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Filter theory Theoretical basis Filter_design > Theoretical basis Parts of the design problem relate to the fact that certain requirements are described in the frequency domain while others are expressed in the time domain and that these may conflict. For example, it is not possible to obtain a filter which has both an arbitrary impulse response and arbitrary frequency function. Other effects which refer to relations between the time and frequency domain are The uncertainty principle between the time and frequency domains The variance extension theorem The asymptotic behaviour of one domain versus discontinuities in the other |
Control-flow integrity Intel Control-flow Enforcement Technology Control-flow_integrity > Implementations > Intel Control-flow Enforcement Technology In the WAIT_FOR_ENDBRANCH state, the next instruction to be executed is required to be the new ENDBRANCH instruction (ENDBR32 in 32-bit mode or ENDBR64 in 64-bit mode), which changes the internal state machine from WAIT_FOR_ENDBRANCH back to IDLE. Thus every authorized target of an indirect JMP or CALL must begin with ENDBRANCH. If the processor is in a WAIT_FOR_ENDBRANCH state (meaning, the previous instruction was an indirect JMP or CALL), and the next instruction is not an ENDBRANCH instruction, the processor generates an INT #21 (Control Flow Protection Fault). On processors not supporting CET indirect branch tracking, ENDBRANCH instructions are interpreted as NOPs and have no effect. |
Nostratic languages Status within comparative linguistics Nostratic_languages > Status within comparative linguistics To include a word for a proto-language it must be found in a number of languages and the forms must be relatable by regular sound changes. In addition, many languages have restrictions on root structure, reducing the number of possible root-forms far below its mathematical maximum. These languages include, among others, Indo-European, Uralic, and Altaic—all the core languages of the Nostratic hypothesis. |
Magnetic circular dichroism Example on C terms Magnetic_circular_dichroism > Example on C terms These features can be explained as follows. The ground state of the anion is 2T2g, which derives from the electronic configuration (t2g)5. So, there would be an unpaired electron in the d orbital of Fe3+ From that, the three bands can be assigned to the transitions 2t2g→2t1u1, 2t2g →2t1u2, 2t2g →2t2u. |
Asymmetrical aircraft Engine torque Asymmetrical_aircraft > Types of asymmetry > Engine torque Dunne. In a rotary engine, common during World War I, the whole crankcase and cylinder assembly rotates with the propeller. |
José Luis Massera Selected works José_Luis_Massera > Selected works 64, No. 1, 64 (1): 182–206, doi:10.2307/1969955, JSTOR 1969955, MR 0079179, Zbl 0070.31003. Massera, José Luis; Schäffer, Juan Jorge (1966), Linear differential equations and function spaces, Pure and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 21, Boston, MA: Academic Press, MR 0212324, Zbl 0243.34107 |
Synthetic biological circuits Circuit design Synthetic_biological_circuits > Circuit design Recent developments in artificial gene synthesis and the corresponding increase in competition within the industry have led to a significant drop in price and wait time of gene synthesis and helped improve methods used in circuit design. At the moment, circuit design is improving at a slow pace because of insufficient organization of known multiple gene interactions and mathematical models. This issue is being addressed by applying computer-aided design (CAD) software to provide multimedia representations of circuits through images, text and programming language applied to biological circuits. Some of the more well known CAD programs include GenoCAD, Clotho framework and j5. GenoCAD uses grammars, which are either opensource or user generated "rules" which include the available genes and known gene interactions for cloning organisms. Clotho framework uses the Biobrick standard rules. |
Euclid's division lemma Summary Euclid's_division_lemma The methods of computation are called integer division algorithms, the best known of which being long division. Euclidean division, and algorithms to compute it, are fundamental for many questions concerning integers, such as the Euclidean algorithm for finding the greatest common divisor of two integers, and modular arithmetic, for which only remainders are considered. The operation consisting of computing only the remainder is called the modulo operation, and is used often in both mathematics and computer science. |
Relativity priority dispute Lorentz Relativity_priority_dispute > Comments by Lorentz, Poincaré, and Einstein > Lorentz In one we use – such was my thought – coordinate axes which have a fixed position in the aether and which we can call "true" time; in the other system, on the contrary, we would deal with simple auxiliary quantities whose introduction is only a mathematical artifice. I did not establish the principle of relativity as rigorously and universally true. Poincaré, on the contrary, obtained a perfect invariance of the equations of electrodynamics, and he formulated the "postulate of relativity", terms which he was the first to employ. |
Vitamin C Cardiovascular disease L-ascorbic_acid > Medical uses > Cardiovascular disease In 2017, an independent study evaluating 15,445 participants found no evidence to show vitamin C decreases the risk cardiovascular disease. These results supported one 2013 review which found no evidence that antioxidant vitamin supplementation reduces the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular mortality, or all-cause mortality (it did not provide subset analysis for trials that just used vitamin C).However, another 2013 review found an association between higher circulating vitamin C levels or dietary vitamin C and a lower risk of stroke.A 2014 review found a positive effect of vitamin C on endothelial dysfunction when taken at doses greater than 500 mg per day. The endothelium is a layer of cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels. |
Inverse dynamics Applications Inverse_dynamics > Applications Each moment of force can perform positive work to increase the speed and/or height of the body or perform negative work to decrease the speed and/or height of the body. The equations of motion necessary for these computations are based on Newtonian mechanics, specifically the Newton–Euler equations of: Force equal mass times linear acceleration, and Moment equals mass moment of inertia times angular acceleration.These equations mathematically model the behavior of a limb in terms of a knowledge domain-independent, link-segment model, such as idealized solids of revolution or a skeleton with fixed-length limbs and perfect pivot joints. From these equations, inverse dynamics derives the torque (moment) level at each joint based on the movement of the attached limb or limbs affected by the joint. |
Nephrotic syndrome By histologic pattern Nephrotic_syndrome > Causes > Secondary glomerulonephrosis > By histologic pattern Membranous nephropathy (MN) Sjögren's syndrome Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Diabetes mellitus Sarcoidosis Drugs (such as corticosteroids, gold, intravenous heroin) Malignancy (cancer) Bacterial infections, e.g. leprosy & syphilis Protozoal infections, e.g. malariaFocal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) Hypertensive nephrosclerosis HIV Obesity Kidney lossMinimal change disease (MCD) Drugs, especially NSAIDs in the elderly Malignancy, especially Hodgkin's lymphoma Allergy Bee stingMembranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Hepatitis C |
