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Glossary of probability and statistics K Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics > K Kalman filter kernel kernel density estimation kurtosis A measure of the "tailedness" of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. There are different ways of quantifying, estimating, and interpreting kurtosis, but a common interpretation is that kurtosis represents the degree to which the shape of the distribution is influenced by infrequent extreme observations (outliers); in this case, higher kurtosis means more of the variance is due to infrequent extreme deviations, as opposed to frequent modestly sized deviations.
Bremsstrahlung Summary Bremsstrahlung In particle physics, bremsstrahlung (German pronunciation: ; from German bremsen 'to brake', and Strahlung 'radiation') is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus. The moving particle loses kinetic energy, which is converted into radiation (i.e., photons), thus satisfying the law of conservation of energy. The term is also used to refer to the process of producing the radiation. Bremsstrahlung has a continuous spectrum, which becomes more intense and whose peak intensity shifts toward higher frequencies as the change of the energy of the decelerated particles increases.
Pseudogroup Examples Local_Lie_group > Examples A widespread class of examples is given by pseudogroups preserving a given geometric structure. For instance, if (X, g) is a Riemannian manifold, one has the pseudogroup of its local isometries; if (X, ω) is a symplectic manifold, one has the pseudogroup of its local symplectomorphisms; etc. These pseudogroups should be thought as the set of the local symmetries of these structures.
Plasma osmolality Osmolar gap (OG) Plasma_osmolality > Osmolar gap (OG) Often, this results in confusion as to which units are meant. For practical purposes, the units are considered interchangeable. The resulting "osmolar gap" can be thought of as either osmolar or osmolal, since both units have been used in its derivation.Measured osmolality is abbreviated "MO", calculated osmolarity is abbreviated "CO", and the osmolality gap is abbreviated "OG".Clinically the osmolar gap is used to detect the presence of an osmotically active particle that is not normally found in plasma, usually a toxic alcohol such as ethanol, methanol or isopropyl alcohol.
Lifting-line theory Summary Lifting-line_theory The Prandtl lifting-line theory is a mathematical model in aerodynamics that predicts lift distribution over a three-dimensional wing based on its geometry. It is also known as the Lanchester–Prandtl wing theory.The theory was expressed independently by Frederick W. Lanchester in 1907, and by Ludwig Prandtl in 1918–1919 after working with Albert Betz and Max Munk. In this model, the bound vortex loses strength along the whole wingspan because it is shed as a vortex-sheet from the trailing edge, rather than just as a single vortex from the wing-tips.
Cloud load balancing Comparison With DNS load balancing Cloud_load_balancing > Comparison With DNS load balancing Cloud load balancing has an advantage over DNS load balancing as it can transfer loads to servers globally as opposed to distributing it across local servers. In the event of a local server outage, cloud load balancing delivers users to the closest regional server without interruption for the user. Cloud load balancing addresses issues relating to TTL reliance present during DNS load balancing.
Confounding variables Summary Confounding_variables In causal inference, a confounder (also confounding variable, confounding factor, extraneous determinant or lurking variable) is a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable, causing a spurious association. Confounding is a causal concept, and as such, cannot be described in terms of correlations or associations. The existence of confounders is an important quantitative explanation why correlation does not imply causation. Some notations are explicitly designed to identify the existence, possible existence, or non-existence of confounders in causal relationships between elements of a system. Confounds are threats to internal validity.
Single-wire transmission line History Single-wire_transmission_line > History As early as the 1780s Luigi Galvani first observed the effect of static electricity in causing the legs of a frog to twitch, and observed the same effect produced just due to certain metallic contacts with the frog involving a complete circuit. The latter effect was correctly understood by Alessandro Volta as an electric current inadvertently produced by what would become known as a voltaic cell (battery). He understood that such a current required a complete circuit to conduct the electricity, even though the actual nature of electric currents was not at all understood (only a century later would the electron be discovered). All subsequent development of electrical motors, lights, etc. relied on the principle of a complete circuit, generally involving a pair of wires, but sometimes using the ground as the second conductor (as with commercial telegraphy).
Annihilation operators Summary Creation_and_annihilation_operator Creation operators and annihilation operators are mathematical operators that have widespread applications in quantum mechanics, notably in the study of quantum harmonic oscillators and many-particle systems. An annihilation operator (usually denoted a ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {a}}} ) lowers the number of particles in a given state by one. A creation operator (usually denoted a ^ † {\displaystyle {\hat {a}}^{\dagger }} ) increases the number of particles in a given state by one, and it is the adjoint of the annihilation operator. In many subfields of physics and chemistry, the use of these operators instead of wavefunctions is known as second quantization.
Discrete rate simulation Summary Discrete_rate_simulation In the field of simulation, a discrete rate simulation models the behavior of mixed discrete and continuous systems. This methodology is used to simulate linear continuous systems, hybrid continuous and discrete-event systems, and any other system that involves the rate-based movement or flow of material from one location to another.
Secular term Example: the Duffing equation Poincaré–Lindstedt_perturbation_theory > Example: the Duffing equation The term responsible for this unbounded growth, called the secular term, is t sin ⁡ ( t ) {\displaystyle t\sin(t)} . The Poincaré–Lindstedt method allows for the creation of an approximation that is accurate for all time, as follows. In addition to expressing the solution itself as an asymptotic series, form another series with which to scale time t: τ = ω t , {\displaystyle \tau =\omega t,\,} where ω = ω 0 + ε ω 1 + ⋯ .
Passively safe Terminology Passively_safe > Terminology Nuclear reactor response properties such as Temperature coefficient of reactivity and Void coefficient of reactivity usually refer to the thermodynamic and phase-change response of the neutron moderator heat transfer process respectively. Reactors whose heat transfer process has the operational property of a negative void coefficient of reactivity are said to possess an inherent safety process feature. An operational failure mode could potentially alter the process to render such a reactor unsafe.
Glossary of reconfigurable computing Summary Glossary_of_reconfigurable_computing Common Memory also known as Shared Memory Should refer to memory on a multi-FPGA board to which all the FPGAs can communicate data to directly and is external to the FPGA. Compile/Compilation Code segments/pieces that are meant to run on the microprocessor. This could include simulation/emulation runs, which are executing on the processor.
