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Steffensen's method Generalization to Banach space Steffensen's_method > Generalization to Banach space Note that for arguments x {\displaystyle ~x~} close to some fixed point x ⋆ {\displaystyle ~x_{\star }~} , fixed point functions F {\displaystyle ~F~} and their linear operators L {\displaystyle ~L~} meeting the mark... |
Base motive Definition Base_motive > Definition This flexibility involves goal-directed behavior that changes as the animal learns through new experiences. Rats, for example, can learn to traverse through complicated mazes to satisfy their hunger. The feeding behavior of flies, on the other hand, is not flexible in thi... |
Büchi automaton Closure properties Büchi_automaton > Closure properties (q,a,f)\in \Delta _{C}\}} if I C ∩ F C is empty then I ′ = I C otherwise I ′ = I C ∪ I A {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\text{ if }}I_{C}\cap F_{C}{\text{ is empty then }}I'=I_{C}{\text{ otherwise }}I'=I_{C}\cup I_{A}} ω-closure: If L ( C ) {\display... |
Radiant energy Open systems Radiant_energy > Analysis > Open systems Radiant energy is one of the mechanisms by which energy can enter or leave an open system. Such a system can be man-made, such as a solar energy collector, or natural, such as the Earth's atmosphere. In geophysics, most atmospheric gases, including th... |
Gesture control Summary Gesture_recognition Focuses in the field include emotion recognition from face and hand gesture recognition since they are all expressions. Users can make simple gestures to control or interact with devices without physically touching them. Many approaches have been made using cameras and comput... |
Causality (physics) As a physical concept Causality_(physics) > As a physical concept However, the principle of locality is disputed: whether it strictly holds depends on the interpretation of quantum mechanics chosen, especially for experiments involving quantum entanglement that satisfy Bell's Theorem. Despite these ... |
Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources Turkey Relative_cost_of_electricity_generated_by_different_sources > Regional studies > Turkey As of March 2021 for projects starting generating electricity in Turkey from renewable energy in Turkey in July feed-in-tariffs in lira per kWh are: wind and solar 0... |
Statistical inference Bayesian inference, subjectivity and decision theory Sampling_statistics > Paradigms for inference > Bayesian inference > Bayesian inference, subjectivity and decision theory Given assumptions, data and utility, Bayesian inference can be made for essentially any problem, although not every statist... |
Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics Origin and use of the term Copenhagen_interpretation_of_quantum_mechanics > Origin and use of the term Lectures with the titles 'The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Theory' and 'Criticisms and Counterproposals to the Copenhagen Interpretation', that Heisenberg deliver... |
Linear time-invariant system Overview Linear_time-invariant_system > Overview Most LTI systems are considered "easy" to analyze, at least compared to the time-varying and/or nonlinear case. Any system that can be modeled as a linear differential equation with constant coefficients is an LTI system. Examples of such sys... |
Distributional derivative Summary Distributional_derivative This leads to the space of (all) distributions on U {\displaystyle U} , usually denoted by D ′ ( U ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}'(U)} (note the prime), which by definition is the space of all distributions on U {\displaystyle U} (that is, it is the continuou... |
Electronic Numbering System details Electronic_Numbering > System details This is sent to ENUM servers on the Internet, which send back the NAPTR records associated with the name. The access information and any priority indicated for them are stored in these. The user gets the requested address back on his PC or termin... |
Strain theory (sociology) Studies Strain_theory_(sociology) > Studies He analyzes a large body of data on delinquency collected in Western Contra Costa County, California that contrast with strain theory.In addition to the study done by Hirschi, strain theory was explored in a 2001 study conducted by Jason D. Boardman ... |
Multi-binomial theorem Combinatorial interpretation Negative_binomial_theorem > Binomial coefficients > Combinatorial interpretation The binomial coefficient ( n k ) {\displaystyle {\tbinom {n}{k}}} can be interpreted as the number of ways to choose k elements from an n-element set. This is related to binomials for the... |
