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Computer security compromised by hardware failure Cache attack Computer_security_compromised_by_hardware_failure > Computer components > Processor > Cache attack To increase the computational power, processors are generally equipped with a cache memory which decreases the memory access latency. Below, the figure shows the hierarchy between the processor and the memory. First the processor looks for data in the cache L1, then L2, then in the memory. When the data is not where the processor is looking for, it is called a cache-miss.
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Summary Transmission_of_SARS-CoV-2 The transmission of COVID-19 is the passing of coronavirus disease 2019 from person to person. COVID-19 is mainly transmitted when people breathe in air contaminated by droplets/aerosols and small airborne particles containing the virus. Infected people exhale those particles as they breathe, talk, cough, sneeze, or sing. Transmission is more likely the closer people are.
Walking floor How it works Walking_floor > How it works The moving floor is divided into three sets of narrow floor slats, with every third slat connected together, hydraulically powered to move forward and backward either in unison, or alternately. When all three sets move in unison, the load is moved upon them in the direction the operator wishes. Slat retraction (during which the load does not move) is accomplished by moving only one set of slats at a time. (The friction of the load on the two stationary sets of slats keeps the load from moving while a single set of slats alternately slides past.)
Young's syndrome Causes Young's_syndrome > Causes Young's syndrome is caused by helminthiasis where specific parasites are attacking the reproductive organs.
Bandpass filter Summary Bandpass_filter A band-pass filter or bandpass filter (BPF) is a device that passes frequencies within a certain range and rejects (attenuates) frequencies outside that range.
Immune function Predicting immunogenicity Immune_system > Manipulation in medicine > Predicting immunogenicity Some drugs can cause a neutralizing immune response, meaning that the immune system produces neutralizing antibodies that counteract the action of the drugs, particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly, or in larger doses. This limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins (which are typically larger than 6000 Da). In some cases, the drug itself is not immunogenic, but may be co-administered with an immunogenic compound, as is sometimes the case for Taxol.
Fog networking Concept Fog_networking > Concept In 2011, the need to extend cloud computing with fog computing emerged, in order to cope with huge number of IoT devices and big data volumes for real-time low-latency applications. Fog computing, also called edge computing, is intended for distributed computing where numerous "peripheral" devices connect to a cloud. The word "fog" refers to its cloud-like properties, but closer to the "ground", i.e. IoT devices. Many of these devices will generate voluminous raw data (e.g., from sensors), and rather than forward all this data to cloud-based servers to be processed, the idea behind fog computing is to do as much processing as possible using computing units co-located with the data-generating devices, so that processed rather than raw data is forwarded, and bandwidth requirements are reduced.
Test body General relativity Test_particles > General relativity In metric theories of gravitation, particularly general relativity, a test particle is an idealized model of a small object whose mass is so small that it does not appreciably disturb the ambient gravitational field. According to the Einstein field equations, the gravitational field is locally coupled not only to the distribution of non-gravitational mass–energy, but also to the distribution of momentum and stress (e.g. pressure, viscous stresses in a perfect fluid). In the case of test particles in a vacuum solution or electrovacuum solution, this turns out to imply that in addition to the tidal acceleration experienced by small clouds of test particles (spinning or not), spinning test particles may experience additional accelerations due to spin-spin forces.
Transient kinetic isotope fractionation Isotope mass balance Transient_kinetic_isotope_fractionation > Mathematical description of transient kinetic isotope effects > Isotope mass balance The following isotope mass balances must hold ∑ j = 1 n S ∑ b j = 0 a j ∑ β j x b j a j = ∑ h = 1 n P ∑ d h = 0 c h ∑ γ h u γ h y d h c h , {\displaystyle \sum _{j=1}^{n_{S}}\sum _{b_{j}=0}^{a_{j}}\sum _{\beta _{j}}x_{b_{j}}\ a_{j}=\sum _{h=1}^{n_{P}}\sum _{d_{h}=0}^{c_{h}}\sum _{\gamma _{h}}u_{\gamma _{h}}\ y_{d_{h}}\ c_{h},} ∑ j = 1 n S ∑ b j = 0 a j ∑ β j x b j b j = ∑ h = 1 n P ∑ d h = 0 c h ∑ γ h u γ h y d h d h . {\displaystyle \sum _{j=1}^{n_{S}}\sum _{b_{j}=0}^{a_{j}}\sum _{\beta _{j}}x_{b_{j}}\ b_{j}=\sum _{h=1}^{n_{P}}\sum _{d_{h}=0}^{c_{h}}\sum _{\gamma _{h}}u_{\gamma _{h}}\ y_{d_{h}}\ d_{h}.}
Bayesian inference in phylogeny Bayesian inference of phylogeny background and bases Bayesian_inference_in_phylogeny > Bayesian inference of phylogeny background and bases Secondly, the probability of this new state to be correct is calculated. Thirdly, a new random variable (0,1) is proposed. If this new value is less than the acceptance probability the new state is accepted and the state of the chain is updated.
Formal logic Premises and conclusions Formal_logic > Basic concepts > Premises, conclusions, and truth > Premises and conclusions For example, the English sentence "the tree is green" is different from the German sentence "der Baum is grün" but both express the same proposition.Propositional theories of premises and conclusions are often criticized because they rely on abstract objects. For instance, philosophical naturalists usually reject the existence of abstract objects. Other arguments concern the challenges involved in specifying the identity criteria of propositions.
Second quantization Operator identities Second_quantization > Creation and annihilation operators > Boson creation and annihilation operators > Operator identities The following operator identities follow from the action of the boson creation and annihilation operators on the Fock state, = = 0 , = δ α β . {\displaystyle ==0,\quad =\delta _{\alpha \beta }.} These commutation relations can be considered as the algebraic definition of the boson creation and annihilation operators. The fact that the boson many-body wave function is symmetric under particle exchange is also manifested by the commutation of the boson operators.
Pebble motion problems Complexity Pebble_motion_problems > Complexity Finding the shortest solution sequence in the pebble motion on graphs problem (with labeled pebbles) is known to be NP-hard and APX-hard. The unlabeled problem can be solved in polynomial time when using the cost metric mentioned above (minimizing the total number of moves to adjacent vertices), but is NP-hard for other natural cost metrics. == References ==
Maxwell's theory Solutions Maxwell's_Equations > Solutions Numerical methods for differential equations can be used to compute approximate solutions of Maxwell's equations when exact solutions are impossible. These include the finite element method and finite-difference time-domain method. For more details, see Computational electromagnetics.