Karl Fischer titration Coulometric titration Karl_Fischer_titration > Coulometric titration The detector circuit maintains a constant current between the two detector electrodes during titration. Prior to the equivalence point, the solution contains I− but little I2. At the equivalence point, excess I2 appears and an abrupt voltage drop marks the end point. The amount of charge needed to generate I2 and reach the end point can then be used to calculate the amount of water in the original sample. |
Catalytic domain Summary Catalytic_domain This specificity is determined by the arrangement of amino acids within the active site and the structure of the substrates. Sometimes enzymes also need to bind with some cofactors to fulfil their function. |
Depth-limited search Properties Iterative_deepening > Properties IDDFS combines depth-first search's space-efficiency and breadth-first search's completeness (when the branching factor is finite). If a solution exists, it will find a solution path with the fewest arcs.Since iterative deepening visits states multiple times, it may seem wasteful, but it turns out to be not so costly, since in a tree most of the nodes are in the bottom level, so it does not matter much if the upper levels are visited multiple times.The main advantage of IDDFS in game tree searching is that the earlier searches tend to improve the commonly used heuristics, such as the killer heuristic and alpha–beta pruning, so that a more accurate estimate of the score of various nodes at the final depth search can occur, and the search completes more quickly since it is done in a better order. For example, alpha–beta pruning is most efficient if it searches the best moves first.A second advantage is the responsiveness of the algorithm. Because early iterations use small values for d {\displaystyle d} , they execute extremely quickly. |
Macrophage-activating factor Classically activated macrophages Macrophage-activating_factor > Macrophage activated phenotypes > Classically activated macrophages After receiving signaling from both IFNγ and TNF, macrophages acquire a phenotype with higher activity against both pathogens and tumor cells. They also secrete inflammatory cytokines. IFNγ signaling can initially originate from Natural Killer (NK) cells, but adaptive immune cells are required to sustain a population of classically activated macrophages. Toll-like receptor agonists may also cause macrophage activation. |
Model of hierarchical complexity Overview Model_of_hierarchical_complexity > Overview It is based on the very simple notions that higher order task actions: are defined in terms of the next lower ones (creating hierarchy); organize the next lower actions; organize lower actions in a non-arbitrary way (differentiating them from simple chains of behavior).It is cross-culturally and cross-species valid. The reason it applies cross-culturally is that the scoring is based on the mathematical complexity of the hierarchical organization of information. Scoring does not depend upon the content of the information (e.g., what is done, said, written, or analyzed) but upon how the information is organized. |
Trustworthy AI Homomorphic Encryption Trustworthy_AI > Standardization > Homomorphic Encryption ITU has been collaborating since the early stage of the HomomorphicEncryption.org standardization meetings, which has developed a standard on Homomorphic encryption. The 5th homomorphic encryption meeting was hosted at ITU HQ in Geneva. |
Functional model N2 Chart Function_modeling > Functional modeling methods > N2 Chart The N2 Chart is a diagram in the shape of a matrix, representing functional or physical interfaces between system elements. It is used to systematically identify, define, tabulate, design, and analyze functional and physical interfaces. It applies to system interfaces and hardware and/or software interfaces.The N2 diagram has been used extensively to develop data interfaces, primarily in the software areas. |
Emission lines Summary Spectral_linewidth A spectral line is a weaker or stronger region in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify atoms and molecules. These "fingerprints" can be compared to the previously collected ones of atoms and molecules, and are thus used to identify the atomic and molecular components of stars and planets, which would otherwise be impossible. |
Kernel method Summary Kernel_trick In machine learning, kernel machines are a class of algorithms for pattern analysis, whose best known member is the support-vector machine (SVM). These methods involve using linear classifiers to solve nonlinear problems. The general task of pattern analysis is to find and study general types of relations (for example clusters, rankings, principal components, correlations, classifications) in datasets. For many algorithms that solve these tasks, the data in raw representation have to be explicitly transformed into feature vector representations via a user-specified feature map: in contrast, kernel methods require only a user-specified kernel, i.e., a similarity function over all pairs of data points computed using inner products. |
Physiology Comparative physiology Physiology > Subdisciplines > Subdisciplines by research objective > Comparative physiology Involving evolutionary physiology and environmental physiology, comparative physiology considers the diversity of functional characteristics across organisms. |
Prevalence of mental disorders World Health Organization global study Prevalence_of_mental_disorders > Population studies > World Health Organization global study The World Health Organization is currently undertaking a global survey of 26 countries in all regions of the world, based on ICD and DSM criteria. The first published figures on the 14 country surveys completed to date, indicate that, of those disorders assessed, anxiety disorders are the most common in all but 1 country (prevalence in the prior 12-month period of 2.4% to 18.2%) and mood disorders next most common in all but 2 countries (12-month prevalence of 0.8% to 9.6%), while substance disorders (0.1–6.4%) and impulse-control disorders (0.0–6.8%) were consistently less prevalent.The United States, Colombia, the Netherlands and Ukraine tended to have higher prevalence estimates across most classes of disorder, while Nigeria, Shanghai and Italy were consistently low, and prevalence was lower in Asian countries in general. Cases of disorder were rated as mild (prevalence of 1.8–9.7%), moderate (prevalence of 0.5–9.4%) and serious (prevalence of 0.4–7.7%).The World Health Organization has published worldwide incidence and prevalence estimates of individual disorders. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is two to three times as common in Latin America, Africa, and Europe as in Asia and Oceania. Schizophrenia appears to be most common in Japan, Oceania, and Southeastern Europe and least common in Africa. Bipolar disorder and panic disorder have very similar rates around the world.However, these are widely believed to be underestimates, due to poor diagnosis (especially in countries without affordable access to mental health services) and low reporting rates, in part because of the predominant use of self-report data, rather than semi-structured instruments such as the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID); actual lifetime prevalence rates for mental disorders are estimated to be between 65% and 85%. |