Infinite loop Multi-party loops Infinite_recursion > Multi-party loops An example of an email loop is if someone receives mail from a no reply inbox, but their auto-response is on. They will reply to the no reply inbox, triggering the "this is a no reply inbox" response. This will be sent to the user, who then sends an... |
Gas volume Heat and work Gas_volume > Heat and work Mechanical work performed on a working fluid causes a change in the mechanical constraints of the system; in other words, for work to occur, the volume must be altered. Hence, volume is an important parameter in characterizing many thermodynamic processes where an exc... |
Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit Exogenous saccadic gaze Automotive_head-up_display > Eyes-on-the-Road-Benefit > Aetiology > Exogenous saccadic gaze Exogenous cues can also be irrelevant, and often dangerous, leading to distraction from goal behaviours, such as the flashing of a cellphone taking one's eyes off the road. By sup... |
Circuit theory Summary Non-linear_circuits In electrical engineering and electronics, a network is a collection of interconnected components. Network analysis is the process of finding the voltages across, and the currents through, all network components. There are many techniques for calculating these values; however,... |
Ferrite (magnet) Summary Ferrite_(magnet) A ferrite is a ceramic material made by mixing and firing iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3, rust) with one or more additional metallic elements, such as strontium, barium, manganese, nickel, and zinc. They are ferrimagnetic, meaning they are attracted by magnetic fields and can be magnet... |
Transcriptome Relation to other ome fields Transcriptome > Relation to other ome fields The term meiome is used in functional genomics to describe the meiotic transcriptome or the set of RNA transcripts produced during the process of meiosis. Meiosis is a key feature of sexually reproducing eukaryotes, and involves the... |
Tamper evidence Summary Tamper_resistance Tamperproofing, conceptually, is a methodology used to hinder, deter or detect unauthorised access to a device or circumvention of a security system. Since any device or system can be foiled by a person with sufficient knowledge, equipment, and time, the term "tamperproof" is a... |
Mast aft rig Advantages Mast_aft_rig > Advantages The cutter, with its use of multiple foresails, achieves the same goal of placing a higher percentage of the sail area in staysails.By moving the mast toward the back of the sailboat, designers can increase the size and driving power of the more efficient foresails. The... |
Theory of elasticity Response models Solid_Mechanics > Response models Thermoelasticity - There is coupling of mechanical with thermal responses. In general, thermoelasticity is concerned with elastic solids under conditions that are neither isothermal nor adiabatic. The simplest theory involves the Fourier's law of he... |
Timeline of biotechnology 2020 Timeline_of_biotechnology > 21st century > 2020 16 March – Scientists present new multiplexed CRISPR technology, called CHyMErA (Cas Hybrid for Multiplexed Editing and Screening Applications), that can be used to analyse which or how genes act together by simultaneously removing multiple ... |
2-Norbornyl cation Formation 2-Norbornyl_cation > Formation The 2-norbornyl cation can be made by a multitude of synthetic routes. These routes can be grouped into three different classes: σ Formation, π Formation, and Formation by Rearrangement. Each of these is discussed separately below. |
Process duct work Resources Process_duct_work > Resources Finite element design of process duct work is possible, but a requirement of design theory and allowable stresses is required to properly interpret the finite element model. ASCE - Structural Design of Air & Gas Ducts for Power Stations and Industrial Boiler App... |
Renewable heat Summary Renewable_heat Renewable heat is an application of renewable energy referring to the generation of heat from renewable sources; for example, feeding radiators with water warmed by focused solar radiation rather than by a fossil fuel boiler. Renewable heat technologies include renewable biofuels, ... |
Boundary problem (in spatial analysis) Summary Boundary_problem A boundary problem in analysis is a phenomenon in which geographical patterns are differentiated by the shape and arrangement of boundaries that are drawn for administrative or measurement purposes. The boundary problem occurs because of the loss of neighb... |
