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Iteration Implementations Iterate_(math) > Computing > Implementations Loops constitute the most common language constructs for performing iterations. The following pseudocode "iterates" three times the line of code between begin & end through a for loop, and uses the values of i as increments. It is permissible, and o... |
Functional completeness Summary Functional_completeness A gate or set of gates which is functionally complete can also be called a universal gate / gates. A functionally complete set of gates may utilise or generate 'garbage bits' as part of its computation which are either not part of the input or not part of the outp... |
Optical device Dispersion and scattering Optics > Classical optics > Physical optics > Dispersion and scattering Refractive processes take place in the physical optics limit, where the wavelength of light is similar to other distances, as a kind of scattering. The simplest type of scattering is Thomson scattering which... |
Hypocomplementemic vasculitis Diagnosis Hypocomplementemic_vasculitis > Diagnosis A rare autoimmune disease characterized by recurrent urticaria (nettle rash), first described in the 1970s. There is no defined paradigm for the syndrome aetiology and severity in progression. Diagnosis is confirmed with the identificatio... |
Passing away Natural selection Passing_away > In biology > Natural selection The contemporary evolutionary theory sees death as an important part of the process of natural selection. It is considered that organisms less adapted to their environment are more likely to die, having produced fewer offspring, thereby reduci... |
Enriched grain Different forms of micronutrients Food_fortification > Criticism > Different forms of micronutrients There is a concern that micronutrients are legally defined in such a way that does not distinguish between different forms, and that fortified foods often have nutrients in a balance that would not occur ... |
Encapsulation (object-oriented programming) Meaning Encapsulation_(object-oriented_programming) > Meaning In object-oriented programming languages, and other related fields, encapsulation refers to one of two related but distinct notions, and sometimes to the combination thereof: A language mechanism for restricting di... |
Discrete log problem Algorithms Discrete_logarithm_problem > Algorithms For example, in the group of the integers modulo p under addition, the power bk becomes a product bk, and equality means congruence modulo p in the integers. The extended Euclidean algorithm finds k quickly. With Diffie–Hellman a cyclic group modul... |
Refraction of light Sound waves Refraction > Mechanical waves > Sound waves In underwater acoustics, refraction is the bending or curving of a sound ray that results when the ray passes through a sound speed gradient from a region of one sound speed to a region of a different speed. The amount of ray bending is depende... |
Queueing network Queueing networks Queuing_theory > Queueing networks Queue networks are systems in which multiple queues are connected by customer routing. When a customer is serviced at one node, it can join another node and queue for service, or leave the network. For networks of m nodes, the state of the system can... |
Periodic table (electron configurations) Summary Periodic_table_(electron_configurations) Written out, these are:He, 2, helium: 1s2 Ne, 10, neon: 1s2 2s2 2p6 Ar, 18, argon: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 Kr, 36, krypton: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 Xe, 54, xenon: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 Rn, 86, radon: 1... |
Cell cycle progression DNA replication and DNA replication origin activity Cell_division_cycle > Regulation of eukaryotic cell cycle > DNA replication and DNA replication origin activity Analyses of synchronized cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under conditions that prevent DNA replication initiation without delayi... |
CCR5 receptor HIV CCR5_receptor > HIV During HIV-1 infection, the Gp120 envelope glycoprotein subunit binds to a CD4 glycoprotein and a HIV-1 co-receptor expressed on a target cell, forming a heterotrimeric complex. The formation of this complex stimulates the release of a fusogenic peptide, causing the viral membrane ... |
Electric friction brake Summary Electric_friction_brake An electric friction brake, often referred to as just electric brake or electric trailer brake, is a brake controlled by an electric current and can be seen on medium duty trailers like caravans/RVs and consumer-grade car trailers. It is related to the electromagn... |