Outline of solar energy Conversion of solar energy Outline_of_solar_energy > Conversion of solar energy Solar power – the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Active solar – technologies are employed to convert solar energy into another more useful form of energy (for example, to heat or electrical energy). Heliostat – a device that includes a mirror, usually a plane mirror, which turns so as to keep reflecting sunlight toward a predetermined target, compensating for the sun's apparent motions in the sky. Solar tracker – devices that orient various payloads toward the sun. |
Stack (mathematics) Stacky curves Category_fibered_in_groupoids > Examples > Geometric stacks > Stacky curves Stacky curves, or orbicurves, can be constructed by taking the stack quotient of a morphism of curves by the monodromy group of the cover over the generic points. For example, take a projective morphism Proj ( C / ( x 5 + y 5 + z 5 ) ) → Proj ( C ) {\displaystyle {\text{Proj}}(\mathbb {C} /(x^{5}+y^{5}+z^{5}))\to {\text{Proj}}(\mathbb {C} )} which is generically etale. The stack quotient of the domain by μ 5 {\displaystyle \mu _{5}} gives a stacky P 1 {\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{1}} with stacky points that have stabilizer group Z / 5 {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /5} at the fifth roots of unity in the x / y {\displaystyle x/y} -chart. This is because these are the points where the cover ramifies. |
Wold–von Neumann decomposition Summary Wold–von_Neumann_decomposition In mathematics, particularly in operator theory, Wold decomposition or Wold–von Neumann decomposition, named after Herman Wold and John von Neumann, is a classification theorem for isometric linear operators on a given Hilbert space. It states that every isometry is a direct sum of copies of the unilateral shift and a unitary operator. In time series analysis, the theorem implies that any stationary discrete-time stochastic process can be decomposed into a pair of uncorrelated processes, one deterministic, and the other being a moving average process. |
Field-oriented control Technical overview Vector_control_(motor) > Technical overview Overview of key competing VFD control platforms: While the analysis of AC drive controls can be technically quite involved ("See also" section), such analysis invariably starts with modeling of the drive-motor circuit involved along the lines of accompanying signal flow graph and equations. In vector control, an AC induction or synchronous motor is controlled under all operating conditions like a separately excited DC motor. That is, the AC motor behaves like a DC motor in which the field flux linkage and armature flux linkage created by the respective field and armature (or torque component) currents are orthogonally aligned such that, when torque is controlled, the field flux linkage is not affected, hence enabling dynamic torque response. Vector control accordingly generates a three-phase PWM motor voltage output derived from a complex voltage vector to control a complex current vector derived from motor's three-phase stator current input through projections or rotations back and forth between the three-phase speed and time dependent system and these vectors' rotating reference-frame two-coordinate time invariant system.Such complex stator current space vector can be defined in a (d,q) coordinate system with orthogonal components along d (direct) and q (quadrature) axes such that field flux linkage component of current is aligned along the d axis and torque component of current is aligned along the q axis. |
Online Analytical Processing Summary Online_Analytical_Processing Databases configured for OLAP use a multidimensional data model, allowing for complex analytical and ad hoc queries with a rapid execution time. They borrow aspects of navigational databases, hierarchical databases and relational databases. OLAP is typically contrasted to OLTP (online transaction processing), which is generally characterized by much less complex queries, in a larger volume, to process transactions rather than for the purpose of business intelligence or reporting. Whereas OLAP systems are mostly optimized for read, OLTP has to process all kinds of queries (read, insert, update and delete). |
Justesen code Definition Justesen_code > Definition , C i n N ) {\displaystyle C_{out}\circ (C_{in}^{1},...,C_{in}^{N})} , is defined as follows. Given a message m ∈ K {\displaystyle m\in ^{K}} , we compute the codeword produced by an outer code C o u t {\displaystyle C_{out}}: C o u t ( m ) = ( c 1 , c 2 , . . |
History of the International System of Units Definition vs. realization of units History_of_the_International_System_of_Units > Realisation of units > Definition vs. realization of units For example, the kilogram can be written as kg = (Hz)(J⋅s)/(m/s)2. Thus, the kilogram is defined in terms of the three defining constants ΔνCs, c, and h because, on the one hand, these three defining constants respectively define the units Hz, m/s, and J⋅s, while, on the other hand, the kilogram can be written in terms of these three units, namely, kg = (Hz)(J⋅s)/(m/s)2. While the question of how to actually realise the kilogram in practice would, at this point, still be open, that is not really different from the fact that the question of how to actually realise the joule in practice is still in principle open even once one has achieved the practical realisations of the metre, kilogram, and second. |
Semiconservative replication Discovery Semiconservative_replication > Discovery Multiple experiments were conducted to determine how DNA replicates. The semiconservative model was anticipated by Nikolai Koltsov and later supported by the Meselson–Stahl experiment, which confirmed that DNA replicated semi-conservatively by conducting an experiment using two isotopes: nitrogen-15 (15N) and nitrogen-14 (14N). When 14N was added to the heavy 15N-15N DNA, a hybrid of 15N-14N was seen in the first generation. After the second generation, the hybrid remained, but light DNA (14N-14N) was seen as well. This indicated that DNA replicated semi-conservatively. This mode of DNA replication allowed for each daughter strand to remain associated with its template strand. |
Error Linguistics Error > Linguistics In applied linguistics, an error is an unintended deviation from the immanent rules of a language variety made by a second language learner. Such errors result from the learner's lack of knowledge of the correct rules of the target language variety. A significant distinction is generally made between errors (systematic deviations) and mistakes (speech performance errors) which are not treated the same from a linguistic viewpoint. The study of learners' errors has been the main area of investigation by linguists in the history of second-language acquisition research. |
Glycemic control Summary Glycemic_control The term diabetes includes several different metabolic disorders that all, if left untreated, result in abnormally high concentrations of a sugar called glucose in the blood. Diabetes mellitus type 1 results when the pancreas no longer produces significant amounts of the hormone insulin, usually owing to the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Diabetes mellitus type 2, in contrast, is now thought to result from autoimmune attacks on the pancreas and/or insulin resistance. The pancreas of a person with type 2 diabetes may be producing normal or even abnormally large amounts of insulin. |
Life Length Telomeres and their importance to the company Life_Length > Telomeres and their importance to the company Telomeres are part of our DNA and are found at the ends of chromosomes. Their function is to protect our DNA during each cell division by preventing chromosomes from adhering to each other or from losing important information. They represent the most precise biomarker to measure aging. Telomere deterioration has been associated with the ageing process and many other diseases. |