Linear probing Operations Linear_probing > Operations Linear probing is a component of open addressing schemes for using a hash table to solve the dictionary problem. In the dictionary problem, a data structure should maintain a collection of key–value pairs subject to operations that insert or delete pairs from the co... |
Euler approximations Global truncation error Eulerian_method > Global truncation error The precise form of this bound is of little practical importance, as in most cases the bound vastly overestimates the actual error committed by the Euler method. What is important is that it shows that the global truncation error is ... |
Ohms Law Circuit analysis Ohm’s_law > Circuit analysis In circuit analysis, three equivalent expressions of Ohm's law are used interchangeably: Each equation is quoted by some sources as the defining relationship of Ohm's law, or all three are quoted, or derived from a proportional form, or even just the two that do no... |
Harvest mite Nymph Harvest_mite > Life cycle > Nymph Once the larva has engorged itself on skin and has fallen off its host, it develops to its nymph stage. The nymph is sexually immature, but more closely resembles the adult. This stage consists of three phases, the protonymph, deutonymph, and tritonymph. The protonym... |
Space complexity Summary Space_complexity The space complexity of an algorithm or a computer program is the amount of memory space required to solve an instance of the computational problem as a function of characteristics of the input. It is the memory required by an algorithm until it executes completely. This includ... |
Internet Layer IETF standards Internet_Layer > IETF standards doi:10.17487/RFC0791. STD 5. RFC 791. |
Ion gradient Overview Electrochemical_gradients > Overview Electrochemical energy is one of the many interchangeable forms of potential energy through which energy may be conserved. It appears in electroanalytical chemistry and has industrial applications such as batteries and fuel cells. In biology, electrochemical gr... |
Everything Engine Hard links Everything_Engine > Links > Hard links Hard links in E2 are simply words or phrases surrounded by . Any words inside square brackets in a writeup will become a link to the E2 node of that title. If a node with that title does not yet exist, following the link will bring up the option to cre... |
Laboratory informatics system Electronic data exchange Laboratory_information_system > Technology > Operations > Electronic data exchange The exponentially growing volume of data created in laboratories, coupled with increased business demands and focus on profitability, have pushed LIMS vendors to increase attention t... |
History of the periodic table Comprehensive formalizations History_of_the_periodic_table > Comprehensive formalizations Properties of the elements, and thus properties of light and heavy bodies formed by them, are in a periodic dependence on their atomic weight. French geologist Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois ... |
Expressive aphasia Less common Expressive_aphasia > Causes > Less common Autoimmune disease Paraneoplastic syndrome Micrometastasis neurodegenerative disorders Certain infections (e.g., Bartonella henselae) Metabolic disease (e.g., hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state) |
Decibel Perception 20_log_rule > Uses > Perception The human perception of the intensity of sound and light more nearly approximates the logarithm of intensity rather than a linear relationship (see Weber–Fechner law), making the dB scale a useful measure. |
Audio system measurements Digital Audio_quality_measurement > Measurable performance > Digital Such an algorithm compares the relative rates of two or more devices and drops or adds samples from the streams of any devices that drift too far from the master device. Sample rate will also vary slightly over time, as cryst... |
Horse tack Halters Horse_tack > Headgear > Halters Halters have no bit.In Australian and British English, a halter is a rope with a spliced running loop around the nose and another over the poll, used mainly for unbroken horses or for cattle. The lead rope cannot be removed from the halter. |
Resistors in parallel Nonideal properties Resistors_in_series > Nonideal properties Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors... |