NP class Summary Nondeterministic_polynomial These two definitions are equivalent because the algorithm based on the Turing machine consists of two phases, the first of which consists of a guess about the solution, which is generated in a nondeterministic way, while the second phase consists of a deterministic algorith... |
The Bridges Organization Summary The_Bridges_Organization The Bridges Organization is an organization that was founded in Kansas, United States, in 1998 with the goal of promoting interdisciplinary work in mathematics and art. The Bridges Conference is an annual conference on connections between art and mathematics. Th... |
Histone H4 Summary Histone_H4 Covalently bonded modifications include acetylation and methylation of the N-terminal tails. These modifications may alter expression of genes located on DNA associated with its parent histone octamer. Histone H4 is an important protein in the structure and function of chromatin, where its... |
Function prologue Prologue Function_prologue > Prologue A function prologue typically does the following actions if the architecture has a base pointer (also known as frame pointer) and a stack pointer: Pushes current base pointer onto the stack, so it can be restored later. Value of base pointer is set to the address ... |
Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 Cell cycle Cyclin-dependent_kinase_6 > Function > Cell cycle In 1994, Matthew Meyerson and Ed Harlow investigated the product of a close analogous gene of CDK4. This gene, identified as PLSTIRE was translated into a protein that interacted with the cyclins CD1, CD2 and CD3 (same as CDK4), but ... |
Metal carbido complex Doubly bridging carbide ligands Carbide_cluster > Doubly bridging carbide ligands Bridging carbido ligands can be subdivided into three classes: cumulenic LnM=C=M'Ln, metallocarbyne LnM≡C−M'Ln, and polar covalent LnM≡C:→M'Ln.Cumulenic compounds generally bridge two metal atoms of the same element ... |
Scatter diagram Summary Scatter_diagram A scatter plot (also called a scatterplot, scatter graph, scatter chart, scattergram, or scatter diagram) is a type of plot or mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for typically two variables for a set of data. If the points are coded (color/shape/si... |
Non-human primate experiments AIDS Primate_experimentation > Notable studies > AIDS The finding that prophylaxis can be effective at blocking infection has altered the treatment for occupational exposures, such as needle exposures. Such exposures are now followed rapidly with anti-HIV drugs, and this practice has resul... |
Astronomia Nova Kepler's knowledge of gravity Astronomia_Nova > Kepler's knowledge of gravity His argument could easily be applied today to something like the flight of a hot air balloon. Nothing which consists of corporeal matter is absolutely light, but that is comparatively lighter which is rarer, either by its own ... |
Force Touch Mechanics 3D_Touch > Mechanics The touch sensitive interface could either be a trackpad or a touch screen. Multiple actuators are mechanically connected to the back of the input surface. The actuators are distributed along the surface, each at a separate contact location, to provide localized haptic feedbac... |
Consistency (database systems) Summary Data_inconsistency In database systems, consistency (or correctness) refers to the requirement that any given database transaction must change affected data only in allowed ways. Any data written to the database must be valid according to all defined rules, including constraints, ... |
Differential privacy Summary Differential_privacy Differential privacy (DP) is an approach for providing privacy while sharing information about a group of individuals, by describing the patterns within the group while withholding information about specific individuals. This is done by making arbitrary small changes to... |
Self awareness Schizophrenia Self_awareness > Disorders > Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric illness characterized by excessive dopamine activity in the mesolimbic tract and insufficient dopamine activity in the mesocortical pathway, leading to symptoms of psychosis along with poor cognition in social... |
Erbin (protein) Summary Erbin_(protein) Erbb2 interacting protein (ERBB2IP), also known as erbin, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ERBB2IP gene. Discovered in 1997, erbin is a 200kDa protein containing a PDZ domain. |