Molecular structure diagram Bonds Condensed_formula > Structures in Structural Formulas > Bonds However, in some structures, the carbon molecules are not written out specifically. Instead, these carbons are indicated by a corner that forms when two lines connect.
Depth-first search Vertex orderings Depth-first_search > Output of a depth-first search > Vertex orderings For example, when searching the directed graph below beginning at node A, the sequence of traversals is either A B D B A C A or A C D C A B A (choosing to first visit B or C from A is up to the algorithm). Note that repeat visits in the form of backtracking to a node, to check if it has still unvisited neighbors, are included here (even if it is found to have none). Thus the possible preorderings are A B D C and A C D B, while the possible postorderings are D B C A and D C B A, and the possible reverse postorderings are A C B D and A B C D. Reverse postordering produces a topological sorting of any directed acyclic graph. This ordering is also useful in control-flow analysis as it often represents a natural linearization of the control flows. The graph above might represent the flow of control in the code fragment below, and it is natural to consider this code in the order A B C D or A C B D but not natural to use the order A B D C or A C D B. if (A) then { B } else { C } D
Hydraulic model Basic circuit elements Hydraulic_model > Hydraulic analogy with horizontal water flow > Basic circuit elements A relatively wide hose completely filled with water is equivalent to a conducting wire. A rigidly mounted pipe is equivalent to a trace on a circuit board. When comparing to a trace or wire, the hose or pipe should be thought of as having semi-permanent caps on the ends. Connecting one end of a wire to a circuit is equivalent to un-capping one end of the hose and attaching it to another.
Newton's cradle When the simple solution applies Newton's_cradle > Physics explanation > Simple solution > When the simple solution applies For the simple solution to precisely predict the action, no pair in the midst of colliding may touch the third ball, because the presence of the third ball effectively makes the struck ball appear more massive. Applying the two conservation equations to solve the final velocities of three or more balls in a single collision results in many possible solutions, so these two principles are not enough to determine resulting action. Even when there is a small initial separation, a third ball may become involved in the collision if the initial separation is not large enough. When this occurs, the complete solution method described below must be used.
Multiplet Application to theoretical physics Multiplet > Mathematical formulation > Application to theoretical physics See Wigner's classification.These groups all appear in the theory of the Standard model. For theories which extend these symmetries, the representation theory of some other groups might be considered: Conformal symmetry: For pseudo-Euclidean space, symmetries are described by the conformal group Conf ( p , q ) ≅ O ( p , q ) / Z 2 {\displaystyle {\text{Conf}}(p,q)\cong O(p,q)/\mathbb {Z} _{2}} .
Birthday attack Understanding the problem Birthday_attack > Understanding the problem In a birthday attack, the attacker prepares many different variants of benign and malicious contracts, each having a digital signature. A pair of benign and malicious contracts with the same signature is sought. In this fictional example, suppose that the digital signature of a string is the first byte of its SHA-256 hash. The pair found is indicated in green – note that finding a pair of benign contracts (blue) or a pair of malicious contracts (red) is useless. After the victim accepts the benign contract, the attacker substitutes it with the malicious one and claims the victim signed it, as proven by the digital signature.
Smooth pursuit Measurement Smooth_pursuit > Measurement There are two basic methods for recording smooth pursuit eye movements, and eye movement in general. The first is with a search coil. This technique is most common in primate research, and is extremely accurate. An eye movement shifts the orientation of the coil to induce an electric current, which is translated into horizontal and vertical eye position.
Application delivery network Delayed binding Application_delivery_network > ADN security > Network layer security > Delayed binding Delayed binding, also called TCP splicing, is the postponement of the connection between the client and the server in order to obtain sufficient information to make a routing decision. Some application switches and routers delay binding the client session to the server until the proper handshakes are complete so as to prevent Denial of Service attacks.
Kidney disorder Treatment Kidney_disease > Treatment Treatment approaches for kidney disease focus on managing the symptoms, controlling the progression, and also treating co-morbidities that a person may have.
Quantum paradox Summary Quantum_paradox A physical paradox is an apparent contradiction in physical descriptions of the universe. While many physical paradoxes have accepted resolutions, others defy resolution and may indicate flaws in theory. In physics as in all of science, contradictions and paradoxes are generally assumed to be artifacts of error and incompleteness because reality is assumed to be completely consistent, although this is itself a philosophical assumption. When, as in fields such as quantum physics and relativity theory, existing assumptions about reality have been shown to break down, this has usually been dealt with by changing our understanding of reality to a new one which remains self-consistent in the presence of the new evidence.
Service Delivery Platform Implementing SDPs Service_Delivery_Platform > Implementing SDPs SDP architectures need to accommodate group identity management and product/service entitlement functions. Presence and Events: Presence is the status management of all online assets. But what does this mean to system architectures?
Organic Chemistry Summary Synthetic_organic_chemistry Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms. Study of structure determines their structural formula. Study of properties includes physical and chemical properties, and evaluation of chemical reactivity to understand their behavior. The study of organic reactions includes the chemical synthesis of natural products, drugs, and polymers, and study of individual organic molecules in the laboratory and via theoretical (in silico) study.
Blood flow Stress Pulsatility_index > Blood vessels > Stress σ = F A {\displaystyle \sigma ={\frac {F}{A}}} .Under normal conditions, to avoid atherogenesis, thrombosis, smooth muscle proliferation and endothelial apoptosis, shear stress maintains its magnitude and direction within an acceptable range. In some cases occurring due to blood hammer, shear stress reaches larger values. While the direction of the stress may also change by the reverse flow, depending on the hemodynamic conditions. Therefore, this situation can lead to atherosclerosis disease.
Body shaping underwear Types of Foundation Garments Foundation_garment > Types of Foundation Garments Foundation garments come in a variety of styles and designs to cater to different body shapes and clothing needs. Some common types include: Corsets: Traditional corsets, worn around the waist, provide shaping and cinching effects to create an hourglass figure. Girdles: These extend from the waist to the hips or thighs, providing control and shaping for the lower abdomen, hips, and buttocks. Control Panties: These are designed to target the lower abdomen and hips, providing a seamless and smooth appearance under clothing. Body Shapers: These are one-piece garments that shape the entire torso, including the abdomen, waist, hips, and sometimes the thighs. Thigh Shapers: These focus on shaping and smoothing the thighs, providing control and support for a slimmer appearance.