Signal transducer Second messengers Signal_transduction > Second messengers First messengers are the signaling molecules (hormones, neurotransmitters, and paracrine/autocrine agents) that reach the cell from the extracellular fluid and bind to their specific receptors. Second messengers are the substances that enter th... |
Joint attention Intention Joint_attention > Humans > Intention Individuals locate objects with their eyes, move towards the object, and then use hands to make contact with and manipulate the object. Change in gaze direction is one of several behavioral cues that individuals use in combination with changes in facial and... |
Marine forensics Currents Marine_forensics > Environmental Factors > Currents Currents in water are a crucial factor to consider during marine investigations as they can answer many questions. If currents are involved in the body of water, it can drag/drift the evidence in question for a large distance to a location th... |
Free energy (thermodynamics) History Free_energy_(thermodynamics) > History In addition to this, in 1780 Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon Laplace laid the foundations of thermochemistry by showing that the heat given out in a reaction is equal to the heat absorbed in the reverse reaction. They also investigated the s... |
Parsing algorithm Overview of process Syntactic_analysis > Computer languages > Overview of process These rules can be formally expressed with attribute grammars. The final phase is semantic parsing or analysis, which is working out the implications of the expression just validated and taking the appropriate action. In... |
Class analysis Class size Class_analysis > Class size Sociologist Erik Olin Wright splits class analysis into macro and micro levels. The foundation of class analysis on a macro level can be identified with class structure. Examples of such class structure in a macro level can be analyzed within a firm, city, country, ... |
Shock resistance Toughness and strength Impact_strength > Toughness and strength Toughness is related to the area under the stress–strain curve. In order to be tough, a material must be both strong and ductile. For example, brittle materials (like ceramics) that are strong but with limited ductility are not tough; conv... |
Mutual exclusion Hardware solutions Mutual_exclusion > Enforcing mutual exclusion > Hardware solutions If a critical section is long, then the system clock will drift every time a critical section is executed because the timer interrupt is no longer serviced, so tracking time is impossible during the critical section. ... |
Prediction of crystal properties by numerical simulation Basic theory Prediction_of_crystal_properties_by_numerical_simulation > Ab Initio Calculations > Basic theory Density functional theory seeks to solve for an approximate form of the electronic density of a system. In general, atoms are split into ionic cores and ... |
Approximations of π Polygon approximation to a circle Software_for_calculating_π > Development of efficient formulae > Polygon approximation to a circle Then, P 2 n = 2 p n P n p n + P n , p 2 n = p n P 2 n . {\displaystyle P_{2n}={\frac {2p_{n}P_{n}}{p_{n}+P_{n}}},\quad \quad p_{2n}={\sqrt {p_{n}P_{2n}}}.} Archimedes ... |
RNA Interference Variation among organisms RNA_Interference > Cellular mechanism > Variation among organisms Organisms vary in their ability to take up foreign dsRNA and use it in the RNAi pathway. The effects of RNAi can be both systemic and heritable in plants and C. elegans, although not in Drosophila or mammals. In... |
Submarine Sensors Diesel-electric_submarine > Technology > Sensors A submarine can have a variety of sensors, depending on its missions. Modern military submarines rely almost entirely on a suite of passive and active sonars to locate targets. Active sonar relies on an audible "ping" to generate echoes to reveal object... |
Life history theory r/K selection theory Life_history_theory > Characteristics > r/K selection theory K-selected organisms subsist near the carrying capacity of their environment (K), produce a relatively low number of offspring over a longer span of time, and have high parental investment. They are more suited to life... |
Candida albicans CRISPR/Cas9 Candida_albicans > Genetic and genomic tools > CRISPR/Cas9 CRISPR/Cas9 has been adapted to be used in C. albicans. Several studies have been performed using this system. |
Carrier mobility Variable Range Hopping Field-effect_mobility > Disordered Semiconductors > Variable Range Hopping At low temperature, or in system with a large degree of structural disorder (such as fully amorphous systems), electrons cannot access delocalized states. In such a system, electrons can only travel by tun... |