Currying Category theory Currying > Definition > Category theory The internal language of such categories is linear logic, a form of quantum logic; the corresponding type system is the linear type system. Such categories are suitable for describing entangled quantum states, and, more generally, allow a vast generalization of the Curry–Howard correspondence to quantum mechanics, to cobordisms in algebraic topology, and to string theory. The linear type system, and linear logic are useful for describing synchronization primitives, such as mutual exclusion locks, and the operation of vending machines. |
Antibiotic use in dentistry Acute Dentoalveolar Abscesses Antibiotic_use_in_dentistry > Dental Abscesses > Lateral Periodontal Abscesses > Acute Dentoalveolar Abscesses These abscesses are the most commonly occurring orofacial bacterial infection. They are often the result of an inflamed or necrotic dental pulp or an infection of pulpless root canals. This pulp death is often due to the invasion of bacteria from advanced caries. The first line of treatment is the removal of the source of inflammation or infection by local operative measures. |
IM 67118 Problem and its solution IM_67118 > Problem and its solution The quantity ½(b − a)=0.125 is then added to the horizontal side of the square and subtracted from the vertical side. The resulting line segments are the sides of the desired rectangle.One difficulty in reconstructing Old Babylonian geometric diagrams is that known tablets never include diagrams in solutions—even in geometric solutions where explicit constructions are described in text—although diagrams are often included in formulations of problems. |
COPD exacerbation Signs and symptoms COPD_exacerbation > Signs and symptoms Exacerbations may be accompanied by increased amount of cough and sputum productions, and a change in appearance of sputum. An abrupt worsening in COPD symptoms may cause rupture of the airways in the lungs, which in turn may cause a spontaneous pneumothorax.In infection, there is often weakness, fever and chills. If due to a bacterial infection, the sputum may be slightly streaked with blood and coloured yellow or green. |
Affine combination Related combinations Affine_combination > See also > Related combinations Convex combination Conical combination Linear combination |
Conscious evolution Opinions Conscious_evolution > Opinions Given that humans have knowledge of this evolutionary process (evolutionary consciousness) it is the task of humanity to take control of these random changes, to avoid the 'disastrous fate' (extinction) that has befallen the majority of species that have ever existed. This idea that evolutionary consciousness should be used as a tool, or even an argument for self-guided evolution, is a major central theme of the concept of conscious evolution. Bela H. Banathy captures this sentiment succinctly in his paper Self guided/conscious evolution: “Our consciousness of evolution becomes a springboard for leaping into conscious evolution.” The issue then arises of how humanity can be expected to know how it should use its recently acquired evolutionary consciousness to select the best evolutionary path. |
Quantum reference frame Quantum reference frame Quantum_reference_frame > Quantum reference frame After all, a reference frame, by definition, has a well-defined position and momentum, while quantum theory, namely uncertainty principle, states that one cannot describe any quantum system with well-defined position and momentum simultaneously, so it seems there is some contradiction between the two. It turns out, an effective frame, in this case a classical one, is used as a reference frame, just as in Newtonian mechanics a nearly inertial frame is used, and physical laws are assumed to be valid in this effective frame. In other words, whether motion in the chosen reference frame is inertial or not is irrelevant. |
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome Signs and symptoms Atypical_hemolytic_uremic_syndrome > Signs and symptoms Patients with aHUS often present with an abrupt onset of systemic signs and symptoms such as acute kidney failure, hypertension (high blood pressure), myocardial infarction (heart attack), stroke, lung complications, pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), liver necrosis (death of liver cells or tissue), encephalopathy (brain dysfunction), seizure, or coma. Failure of neurologic, cardiac, kidney, and gastrointestinal (GI) organs, as well as death, can occur unpredictably at any time, either very quickly or following prolonged symptomatic or asymptomatic disease progression. For example, approximately 1 in 6 patients with aHUS initially will present with proteinuria or hematuria without acute kidney failure. Patients who survive the presenting signs and symptoms endure a chronic thrombotic and inflammatory state, which puts many of them at lifelong elevated risk of sudden blood clotting, kidney failure, other severe complications and premature death. |
Molemax Summary Molemax MoleMax was the first digital epiluminescence microscopy (dermatoscopy) system developed in cooperation with medical faculty Department of Dermatology of the Medical University of Vienna. It is currently owned and distributed by DermaMedicalSystems. |
Pyloric caeca Water vascular system Pyloric_caeca > Anatomy > Water vascular system The water vascular system of the starfish is a hydraulic system made up of a network of fluid-filled canals and is concerned with locomotion, adhesion, food manipulation and gas exchange. Water enters the system through the madreporite, a porous, often conspicuous, sieve-like ossicle on the aboral surface. It is linked through a stone canal, often lined with calcareous material, to a ring canal around the mouth opening. A set of radial canals leads off this; one radial canal runs along the ambulacral groove in each arm. |
Sampling error In Genetics Sampling_variance > In Genetics The term "sampling error" has also been used in a related but fundamentally different sense in the field of genetics; for example in the bottleneck effect or founder effect, when natural disasters or migrations dramatically reduce the size of a population, resulting in a smaller population that may or may not fairly represent the original one. This is a source of genetic drift, as certain alleles become more or less common), and has been referred to as "sampling error", despite not being an "error" in the statistical sense. |
Active site Types of non-covalent interactions Binding_pocket > Types of non-covalent interactions Electrostatic interaction: In an aqueous environment, the oppositely charged groups in amino acid side chains within the active site and substrates attract each other, which is termed electrostatic interaction. For example, when a carboxylic acid (R-COOH) dissociates into RCOO− and H+ ions, COO− will attract positively charged groups such as protonated guanidine side chain of arginine. Hydrogen bond: A hydrogen bond is a specific type of dipole-dipole interaction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative electron donor that contain a pair of electrons such as oxygen, fluorine and nitrogen. The strength of hydrogen bond depends on the chemical nature and geometric arrangement of each group. |
CRISPR/Cas tools Table CRISPR/Cas_tools > Table The below table lists available tools and their attributes. == References == |