Frontal lobe disorder Anatomy and functions Frontal_lobe_disorder > Pathogenesis > Anatomy and functions The frontal lobe contains the precentral gyrus and prefrontal cortex and, by some conventions, the orbitofrontal cortex. These three areas are represented in both the left and the right cerebral hemispheres. The precentral gyrus or primary motor cortex is concerned with the planning, initiation and control of fine motor movements dorsolateral to each hemisphere.
Factory automation infrastructure Advantages and disadvantages Factory_automation_infrastructure > Advantages and disadvantages Replacing human operators in tasks that involve hard physical or monotonous work. Replacing humans in tasks done in dangerous environments (i.e. fire, space, volcanoes, nuclear facilities, underwater, etc.) Performing tasks that are beyond human capabilities of size, weight, speed, endurance, etc. Economic improvement: Automation may improve in the economy of enterprises, society or most of humanity. For example, when an enterprise invests in automation, technology recovers its investment; or when a state or country increases its income due to automation like Germany or Japan in the 20th Century.
Pool float Summary Pool_float A swimming float, commonly known as pool float or floaty, is a device used for toddlers or other very young children who are beginning to learn how to swim, or during exercise for therapeutic or training purposes. These devices, which come in many shapes and types, are used to aid them with buoyancy, or for floating on for fun. The most common floats for children and adults are inflatable rings (in the middle of which the user swims) and inflatable armbands (placed around the user's arms). After being inflated through a valve, they are much less dense than water because they are composed mainly of air, surrounded by a thin layer of synthetic material. Float-assisted swimming can be more difficult than free swimming, because if the float is held in front of the swimmer a more vigorous workout for the legs is given as the swimmer's weight is propelled solely by the legs, and vice versa for the arms.
Commissural fiber Function Commissural_fiber > Function Aging Age-related decline in the commissural fiber tracts that make up the corpus callosum indicate the corpus callosum is involved in memory and executive function. Specifically, the posterior fibers of the corpus callosum are associated with episodic memory. Perceptual processing decline is also related to diminished integrity of occipital fibers of the corpus callosum.
Representative Layer Theory Determining spectroscopic properties of a representative layer Representative_Layer_Theory > Expressing particulate mixtures as layers > Determining spectroscopic properties of a representative layer Surface area fractions and volume fractions for each type of particle can be defined as follows: v i = w i ρ i ∑ w j ρ j {\displaystyle v_{i}={\frac {\frac {w_{i}}{\rho _{i}}}{\sum {\frac {w_{j}}{\rho _{j}}}}}} , s i = w i ρ i d i ∑ w j ρ j d j {\displaystyle s_{i}={\frac {\frac {w_{i}}{\rho _{i}d_{i}}}{\sum {\frac {w_{j}}{\rho _{j}d_{j}}}}}} , V i = ( 1 − v 0 ) v i {\displaystyle V_{i}=(1-v_{0})v_{i}} , S i = ( 1 − v 0 ) s i {\displaystyle S_{i}=(1-v_{0})s_{i}} in which: • w i {\displaystyle w_{i}} is the mass fraction of particles of type i in the sample. • v i {\displaystyle v_{i}} is the fraction of occupied volume composed of particles of type i. • s i {\displaystyle s_{i}} is the fraction of particle surface area that is composed of particles of type i.
NMR Chemical Shift Re-referencing General References Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_chemical_shift_re-referencing > General References 4 (2): 215–230. doi:10.1007/bf00175249. PMID 8019135.
Histogram of oriented gradients Theory Histogram_of_oriented_gradients > Theory The essential thought behind the histogram of oriented gradients descriptor is that local object appearance and shape within an image can be described by the distribution of intensity gradients or edge directions. The image is divided into small connected regions called cells, and for the pixels within each cell, a histogram of gradient directions is compiled. The descriptor is the concatenation of these histograms. For improved accuracy, the local histograms can be contrast-normalized by calculating a measure of the intensity across a larger region of the image, called a block, and then using this value to normalize all cells within the block.
Epigenetic regulation Development Epigenetics > Functions and consequences > Development Developmental epigenetics can be divided into predetermined and probabilistic epigenesis. Predetermined epigenesis is a unidirectional movement from structural development in DNA to the functional maturation of the protein. "Predetermined" here means that development is scripted and predictable. Probabilistic epigenesis on the other hand is a bidirectional structure-function development with experiences and external molding development.Somatic epigenetic inheritance, particularly through DNA and histone covalent modifications and nucleosome repositioning, is very important in the development of multicellular eukaryotic organisms.
Silicon transistor MOSFET (MOS transistor) Silicon_transistor > History > MOSFET (MOS transistor) In the early years of the semiconductor industry, companies focused on the junction transistor, a relatively bulky device that was difficult to mass-produce, limiting it to several specialized applications. Field-effect transistors (FETs) were theorized as potential alternatives, but researchers could not get them to work properly, largely due to the surface state barrier that prevented the external electric field from penetrating the material.In 1957, Bell Labs engineer Mohamed Atalla proposed a new method of semiconductor device fabrication: coating a silicon wafer with an insulating layer of silicon oxide so electricity could overcome the surface state and reliably penetrate to the semiconducting silicon below. The process, known as surface passivation, became critical to the semiconductor industry, as it enabled the mass-production of silicon integrated circuits. Building on the method, he developed the metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) process, and proposed that it could be used to build the first working silicon FET.
Glass arm Corticosteroids Carpal_Tunnel_Syndrome > Treatment > Corticosteroids Corticosteroid injections may provide temporary alleviation of symptoms although they are not clearly better than placebo. This form of treatment is thought to reduce discomfort in those with CTS due to its ability to decrease median nerve swelling. The use of ultrasound while performing the injection is more expensive but leads to faster resolution of CTS symptoms. The injections are done under local anesthesia.
IT infrastructure Future IT_infrastructure > Overview > Future As data storage and management becomes more digitized, IT Infrastructure is moving towards the cloud. Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) provides the ability to host on a server and is a platform for cloud computing.