Fission-fusion hybrid Fuel cycle Nuclear_fusion–fission_hybrid > Fuel cycle Small amounts of tritium are also produced by neutron activation in nuclear fission reactors, particularly when heavy water is used as a neutron moderator or coolant. The third component is externally derived fissionable materials from demilita... |
Hidden dependency Design maneuvers Cognitive_dimensions_of_notations > Design maneuvers A design maneuver is a change made by the designer in the notation design, to alter its position within a particular dimension. Dimensions are created to be pairwise independent, so that the design can be altered in one dimension wh... |
Model of hierarchical complexity Overview Model_of_hierarchical_complexity > Overview It is different from previous proposals about developmental stage applied to humans; instead of attributing behavioral changes across a person's age to the development of mental structures or schema, this model posits that task sequen... |
Completeness (logic) Refutation completeness Completeness_(logic) > Forms of completeness > Refutation completeness A formal system S is refutation-complete if it is able to derive false from every unsatisfiable set of formulas. That is, Γ ⊨ S ⊥ → Γ ⊢ S ⊥ . {\displaystyle \Gamma \models _{\mathcal {S}}\bot \to \ \Gamma... |
Interpretations of quantum mechanics Comparisons Quantum_ontology > Comparisons Nevertheless, designing experiments which would test the various interpretations is the subject of active research. Most of these interpretations have variants. For example, it is difficult to get a precise definition of the Copenhagen inte... |
Tug of war (astronomy) Summary Tug_of_war_(astronomy) The tug of war in astronomy is the ratio of planetary and solar attractions on a natural satellite. The term was coined by Isaac Asimov in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction in 1963. |
Byte code Execution Byte_code > Execution The implementation of Perl and Ruby 1.8 instead work by walking an abstract syntax tree representation derived from the source code. More recently, the authors of V8 and Dart have challenged the notion that intermediate bytecode is needed for fast and efficient VM implementatio... |
Glossary of areas of mathematics C Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics > C Complex analytic geometry the application of complex numbers to plane geometry. Complex differential geometry a branch of differential geometry that studies complex manifolds. Complex dynamics the study of dynamical systems defined by iterated func... |
Sodar Doppler sodar Sodar > Doppler sodar Operating frequencies range from less than 1000 Hz to over 4000 Hz, with power levels up to several hundred watts. Due to the attenuation characteristics of the atmosphere, high power, lower frequency sodars will generally produce greater height coverage. Some sodars can be ope... |
Area of a triangle Using line integrals Area_of_a_triangle > Using line integrals Furthermore, the choice of coordinate system defined by L commits to only two degrees of freedom rather than the usual three, since the weight is a local distance (e.g. xi+1 − xi in the above) whence the method does not require choosing a... |
Hippo signaling pathway In cancer Hippo_signaling_pathway > In cancer In fruitfly, the Hippo signaling pathway involves a kinase cascade involving the Salvador (Sav), Warts (Wts) and Hippo (Hpo) protein kinases. Many of the genes involved in the Hippo signaling pathway are recognized as tumor suppressors, while Yki/YAP... |
Parameter Mathematical functions Parameter > Mathematical functions Mathematical functions have one or more arguments that are designated in the definition by variables. A function definition can also contain parameters, but unlike variables, parameters are not listed among the arguments that the function takes. When p... |
Optimizing compiler Factors affecting optimization Compiler_analysis > Factors affecting optimization Temporary/intermediate results can be left in registers without writing to and reading back from memory.RISC vs CISC: CISC instruction sets often have variable instruction lengths, often have a larger number of possibl... |
Adiabatic engine Summary Carnot_heat_engine The system may be worked upon by an external force, and in the process, it can transfer thermal energy from a cooler system to a warmer one, thereby acting as a refrigerator or heat pump rather than a heat engine. Every thermodynamic system exists in a particular state. A the... |