Universal Grammar Argument Universal_Grammar > Argument Some students of universal grammar study a variety of grammars to extract generalizations called linguistic universals, often in the form of "If X holds true, then Y occurs." These have been extended to a variety of traits, such as the phonemes found in languages,... |
Hash table Other data structures for separate chaining Hash_tables > Collision resolution > Separate chaining > Other data structures for separate chaining If the keys are ordered, it could be efficient to use "self-organizing" concepts such as using a self-balancing binary search tree, through which the theoretical wo... |
Direct function History Direct_function > History Dfns were first presented in the Dyalog Vendor Forum at the APL '96 Conference and released in Dyalog APL in early 1997. Acceptance and recognition were slow in coming. As late as 2008, in Dyalog at 25, a publication celebrating the 25th anniversary of Dyalog Limited, d... |
Leaky bucket Uses Leaky_bucket > As a queue > Uses The leaky bucket as a queue can only be used in shaping traffic to a specified bandwidth with no jitter in the output. It may be used within the network, e.g. as part of bandwidth management, but is more appropriate to traffic shaping in the network interfaces of hosts... |
Instrument effect Summary Instrument_effect The instrument effect is an issue in experimental methodology meaning that any change during the measurement, or, the instrument, may influence the research validity. For example, in a control group design experiment, if the instruments used to measure the performance of the ... |
Permutation group Summary Oligomorphic_group In mathematics, a permutation group is a group G whose elements are permutations of a given set M and whose group operation is the composition of permutations in G (which are thought of as bijective functions from the set M to itself). The group of all permutations of a set ... |
Thermochemical cycle Summary Thermochemical_cycle Thermochemical cycles combine solely heat sources (thermo) with chemical reactions to split water into its hydrogen and oxygen components. The term cycle is used because aside of water, hydrogen and oxygen, the chemical compounds used in these processes are continuously... |
Lawrence Hunter Summary Lawrence_Hunter Lawrence E. Hunter is a Professor and Director of the Center for Computational Pharmacology and of the Computational Bioscience Program at the University of Colorado School of Medicine and Professor of Computer Science at the University of Colorado Boulder. He is an international... |
DNA code construction Introduction DNA_code_construction > Introduction The field of DNA computing was established in Leonard M. Adelman's seminal paper. His work is significant for a number of reasons: It shows how one could use the highly parallel nature of computation performed by DNA to solve problems that are diff... |
Supersymmetric theory of stochastic dynamics Ambiguity of path integral representation and Ito–Stratonovich dilemma Supersymmetric_theory_of_stochastic_dynamics > BRST procedure for SDEs of arbitrary form > Ambiguity of path integral representation and Ito–Stratonovich dilemma Noteworthy, unlike in Langevin SDEs, d ¯ ^... |
Georgi–Glashow model Decomposition Georgi–Glashow_model > Minimal supersymmetric SU(5) > Vacua > Decomposition The Higgs mechanism causes one real HALF of the ( 3 , 2 ) − 5 6 {\displaystyle \ (3,2)_{-{\frac {5}{6}}}\ } and ( 3 ¯ , 2 ) 5 6 {\displaystyle \ ({\bar {3}},2)_{\frac {5}{6}}\ } of the adjoint Higgs to be abso... |
Free fatty acid receptor 2 Type 2 diabetes Free_fatty_acid_receptor_2 > FFAR2 functions and actions > Diabetes > Type 2 diabetes GIP also slows gastric motility. In addition, both GLP-1 and GIP protect pancreatic beta cells from dying by apoptosis (see programmed cell death). |
Market intelligence Method of Validation Market_intelligence > Framework > Validation > Method of Validation Data cleansing is a complex process that involves several stages in order to get good data quality for MI strategy use. Stages include defining the organization's level of data quality, detecting error from the ... |
Capo (musical device) Summary Capo_(musical_device) A capo (short for capodastro, capo tasto or capotasto , Italian for "head of fretboard") is a device a musician uses on the neck of a stringed (typically fretted) instrument to transpose and shorten the playable length of the strings—hence raising the pitch. It is a c... |