Bias in the introduction of variation Context in evolutionary thinking Bias_in_the_introduction_of_variation > Context in evolutionary thinking The theory of arrival bias has been described as a cross-cutting theory because it proposes a causal grounding (in population genetics) for diverse kinds of pre-existing claims for which a causal grounding is either unknown or mis-specified, the developmentalist thesis (above) that evolutionary dispositions may emerge from the way development shapes variation, acting prior to selection (e.g., ) a variety of claims in the molecular evolution literature for biased mutational effects (e.g., on codon usage) that are ascribed to unequal or directional "mutation pressure" but which are not plausibly explained as evolution by mutation pressure, suggesting instead the need for a theory of mutational biases in introduction; the suggestion emerging from the paleobiology debate of the 1980s that, in the hierarchical expansion of evolutionary causation from the population level to multiple levels (i.e., populations, species, higher taxa), speciation is an important source of introduction biases at the level of higher taxa; claims to the effect that evolution tends to find phenotypes over-represented in genotype space, i.e., a "findability" or "arrival of the frequent" effect that can be recognized both in certain arguments from the molecular evolution literature, e.g., King's (1971) explanation for amino acid frequencies, and from the evolutionary self-organization literature, e.g., the arguments of KauffmanThe context for applying the theory is illustrated in this figure (right). On the left are details of mutation and development that are responsible for tendencies in the generation of variation (varigenesis), i.e., tendencies prior to selection or drift. On the right are observable evolutionary patterns that might possibly be explained by these tendencies. The green arrow is some theory— the theory of arrival biases or some alternative theory— that specifies conditions of a cause-effect relationship linking variational tendencies to evolutionary tendencies.
Speakeasy (computational environment) Work area and objects Speakeasy_(computational_environment) > Work area and objects By the very first statement of the session, the user can define the size of the "named storage" (or "work area", or "allocator"), which is allocated once and for all at the beginning of the session. Within this fixed-size work area, the Speakeasy processor dynamically creates and destroys the work objects as needed. A user-tunable garbage collection mechanism is provided to maximize the size of the free block in the work area, packing the defined objects in the low end or in the high end of the allocator. At any time, the user can ask about used or remaining space in the work area. :_ SIZE 100M $ very first statement: the work area will be 100MB :_ SIZE $ returns the size of the work area in the current session :_ SPACELEFT $ returns the amount of data storage space currently unused :_ SPACENOW $ returns the amount of data storage space currently used :_ SPACEPEAK $ returns the maximum amount of data storage space used in the current session
Vehicle speed sensor Construction Wheel_speed_sensor > Automotive wheel speed sensor > Construction The output of this sensor tends to resemble a square wave, rather than a sinusoid, but still increases in magnitude as wheels speed increases. An active sensor is a passive sensor with signal conditioning circuitry built into the device. This signal conditioning may be amplifying the signal's magnitude; changing the signal's form to PWM, square wave, or others; or encoding the value into a communication protocol before transmission.
Polyclonal B cell response Nonspecific recognition by macrophages Polyclonal_B_cell_response > B cell response > Recognition of pathogens > Nonspecific recognition by macrophages Macrophages and related cells employ a different mechanism to recognize the pathogen. Their receptors recognize certain motifs present on the invading pathogen that are very unlikely to be present on a host cell. Such repeating motifs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like the toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed by the macrophages. Since the same receptor could bind to a given motif present on surfaces of widely disparate microorganisms, this mode of recognition is relatively nonspecific, and constitutes an innate immune response.
Ion chromatography Weak and strong ion exchangers Ion_Exchange_Chromatography > Weak and strong ion exchangers When the stationary phase features positive groups which attracts anions, it is called an anion exchanger; when there are negative groups on the stationary phase, cations are attracted and it is a cation exchanger. The attraction between ions and stationary phase also depends on the resin, organic particles used as ion exchangers. Each resin features relative selectivity which varies based on the solute ions present who will compete to bind to the resin group on the stationary phase.
Capacitor AC circuits Parallel_plate_capacitor > Theory of operation > AC circuits This implies that a higher-frequency signal or a larger capacitor results in a lower voltage amplitude per current amplitude – an AC "short circuit" or AC coupling. Conversely, for very low frequencies, the reactance is high, so that a capacitor is nearly an open circuit in AC analysis – those frequencies have been "filtered out".
Field and power quantities Implications Power_quantity > Implications It is essential to know which category a measurement belongs to when using decibels (dB) for comparing the levels of such quantities. A change of one bel in the level corresponds to a 10× change in power, so when comparing power quantities x and y, the difference is defined to be 10×log10(y/x) decibel. With root-power quantities, however the difference is defined as 20×log10(y/x) dB.In the analysis of signals and systems using sinusoids, field quantities and root-power quantities may be complex-valued.
Macroscopic scale Overview Macroscopic_scale > Overview At first glance one might think of them as differing simply in the size of objects that they describe, classical objects being considered far larger as to mass and geometrical size than quantal objects, for example a football versus a fine particle of dust. More refined consideration distinguishes classical and quantum mechanics on the basis that classical mechanics fails to recognize that matter and energy cannot be divided into infinitesimally small parcels, so that ultimately fine division reveals irreducibly granular features. The criterion of fineness is whether or not the interactions are described in terms of Planck's constant.
Architectural element Structural elements Outline_of_architecture > Building construction > Structural elements Pier (architecture) – loadbearing structure similar to a column, but more massive. Truss – a structure spanning in the same way as a beam, but using materials more efficiently by using triangulation to create a rigid structure. Typically timber or steel, used to support a pitched roof.
List scheduling Summary List_scheduling List scheduling is a greedy algorithm for Identical-machines scheduling. The input to this algorithm is a list of jobs that should be executed on a set of m machines. The list is ordered in a fixed order, which can be determined e.g. by the priority of executing the jobs, or by their order of arrival. The algorithm repeatedly executes the following steps until a valid schedule is obtained: Take the first job in the list (the one with the highest priority).
Heat source Macroscopic view Heat_energy > Heat transfer > Macroscopic view This mechanical view is taken in this article as currently customary for thermodynamic theory. The other macroscopic approach is the thermodynamic one, which admits heat as a primitive concept, which contributes, by scientific induction to knowledge of the law of conservation of energy. This view is widely taken as the practical one, quantity of heat being measured by calorimetry.
Piperacillin Interactions Piperacillin > Interactions While penicillin antibiotics generally work synergistically with aminoglycosides by enhancing their penetration of bacterial membranes, they can also work adversely by inactivating them. A reformulation of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and piperacillin-tazobactam has produced results showing an increase in their affinity with amikacin and gentamicin in vitro, enabling the process of simultaneous Y-site infusion to occur. However, tobramycin was found to be incompatible as a combination through Y-site infusion.
