DNA into its chromosome, it must enter a special physiological state referred to as competence (see Natural competence). Sexual reproduction in early single-celled eukaryotes may have evolved from bacterial transformation, or from a similar process in archaea (see below). On the other hand, bacterial conjugation is a type of direct transfer of DNA between two bacteria mediated by an external appendage called the conjugation pilus. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Pancreatic insufficiency Summary Exocrine_pancreatic_insufficiency The hormones cholecystokinin and secretin secreted by the stomach and duodenum in response to distension and the presence of food in turn stimulate the production of digestive enzymes by the exocrine pancreas. The alkalization of the duodenum neutralizes the acidic chyme produced by the stomach that is passing into it; the digestive enzymes serve to catalyze the breakdown of complex foodstuffs into smaller molecules for absorption and integration into metabolic pathways. The enzymes include proteases (trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen), hydrolytic enzymes that cleave lipids (the lipases phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase, and cholesterol esterase), and amylase to digest starches. EPI results from progressive failure in the exocrine function of the pancreas to provide its digestive enzymes, often in response to a genetic condition or other disease state, resulting in the inability of the animal involved to properly digest food. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Output transformer Transactor Leakage_transformer > Other types > Transactor A transactor is a combination of a transformer and a reactor. A transactor has an iron core with an air-gap, which limits the coupling between windings. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Functional theories of grammar Summary Functional_theories_of_grammar This means that pragmatics is given an explanatory role, along with semantics. The formal relations between linguistic elements are assumed to be functionally-motivated. Functionalism is sometimes contrasted with formalism, but this does not exclude functional theories from creating grammatical descriptions that are generative in the sense of formulating rules that distinguish grammatical or well-formed elements from ungrammatical elements.Simon Dik characterizes the functional approach as follows: In the functional paradigm a language is in the first place conceptualized as an instrument of social interaction among human beings, used with the intention of establishing communicative relationships. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Sidney Fernbach Award Past recipients Sidney_Fernbach_Award > Past recipients "For outstanding contributions to the development of numerical algorithms, mathematical, and computational tools and on the application of those methods to conduct leading-edge scientific investigations in combustion, fluid dynamics, and condensed matter." 2004 Marsha Berger. "For her many contributions, and enormous, influence to computational fluid dynamics including adaptive mesh refinement methods, Cartesian grid methods, and practical mathematical algorithms for solving significantly heretofore intractable problems." | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Uniform integrability Measure-theoretic definition Uniform_integrability > Measure-theoretic definition {\displaystyle \mu (E)<\delta .} Definition A is rather restrictive for infinite measure spaces. A more general definition of uniform integrability that works well in general measures spaces was introduced by G. A. Hunt. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Forensic seismology Seismic detection of nuclear detonations Forensic_seismology > Seismic detection of nuclear detonations There are many challenges involved with trying to differentiate a nuclear explosion from other natural and man-made phenomena, such as earthquakes, mining explosions, and construction. Nuclear explosions exceeding 150 kilotons generate pressure waves that primarily travel through the Earth's core and mantle. These types of explosions are straightforward to identify because the mixture of rock the signals pass through is fairly homogeneous and the signals generated are free from noise. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Simulation of production systems Classification and terminology Simulation_of_production_systems > Classification and terminology A distributed simulation is one which uses more than one computer simultaneously, to guarantee access from/to different resources (e.g. multi-users operating different systems, or distributed data sets); a classical example is Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS).Parallel simulation speeds up a simulation's execution by concurrently distributing its workload over multiple processors, as in High-Performance Computing.Interoperable simulation is where multiple models, simulators (often defined as federates) interoperate locally, distributed over a network; a classical example is High-Level Architecture.Modeling and simulation as a service is where simulation is accessed as a service over the web.Modeling, interoperable simulation and serious games is where serious game approaches (e.g. game engines and engagement methods) are integrated with interoperable simulation.Simulation fidelity is