Podosome Function Podosome > Function Consequently, podosomes are present in cell types associated with tissue remodeling and the immune system.Patients who suffer from Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome demonstrate, through their immune cells, continued evidence of the role podosomes fulfill in cell motility. These patients do not possess fully formed WASP that has been shown to localize in podosomes and to be integral to their formation from previous studies. The dendritic cells and macrophages of these patients’ immune systems do not manifest podosome formations and demonstrate defects in cellular movement within tissue microenvironments. |
Major depressive disorder Comorbidity Major_depressive_disorder > Epidemiology > Comorbidity Major depression frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric problems. The 1990–92 National Comorbidity Survey (US) reported that half of those with major depression also have lifetime anxiety and its associated disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder. Anxiety symptoms can have a major impact on the course of a depressive illness, with delayed recovery, increased risk of relapse, greater disability and increased suicidal behavior. Depressed people have increased rates of alcohol and substance use, particularly dependence, and around a third of individuals diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) develop comorbid depression. |
Entropy (classical thermodynamics) Heat engines Entropy_(classical_thermodynamics) > Thermal machines > Heat engines Consider a heat engine working between two temperatures TH and Ta. With Ta we have ambient temperature in mind, but, in principle it may also be some other low temperature. The heat engine is in thermal contact with two heat reservoirs which are supposed to have a very large heat capacity so that their temperatures do not change significantly if heat QH is removed from the hot reservoir and Qa is added to the lower reservoir. Under normal operation TH > Ta and QH, Qa, and W are all positive. |
Europium(III) iodide Structure Europium(III)_iodide > Structure Europium(III) iodide adopts the bismuth(III) iodide (BiI3) crystal structure type, with octahedral coordination of each Eu3+ ion by 6 iodide ions. |
Cell software development Local store exploitation Cell_software_development > Local store exploitation Transferring data between the local stores of different SPUs can have a large performance cost. The local stores of individual SPUs can be exploited using a variety of strategies. Applications with high locality, such as dense matrix computations, represent an ideal workload class for the local stores in Cell BE.Streaming computations can be efficiently accommodated using software pipelining of memory block transfers using a multi-buffering strategy.The software cache offers a solution for random accesses.More sophisticated applications can use multiple strategies for different data types. |
Computer Program C++ Computer_code > Programming paradigms and languages > Imperative languages > C++ For example, a student is a person. Therefore, the set of students is a subset of the set of persons. |
Self-resonant frequency Voltage across the inductor Resonance_cavity > Linear systems > RLC series circuits > Voltage across the inductor The resonant frequency need not always take the form given in the examples above. For the RLC circuit, suppose instead that the output voltage of interest is the voltage across the inductor. As shown above, in the Laplace domain the voltage across the inductor is using the same definitions for ω0 and ζ as in the previous example. The transfer function between Vin(s) and this new Vout(s) across the inductor is This transfer function has the same poles as the transfer function in the previous example, but it also has two zeroes in the numerator at s = 0. |
Miliary tuberculosis Diagnosis Miliary_tuberculosis > Diagnosis Testing for miliary tuberculosis is conducted in a similar manner as for other forms of tuberculosis, although a number of tests must be conducted on a patient to confirm diagnosis. Tests include chest x-ray, sputum culture, bronchoscopy, open lung biopsy, head CT/MRI, blood cultures, fundoscopy, and electrocardiography. The tuberculosis (TB) blood test, also called an Interferon Gamma Release Assay or IGRA, is a way to diagnose latent TB. A variety of neurological complications have been noted in miliary tuberculosis patients—tuberculous meningitis and cerebral tuberculomas being the most frequent. |
Control of respiration Determinants of ventilatory rate Control_of_respiration > Control of respiratory rhythm > Determinants of ventilatory rate Ventilatory rate (respiratory minute volume) is tightly controlled and determined primarily by blood levels of carbon dioxide as determined by metabolic rate. Blood levels of oxygen become important in hypoxia. These levels are sensed by central chemoreceptors on the surface of the medulla oblongata for decreased pH (indirectly from the increase of carbon dioxide in cerebrospinal fluid), and the peripheral chemoreceptors in the arterial blood for oxygen and carbon dioxide. Afferent neurons from the peripheral chemoreceptors are via the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and the vagus nerve (CN X). |
Adobe Flash Catalyst Features Adobe_Flash_Catalyst > Features This same method can be used to create UIs to handle dynamic data without having access to the actual data source. Imported objects are maintained as linked files, so behaviors created in Flash Catalyst are still maintained even after the original file is edited in its originating program (e.g., Photoshop or Illustrator). Flash Catalyst is also compatible with Adobe Flash Builder (formerly called "Flex Builder"), using the same project format. In addition to its primary function of being a GUI composer for Adobe Flex components, Flash Catalyst also features a basic code workspace, which consists of a subset of Adobe Flash Builder's panels. Both tools being based on Eclipse, the code editor, project navigator and problems view are basically the same in both products. |
Transcendental Logic Intuition and concept Transcendental_Aesthetic > Terms and phrases > Intuition and concept Kant distinguishes between two different fundamental types of representation: intuitions and concepts: Concepts are "mediate representations" (see A68/B93). Mediate representations represent things by representing general characteristics of things. For example, consider a particular chair. The concepts "brown," "wooden," "chair," and so forth are, according to Kant, mediate representations of the chair. |
Myeloid metaplasia Treatment Primary_myelofibrosis > Treatment The one known curative treatment is allogeneic stem cell transplantation, but this approach involves significant risks. Other treatment options are largely supportive, and do not alter the course of the disorder (with the possible exception of ruxolitinib, as discussed below). These options may include regular folic acid, allopurinol or blood transfusions. Dexamethasone, alpha-interferon and hydroxyurea (also known as hydroxycarbamide) may play a role.Lenalidomide and thalidomide may be used in its treatment, though peripheral neuropathy is a common troublesome side-effect.Frequent blood transfusions may also be required. |
Stabistor Summary Stabistor The stabistor (also called a forward reference diode) is the technical term used to designate a special type of semiconductor silicon diode featuring extremely stable forward voltage characteristics. These devices are specially designed for low-voltage stabilization applications requiring a guaranteed voltage over a wide current range and highly stable over temperature. In these applications, stabistors offer improved dynamic impedance (voltage change vs. current) than low voltage zener diodes where tunneling instead of avalanche current is dominant. Other typical applications include bias stabilization in class-AB output stages, clipping, clamping, meter protection, etc. |