ENIAC Role in development of the Monte Carlo methods ENIAC > Programming > Role in development of the Monte Carlo methods Related to ENIAC's role in the hydrogen bomb was its role in the Monte Carlo method becoming popular. Scientists involved in the original nuclear bomb development used massive groups of people doing huge numbers of calculations ("computers" in the terminology of the time) to investigate the distance that neutrons would likely travel through various materials. John von Neumann and Stanislaw Ulam realized the speed of ENIAC would allow these calculations to be done much more quickly. The success of this project showed the value of Monte Carlo methods in science.
AIDSVAX Summary AIDSVAX The vaccine was designed to provoke the production of antibodies in subjects that would strip the gp120 protein off of the HIV viral particles, effectively disabling the virus so that it could not bind to or invade susceptible cells. Then, another group, infected with a second strain of HIV, A244, was discovered in 1995, and a revised, bivalent version of the vaccine was produced that combined elements of both MN and A244. Phase I and Phase II tests of the first version were promising, showing excellent safety in chimpanzees and humans and provoking production of HIV MN and A244 antibodies in 99% of human volunteers.VaxGen's leadership enthusiastically applied to the U.S.
PV module Theory and construction Smart_module > Theory and construction Photovoltaic modules consist of a large number of solar cells and use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Most modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can be either the top layer or the back layer.
Freivalds' algorithm Input Freivalds'_algorithm > The algorithm > Input Three n × n matrices A {\displaystyle A} , B {\displaystyle B} , and C {\displaystyle C} .
Industrial data processing Summary Industrial_data_processing Industrial data processing is a branch of applied computer science that covers the area of design and programming of computerized systems which are not computers as such — often referred to as embedded systems (PLCs, automated systems, intelligent instruments, etc.). The products concerned contain at least one microprocessor or microcontroller, as well as couplers (for I/O). Another current definition of industrial data processing is that it concerns those computer programs whose variables in some way represent physical quantities; for example the temperature and pressure of a tank, the position of a robot arm, etc.
Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies Reprints and international editions Analytical_Dynamics_of_Particles_and_Rigid_Bodies > Publication history > Reprints and international editions Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 1123785221. Whittaker, E. T.
Aero-propulsion Systems Test Facility Capabilities Aero-propulsion_Systems_Test_Facility > Capabilities Inlet air to the tested propulsion systems can be conditioned up to 450 degrees Fahrenheit by large combustion air heaters. These heaters can burn either diesel fuel or waste aviation fuel and generate up to 1,000,000,000 BTU per hour. Exhaust gases are cooled by direct-contact water spray, which reduces the temperature to 200 degrees Fahrenheit. Additional water spray cools and cleans the exhaust gas to less than 150 degrees Fahrenheit before it enters the exhaust compressors.
Coronary atherosclerosis Rupture and stenosis Atherosclerotic_plaques > Pathophysiology > Rupture and stenosis These tissue fragments are very clot-promoting, containing collagen and tissue factor; they activate platelets and activate the system of coagulation. The result is the formation of a thrombus (blood clot) overlying the atheroma, which obstructs blood flow acutely. With the obstruction of blood flow, downstream tissues are starved of oxygen and nutrients. If this is the myocardium (heart muscle) angina (cardiac chest pain) or myocardial infarction (heart attack) develops.
Renovascular hypertension Cause Renovascular_hypertension > Cause The cause of renovascular hypertension is consistent with any narrowing/blockage of blood supply to the renal organ (renal artery stenosis). As a consequence of this action the renal organs release hormones that indicate to the body to maintain a higher amount of sodium and water, which in turn causes blood pressure to rise. Factors that may contribute are: diabetes, high cholesterol and advanced age, also of importance is that a unilateral condition is sufficient to cause renovascular hypertension.
Tensor rank decomposition Calculating the CPD Tensor_rank_decomposition > Calculating the CPD Alternating algorithms: alternating least squares (ALS) alternating slice-wise diagonalisation (ASD)Direct algorithms: pencil-based algorithms moment-based algorithmsGeneral optimization algorithms: simultaneous diagonalization (SD) simultaneous generalized Schur decomposition (SGSD) Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) nonlinear conjugate gradient (NCG) limited memory BFGS (L-BFGS)General polynomial system solving algorithms: homotopy continuation
Quantum microscopy Scanning tunneling Quantum_microscopy > Scanning tunneling The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) uses the concept of quantum tunneling to directly image atoms. A STM can be used to study the three-dimensional structure of a sample, by scanning the surface with a sharp, metal, conductive tip close to the sample. Such an environment is conducive to quantum tunneling: a quantum mechanical effect that occurs when electrons move through a barrier due to their wave-like properties. Tunneling depends on the thickness of the barrier; the Schrödinger equation gives the probability that a particle will be detected on the far side and, for a sufficiently thin barrier, predicts some electrons will cross it.
Interpersonal communication Others Interpersonal_communication > Theories > Others Deception in communication. This concept is based on the premise that everyone lies and considers how lying impacts relationships. James Hearn explores this theory in his article, "Interpersonal Deception Theory: Ten Lessons for Negotiators."
Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics Origin and use of the term Copenhagen_interpretation_of_quantum_mechanics > Origin and use of the term The term refers to the city of Copenhagen in Denmark, and was apparently coined during the 1950s. Earlier, during the mid-1920s, Heisenberg had been an assistant to Bohr at his institute in Copenhagen, where they helped originate quantum mechanical theory. At the 1927 Solvay Conference, a dual talk by Max Born and Heisenberg declared "we consider quantum mechanics to be a closed theory, whose fundamental physical and mathematical assumptions are no longer susceptible of any modification." In 1929, Heisenberg gave a series of invited lectures at the University of Chicago explaining the new field of quantum mechanics.
Watershed stroke Classification systems Watershed_stroke > Diagnosis > Classification systems The Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project classification (OCSP, also known as the Bamford or Oxford classification) relies primarily on the patient's initial symptoms. Based on the extent of the symptoms, the stroke episode is classified as total anterior circulation infarct (TACI), partial anterior circulation infarct (PACI), lacunar infarct (LACI) or posterior circulation infarct (POCI). These four entities predict the extent of the stroke, the area of the brain affected, the underlying cause, and the prognosis. The TOAST (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) classification is based on clinical symptoms as well as results of further investigations. In this diagnostic system, a stroke is classified as being due toThrombosis or embolism due to atherosclerosis of a large artery Embolism of cardiac origin Occlusion of a small blood vessel
Turn (angle) Unit conversion Rotation_(physics) > Unit conversion One turn is equal to 2π (≈ 6.283185307179586) radians, 360 degrees, or 400 gradians.