Regression diagnostic Summary Regression_diagnostics In statistics, a regression diagnostic is one of a set of procedures available for regression analysis that seek to assess the validity of a model in any of a number of different ways. This assessment may be an exploration of the model's underlying statistical assump... |
Fréchet derivative Relation to the Gateaux derivative Fréchet_differentiable > Relation to the Gateaux derivative The following example only works in infinite dimensions. Let X {\displaystyle X} be a Banach space, and φ {\displaystyle \varphi } a linear functional on X {\displaystyle X} that is discontinuous at x = 0 {... |
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of nucleic acids Structure determination Nucleic_acid_NMR > Structure determination For RNA, the differences in chemical structure and helix geometry make this assignment more technically difficult, but still possible. The sequential walking methodology is not possible for non-do... |
SARS-related coronavirus Replication and transcription SARS-associated_coronavirus > Life cycle > Replication and transcription A number of the nonstructural replication proteins coalesce to form a multi-protein replicase-transcriptase complex (RTC). The main replicase-transcriptase protein is the RNA-dependent RNA pol... |
Peter F. C. Gilbert Career and research Peter_F._C._Gilbert > Career and research Towards the end of 1974 and after completing his work in the Eccles laboratory, Gilbert partnered with Dr W. T. Thach at Yale School of Medicine. Over the next two years, and later, at Washington University School of Medicine, the pair ca... |
Circumventricular organs Function Circumventricular_organs > Sensory organs > Subfornical organ (SFO) > Function The induction of the drinking response via the SFO can be antagonized, however, by the peptide, ANP. Additional research has demonstrated that the subfornical organ may be an important intermediary though wh... |
Level ancestor problem Ladder algorithm Level_ancestor_problem > Ladder algorithm The ladder algorithm is based on the idea of simplifying a tree into a collection of paths. The reason for this is the fact that paths are easier to be queried when it comes to level ancestor queries. Consider a path P consisting of n nod... |
Homograph Summary Homograph However, in a broader sense the term "homonym" may be applied to words with the same writing or pronunciation. Homograph disambiguation is critically important in speech synthesis, natural language processing and other fields. Identically written different senses of what is judged to be fund... |
Fisher transformation Definition Fisher_transformation > Definition Given a set of N bivariate sample pairs (Xi, Yi), i = 1, …, N, the sample correlation coefficient r is given by r = cov ( X , Y ) σ X σ Y = ∑ i = 1 N ( X i − X ¯ ) ( Y i − Y ¯ ) ∑ i = 1 N ( X i − X ¯ ) 2 ∑ i = 1 N ( Y i − Y ¯ ) 2 . {\displaystyle r={... |
Generative grammar Summary Generative_grammar A main point of interest remains in how to appropriately analyse Wh-movement and other cases where the subject appears to separate the verb from the object. Although claimed by generativists as a cognitively real structure, neuroscience has found no evidence for it. In othe... |
Transducer Electromagnetic Transducer > Applications > Electromagnetic Antennae – converts propagating electromagnetic waves to and from conducted electrical signals magnetic cartridges – converts relative physical motion to and from electrical signals Tape head, disk read-and-write heads – converts magnetic fields on ... |
Chemiluminescence Infrared chemiluminescence Infrared_chemiluminescence > Infrared chemiluminescence In chemical kinetics, infrared chemiluminiscence (IRCL) refers to the emission of infrared photons from vibrationally excited product molecules immediately after their formation. The intensities of infrared emission lin... |
Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding Algorithm Context-adaptive_binary_arithmetic_coding > Algorithm Coding a data symbol involves the following stages. Binarization: CABAC uses Binary Arithmetic Coding which means that only binary decisions (1 or 0) are encoded. A non-binary-valued symbol (e.g. a transform coeffi... |
Cutoff function Applications Cutoff_function > Applications The basic application of mollifiers is to prove that properties valid for smooth functions are also valid in nonsmooth situations: |
Foundations of statistics Significance testing Foundations_of_statistics > Fisher's "significance testing" vs. Neyman–Pearson "hypothesis testing" > Significance testing Fisher played a significant role in popularizing significance testing through his publications, such as "Statistical Methods for Research Workers" in ... |