Testosterone and the cardiovascular system Summary Testosterone_and_the_cardiovascular_system Testosterone and the cardiovascular system are the effects that the male hormone testosterone has on the cardiovascular system. The predominant androgen in men, testosterone, has shown to substantially decline throughout the a... |
Graviscalar Summary Graviscalar In theoretical physics, the hypothetical particle called the graviscalar or radion emerges as an excitation of general relativity's metric tensor, i.e. gravitational field, but is indistinguishable from a scalar in four dimensions, as shown in Kaluza–Klein theory. The scalar field ϕ {\di... |
Kinetic Isotope Effects of RuBisCO Rate of carboxylation (VC) and Michaelis-Menten constant (KC) Intrinsic_KIE_of_RuBisCO > Ecological trade-offs influence isotope effects > Rate of carboxylation (VC) and Michaelis-Menten constant (KC) The rate of carboxylation (VC) is the rate that RuBisCO fixes CO2 to RuBP under subs... |
Alpha emission Toxicity Alpha_decay > Toxicity Highly charged and heavy, alpha particles lose their several MeV of energy within a small volume of material, along with a very short mean free path. This increases the chance of double-strand breaks to the DNA in cases of internal contamination, when ingested, inhaled, in... |
Orthoptic (geometry) Orthoptic of a parabola Orthoptic_(geometry) > Orthoptic of a parabola The tangent has the equation y = m x + n {\displaystyle y=mx+n} with the still unknown n, which can be determined by inserting the coordinates of the parabola point. One gets y = m x − m 2 4 a . {\displaystyle y=mx-{\tfrac {m^{2... |
Bacterial cell structure Intracellular membranes Bacterial_cell_structure > Intracellular (internal) structures > Intracellular membranes Intracellular membranes are also found in bacteria belonging to the poorly studied Planctomycetota group, although these membranes more closely resemble organellar membranes in eukar... |
Information value theory Simple Information_value_theory > Definitions > Simple A simple example best illustrates the concept: Consider the decision situation with one decision, for example deciding on a 'Vacation Activity'; and one uncertainty, for example what will the 'Weather Condition' be? But we will only know th... |
Airspeed Summary Air_speed The measurement and indication of airspeed is ordinarily accomplished on board an aircraft by an airspeed indicator ("ASI") connected to a pitot-static system. The pitot-static system comprises one or more pitot probes (or tubes) facing the on-coming air flow to measure pitot pressure (also c... |
Current reversal Current–voltage relation Parallel-plate_capacitor > Theory of operation > Current–voltage relation Thus the charge on the electrodes is equal to the integral of the current as well as proportional to the voltage, as discussed above. As with any antiderivative, a constant of integration is added to repr... |
Neuroscience of rhythm Circadian rhythms Neuroscience_of_rhythm > Autonomic rhythms > Circadian rhythms The SCN is then able to influence the sleep wake cycle, acting as the "apex of a hierarchy" that governs physiological timing functions. "Rest and sleep are the best example of self-organized operations within neuron... |
Proton-pump inhibitors Summary Proton-pump_inhibitor Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of medications that cause a profound and prolonged reduction of stomach acid production. They do so by irreversibly inhibiting the stomach's H+/K+ ATPase proton pump.They are the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion avail... |
Fine Guidance Sensor and Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph Summary Fine_Guidance_Sensor_and_Near_Infrared_Imager_and_Slitless_Spectrograph The instrument has four different observing modes.Physically the FGS and NIRISS are combined, but optically they are separate with the FGS being used by the telescope t... |
Solver Solver types Solver > Solver types This induces an exponential computational time that dramatically limits their usability. Modern solvers use a more specialized approach that takes advantage of the structure of the problems so that the solver spends as little time as possible backtracking. For problems of a par... |
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation Derivation, assumptions and limitations Henderson–Hasselbalch_equation > Derivation, assumptions and limitations Phosphoric acid is such an acid. Assumption 2. The self-ionization of water can be ignored. |