Paranoid ideation Signs and symptoms Paranoid_ideation > Signs and symptoms Some scientists have created different subtypes for the various symptoms of paranoia including erotic, persecutory, litigious, and exalted.Due to the suspicious and troublesome personality traits of paranoia, it is unlikely that someone with paranoia will thrive in interpersonal relationships. Most commonly paranoid individuals tend to be of a single status.According to some research there is a hierarchy for paranoia. The least common types of paranoia at the very top of the hierarchy would be those involving more serious threats. Social anxiety is at the bottom of this hierarchy as the most frequently exhibited level of paranoia.
Intermittent reinforcement Positive reinforcement Positive_reinforcer > Operant conditioning > Positive reinforcement Example: A teacher praises his student when he receives a good grade. The praise the student receives is the positive reinforcement in case the student's grades improve. Example: A supervisor attaches a monetary reward for the employee who exceeds expectations the most. The monetary reward is the positive reinforcement of the good behavior: exceeding expectations.The high probability instruction (HPI) treatment is a behaviorist psychological treatment based on the idea of positive reinforcement.
Mathematics of artificial neural networks Algorithm Mathematics_of_artificial_neural_networks > Backpropagation > Algorithm Let N {\displaystyle N} be a network with e {\displaystyle e} connections, m {\displaystyle m} inputs and n {\displaystyle n} outputs. Below, x 1 , x 2 , … {\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\dots } denote vectors in R m {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{m}} , y 1 , y 2 , … {\displaystyle y_{1},y_{2},\dots } vectors in R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} , and w 0 , w 1 , w 2 , … {\displaystyle w_{0},w_{1},w_{2},\ldots } vectors in R e {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{e}} . These are called inputs, outputs and weights, respectively. The network corresponds to a function y = f N ( w , x ) {\displaystyle y=f_{N}(w,x)} which, given a weight w {\displaystyle w} , maps an input x {\displaystyle x} to an output y {\displaystyle y} .
Data profiling How data profiling is conducted Data_profiling > How data profiling is conducted Data profiling utilizes methods of descriptive statistics such as minimum, maximum, mean, mode, percentile, standard deviation, frequency, variation, aggregates such as count and sum, and additional metadata information obtained during data profiling such as data type, length, discrete values, uniqueness, occurrence of null values, typical string patterns, and abstract type recognition. The metadata can then be used to discover problems such as illegal values, misspellings, missing values, varying value representation, and duplicates. Different analyses are performed for different structural levels.
Interesting number paradox Paradoxical nature Interesting_number_paradox > Paradoxical nature The number fitting this definition later became 12407 from November 2009 until at least November 2011, then 13794 as of April 2012, until it appeared in sequence OEIS: A218631 as of 3 November 2012. Since November 2013, that number was 14228, at least until 14 April 2014.
Hockey stick graph (global temperature) Controversy after IPCC Third Assessment Report Hockey_stick_graph_(global_temperature) > Controversy after IPCC Third Assessment Report To balance dense networks of tree-ring proxies against sparse proxy temperature records such as lake sediments, ice cores or corals, MBH 1998 (and 1999) used principal component analysis (PCA) to find the leading patterns of variation (PC1, PC2, PC3 etc.), with an objective method establish how many significant principal components should be kept so that the patterns put together characterized the original dataset. McIntyre and McKitrick highlighted the effect of centering over the 1902–1980 period rather than the whole 1400–1980 period which would have changed the order of principal components so that the warming pattern of high altitude tree ring data was demoted from PC1 to PC4, but instead of recalculating the objective selection rule which increased the number of significant PCs from two to five, they only kept PC1 and PC2. This removed the significant 20th century warming pattern of PC4, discarding data that produced the "hockey stick" shape, Subsequent investigation showed that the "hockey stick" shape remained with the correct selection rule.The MM05 paper claimed that 1902–1980 centering would produce hockey stick shapes from "persistent red noise", but their methods exaggerated the effect.
Environmental Economics Relationship to other fields Environmental_Economics > Relationship to other fields Natural resource economics as a subfield began when the main concern of researchers was the optimal commercial exploitation of natural resource stocks. But resource managers and policy-makers eventually began to pay attention to the broader importance of natural resources (e.g. values of fish and trees beyond just their commercial exploitation). It is now difficult to distinguish "environmental" and "natural resource" economics as separate fields as the two became associated with sustainability.
Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics Structure Von_Karman_Institute_for_Fluid_Dynamics > Structure It has a large expertise in the study of aeroacoustics, multiphase flows, vehicle aerodynamics, biological flows and environmental flows (including the study of interaction between atmospheric winds and human activities). The department is also involved in the modeling of turbulence and in the development of advanced measurement techniques for fluid dynamics. The department has acquired a unique expertise in the study of fluid dynamics in industrial processes, with the development and construction of experimental facilities dedicated to the study of industrial processes and also in the simulation of industrial flows using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) codes.
Body shaping underwear Summary Body_shaping_underwear A foundation garment (also known as shapewear or shaping underwear) is an undergarment designed to impermanently alter the wearer's body shape, to achieve what some view as a more fashionable figure. The function of a foundation garment is not to enhance a bodily feature (as would, for example, a padded bra) but to make it look more presentable. Specific styles of foundation garments have been essential to some fashion movements, and were required in some social situations during various fashion periods.
Signature scheme Non-repudiation Digital_Signature > Applications > Non-repudiation Note that these authentication, non-repudiation etc. properties rely on the secret key not having been revoked prior to its usage. Public revocation of a key-pair is a required ability, else leaked secret keys would continue to implicate the claimed owner of the key-pair. Checking revocation status requires an "online" check; e.g., checking a certificate revocation list or via the Online Certificate Status Protocol. Very roughly this is analogous to a vendor who receives credit-cards first checking online with the credit-card issuer to find if a given card has been reported lost or stolen. Of course, with stolen key pairs, the theft is often discovered only after the secret key's use, e.g., to sign a bogus certificate for espionage purpose.