Dynamic list Linked lists vs. dynamic arrays Dynamic_list > Tradeoffs > Linked lists vs. dynamic arrays A balanced tree has similar memory access patterns and space overhead to a linked list while permitting much more efficient indexing, taking O(log n) time instead of O(n) for a random access. However, insertion and d... |
Sustainable lifestyle Power Sustainable_living > Power Passive systems are cheaper than active systems since they do not require a pumping system (instead, they take advantage of the natural movement of hot water rising above cold water to cycle the water being used through the collector and storage tank).Other methods... |
Inferential statistics Summary Predictive_inference Inferential statistics can be contrasted with descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics is solely concerned with properties of the observed data, and it does not rest on the assumption that the data come from a larger population. In machine learning, the term inf... |
Matrix theory Orthogonal matrix Matrix_theory > Square matrix > Main types > Orthogonal matrix A special orthogonal matrix is an orthogonal matrix with determinant +1. As a linear transformation, every orthogonal matrix with determinant +1 is a pure rotation without reflection, i.e., the transformation preserves the or... |
One-third hypothesis Summary One-third_hypothesis This does not mean that these groups need to be dominant, but they play prominent roles." The OTH involves two mathematical curves. One represents the likelihood that a subgroup of a specific size will emerge; the other is the probability that it will persist. The produ... |
One-shot learning (computer vision) Theory One-shot_learning_(computer_vision) > Theory The Bayesian one-shot learning algorithm represents the foreground and background of images as parametrized by a mixture of constellation models. During the learning phase, the parameters of these models are learned using a conjugat... |
Spin angular momenta Rotations Spin_operator > Mathematical formulation > Rotations As described above, quantum mechanics states that components of angular momentum measured along any direction can only take a number of discrete values. The most convenient quantum-mechanical description of particle's spin is therefore ... |
Humoral immune deficiency Summary B_cell_deficiency Humoral immune deficiencies are conditions which cause impairment of humoral immunity, which can lead to immunodeficiency. It can be mediated by insufficient number or function of B cells, the plasma cells they differentiate into, or the antibody secreted by the plasm... |
Beta thalassemia mRNA assembly Thalassemia_major > Cause > mRNA assembly Beta thalassemia is a hereditary disease affecting hemoglobin. As with about half of all hereditary diseases, an inherited mutation damages the assembly of the messenger-type RNA (mRNA) that is transcribed from a chromosome. DNA contains both the ... |
Greenhouse warming Summary Greenhouse_Effect Adding to greenhouse gases further reduces the rate a planet emits radiation to space, raising its average surface temperature. The Earth's average surface temperature would be about −18 °C (−0.4 °F) without the greenhouse effect, compared to Earth's 20th century average of ... |
Brouwer fixed-point theorem Summary Brouwer_Fixed_Point_Theorem Proving results such as the Poincaré–Bendixson theorem requires the use of topological methods. This work at the end of the 19th century opened into several successive versions of the theorem. The case of differentiable mappings of the n-dimensional closed... |
Measure theoretic Definition Measurable_set > Definition A triple ( X , Σ , μ ) {\displaystyle (X,\Sigma ,\mu )} is called a measure space. A probability measure is a measure with total measure one – that is, μ ( X ) = 1. {\displaystyle \mu (X)=1.} |
Immune memory Summary Immunological_memory Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to quickly and specifically recognize an antigen that the body has previously encountered and initiate a corresponding immune response. Generally, they are secondary, tertiary and other subsequent immune responses to the... |
BERT (language model) Architecture BERT_(language_model) > Architecture Its vocabulary has size 30,000. Any token not appearing in its vocabulary is replaced by for "unknown". BERT was pre-trained simultaneously on two tasks:language modeling: 15% of tokens were selected for prediction, and the training objective was ... |