DNA mutations Induced mutation Genetic_mutation > Causes > Induced mutation Induced mutations are alterations in the gene after it has come in contact with mutagens and environmental causes. Induced mutations on the molecular level can be caused by: Chemicals Hydroxylamine Base analogs (e.g., Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)) Alkylating agents (e.g., N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). These agents can mutate both replicating and non-replicating DNA. In contrast, a base analog can mutate the DNA only when the analog is incorporated in replicating the DNA.
Propeller theory Theory of operation Propeller_theory > Theory of operation The blades are attached to a boss (hub), which should be as small as the needs of strength allow – with fixed-pitch propellers the blades and boss are usually a single casting. An alternative design is the controllable-pitch propeller (CPP, or CRP for controllable-reversible pitch), where the blades are rotated normally to the drive shaft by additional machinery – usually hydraulics – at the hub and control linkages running down the shaft. This allows the drive machinery to operate at a constant speed while the propeller loading is changed to match operating conditions.
Circular path Sector area Circular_arc > Sector area The area of the sector formed by an arc and the center of a circle (bounded by the arc and the two radii drawn to its endpoints) is A = r 2 θ 2 . {\displaystyle A={\frac {r^{2}\theta }{2}}.} The area A has the same proportion to the circle area as the angle θ to a full circle: A π r 2 = θ 2 π . {\displaystyle {\frac {A}{\pi r^{2}}}={\frac {\theta }{2\pi }}.}
Transformational Generative Grammar Minimalist program Transformational-generative_grammar > Development of concepts > Minimalist program English verbs are inflected according to the number of their subject ("Dogs bite" v. "A dog bites"), but in most sentences, that inflection just duplicates the information about number that the subject noun already has, and the inflection is therefore uninterpretable. Economy of representation is the principle that grammatical structures must exist for a purpose: the structure of a sentence should be no larger or more complex than required to satisfy constraints on grammaticality.Both notions, as described here, are somewhat vague, and their precise formulation is controversial.
Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage Management and treatment Exercise_induced_pulmonary_hemorrhage > Management and treatment The strip minimizes the increase in resistance to breathing, and the work of breathing as exercise intensity increases. There is synergy with the nasal strip in combination with furosemide. The strip has a spring-like action that mechanically supports and maintains the size of the nasal passage at its narrowest part, the nasal valve.
Cook's distance Relationship to other influence measures (and interpretation) Cook's_distance > Relationship to other influence measures (and interpretation) The factor 4.5 covers approx. 3 standard deviations of S {\displaystyle S} around its centre. When compared to Cook's distance, S i {\displaystyle S_{i}} was found to perform well for high- and intermediate-leverage outliers, even in presence of masking effects for which D i {\displaystyle D_{i}} failed.
Performance Enhancing Proxy Split TCP Performance_Enhancing_Proxy > Types > Split TCP Split TCP is typically used to solve TCP problems with large round-trip delay times. A typical system uses Split TCP PEPs to improve TCP performance over a satellite link. Split TCP functions by breaking the end-to-end connection into multiple connections and using different parameters to transfer data across the different legs. The end systems use standard TCP with no modifications, and do not need to know of the existence of the PEPs in between. Split TCP intercepts TCP connections from the end systems and terminates them. This allows the end systems to run unmodified and can overcome some problems with TCP window sizes on the end systems being set too low for satellite communications.
Vacuum brakes Exhausters Vacuum_brake_exhauster > Producing the vacuum > Exhausters The rotor contains a number of sliding vanes, typically six. As the rotor is rotated, the vanes are held against the walls of the cylindrical body. Entry and exit ports at the top and bottom of the cylinder, where the rotor is furthest from and nearest to the wall, provide a vacuum pumping effect.
Home inspection Structural inspection Home_inspection > Types of inspections > Structural inspection The house's structure may also be inspected. When performing a structural inspection, the inspector will look for a variety of distress indications that may result in repair or further evaluation recommendations. In the state of New York, only a licensed professional engineer or a registered architect can render professional opinions as to the sufficiency structural elements of a home or building. Municipal building officials can also make this determination, but they are not performing home inspections at the time they are rendering this opinion.
Signal transition graphs Links with Hardware Description Languages Signal_transition_graphs > Links with Hardware Description Languages STGs have been interfaced with various HDLs, see for example links with VHDL (1996) and Verilog (2000) with the aim to support asynchronous design. Placed into the synthesis flow from VHDL, STGs and Petri nets have been shown instrumental, and likewise with Verilog, where a tool VERISYN was developed.More recently STGs have been connected with notations that are believed to be easier for practical hardware designers, hence the emergence of the model of waveform-transition graphs (WTG). Likewise, realising that the model of finite state machine (FSM) can be easier for designers to handle than, for example, Petri nets or STGs, a link with Burst Mode FSMs as a front-end has been developed.
Conditional probabilities Use in inference Conditional_Probability > Use in inference The conditioning event is interpreted as evidence for the conditioned event. That is, P(A) is the probability of A before accounting for evidence E, and P(A\|E) is the probability of A after having accounted for evidence E or after having updated P(A). This is consistent with the frequentist interpretation, which is the first definition given above.
Nucleosome ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling Nucleosome > Modulating nucleosome structure > ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling A number of distinct reactions are associated with the term ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling. Remodeling enzymes have been shown to slide nucleosomes along DNA, disrupt histone-DNA contacts to the extent of destabilizing the H2A/H2B dimer and to generate negative superhelical torsion in DNA and chromatin. Recently, the Swr1 remodeling enzyme has been shown to introduce the variant histone H2A.Z into nucleosomes. At present, it is not clear if all of these represent distinct reactions or merely alternative outcomes of a common mechanism.
Dynamic Programming History Dynamic_Programming > History The term dynamic programming was originally used in the 1940s by Richard Bellman to describe the process of solving problems where one needs to find the best decisions one after another. By 1953, he refined this to the modern meaning, referring specifically to nesting smaller decision problems inside larger decisions, and the field was thereafter recognized by the IEEE as a systems analysis and engineering topic. Bellman's contribution is remembered in the name of the Bellman equation, a central result of dynamic programming which restates an optimization problem in recursive form. Bellman explains the reasoning behind the term dynamic programming in his autobiography, Eye of the Hurricane: An Autobiography: I spent the Fall quarter (of 1950) at RAND.