The Turing Test (video game) Plot The_Turing_Test_(video_game) > Plot As the tests get harder, T.O.M. realizes that these are designed to be solved by a combination of human and artificial intelligence, a manner similar to that of the actual Turing test. They enter an area where one of the remaining crew-members, Sarah... |
Class-A amplifier Summary Class-A_amplifier In electronics, power amplifier classes are letter symbols applied to different power amplifier types. The class gives a broad indication of an amplifier's characteristics and performance. The classes are related to the time period that the active amplifier device is passing ... |
Doppler echocardiography Phase based method Doppler_echocardiography > 2D Doppler imaging > Speckle tracking > Sub pixel accuracy > Phase based method The main idea of this method is to generate synthetic lateral phase and use it to find the phase that crosses zero at the peak lag. The right figure illustrates the proc... |
Protocell Energy gradient Protocell > Selectivity for compartmentalization > Energy gradient A March 2014 study by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory demonstrated a unique way to study the origins of life: fuel cells. Fuel cells are similar to biological cells in that electrons are also transferred to and from molecules.... |
Periodic table (crystal structure) Body centred cubic Double_hexagonal_close_packed > Usual crystal structures > Body centred cubic This is not a close packed structure. In this each metal atom is at the centre of a cube with 8 nearest neighbors, however the 6 atoms at the centres of the adjacent cubes are only approxi... |
Three-hand effect Summary Three-hand_effect The three-hand effect (or three-hand technique) is a means of playing on the piano with only two hands, but producing the impression that one is using three hands. Typically this effect is produced by keeping the melody in the middle register, with accompanying arpeggios in t... |
Duplicating machines How digital duplicators work Duplicating_machines > Digital duplicators > How digital duplicators work The new master is fed into the clamp which closes, then the drum is turned, pulling the master onto the drum. The outside of the drum is covered in screens and the inside is coated in ink. The scr... |
Lie groupoid Trivial and extreme cases Lie_groupoid > Examples > Trivial and extreme cases Lie groupoids G ⇉ ∗ {\displaystyle G\rightrightarrows {*}} with one object are the same thing as Lie groups. Given any manifold M {\displaystyle M} , there is a Lie groupoid M × M ⇉ M {\displaystyle M\times M\rightrightarrows M} ... |
Bayesian model reduction Neuroimaging Bayesian_model_reduction > Applications > Neuroimaging Bayesian model reduction was initially developed for use in neuroimaging analysis, in the context of modelling brain connectivity, as part of the dynamic causal modelling framework (where it was originally referred to as post-h... |
Codec listening test ABX test Codec_listening_test > Testing methods > ABX test In an ABX test, the listener has to identify an unknown sample X as being A or B, with A (usually the original) and B (usually the encoded version) available for reference. The outcome of a test must be statistically significant. This setup... |
Geometric continuity Smooth partitions of unity Smooth_mapping > Other concepts > Smooth partitions of unity Smooth functions with given closed support are used in the construction of smooth partitions of unity (see partition of unity and topology glossary); these are essential in the study of smooth manifolds, for exa... |
Hemicontinuity Summary Upper_hemicontinuous In mathematics, the notion of the continuity of functions is not immediately extensible to set-valued functions between two sets A and B. The dual concepts of upper hemicontinuity and lower hemicontinuity facilitate such an extension. A set-valued function that has both prope... |
Powered speaker Differences Amplified_loudspeaker > Differences The terms "powered" and "active" have been used interchangeably in loudspeaker designs, however, a differentiation may be made between the terms: In a passive loudspeaker system the low-level audio signal is first amplified by an external power amplifier b... |
Trilinear coordinates Circumconics Trilinear_coordinates > Formulas > Quadratic curves > Circumconics The equation in trilinear coordinates of the circumconic with center x': y': z' is: p. 203 y z ( x ′ − y ′ − z ′ ) + z x ( y ′ − z ′ − x ′ ) + x y ( z ′ − x ′ − y ′ ) = 0. {\displaystyle yz(x'-y'-z')+zx(y'-z'-x')+xy(z'... |
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