Least-squares normal matrix Example with real data Ordinary_least_squares_regression > Example with real data Under weaker conditions, t is asymptotically normal. Large values of t indicate that the null hypothesis can be rejected and that the corresponding coefficient is not zero. The second column, p-value, expresses the results of the hypothesis test as a significance level.
Fear conditioning Prior experience with stress Fear_conditioning > Across development > Prior experience with stress A history of stressors preceding a traumatic event increases the effect of fear conditioning in rodents. This phenomenon, named Stress-Enhanced Fear Learning (SEFL), has been demonstrated in both young (e.g. Poulos et al. 2014) and adult (e.g. Rau et al. 2009) rodents. Biological mechanisms underpinning SEFL have not yet been made clear, though it has been associated with a rise in corticosterone, the stress hormone, following the initial stressor.
Chartaque History Chartaque > History Depending on the state of the terrain, they might be arranged at intervals of about one to three kilometres. They were supporting elements of defensive lines. For example, between Radkersburg and Fehring, a distance of about 27 kilometres as the crow flies, 13 chartaques were built, and between Fehring and Fürstenfeld from the Raab valley to the Lafnitz valley, a distance of about 15 kilometres, 18-19 chartaques were erected.
Matrix regularization Structured sparsity Matrix_regularization > Structured sparsity This regularization results in rows that will tend to be all zeros, or dense. The same type of regularization can be used to enforce sparsity column-wise by taking the ℓ 2 {\displaystyle \ell ^{2}} -norms of each column.
Recurrent neural networks Global optimization methods Recurrent_neural_network > Training > Global optimization methods This function drives the genetic selection process.Many chromosomes make up the population; therefore, many different neural networks are evolved until a stopping criterion is satisfied. A common stopping scheme is: When the neural network has learnt a certain percentage of the training data or When the minimum value of the mean-squared-error is satisfied or When the maximum number of training generations has been reached.The stopping criterion is evaluated by the fitness function as it gets the reciprocal of the mean-squared-error from each network during training. Therefore, the goal of the genetic algorithm is to maximize the fitness function, reducing the mean-squared-error. Other global (and/or evolutionary) optimization techniques may be used to seek a good set of weights, such as simulated annealing or particle swarm optimization.
Database Design and modeling Database_language > Design and modeling This can help to establish what information is needed in the database, and what can be left out. For example, it can help when deciding whether the database needs to hold historic data as well as current data. Having produced a conceptual data model that users are happy with, the next stage is to translate this into a schema that implements the relevant data structures within the database.
CFA Loop The feedback element CFA_Loop > A description of the control–feedback–abort (CFA) loop > The feedback element Look at a computer in a wait state. It is still performing administrative activities even while it waits for some activity to happen. Change is the constant state of the Feedback element.
Solyndra Technology Solyndra > Technology The daily production of flat solar panels has an output curve that has a clear peak while Solyndra claimed their system produced more power throughout the day. The Solyndra panels allow wind to blow through them. According to the company, these factors enable the installation of PV on a broader range of rooftops without anchoring or ballast, which are inherently problematic.
Nonmanual feature Form Nonmanual_marker > Form In sign languages, the hands do the majority of the work, forming phonemes and giving denotational meaning. Extra meaning however is created through the use of nonmanual features. Despite the literal meaning of manual, not all signs that use other body parts are called as nonmanual features of the language, and it generally refers to information expressed in the upper half of the body such as the head, eyebrows, eyes, cheeks, and mouth in various postures or movements.Nonmanual features have two main aspects - place and setting. These are the nonmanual equivalents to HOLM (handshape, orientation, location, and movement) in manual sign components.
Ingenol mebutate Mechanism of action Ingenol_mebutate > Mechanism of action The mechanism by which ingenol mebutate causes cell death is still not fully understood. One study on squamous cell carcinoma, the precursor of which is actinic keratosis, cultures found that the PKC/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is involved in causing cell death after treatment with ingenol mebutate. In addition, the interleukin decoy receptors IL1R2 and IL13RA2 were induced, resulting in a reduction in the long-term viability of the cells, which could help prevent recurrence.
Positive pressure breathing Oxygen toxicity Positive_pressure_breathing > Breathing under pressure > Hyperbaric gas toxicity > Oxygen toxicity If breathing increased partial pressures of oxygen continues, a mild burning on inhalation along with uncontrollable coughing and occasional shortness of breath is experienced. There is generally a reduction in the amount of air that the lungs can hold (vital capacity) and changes in expiratory function and lung elasticity. When the exposure to oxygen above 0.5 bar (50 kPa) is intermittent, it permits the lungs to recover and delays the onset of toxicity.
Self-indication assumption Summary Self-Sampling_Assumption Anthropic Bias: Observation Selection Effects in Science and Philosophy (2002) is a book by philosopher Nick Bostrom. Bostrom investigates how to reason when one suspects that evidence is biased by "observation selection effects", in other words, when the evidence presented has been pre-filtered by the condition that there was some appropriately positioned observer to "receive" the evidence. This conundrum is sometimes called the "anthropic principle," "self-locating belief," or "indexical information".As of February 2020, digital copies of the text can be obtained for free on Bostrom's personal webpage.
Chrystal's equation Solution Chrystal's_equation > Solution The denominator on the left hand side can be factorized if we solve the roots of the equation A 2 + A B − 4 C ± B z − z 2 = 0 {\displaystyle A^{2}+AB-4C\pm Bz-z^{2}=0} and the roots are a , b = ± / 2 {\displaystyle a,\ b=\pm \left/2} , therefore z d z ( z − a ) ( z − b ) = d x x . {\displaystyle {\frac {z\,dz}{(z-a)(z-b)}}={\frac {dx}{x}}.} If a ≠ b {\displaystyle a\neq b} , the solution is x ( z − a ) a / ( a − b ) ( z − b ) b / ( a − b ) = k {\displaystyle x{\frac {(z-a)^{a/(a-b)}}{(z-b)^{b/(a-b)}}}=k} where k {\displaystyle k} is an arbitrary constant.