Linear equality Slope–intercept form or Gradient-intercept form Linear_equations > Two variables > Equation of a line > Slope–intercept form or Gradient-intercept form A non-vertical line can be defined by its slope m, and its y-intercept y0 (the y coordinate of its intersection with the y-axis). In this case its linear equation can be written y = m x + y 0 . {\displaystyle y=mx+y_{0}.} If, moreover, the line is not horizontal, it can be defined by its slope and its x-intercept x0. |
BASIC interpreter Niche BASICs BASIC_interpreter > History > Niche BASICs Today, coding BASIC interpreters has become part of the retrocomputing hobby. Higher level programming languages on systems with extensive RAM have simplified implementing BASIC interpreters. For instance, line management is simple if your implementation language supports sparse matrixes, variable management is simple with associative arrays, and program execution is easy with eval functions. As examples, see the open-source project Vintage BASIC, written in Haskell or the OCaml Tiny BASIC. |
Molecular lesion Disease Effects Molecular_lesion > Lesions of Nucleic Acids > Disease Effects Many systems are in place to repair DNA and RNA lesions but it is possible for lesions to escape these measures. This may lead to mutations or large genome abnormalities, which can threaten the cell or organism’s ability to live. Several cancers are a result of DNA lesions. Even repair mechanisms to heal the damage may end up causing more damage. |
Compiler optimization Types of optimization Compiler_optimizations > Types of optimization For instance, function inlining, where a call to a function is replaced by a copy of the function body. Machine code optimization and object code optimizer These analyze the executable task image of the program after all of an executable machine code has been linked. |
Polymer chain Common examples Organic_polymer > Common examples Polymers are of two types: naturally occurring and synthetic or man made. |
Resistive heating Heating efficiency Joule_Heating > Heating efficiency Heat is not to be confused with internal energy or synonymously thermal energy. While intimately connected to heat, they are distinct physical quantities. As a heating technology, Joule heating has a coefficient of performance of 1.0, meaning that every joule of electrical energy supplied produces one joule of heat. In contrast, a heat pump can have a coefficient of more than 1.0 since it moves additional thermal energy from the environment to the heated item. The definition of the efficiency of a heating process requires defining the boundaries of the system to be considered. When heating a building, the overall efficiency is different when considering heating effect per unit of electric energy delivered on the customer's side of the meter, compared to the overall efficiency when also considering the losses in the power plant and transmission of power. |
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra History Fundamental_Theorem_of_Algebra > History Other attempts were made by Euler (1749), de Foncenex (1759), Lagrange (1772), and Laplace (1795). These last four attempts assumed implicitly Girard's assertion; to be more precise, the existence of solutions was assumed and all that remained to be proved was that their form was a + bi for some real numbers a and b. In modern terms, Euler, de Foncenex, Lagrange, and Laplace were assuming the existence of a splitting field of the polynomial p(z). At the end of the 18th century, two new proofs were published which did not assume the existence of roots, but neither of which was complete. |
Glossary of engineering: A–L I Glossary_of_engineering:_A–L > I Impedance (electrical)In electrical engineering, electrical impedance is the measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied. Inclined planeAlso known as a ramp, is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle, with one end higher than the other, used as an aid for raising or lowering a load. The inclined plane is one of the six classical simple machines defined by Renaissance scientists. |
Economic power Summary Economic_power Economic power refers to the ability of countries, businesses or individuals to improve living standards. It increases their ability to make decisions on their own that benefit them. Scholars of international relations also refer to the economic power of a country as a factor influencing its power in international relations. |
Surf forecasting How waves are made Surf_forecasting > Offshore swells > How waves are made Waves are created as wind blows over the ocean, transferring its energy into the water. The size of the swell is affected by three variables: the velocity of the wind, its duration, and its fetch, or distance the wind blows over. |
Collision Physics Collision_of_bodies > Physics What distinguishes different types of collisions is whether they also conserve kinetic energy. The line of impact is the line that is collinear to the common normal of the surfaces that are closest or in contact during impact. This is the line along which internal force of collision acts during impact, and Newton's coefficient of restitution is defined only along this line. |
Doppler beaming Beaming equation Doppler_beaming > A simple jet model > Beaming equation In the simple jet model of a single homogeneous sphere the observed luminosity is related to the intrinsic luminosity as S o = S e D p , {\displaystyle S_{o}=S_{e}D^{p}\,,} where p = 3 − α . {\displaystyle p=3-\alpha \,.} The observed luminosity therefore depends on the speed of the jet and the angle to the line of sight through the Doppler factor, D {\displaystyle D} , and also on the properties inside the jet, as shown by the exponent with the spectral index. The beaming equation can be broken down into a series of three effects: Relativistic aberration Time dilation Blue- or redshifting |
Mobiles for development Mobile accessibility and use Mobiles_for_development > Mobile accessibility and use These mobile devices come equipped with basic mobile communications hard and software such as WiFi and 3G services which allow users to connect to the Internet via mobile and wireless networks without having to secure a landline or an expensive broadband connection via DSL, cable Internet or fiber optics. This leapfrogging movement towards the acceptance and implementation of mobile technologies made the Internet and modern digital telecommunications more accessible to people, particularly those in emerging markets and developing countries. According to International Telecommunication Union, mobile ICTs have emerged as the primary form of technology that will offer a bridge within the digital divide. |
Complex projective manifold Summary Projective_algebraic_manifold For an algebraic manifold, the ground field will be the real numbers or complex numbers; in the case of the real numbers, the manifold of real points is sometimes called a Nash manifold. Every sufficiently small local patch of an algebraic manifold is isomorphic to km where k is the ground field. Equivalently the variety is smooth (free from singular points). The Riemann sphere is one example of a complex algebraic manifold, since it is the complex projective line. |
Atezolizumab Adverse effects Atezolizumab > Adverse effects The most common adverse effects in studies were fatigue, decreased appetite, nausea, and infections. Urinary tract infection was the most common severe adverse effect. |