used to describe the accuracy of a simulation and how closely it imitates the real-life counterpart. Fidelity is broadly classified as one of three categories: low, medium, and high. Specific descriptions of fidelity levels are subject to interpretation, but the following generalizations can be made: Low – the minimum simulation required for a system to respond to accept inputs and provide outputs Medium – responds automatically to stimuli, with limited accuracy High – nearly indistinguishable or as close as possible to the real systemA synthetic environment is a computer simulation that can be included in human-in-the-loop simulations.Simulation in failure analysis refers to simulation in which we create environment/conditions to identify the cause of equipment failure. This can be the best and fastest method to identify the failure cause. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Bidirectional search Summary Bidirectional_search Bidirectional search is a graph search algorithm that finds a shortest path from an initial vertex to a goal vertex in a directed graph. It runs two simultaneous searches: one forward from the initial state, and one backward from the goal, stopping when the two meet. The reason for this approach is that in many cases it is faster: for instance, in a simplified model of search problem complexity in which both searches expand a tree with branching factor b, and the distance from start to goal is d, each of the two searches has complexity O(bd/2) (in Big O notation), and the sum of these two search times is much less than the O(bd) complexity that would result from a single search from the beginning to the goal. Andrew Goldberg and others explained the correct termination conditions for the bidirectional version of Dijkstra’s Algorithm.As in A* search, bi-directional search can be guided by a heuristic estimate of the remaining distance to the goal (in the forward tree) or from the start (in the backward tree). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
T-structure Cohomology functors T-structure > Cohomology functors {\displaystyle \cdots \to H^{i}(X)\to H^{i}(Y)\to H^{i}(Z)\to H^{i+1}(X)\to \cdots .} In applications to algebraic topology, the cohomology functors may be denoted π n {\displaystyle \pi _{n}} instead of H n {\displaystyle H^{n}} . The cohomology functors take values in the heart D ♡ {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}^{\heartsuit }} . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
In-place matrix transposition Background In-place_matrix_transposition > Background On a computer, one can often avoid explicitly transposing a matrix in memory by simply accessing the same data in a different order. For example, software libraries for linear algebra, such as BLAS, typically provide options to specify that certain matrices are to be interpreted in transposed order to avoid data movement. However, there remain a number of circumstances in which it is necessary or desirable to physically reorder a matrix in memory to its transposed ordering. For example, with a matrix stored in row-major order, the rows of the matrix are contiguous in memory and the columns are discontiguous. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Specific modulus Beam's cross-sectional area increases in two dimensions Specific_stiffness > Applications > Specific stiffness in buckling and bending > Beam with fixed weight; goal is increased stiffness > Beam's cross-sectional area increases in two dimensions Consider a beam whose cross-sectional area increases in two dimensions, e.g. a solid round beam or a solid square beam. By combining the area and density formulas, we can see that the radius of this beam will vary with approximately the inverse of the square of the density for a given mass. By examining the formulas for area moment of inertia, we can see that the stiffness of this beam will vary approximately as the fourth power of the radius. Thus the second moment of area will vary approximately as the inverse of the density squared, and performance of the beam will depend on Young's modulus divided by density squared. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Passively safe Terminology Passively_safe > Terminology There are no 'passively safe' reactors, only systems and components. Safety systems are used to maintain control of the plant if it goes outside normal conditions in case of anticipated operational occurrences or accidents, while the control systems are used to operate the plant under normal conditions. Sometimes a system combines both features. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Epistemic luck Fred Dretske's conclusive reasons and Robert Nozick's truth-tracking Gettier_problem > Responses to Gettier > Revisions of JTB approaches > Fred Dretske's conclusive reasons and Robert Nozick's truth-tracking An alternate example is if Jones looks up and forms the belief: I see a red barn.According to Nozick's view this fulfills all four premises. Therefore this is knowledge, since Jones couldn't have been wrong, since the fake barns cannot be painted red. This is a troubling account however, since it seems the first statement I see a barn can be inferred from I see a red barn; however by Nozick's view the first belief is not knowledge and the second is knowledge. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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