Base unit (measurement) Summary Fundamental_unit A base unit of measurement (also referred to as a base unit or fundamental unit) is a unit of measurement adopted for a base quantity. A base quantity is one of a conventionally chosen subset of physical quantities, where no quantity in the subset can be expressed in terms of the others. The SI base units, or Systeme International d'unites, consists of the metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela.
Minimax path problem Single source and single destination Widest_path_problem > Directed graphs > Single source and single destination Berman & Handler (1987) suggest that service vehicles and emergency vehicles should use minimax paths when returning from a service call to their base. In this application, the time to return is less important than the response time if another service call occurs while the vehicle is in the process of returning. By using a minimax path, where the weight of an edge is the maximum travel time from a point on the edge to the farthest possible service call, one can plan a route that minimizes the maximum possible delay between receipt of a service call and arrival of a responding vehicle. Ullah, Lee & Hassoun (2009) use maximin paths to model the dominant reaction chains in metabolic networks; in their model, the weight of an edge is the free energy of the metabolic reaction represented by the edge.Another application of widest paths arises in the Ford–Fulkerson algorithm for the maximum flow problem.
Reaction rates Formal definition Rate_of_reactions > Formal definition Also V is the volume of reaction and Ci is the concentration of substance i. When side products or reaction intermediates are formed, the IUPAC recommends the use of the terms the rate of increase of concentration and rate of the decrease of concentration for products and reactants, properly. Reaction rates may also be defined on a basis that is not the volume of the reactor. When a catalyst is used the reaction rate may be stated on a catalyst weight (mol g−1 s−1) or surface area (mol m−2 s−1) basis. If the basis is a specific catalyst site that may be rigorously counted by a specified method, the rate is given in units of s−1 and is called a turnover frequency.
Grid file Census Database Grid_file > Examples > Census Database This structure can be thought of as an array, table, or grid with two dimensions which we will call the x and y axes. One may consider the x-axis to be the city and the y-axis to be each of the letters in the alphabet, or alternatively, the first letter of each street. Each record in this structure is known as a cell.
Residual neural network Related Work Residual_neural_network > Related Work The ResNet paper, however, provided strong experimental evidence of the benefits of going deeper than 20 layers. It argued that the identity mapping without modulation is crucial and mentioned that modulation in the skip connection can still lead to vanishing signals in forward and backward propagation (Section 3 in ). This is also why the forget gates of the 2000 LSTM were initially opened through positive bias weights: as long as the gates are open, it behaves like the 1997 LSTM.
Surface electromagnetic wave Mechanical waves Surface_waves > Mechanical waves In seismology, several types of surface waves are encountered. Surface waves, in this mechanical sense, are commonly known as either Love waves (L waves) or Rayleigh waves. A seismic wave is a wave that travels through the Earth, often as the result of an earthquake or explosion. Love waves have transverse motion (movement is perpendicular to the direction of travel, like light waves), whereas Rayleigh waves have both longitudinal (movement parallel to the direction of travel, like sound waves) and transverse motion.
Flow stress Summary Flow_stress Fatigue failure is caused by crack propagation in materials under a varying load, typically a cyclically varying load. The rate of crack propagation is inversely proportional to the flow stress of the material. == References ==
Production part approval process PPAP approval Production_part_approval_process > PPAP approval The PPAP is like the older ISIR plus a lot more, unless the customer has a specific requirement for using their ISIR within their system. ISIR is a summary of the initial sample being presented at what ever state. The PSW is supported and validated by the ISIR.
Davis–Beirut reaction Mechanism in base Davis–Beirut_reaction > Mechanism in base The hydroxyl group is protonated similarly to step three (7), creating a good leaving group. Therefore, when the alpha hydrogen of the nitrogen atom and ether group (8) is extracted by the base, the flow of electrons creates two new carbon-nitrogen bonds and causes the loss of the protonated hydroxyl group as a molecule of water. The final product produced by this mechanism is therefore a 3-oxy-substituted 2H-indazole.
Pavor nocturnus Diagnosis Pavor_nocturnus > Diagnosis The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for sleep terror disorder requires: Recurrent periods where the individual abruptly but not completely wakes from sleep, usually occurring during the first third major period of sleep. The individual experiences intense fear with a panicky scream at the beginning and symptoms of autonomic arousal, such as increased heart rate, heavy breathing, and increased perspiration. The individual cannot be soothed or comforted during the episode. The individual is unable or almost unable to remember images of the dream (only a single visual scene for example).
Spectral expansion solution Summary Spectral_expansion_solution In probability theory, the spectral expansion solution method is a technique for computing the stationary probability distribution of a continuous-time Markov chain whose state space is a semi-infinite lattice strip. For example, an M/M/c queue where service nodes can breakdown and be repaired has a two-dimensional state space where one dimension has a finite limit and the other is unbounded. The stationary distribution vector is expressed directly (not as a transform) in terms of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix polynomial. == References ==
Hilbert R-tree Packed Hilbert R-trees Hilbert_R-tree > Packed Hilbert R-trees The data is composed of points (the same points as given in Figure 1). By grouping the points according to their Hilbert values, the MBRs of the resulting R-tree nodes tend to be small square-like rectangles. This indicates that the nodes will likely have small area and small perimeters. Small area values result in good performance for point queries; small area and small perimeter values lead to good performance for larger queries.
Landé g-factor Summary Landé_g-factor In physics, the Landé g-factor is a particular example of a g-factor, namely for an electron with both spin and orbital angular momenta. It is named after Alfred Landé, who first described it in 1921.In atomic physics, the Landé g-factor is a multiplicative term appearing in the expression for the energy levels of an atom in a weak magnetic field. The quantum states of electrons in atomic orbitals are normally degenerate in energy, with these degenerate states all sharing the same angular momentum. When the atom is placed in a weak magnetic field, however, the degeneracy is lifted.
Efficiency Efficiency and effectiveness Efficiency > Efficiency and effectiveness Efficiency is very often confused with effectiveness. In general, efficiency is a measurable concept, quantitatively determined by the ratio of useful output to total useful input. Effectiveness is the simpler concept of being able to achieve a desired result, which can be expressed quantitatively but does not usually require more complicated mathematics than addition. Efficiency can often be expressed as a percentage of the result that could ideally be expected, for example if no energy were lost due to friction or other causes, in which case 100% of fuel or other input would be used to produce the desired result.