Group cohomology Functoriality Group_homology > Properties > Functoriality Group cohomology depends contravariantly on the group G, in the following sense: if f: H → G is a group homomorphism, then we have a naturally induced morphism Hn(G, M) → Hn(H, M) (where in the latter, M is treated as an H-module via f). This map is called the restriction map. If the index of H in G is finite, there is also a map in the opposite direction, called transfer map, c o r H G: H n ( H , M ) → H n ( G , M ) . {\displaystyle cor_{H}^{G}:H^{n}(H,M)\to H^{n}(G,M).} In degree 0, it is given by the map { M H → M G m ↦ ∑ g ∈ G / H g m {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}M^{H}\to M^{G}\\m\mapsto \sum _{g\in G/H}gm\end{cases}}} Given a morphism of G-modules M → N, one gets a morphism of cohomology groups in the Hn(G, M) → Hn(G, N). |
Determination of equilibrium constants Potentiometric measurements Determination_of_equilibrium_constants > Experimental methods > Potentiometric measurements A free concentration or activity {A} of a species A is measured by means of an ion selective electrode such as the glass electrode. If the electrode is calibrated using activity standards it is assumed that the Nernst equation applies in the form E = E 0 + R T n F ln { A } {\displaystyle E=E^{0}+{\frac {RT}{nF}}\ln \mathrm {\{A\}} } where E0 is the standard electrode potential. When buffer solutions of known pH are used for calibration the meter reading will be a pH. p H = n F R T ( E 0 − E ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {pH} ={\frac {nF}{RT}}\left(E^{0}-E\right)} At 298 K, 1 pH unit is approximately equal to 59 mV.When the electrode is calibrated with solutions of known concentration, by means of a strong acid–strong base titration, for example, a modified Nernst equation is assumed. |
J. Robert Oppenheimer Final years J._Robert_Oppenheimer > Final years Starting in 1954, Oppenheimer lived for several months of each year on the island of Saint John in the U.S. Virgin Islands. In 1957, he purchased a 2-acre (0.81 ha) tract of land on Gibney Beach, where he built a spartan home on the beach. He spent considerable time sailing with his daughter Toni and wife Kitty.Oppenheimer's first public appearance following the stripping of his security clearance was a lecture titled "Prospects in the Arts and Sciences" for the Columbia University Bicentennial radio show Man's Right to Knowledge, in which he outlined his philosophy and his thoughts on the role of science in the modern world. |
Nonlinear differential equation Summary Nonlinear_equation In mathematics and science, a nonlinear system (or a non-linear system) is a system in which the change of the output is not proportional to the change of the input. Nonlinear problems are of interest to engineers, biologists, physicists, mathematicians, and many other scientists since most systems are inherently nonlinear in nature. Nonlinear dynamical systems, describing changes in variables over time, may appear chaotic, unpredictable, or counterintuitive, contrasting with much simpler linear systems. Typically, the behavior of a nonlinear system is described in mathematics by a nonlinear system of equations, which is a set of simultaneous equations in which the unknowns (or the unknown functions in the case of differential equations) appear as variables of a polynomial of degree higher than one or in the argument of a function which is not a polynomial of degree one. |
632 symmetry Formal definition and discussion Plane_group > Formal definition and discussion Unlike in the three-dimensional case, one can equivalently restrict the affine transformations to those that preserve orientation. It follows from the Bieberbach theorem that all wallpaper groups are different even as abstract groups (as opposed to e.g. frieze groups, of which two are isomorphic with Z). 2D patterns with double translational symmetry can be categorized according to their symmetry group type. |
Common antilogarithm Number theory Decadic_antilogarithm > Applications > Number theory Natural logarithms are closely linked to counting prime numbers (2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ...), an important topic in number theory. For any integer x, the quantity of prime numbers less than or equal to x is denoted π(x). The prime number theorem asserts that π(x) is approximately given by in the sense that the ratio of π(x) and that fraction approaches 1 when x tends to infinity. As a consequence, the probability that a randomly chosen number between 1 and x is prime is inversely proportional to the number of decimal digits of x. A far better estimate of π(x) is given by the offset logarithmic integral function Li(x), defined by The Riemann hypothesis, one of the oldest open mathematical conjectures, can be stated in terms of comparing π(x) and Li(x). |
Reproducibility History Reproducibility > History However, Shapin and Schaffer also note that "the accomplishment of replication was dependent on contingent acts of judgment. One cannot write down a formula saying when replication was or was not achieved".The philosopher of science Karl Popper noted briefly in his famous 1934 book The Logic of Scientific Discovery that "non-reproducible single occurrences are of no significance to science". The statistician Ronald Fisher wrote in his 1935 book The Design of Experiments, which set the foundations for the modern scientific practice of hypothesis testing and statistical significance, that "we may say that a phenomenon is experimentally demonstrable when we know how to conduct an experiment which will rarely fail to give us statistically significant results". Such assertions express a common dogma in modern science that reproducibility is a necessary condition (although not necessarily sufficient) for establishing a scientific fact, and in practice for establishing scientific authority in any field of knowledge. However, as noted above by Shapin and Schaffer, this dogma is not well-formulated quantitatively, such as statistical significance for instance, and therefore it is not explicitly established how many times must a fact be replicated to be considered reproducible. |
Philosophy of artificial intelligence Conferences & Literature Artificial_philosophy > Conferences & Literature The main conference series on the issue is "Philosophy and Theory of AI" (PT-AI), run by Vincent C. Müller. The main bibliography on the subject, with several sub-sections, is on PhilPapers. A recent survey (07/2023) is. |
Filter (topology) Uniformities and Cauchy prefilters Cluster_point_of_a_filter > Examples of applications of prefilters > Uniformities and Cauchy prefilters Every compact uniform space is complete because any Cauchy filter has a cluster point (by compactness), which is necessarily also a limit point (since the filter is Cauchy). Uniform spaces were the result of attempts to generalize notions such as "uniform continuity" and "uniform convergence" that are present in metric spaces. Every topological vector space, and more generally, every topological group can be made into a uniform space in a canonical way. |
Extended Kalman Filter Formulation Extended_Kalman_Filter > Formulation At each time step, the Jacobian is evaluated with current predicted states. These matrices can be used in the Kalman filter equations. This process essentially linearizes the non-linear function around the current estimate. See the Kalman Filter article for notational remarks. |