Depressive illness DSM and ICD criteria Unipolar_depression > Diagnosis > DSM and ICD criteria The most recent edition of the DSM is the Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), and the most recent edition of the ICD is the Eleventh Edition (ICD-11).Under mood disorders, ICD-11 classifies major depressive disorder as e... |
Byerlee's law General references Byerlee's_law > References > General references MARGINS theoretical and experimental earth science series. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231127387. |
Fiducial probability Background Fiducial_inference > Background However, in either case, the probability concerned is not the probability that the true value is in the particular interval that has been calculated since at that stage both the true value and the calculated interval are fixed and are not random. Credible ... |
Quantitative analysis (finance) Library quantitative analysis Quantitative_analysis_(finance) > Types > Library quantitative analysis Major firms invest large sums in an attempt to produce standard methods of evaluating prices and risk. These differ from front office tools in that Excel is very rare, with most developm... |
Tissue stress The place of the tissue stress in line of the unspecific adaptive reactions Tissue_stress > The place of the tissue stress in line of the unspecific adaptive reactions It consists in the formation of the protective phase of this physiological reaction. Meanwhile, under tissue stress, its protective functi... |
Parkinson disease Signs and symptoms Parkinsonian_tremor > Signs and symptoms The most recognizable symptoms are movement (motor) related, and include tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and shuffling/stooped gait. Non-motor symptoms, including autonomic dysfunction (dysautonomia), neuropsychiatric problems (mood, cognitio... |
Universal hashing Introduction Universal_hashing > Introduction A family of functions H = { h: U → } {\displaystyle H=\{h:U\to \}} is called a universal family if, ∀ x , y ∈ U , x ≠ y: | { h ∈ H: h ( x ) = h ( y ) } | ≤ | H | m {\displaystyle \forall x,y\in U,~x\neq y:~~|\{h\in H:h(x)=h(y)\}|\leq {\frac {|H|}{m}}} . I... |
Diffraction limit Digital photography Abbe_diffraction_limit > Calculation of diffraction limit > Digital photography In a digital camera, diffraction effects interact with the effects of the regular pixel grid. The combined effect of the different parts of an optical system is determined by the convolution of the poin... |
Complementary cumulative distribution function Properties Cumulative_distribution_function > Properties If X {\displaystyle X} is a purely discrete random variable, then it attains values x 1 , x 2 , … {\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots } with probability p i = p ( x i ) {\displaystyle p_{i}=p(x_{i})} , and the CDF of X... |
Called routine Conventions Algorithm_function > Conventions A wide number of conventions for the coding of functions have been developed. Pertaining to their naming, many developers have adopted the approach that the name of a function should be a verb when it does a certain task, and adjective when it makes some inqui... |
D-dimer Indications D-dimer > Indications A low pretest probability is also valuable in ruling out PE. If the D-dimer reads high, then further testing (ultrasound of the leg veins or lung scintigraphy or CT scanning) is required to confirm the presence of thrombus. Anticoagulant therapy may be started at this point or ... |
Yuneec Power Drive 10 Design and development Yuneec_Power_Drive_10 > Design and development The Power Drive 10 is part of a family of scalable electric motor designs produced by Yuneec. The Power Drive 10+ produces the same power but at a reduced rpm.The family of engines is designed to use the company's own power cont... |
Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie Books and articles Grundzüge_der_physiologischen_Psychologie > Selected works > Books and articles 1878). Die physikalischen Axiome und ihre Beziehung zum Causalprincip (Physical Axioms and their Bearing upon Causality Principles), (Enke, Erlangen 1866). Handbuch der medicinisc... |
Quantum Field Theory Renormalization group Relativistic_quantum_field_theories > Principles > Renormalization > Renormalization group The renormalization group, developed by Kenneth Wilson, is a mathematical apparatus used to study the changes in physical parameters (coefficients in the Lagrangian) as the system is vie... |
Numerical methods in fluid mechanics Forward Euler approximation Numerical_methods_in_fluid_mechanics > Forward Euler approximation u n + 1 − u n Δ t ≈ κ u n {\displaystyle {\frac {u^{n+1}-u^{n}}{\Delta t}}\approx \kappa u^{n}} Equation is an explicit approximation to the original differential equation since no informa... |