Earthquake engineering research Analytical/Numerical assessment Reinforced_masonry > Seismic performance > Seismic performance assessment > Analytical/Numerical assessment Basically, numerical analysis is conducted in order to evaluate the seismic performance of buildings. Performance evaluations are generally carried out by using nonlinear static pushover analysis or nonlinear time-history analysis. In such analyses, it is essential to achieve accurate non-linear modeling of structural components such as beams, columns, beam-column joints, shear walls etc. Thus, experimental results play an important role in determining the modeling parameters of individual components, especially those that are subject to significant non-linear deformations.
Embodied cognitive science Interaction of local environment Embodied_cognitive_science > The embodied cognitive approach > Interaction of local environment The pen and paper are so involved in the cognitive process of solving the problem that it seems ridiculous to say they are somehow different from the process, in very much the same way the PDA is used for information like the brain. Another example examines how humans control and manipulate their environment so that cognitive tasks can be better performed. Leaving one's car keys in a familiar place so they aren't missed for instance, or using landmarks to navigate in an unfamiliar city. Thus, humans incorporate aspects of their environment to aid in their cognitive functioning.
What-if analysis Related concepts What-if_analysis > Related concepts Sensitivity analysis is closely related with uncertainty analysis; while the latter studies the overall uncertainty in the conclusions of the study, sensitivity analysis tries to identify what source of uncertainty weighs more on the study's conclusions. The problem setting in sensitivity analysis also has strong similarities with the field of design of experiments. In a design of experiments, one studies the effect of some process or intervention (the 'treatment') on some objects (the 'experimental units'). In sensitivity analysis one looks at the effect of varying the inputs of a mathematical model on the output of the model itself. In both disciplines one strives to obtain information from the system with a minimum of physical or numerical experiments.
Quantum Bayesian Copenhagen interpretations Quantum_Bayesian > Relation to other interpretations > Copenhagen interpretations QBism considers a measurement to be any action that an agent takes to elicit a response from the world and the outcome of that measurement to be the experience the world's response induces back on that agent. As a consequence, communication between agents is the only means by which different agents can attempt to compare their internal experiences. Most variants of the Copenhagen interpretation, however, hold that the outcomes of experiments are agent-independent pieces of reality for anyone to access. QBism claims that these points on which it differs from previous Copenhagen-type interpretations resolve the obscurities that many critics have found in the latter, by changing the role that quantum theory plays (even though QBism does not yet provide a specific underlying ontology). Specifically, QBism posits that quantum theory is a normative tool which an agent may use to better navigate reality, rather than a set of mechanics governing it.
Menstrual migraine Associated conditions Menstrual_migraine > Signs and symptoms > Associated conditions It is helpful in making a diagnosis to keep a diary of symptoms and peak expiratory flow (PEF) rates. Raynaud's disease: is a circulatory disorder in which the smaller arteries that supply blood to the extremities – most often the hands, but it may also affect the, toes, the tip of the nose and the ears – become narrower reducing blood flow.
Hashlife Hashing Hashlife > Hashlife > Hashing While a quadtree typically has far more overhead than other simpler representations (such as using a matrix of bits), it allows for various optimizations. As the name suggests, the algorithm uses hash tables to store the nodes of the quadtree. Many subpatterns in the tree are usually identical to each other; for example the pattern being studied may contain many copies of the same spaceship, or even large swathes of empty space. These subpatterns will all hash to the same position in the hash table, and thus many copies of the same subpattern can be stored using the same hash table entry. In addition, these subpatterns only need to be evaluated once, not once per copy as in other Life algorithms. This itself leads to significant improvements in resource requirements; for example a generation of the various breeders and spacefillers, which grow at polynomial speeds, can be evaluated in Hashlife using logarithmic space and time.
Granular layer (cerebellum) Subdivisions Granular_layer_(cerebellum) > Structure > Gross anatomy > Subdivisions This sector of the cerebellum functions mainly to fine-tune body and limb movements. It receives proprioceptive input from the dorsal columns of the spinal cord (including the spinocerebellar tract) and from the cranial trigeminal nerve, as well as from visual and auditory systems. It sends fibers to deep cerebellar nuclei that, in turn, project to both the cerebral cortex and the brain stem, thus providing modulation of descending motor systems.The lateral zone, which in humans is by far the largest part, constitutes the cerebrocerebellum, also known as neocerebellum. It receives input exclusively from the cerebral cortex (especially the parietal lobe) via the pontine nuclei (forming cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathways), and sends output mainly to the ventrolateral thalamus (in turn connected to motor areas of the premotor cortex and primary motor area of the cerebral cortex) and to the red nucleus. There is disagreement about the best way to describe the functions of the lateral cerebellum: It is thought to be involved in planning movement that is about to occur, in evaluating sensory information for action, and in a number of purely cognitive functions, such as determining the verb which best fits with a certain noun (as in "sit" for "chair").
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion Anglicanism Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion > Religions > Christianity > By denomination > Anglicanism The mystery of the biblical story is that God also laments. Some Christians like to think of God as above all that, knowing everything, in charge of everything, calm and unaffected by the troubles in his world. That's not the picture we get in the Bible.
Phagocytic cells Immunological tolerance Phagocytic_cell > Interactions with other cells > Immunological tolerance Some self reactive T cells escape the thymus for a number of reasons, mainly due to the lack of expression of some self antigens in the thymus. Another type of T cell; T regulatory cells can down regulate self reactive T cells in the periphery. When immunological tolerance fails, autoimmune diseases can follow.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate > Biosynthesis > NADPH It appears in the last step of the electron chain of the light reactions of photosynthesis. It is used as reducing power for the biosynthetic reactions in the Calvin cycle to assimilate carbon dioxide and help turn the carbon dioxide into glucose. It has functions in accepting electrons in other non-photosynthetic pathways as well: it is needed in the reduction of nitrate into ammonia for plant assimilation in nitrogen cycle and in the production of oils.There are several other lesser-known mechanisms of generating NADPH, all of which depend on the presence of mitochondria in eukaryotes.