More O'Ferrall–Jencks plot Substitution reactions More_O'Ferrall–Jencks_plot > Applications > Substitution reactions A similar analysis, done by J. M. Harris, has been applied to the competing SN1 and SN2 nucleophilic aliphatic substitution pathways. The effects of increasing the nucleophilicity of the nucleophile are shown as an example in Figure 3. An agreement with Hammet ρ-values is also apparent in this application. |
Kepler problem in general relativity Classical Kepler problem Two-body_problem_in_general_relativity > Historical context > Classical Kepler problem The ratio of sizes of these ellipses is m/M, with the larger mass moving on a smaller ellipse. If M is much larger than m, then the larger mass will appear to be stationary at the focus of the elliptical orbit of the lighter mass m. This model can be applied approximately to the Solar System. Since the mass of the Sun is much larger than those of the planets, the force acting on each planet is principally due to the Sun; the gravity of the planets for each other can be neglected to first approximation. |
Folk theorem (game theory) Applications Folk_theorem_(game_theory) > Applications Folk theorems can be applied to a diverse number of fields. For example: Anthropology: in a community where all behavior is well known, and where members of the community know that they will continue to have to deal with each other, then any pattern of behavior (traditions, taboos, etc.) may be sustained by social norms so long as the individuals of the community are better off remaining in the community than they would be leaving the community (the minimax condition). International politics: agreements between countries cannot be effectively enforced. They are kept, however, because relations between countries are long-term and countries can use "minimax strategies" against each other. |
Small world effect The social sciences Small_world_effect > Influence > The social sciences The Tipping Point by Malcolm Gladwell, based on articles originally published in The New Yorker, elaborates on the "funneling" concept. Gladwell condenses sociological research, which argues that the six-degrees phenomenon is dependent on a few extraordinary people ("connectors") with large networks of contacts and friends: these hubs then mediate the connections between the vast majority of otherwise weakly connected individuals. Recent work in the effects of the small world phenomenon on disease transmission, however, have indicated that due to the strongly connected nature of social networks as a whole, removing these hubs from a population usually has little effect on the average path length through the graph (Barrett et al., 2005). |
Epidemiologic methods Outline of the process of an epidemiological study Epidemiologic_methods > Outline of the process of an epidemiological study Two methods have evolved to assess the strength of the relationship between the disease causing agent and the disease. Koch's postulates were the first criteria developed for epidemiological relationships. Because they only work well for highly contagious bacteria and toxins, this method is largely out of favor. |
Parabola Numerical integration Parabola > Numerical integration In one method of numerical integration one replaces the graph of a function by arcs of parabolas and integrates the parabola arcs. A parabola is determined by three points. The formula for one arc is The method is called Simpson's rule. |
Underclass Focus on economics Underclass > Definitions > Focus on economics Marxian sociologist Erik Olin Wright sees the underclass as a "category of social agents who are economically oppressed but not consistently exploited within a given class system". The underclass occupies the lowest possible rung on a class ladder. According to Wright, the underclass are oppressed. |
Proteomyxa Summary Proteomyxa It is a fresh-water form. The cells of this species form loose aggregates or filoplasmodia, like those of Mikrogromia or Leydenia. == References == |
Time-series regression Curve fitting Time_sequence > Analysis > Curve fitting Extrapolation refers to the use of a fitted curve beyond the range of the observed data, and is subject to a degree of uncertainty since it may reflect the method used to construct the curve as much as it reflects the observed data. For processes that are expected to generally grow in magnitude one of the curves in the graphic at right (and many others) can be fitted by estimating their parameters. The construction of economic time series involves the estimation of some components for some dates by interpolation between values ("benchmarks") for earlier and later dates. |
Wilson loops Renormalization Wilson_loop > Properties > Renormalization Since Wilson loops are operators of the gauge fields, the regularization and renormalization of the underlying Yang–Mills theory fields and couplings does not prevent the Wilson loops from requiring additional renormalization corrections. In a renormalized Yang–Mills theory, the particular way that the Wilson loops get renormalized depends on the geometry of the loop under consideration. The main features are Smooth non-intersecting curve: This can only have linear divergences proportional to the contour which can be removed through multiplicative renormalization. |
Pythagorean numerology Repeating digit numbers Numerology > Methods > Repeating digit numbers "Angel numbers" are supposedly numbers consisting of repeating digits, such as 333 or 1111. As of 2023, a number of popular media publications have published articles suggesting that these numbers have numerological significance. |
Linear model Other uses in statistics Linear_model > Other uses in statistics There are some other instances where "nonlinear model" is used to contrast with a linearly structured model, although the term "linear model" is not usually applied. One example of this is nonlinear dimensionality reduction. |
Werner Heisenberg Göttingen, Copenhagen and Leipzig Werner_Heisenberg > Academic career > Göttingen, Copenhagen and Leipzig In these papers Heisenberg was the first to reinterpret the Dirac equation as a "classical" field equation for any point particle of spin ħ/2, itself subject to quantization conditions involving anti-commutators. Thus reinterpreting it as a (quantum) field equation accurately describing electrons, Heisenberg put matter on the same footing as electromagnetism: as being described by relativistic quantum field equations which allowed the possibility of particle creation and destruction. (Hermann Weyl had already described this in a 1929 letter to Albert Einstein.) |
Complete the square Scalar case Completing_the_square > Overview > Formula > Scalar case The result of completing the square may be written as a formula. In the general case, one has with In particular, when a = 1, one has with By solving the equation a ( x − h ) 2 + k = 0 {\displaystyle a(x-h)^{2}+k=0} in terms of x − h , {\displaystyle x-h,} and reorganizing the resulting expression, one gets the quadratic formula for the roots of the quadratic equation: |
Short scale Alternative approaches Long_scale > Alternative approaches In written communications, the simplest solution for moderately large numbers is to write the full amount, for example 1,000,000,000,000 rather than 1 trillion (short scale) or 1 billion (long scale). Combinations of the unambiguous word million, for example: 109 = "one thousand million"; 1012 = "one million million". Scientific notation (also known as standard form or exponential notation, for example 1×109, 1×1010, 1×1011, 1×1012, etc.), or its engineering notation variant (for example 1×109, 10×109, 100×109, 1×1012, etc.), or the computing variant E notation (for example 1e9, 1e10, 1e11, 1e12, etc.). |
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