Center (geometry) Symmetric objects Centre_(geometry) > Symmetric objects For objects with several symmetries, the center of symmetry is the point left unchanged by the symmetric actions. So the center of a square, rectangle, rhombus or parallelogram is where the diagonals intersect, this is (among other properties) the fixed point of rotational symmetries. Similarly the center of an ellipse or a hyperbola is where the axes intersect.
Battlefield 2 Vehicles Battlefield_2 > Gameplay > Vehicles Included within this relationship are stationary defenses such as light machine guns and anti-aircraft/TOW emplacements. The availability and number of certain vehicles are dependent on the map and its size as well as control points captured. Also, more vehicles become available to be used on the maps of expansion/booster packs. (see Maps). The USS Essex is the only naval ship featured in BF2, featuring two spawn points and aircraft spawn points, and is not drivable or destroyable, except for its Phalanx turrets.
Photodiode arrays Features Photodiode_array > Features The related characteristic detectivity ( D {\displaystyle D} ) is the inverse of NEP (1/NEP) and the specific detectivity ( D ⋆ {\displaystyle D^{\star }} ) is the detectivity multiplied by the square root of the area ( A {\displaystyle A} ) of the photodetector ( D ⋆ = D A {\displaystyle D^{\star }=D{\sqrt {A}}} ) for a 1 Hz bandwidth. The specific detectivity allows different systems to be compared independent of sensor area and system bandwidth; a higher detectivity value indicates a low-noise device or system. Although it is traditional to give ( D ⋆ {\displaystyle D^{\star }} ) in many catalogues as a measure of the diode's quality, in practice, it is hardly ever the key parameter.When a photodiode is used in an optical communication system, all these parameters contribute to the sensitivity of the optical receiver which is the minimum input power required for the receiver to achieve a specified bit error rate.
Concept drift Examples Concept_drift > Examples The behavior of the customers in an online shop may change over time. For example, if weekly merchandise sales are to be predicted, and a predictive model has been developed that works satisfactorily. The model may use inputs such as the amount of money spent on advertising, promotions being run, and other metrics that may affect sales.
Waterfall display Summary Waterfall_plot The result is a series of "mountain" shapes that appear to be side by side. The waterfall plot is often used to show how two-dimensional information changes over time or some other variable such as rotational speed. Waterfall plots are also often used to depict spectrograms or cumulative spectral decay (CSD).
Flow regime Defect Initiation Flow_regime > Bedforms Initiation > Defect Initiation The defect theory proposes that the turbulent sweeps that are generated in turbulent flows entrain sediment that upon deposition generates defects in a non-cohesive material. These deposits then propagate downstream via a flow separation process, thus developing bedform fields. The origin of the defects is thought to be linked to packets of hairpin vortex structures.
Structural Engineering Columns Engineering_structure > Structural elements > Columns Columns are elements that carry only axial force (compression) or both axial force and bending (which is technically called a beam-column but practically, just a column). The design of a column must check the axial capacity of the element and the buckling capacity. The buckling capacity is the capacity of the element to withstand the propensity to buckle. Its capacity depends upon its geometry, material, and the effective length of the column, which depends upon the restraint conditions at the top and bottom of the column.
Gauss–Krüger coordinate system Inverse transformation formulae Transverse_Mercator_projection > Formulae for the spherical transverse Mercator > Inverse transformation formulae Inverting the above equations gives λ ( x , y ) = arctan ⁡ , φ ( x , y ) = arcsin ⁡ . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\lambda (x,y)&=\arctan \left,\\\varphi (x,y)&=\arcsin \left.\end{aligned}}}
Copenhagen interpretation Principles Copenhagen_interpretation_of_quantum_mechanics > Principles The correspondence principle: in the appropriate limit, quantum theory comes to resemble classical physics and reproduces the classical predictions. The Born rule: the wave function of a system yields probabilities for the outcomes of measurements upon that system. Complementarity: certain properties cannot be jointly defined for the same system at the same time.
Thermodynamic cycle Carnot cycle Cyclic_process > Well-known thermodynamic cycles > Carnot cycle The Carnot cycle is a cycle composed of the totally reversible processes of isentropic compression and expansion and isothermal heat addition and rejection. The thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle depends only on the absolute temperatures of the two reservoirs in which heat transfer takes place, and for a power cycle is: η = 1 − T L T H {\displaystyle \eta =1-{\frac {T_{L}}{T_{H}}}} where T L {\displaystyle {T_{L}}} is the lowest cycle temperature and T H {\displaystyle {T_{H}}} the highest. For Carnot power cycles the coefficient of performance for a heat pump is: C O P = 1 + T L T H − T L {\displaystyle \ COP=1+{\frac {T_{L}}{T_{H}-T_{L}}}} and for a refrigerator the coefficient of performance is: C O P = T L T H − T L {\displaystyle \ COP={\frac {T_{L}}{T_{H}-T_{L}}}} The second law of thermodynamics limits the efficiency and COP for all cyclic devices to levels at or below the Carnot efficiency. The Stirling cycle and Ericsson cycle are two other reversible cycles that use regeneration to obtain isothermal heat transfer.
Line matrix printer How it works Line_matrix_printer > How it works During the printing process the print-shuttle vibrates in horizontal direction with high speed while the print hammers are fired selectively. Each hammer prints a series of dots in horizontal direction for one pass of the shuttle, then paper advances at one step and the shuttle prints the following row of dots. == References ==
Fat embolism syndrome Gurd and Wilson's criteria Fat_embolism_syndrome > Diagnosis > Gurd and Wilson's criteria Chest X-ray may show diffuse interstitial infiltrates while chest CT scan will show diffuse vascular congestion and pulmonary oedema. Bronchoalveolar lavage has been proposed to look for fat droplets in alveolar macrophages however it is time-consuming and is not specific to fat embolism syndrome. Looking for fat globules in sputum and urine is also not specific enough to diagnose FES.
Natural background radiation Cosmic radiation Natural_radiation > Natural background radiation > Cosmic radiation Astronauts in low orbits, such as in the International Space Station or the Space Shuttle, are partially shielded by the magnetic field of the Earth, but also suffer from the Van Allen radiation belt which accumulates cosmic rays and results from the Earth's magnetic field. Outside low Earth orbit, as experienced by the Apollo astronauts who traveled to the Moon, this background radiation is much more intense, and represents a considerable obstacle to potential future long term human exploration of the Moon or Mars. Cosmic rays also cause elemental transmutation in the atmosphere, in which secondary radiation generated by the cosmic rays combines with atomic nuclei in the atmosphere to generate different nuclides.