Mechanical philosophy Summary Mechanical_philosophy There is no constant meaning in the history of philosophy for the word Mechanism. Originally, the term meant that cosmological theory which ascribes the motion and changes of the world to some external force. In this view material things are purely passive, while acco... |
Relative standard deviation Alternative Coefficient_of_variation > Distribution > Alternative According to Liu (2012), Lehmann (1986). "also derived the sample distribution of CV in order to give an exact method for the construction of a confidence interval for CV;" it is based on a non-central t-distribution. |
Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis Physiology HPT_axis > Physiology Thyroid homeostasis results from a multi-loop feedback system that is found in virtually all higher vertebrates. Proper function of thyrotropic feedback control is indispensable for growth, differentiation, reproduction and intelligence. Very few anim... |
Dereference operator C linked list Dereference_operator > Uses > Use in data structures > C linked list Below is an example definition of a linked list in C. This pointer-recursive definition is essentially the same as the reference-recursive definition from the Haskell programming language: Nil is the empty list, and ... |
Principal value Complex argument Principal_value > General case > Principal values of standard functions > Complex argument The principal value of complex number argument measured in radians can be defined as: values in the range {\displaystyle (-\pi ,\pi ]} To compute these values one can use functions: atan2 with pr... |
Two-dimensional polymers (2DP) Summary Two-dimensional_polymer They are distinct from other families of polymers because 2D polymers can be isolated as multilayer crystals or as individual sheets.The term 2D polymer has also been used more broadly to include linear polymerizations performed at interfaces, layered non-c... |
Molecular orbital diagram Dihydrogen MO_diagram > Diatomic MO diagrams > Dihydrogen The bond order for dihydrogen is (2-0)/2 = 1. The photoelectron spectrum of dihydrogen shows a single set of multiplets between 16 and 18 eV (electron volts).The dihydrogen MO diagram helps explain how a bond breaks. When applying energ... |
Occupant-centric building controls Predictive Controls Occupant-centric_building_controls > Background > Predictive Controls Unlike reactive controls, predictive controls use real-time occupant preference and presence data to inform and train predictive control algorithms rather than directly impact the system operatio... |
Polar covalent bond Nonpolar molecules Chemical_polarity > Examples > Nonpolar molecules A molecule may be nonpolar either when there is an equal sharing of electrons between the two atoms of a diatomic molecule or because of the symmetrical arrangement of polar bonds in a more complex molecule. For example, boron trif... |
Frequency response (electrical grid) Control after disturbance Power_system_operations > Control after disturbance Small mismatches between the total demand and total load are typical and initially are taken care of by the kinetic energy of the rotating machinery (mostly synchronous generators): when there is too much ... |
Geometrized units Summary Geometric_units All physical quantities are identified with geometric quantities such as areas, lengths, dimensionless numbers, path curvatures, or sectional curvatures. Many equations in relativistic physics appear simpler when expressed in geometric units, because all occurrences of G and of... |
Renormalization General introduction Renormalization > Further reading > General introduction Shirkov, Dmitry; Fifty Years of the Renormalization Group, C.E.R.N. Courrier 41(7) (2001). Full text available at: I.O.P Magazines. E. Elizalde; Zeta regularization techniques with Applications. |
Signaling peptide receptor PAC1 Signaling_peptide_receptor > Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor and Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide > PAC1 Agonists PACAP PACAP (1-27) PACAP (1-38) Antagonists PACAP (6-38) |
Special Theory of Relativity Texts by Einstein and text about history of special relativity Relativistic_velocities > Further reading > Texts by Einstein and text about history of special relativity Einstein, Albert (1920). Relativity: The Special and General Theory. Einstein, Albert (1996). The Meaning of Relativity. |
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