Decoy flare Blackbody payloads Infrared_decoy_flare > Materials used > Pyrotechnic flares > Blackbody payloads Certain pyrotechnic compositions, for example MTV, give a great flame emission upon combustion and yield a temperature-dependent signature and can be understood as gray bodies of high emissivity ( e {\displaystyle e} ~0.95). Such payloads are called blackbody payloads. Other payloads, like iron/potassium perchlorate pellets, only yield a low flame emission but also show temperature-dependent signature. Nevertheless, the lower combustion temperature as compared to MTV results in a lower amount of energy released in the short-wavelength IR range. Other blackbody payloads include ammonium perchlorate/anthracene/magnesium and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) binder.
Cognitive processing speed Drift-diffusion model Reaction_Time > Measurement and mathematical descriptions > Drift-diffusion model The drift-diffusion model (DDM) is a well-defined mathematical formulation to explain observed variance in response times and accuracy across trials in a (typically two-choice) reaction time task. This model and its variants account for these distributional features by partitioning a reaction time trial into a non-decision residual stage and a stochastic "diffusion" stage, where the actual response decision is generated. The distribution of reaction times across trials is determined by the rate at which evidence accumulates in neurons with an underlying "random walk" component. The drift rate (v) is the average rate at which this evidence accumulates in the presence of this random noise. The decision threshold (a) represents the width of the decision boundary, or the amount of evidence needed before a response is made. The trial terminates when the accumulating evidence reaches either the correct or the incorrect boundary.
Vitamin B 12 Pseudovitamin-B12 Vitamin_B_12 > Sources > Pseudovitamin-B12 To get a reliable reading of B12 content, more advanced techniques are available. One such technique involves pre-separation by silica gel and then assessment with B12-dependent E. coli bacteria.A related concept is antivitamin B12, compounds (often synthetic B12 analogues) that not only have no vitamin action, but also actively interfere with the activity of true vitamin B12. The design of these compounds mainly involved replacement of the metal ion. These compounds have the potential to be used for analyzing B12 utilization pathways or even attacking B12-dependent pathogens.
Integer polynomial Solving equations Zero_polynomial > Equations > Solving equations {\displaystyle x^{2}-x-1=0.} In the ancient times, they succeeded only for degrees one and two.
Evolution from Francis turbine to Kaplan turbine Changes Evolution_from_Francis_turbine_to_Kaplan_turbine > Changes U: Tangential velocity of the fluid. Vr: Relative velocity of the fluid after contact with rotor. Vw: Tangential component of V (absolute velocity), called Whirl velocity.
TCP hole punching Summary TCP_hole_punching TCP NAT traversal and TCP hole punching (sometimes NAT punch-through) in computer networking occurs when two hosts behind a network address translation (NAT) are trying to connect to each other with outbound TCP connections. Such a scenario is particularly important in the case of peer-to-peer communications, such as Voice-over-IP (VoIP), file sharing, teleconferencing, chat systems and similar applications. TCP hole punching is an experimentally used NAT traversal technique for establishing a TCP connection between two peers on the Internet behind NAT devices. NAT traversal is a general term for techniques that establish and maintain TCP/IP network and/or TCP connections traversing NAT gateways.
Noncovalent bond Dipole-induced dipole Noncovalent_interaction > Van der Waals forces > Dipole-induced dipole A dipole-induced dipole interaction (Debye force) is due to the approach of a molecule with a permanent dipole to another non-polar molecule with no permanent dipole. This approach causes the electrons of the non-polar molecule to be polarized toward or away from the dipole (or "induce" a dipole) of the approaching molecule. Specifically, the dipole can cause electrostatic attraction or repulsion of the electrons from the non-polar molecule, depending on orientation of the incoming dipole. Atoms with larger atomic radii are considered more "polarizable" and therefore experience greater attractions as a result of the Debye force.
Simple rational approximation Summary Simple_rational_approximation A divide-and-conquer algorithm to find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors for various kinds of matrices is well known in numerical analysis. In a strict sense, SRA implies a specific interpolation using simple rational functions as a part of the divide-and-conquer algorithm. Since such secular functions consist of a series of rational functions with simple poles, SRA is the best candidate to interpolate the zeros of the secular function. Moreover, based on previous researches, a simple zero that lies between two adjacent poles can be considerably well interpolated by using a two-dominant-pole rational function as an approximating function.
Hermitian symmetric domain Summary Hermitian_symmetric_domain In mathematics, a Hermitian symmetric space is a Hermitian manifold which at every point has an inversion symmetry preserving the Hermitian structure. First studied by Élie Cartan, they form a natural generalization of the notion of Riemannian symmetric space from real manifolds to complex manifolds. Every Hermitian symmetric space is a homogeneous space for its isometry group and has a unique decomposition as a product of irreducible spaces and a Euclidean space.
Topical antibiotic Summary Antibiotic However, both classes have the same goal of killing or preventing the growth of microorganisms, and both are included in antimicrobial chemotherapy. "Antibacterials" include antiseptic drugs, antibacterial soaps, and chemical disinfectants, whereas antibiotics are an important class of antibacterials used more specifically in medicine and sometimes in livestock feed.
Quantum measurement theory Quantum information and computation Quantum_measurement_theory > Quantum information and computation Quantum information science studies how information science and its application as technology depend on quantum-mechanical phenomena. Understanding measurement in quantum physics is important for this field in many ways, some of which are briefly surveyed here.
Nuclear fuel cycle Exploration Fuel_Cycle > Front end > Exploration The atomic nucleus of U-235 will nearly always fission when struck by a free neutron, and the isotope is therefore said to be a "fissile" isotope. The nucleus of a U-238 atom on the other hand, rather than undergoing fission when struck by a free neutron, will nearly always absorb the neutron and yield an atom of the isotope U-239. This isotope then undergoes natural radioactive decay to yield Pu-239, which, like U-235, is a fissile isotope. The atoms of U-238 are said to be fertile, because, through neutron irradiation in the core, some eventually yield atoms of fissile Pu-239.