Isolation (database systems) Isolation levels Isolation_(database_systems) > Isolation levels Of the four ACID properties in a DBMS (Database Management System), the isolation property is the one most often relaxed. When attempting to maintain the highest level of isolation, a DBMS usually acquires locks on data which may result in a loss of concurrency, or implements multiversion concurrency control. This requires adding logic for the application to function correctly. Most DBMSs offer a number of transaction isolation levels, which control the degree of locking that occurs when selecting data.
Floating-point representation Minimizing the effect of accuracy problems Floating-point_format > Accuracy problems > Minimizing the effect of accuracy problems To maintain the properties of such carefully constructed numerically stable programs, careful handling by the compiler is required. Certain "optimizations" that compilers might make (for example, reordering operations) can work against the goals of well-behaved software. There is some controversy about the failings of compilers and language designs in this area: C99 is an example of a language where such optimizations are carefully specified to maintain numerical precision.
Eddy diffusion A rough argument for gradient diffusion Eddy_diffusion > Gradient diffusion theory > A rough argument for gradient diffusion The subsection aims for a simple, rough and heuristic argument explaining how the mathematics of gradient diffusion arises. A more rigorous and general treatment of gradient model is offered in the next subsection, which builds directly on the section on general mathematical treatment (which was not yet assuming gradient model at that early stage and left the covariance of fluctuations as it was). Means are for now not indicated explicitly for maximal simplicity of notation.
NetBIOS over TCP/IP Session service NetBIOS_over_TCP/IP > Services > Session service The computer with which the session is to be established will respond with a "Positive Session Response" indicating that a session can be established or a "Negative Session Response" indicating that no session can be established (either because that computer isn't listening for sessions being established to that name or because no resources are available to establish a session to that name). Data is transmitted during an established session by Session Message packets. TCP handles flow control and retransmission of all session service packets, and the dividing of the data stream over which the packets are transmitted into IP datagrams small enough to fit in link-layer packets. Sessions are closed by closing the TCP connection.
Extraneous cognitive load Summary Mental_workload In cognitive psychology, cognitive load refers to the amount of working memory resources used. However, it is essential to distinguish it from the actual construct of Cognitive Load (CL) or Mental Workload (MWL), which is studied widely in many disciplines. According to work conducted in the field of instructional design and pedagogy, broadly, there are three types of cognitive load: intrinsic cognitive load is the effort associated with a specific topic; extraneous cognitive load refers to the way information or tasks are presented to a learner; and germane cognitive load refers to the work put into creating a permanent store of knowledge (a schema). However, over the years, the additivity of these types of cognitive load has been investigated and questioned.
Destructive testing Testing of large structures Destructive_test > Methods and techniques > Testing of large structures Such tests are sometimes referred to as crash tests, and they are carried out to verify the designed seismic performance of a new building, or the actual performance of an existing building. The tests are, mostly, carried out on a platform called a shake-table which is designed to shake in the same manner as an earthquake. Results of those tests often include the corresponding shake-table videos. Testing of structures in earthquakes is increasingly done by modelling the structure using specialist finite element software.
Prudnikov, Brychkov and Marichev Special functions Lists_of_integrals > Integrals of simple functions > Special functions Ci, Si: Trigonometric integrals, Ei: Exponential integral, li: Logarithmic integral function, erf: Error function ∫ Ci ⁡ ( x ) d x = x Ci ⁡ ( x ) − sin ⁡ x {\displaystyle \int \operatorname {Ci} (x)\,dx=x\operatorname {Ci} (x)-\sin x} ∫ Si ⁡ ( x ) d x = x Si ⁡ ( x ) + cos ⁡ x {\displaystyle \int \operatorname {Si} (x)\,dx=x\operatorname {Si} (x)+\cos x} ∫ Ei ⁡ ( x ) d x = x Ei ⁡ ( x ) − e x {\displaystyle \int \operatorname {Ei} (x)\,dx=x\operatorname {Ei} (x)-e^{x}} ∫ li ⁡ ( x ) d x = x li ⁡ ( x ) − Ei ⁡ ( 2 ln ⁡ x ) {\displaystyle \int \operatorname {li} (x)\,dx=x\operatorname {li} (x)-\operatorname {Ei} (2\ln x)} ∫ li ⁡ ( x ) x d x = ln ⁡ x li ⁡ ( x ) − x {\displaystyle \int {\frac {\operatorname {li} (x)}{x}}\,dx=\ln x\,\operatorname {li} (x)-x} ∫ erf ⁡ ( x ) d x = e − x 2 π + x erf ⁡ ( x ) {\displaystyle \int \operatorname {erf} (x)\,dx={\frac {e^{-x^{2}}}{\sqrt {\pi }}}+x\operatorname {erf} (x)}
Spin networks Penrose's definition Spin_network > Definition > Penrose's definition For bosons, such as photons and gluons, n is an even number. For fermions, such as electrons and quarks, n is odd.
Haematopoietic system Stem cells Hematopoietic_system > Structure > Stem cells Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the medulla of the bone (bone marrow) and have the unique ability to give rise to all of the different mature blood cell types and tissues. HSCs are self-renewing cells: when they differentiate, at least some of their daughter cells remain as HSCs, so the pool of stem cells is not depleted. This phenomenon is called asymmetric division.
Entropy production Basic inequalities and stability conditions Entropy_production > Basic inequalities and stability conditions Now consider systems with constant temperature and volume. In most cases T is the temperature of the surroundings with which the system is in good thermal contact. Since V is constant the first law gives Q ˙ = d U / d t − P {\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}=\mathrm {d} U/\mathrm {d} t-P} .
Peripheral chemoreceptor Signal transduction Peripheral_chemoreceptor > Physiology > Signal transduction Peripheral chemoreceptors were identified as necessary to breathing regulation much sooner than their mechanisms for acquiring information from the bloodstream were beginning to be understood. Both carotid and aortic bodies are composed of type I and type II cells and are believed to transduce signals from blood chemicals in the same way, though post-transduction signal communication may differ. Chemosensory transduction in these receptors is still an active area of research, and not all studies agree, but there is growing support for a transduction mechanism dependent upon mitochondrial consumption of oxygen affecting the AMPK enzyme.Transferring the signal to the medulla requires that neurotransmitter be released from the vesicles in the type I cells, and as with many other neural cells, this is triggered by an influx of calcium into the cell after membrane depolarization. The process of identifying signal transduction in interoceptors such as the peripheral chemoreceptors requires moving backward from membrane depolarization to discover the previous steps, often internal to the cell, that transduces blood chemicals to a neural signal.
Partition number Definition and examples Partition_function_(number_theory) > Definition and examples Furthermore p(n) = 0 when n is negative. The first few values of the partition function, starting with p(0) = 1, are: Some exact values of p(n) for larger values of n include: As of June 2022, the largest known prime number among the values of p(n) is p(1289844341), with 40,000 decimal digits. Until March 2022, this was also the largest prime that has been proved using elliptic curve primality proving.
HVAC control system Building automation system HVAC_control_system > Building automation system More complex HVAC systems can interface to Building Automation System (BAS) to allow the building owners to have more control over the heating or cooling units. The building owner can monitor the system and respond to alarms generated by the system from local or remote locations. The system can be scheduled for occupancy or the configuration can be changed from the BAS.
Creativity Working memory and the cerebellum Creative_thinking > Neuroscience > Working memory and the cerebellum Vandervert argues that when a person is confronted with a challenging new situation, visual-spatial working memory and speech-related working memory are decomposed and re-composed (fractionated) by the cerebellum and then blended in the cerebral cortex in an attempt to deal with the new situation. With repeated attempts to deal with challenging situations, the cerebro-cerebellar blending process continues to optimize the efficiency of how working memory deals with the situation or problem. He also argues that this is the same process (only involving visual-spatial working memory and pre-language vocalization) that led to the evolution of language in humans.
Learnable evolution model Summary Learnable_evolution_model Such descriptions delineate areas in the search space that most likely contain the desirable solutions. Subsequently the instantiation operator samples these areas to create new individuals. LEM has been modified from optimization domain to classification domain by augmented LEM with ID3 (February 2013 by M. Elemam Shehab, K. Badran, M. Zaki and Gouda I. Salama).
Magnetic inductance Limitations of the analogy Magnetic_impedance > Limitations of the analogy In extreme cases, a lumped-element model may not be appropriate at all, and field theory is used instead. Magnetic circuits are nonlinear; the permeance in a magnetic circuit is not constant, unlike capacitance in an electrical circuit, but varies depending on the magnetic field. At high magnetic fluxes the ferromagnetic materials used for the cores of magnetic circuits saturate, limiting further increase of the magnetic flux, so above this level the permeance decreases rapidly.
Storm Water Management Model Low-impact development components Storm_Water_Management_Model > Low-impact development components The idea behind SUDS is to try to replicate natural systems that use cost effective solutions with low environmental impact to drain away dirty and surface water run-off through collection, storage, and cleaning before allowing it to be released slowly back into the environment, such as into watercourses. In addition the following features can also be simulated using the features of SWMM 5 (storage ponds, seepage, orifices, Weirs, seepage and evaporation from natural channels): constructed wetlands, wet ponds, dry ponds, infiltration basin, non-surface sand filters, vegetated filterstrips, vegetated filterstrip and infiltration basin. A WetPark would be a combination of wet and dry ponds and LID features. A WetPark is also considered a constructed wetland.
Molecular size Chemical formula types Chemical_molecule > Molecular formulas > Chemical formula types However different isomers can have the same atomic composition while being different molecules. The empirical formula is often the same as the molecular formula but not always. For example, the molecule acetylene has molecular formula C2H2, but the simplest integer ratio of elements is CH. The molecular mass can be calculated from the chemical formula and is expressed in conventional atomic mass units equal to 1/12 of the mass of a neutral carbon-12 (12C isotope) atom. For network solids, the term formula unit is used in stoichiometric calculations.
Blue-green Algae Electron transport chain Blue_green_algae > Photosynthesis > Electron transport > Electron transport chain Many cyanobacteria are able to reduce nitrogen and carbon dioxide under aerobic conditions, a fact that may be responsible for their evolutionary and ecological success. The water-oxidizing photosynthesis is accomplished by coupling the activity of photosystem (PS) II and I (Z-scheme). In contrast to green sulfur bacteria which only use one photosystem, the use of water as an electron donor is energetically demanding, requiring two photosystems.Attached to the thylakoid membrane, phycobilisomes act as light-harvesting antennae for the photosystems. The phycobilisome components (phycobiliproteins) are responsible for the blue-green pigmentation of most cyanobacteria.
Vector processors Description Vector_processors > Description In general terms, CPUs are able to manipulate one or two pieces of data at a time. For instance, most CPUs have an instruction that essentially says "add A to B and put the result in C". The data for A, B and C could be—in theory at least—encoded directly into the instruction. However, in efficient implementation things are rarely that simple.
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics Effect of measurement on the state Postulates_of_quantum_mechanics > Postulates of quantum mechanics > Measurement on a system > Effect of measurement on the state When a measurement is performed, only one result is obtained (according to some interpretations of quantum mechanics). This is modeled mathematically as the processing of additional information from the measurement, confining the probabilities of an immediate second measurement of the same observable. In the case of a discrete, non-degenerate spectrum, two sequential measurements of the same observable will always give the same value assuming the second immediately follows the first. Therefore the state vector must change as a result of measurement, and collapse onto the eigensubspace associated with the eigenvalue measured.
Regression prediction Summary Regression_equation First, regression analysis is widely used for prediction and forecasting, where its use has substantial overlap with the field of machine learning. Second, in some situations regression analysis can be used to infer causal relationships between the independent and dependent variables. Importantly, regressions by themselves only reveal relationships between a dependent variable and a collection of independent variables in a fixed dataset. To use regressions for prediction or to infer causal relationships, respectively, a researcher must carefully justify why existing relationships have predictive power for a new context or why a relationship between two variables has a causal interpretation. The latter is especially important when researchers hope to estimate causal relationships using observational data.
EXEC 8 File names EXEC_8 > History > File system > File names The linker may also be used to statically link multiple object modules together to form a new object module containing all instructions, data, and other information in the original object modules. Omnibus elements may be used as data by applications or may serve to hold structured information for applications and system utilities. There is no assumed structure to an omnibus element.

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