Placoid scales Drag reduction Fish_scales > Placoid scales > Shark skin > Drag reduction This pushes the vortex further up from the surface, interacting only with the riblet tips, not causing any high-velocity flow in the valleys. Since this high-velocity flow now only interacts with the riblet-tip, which is a very small surface area, the momentum transfer which causes drag is now much lower than before, thereby effectively reducing drag. Also, this reduces the cross-stream velocity fluctuations, which aids in momentum transfer too.Recent research has shown that there is a pre and post-breakdown regime in the near-wall boundary layer where the sublayer thickens at a declining rate and then abruptly undergoes a breakdown into turbulent vortices before finally collapsing. This system is completely self-regulating and mediates the growth and decay cycle; the vortices accumulate during the growth period and are abruptly liquidated into Strouhal arrays of hairpin vortices lifting off the wall. Lifting vortices are what push the boundary layer out and away from the surface of the shark which results in reducing the overall drag experienced by the fish.
Causal loop diagram Summary Causal_loop_diagram Reinforcing loops are typically vicious or virtuous cycles. Example of positive reinforcing loop: The amount of the Bank Balance will affect the amount of the Earned Interest, as represented by the top blue arrow, pointing from Bank Balance to Earned Interest. Since an increase in Bank balance results in an increase in Earned Interest, this link is positive, which is denoted with a "+". The Earned interest gets added to the Bank balance, also a positive link, represented by the bottom blue arrow. The causal effect between these variables forms a positive reinforcing loop, represented by the green arrow, which is denoted with an "R".
Electromagnetic system of units Summary Electromagnetic_system_of_units For example, the CGS unit of force is the dyne, which is defined as 1 g⋅cm/s2, so the SI unit of force, the newton (1 kg⋅m/s2), is equal to 100000 dynes. On the other hand, in measurements of electromagnetic phenomena (involving units of charge, electric and magnetic fields, voltage, and so on), converting between CGS and SI is more subtle.
Protein domain Summary Structural_domain In molecular biology, a protein domain is a region of a protein's polypeptide chain that is self-stabilizing and that folds independently from the rest. Each domain forms a compact folded three-dimensional structure. Many proteins consist of several domains, and a domain may appear in a variety of different proteins.
Molisch's test Procedure Molisch's_test > Procedure The test solution is combined with a small amount of Molisch's reagent (α-naphthol dissolved in ethanol) in a test tube. After mixing, a small amount of concentrated sulfuric acid is slowly added down the sides of the sloping test-tube, without mixing, to form a layer. A positive reaction is indicated by appearance of a purple red ring at the interface between the acid and test layers.
Long-term memories Neurodegenerative diseases Long-term_memory > Disorders of memory > Neurodegenerative diseases Currently, these illnesses are irreversible, but research into stem cells, psychopharmacology, and genetic engineering holds much promise. Those with Alzheimer's disease generally display symptoms such as getting momentarily lost on familiar routes, placing possessions in inappropriate locations, and distortions of existing memories or completely forgetting memories. Researchers have often used the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm (DRM) to study the effects of Alzheimer's disease on memory.
Planets of the solar system Satellites Planets_of_the_solar_system > Satellites Several of these were once in equilibrium but are no longer: these include Earth's moon and all of the moons listed for Saturn apart from Titan and Rhea. The status of Callisto, Titan, and Rhea is uncertain, as is that of the moons of Uranus, Pluto and Eris. The other large moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Triton) are generally believed to still be in equilibrium today.
Critical line theorem Arguments for and against the Riemann hypothesis Critical_line_(mathematics) > Arguments for and against the Riemann hypothesis Similarly Selberg zeta functions satisfy the analogue of the Riemann hypothesis, and are in some ways similar to the Riemann zeta function, having a functional equation and an infinite product expansion analogous to the Euler product expansion. But there are also some major differences; for example, they are not given by Dirichlet series. The Riemann hypothesis for the Goss zeta function was proved by Sheats (1998).
Consistent hashing Complexity Consistent_hashing > Complexity The O ( K / N ) {\displaystyle O(K/N)} is an average cost for redistribution of keys and the O ( log ⁡ N ) {\displaystyle O(\log N)} complexity for consistent hashing comes from the fact that a binary search among nodes angles is required to find the next node on the ring.
Epileptic seizures Stress Epileptic_seizure > Causes > Stress These hormones act on both excitatory and inhibitory neural synapses, resulting in hyper-excitability of neurons in the brain. The hippocampus is known to be a region that is highly sensitive to stress and prone to seizures. This is where mediators of stress interact with their target receptors to produce effects.
Church's theorem Completeness theorem Church's_theorem > Completeness theorem By the completeness theorem of first-order logic, a statement is universally valid if and only if it can be deduced from the axioms, so the Entscheidungsproblem can also be viewed as asking for an algorithm to decide whether a given statement is provable from the axioms using the rules of logic. In 1936, Alonzo Church and Alan Turing published independent papers showing that a general solution to the Entscheidungsproblem is impossible, assuming that the intuitive notion of "effectively calculable" is captured by the functions computable by a Turing machine (or equivalently, by those expressible in the lambda calculus). This assumption is now known as the Church–Turing thesis.
KMC Controls Summary KMC_Controls KMC Controls (formerly Kreuter Manufacturing Company) has designed and manufactured HVAC control system products and building automation systems since 1969. KMC was one of the early privately held controls manufacturer with a full line of digital, electronic, and pneumatic products in the United States. The latest products include BACnet digital controllers and thermostats.KMC is a member of the United States Green Building Council. Building automation products, such as those manufactured by KMC controls, provide tools for achieving prerequisites and credits for LEED certification in the categories of Indoor Environmental Quality, Energy and Atmosphere, Sustainable Sites, and Water efficiency for green buildings.The company's intellectual property includes patents for (pneumatic, electronic, and digital) controllers, thermostats, actuators, and valves.KMC maintains regional sales offices throughout the U.S. and distributes its products through system integrators (or authorized installing contractors), system distributors, wholesalers, and OEMs throughout North America as well as authorized distributors worldwide.
Standard Parasitic Exchange Format The Difference Between Parasitic Data Formats Standard_Parasitic_Exchange_Format > The Difference Between Parasitic Data Formats SPEF is smaller than SPF and DSPF because the names are mapped to integers to reduce file size. SBPF is a Synopsys binary format supported by PrimeTime. Parasitic data converted to this format occupies less disk space and can be read much faster than the same data stored in SPEF format. You can convert parasitics to SBPF, by reading them in and then writing them out with the write_parasitics -format sbpf command.

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