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Permeability (electromagnetism) Paramagnetism Magnetic_permittivity > Paramagnetism Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism which occurs only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. Paramagnetic materials are attracted to magnetic fields, hence have a relative magnetic permeability greater than one (or, e... |
Superluminal motion Explanation Superluminal_jet > Explanation This means that the apparent speed as calculated above is greater than the actual speed. Correspondingly, if the object is moving away from the Earth, the above calculation underestimates the actual speed. This effect in itself does not generally lead to su... |
Pascal programming language Dialects Pascal_(command) > History > Dialects Wirth's example compiler meant to propagate the language, the Pascal-P system, used a subset of the language designed to be the minimal subset of the language that could compile itself. The idea was that this could allow boostrapping the compile... |
Programming pattern History Software_design_patterns > History Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-63361-0. |
Neural circuit Early study Neural_circuit > Early study They showed theoretically that networks of artificial neurons could implement logical, arithmetic, and symbolic functions. Simplified models of biological neurons were set up, now usually called perceptrons or artificial neurons. These simple models accounted for ... |
Solow growth model Long-run implications Exogenous_growth_model > Background > Long-run implications A standard Solow model predicts that in the long run, economies converge to their steady state equilibrium and that permanent growth is achievable only through technological progress. Both shifts in saving and in popula... |
Pipelined processor Summary Instruction_pipelining In computer engineering, instruction pipelining is a technique for implementing instruction-level parallelism within a single processor. Pipelining attempts to keep every part of the processor busy with some instruction by dividing incoming instructions into a series o... |
Stein-Rosenberg theorem Summary Stein-Rosenberg_theorem 0 < ρ ( T 1 ) < ρ ( T J ) < 1 {\displaystyle 0<\rho (T_{1})<\rho (T_{J})<1} . 1 = ρ ( T J ) = ρ ( T 1 ) {\displaystyle 1=\rho (T_{J})=\rho (T_{1})} . 1 < ρ ( T J ) < ρ ( T 1 ) {\displaystyle 1<\rho (T_{J})<\rho (T_{1})} .The proof uses the Perron-Frobenius theorem... |
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus Disease Group_A_beta-hemolytic_streptococcus > Disease Erysipelas and cellulitis are characterized by multiplication and lateral spread of S. pyogenes in deep layers of the skin. S. pyogenes invasion and multiplication in the fascia can lead to necrotizing fasciitis, a life-threaten... |
Filling area conjecture Definitions and statement of the conjecture Filling_area_conjecture > Definitions and statement of the conjecture None of these transformations modifies the area of the surface nor the length of the curves drawn on it, which are the magnitudes relevant to the problem. The surface can be removed ... |
GPS time Receiver in continuous operation Global_positioning_systems > Principles > Receiver in continuous operation In general, a tracker can (a) improve receiver position and time accuracy, (b) reject bad measurements, and (c) estimate receiver speed and direction. The disadvantage of a tracker is that changes in spe... |
Palifermin Drug target and mechanism of action Palifermin > Drug target and mechanism of action Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) resides in the family of fibroblast growth factor (FGF). The drug's target is the KGF receptor. Through the binding of this drug to the aforementioned receptor, Palifermin stimulates epitheli... |
Water filtration plant Pretreatment Water_purifier > Treatment > Pretreatment Pumping and containment – The majority of water must be pumped from its source or directed into pipes or holding tanks. To avoid adding contaminants to the water, this physical infrastructure must be made from appropriate materials and constr... |
Non-thermal microwave effect Summary Non-thermal_microwave_effect Non-thermal microwave effects or specific microwave effects have been posited in order to explain unusual observations in microwave chemistry. The main effect of the absorption of microwaves by dielectric materials is a brief displacement in the permanen... |
Sulfur isotope biogeochemistry Δ33S and Δ36S notation Sulfur_isotope_biogeochemistry > Calculations > Δ33S and Δ36S notation All kinetic and equilibrium isotope effects result from differences in atomic mass. As a result, a reaction that fractionates 34S will also fractionate 33S and 36S, and the fractionation factor f... |
Trajectory Physics of trajectories Trajectory > Physics of trajectories Classical mechanics became a most prominent demonstration of the power of rational thought, i.e. reason, in science as well as technology. It helps to understand and predict an enormous range of phenomena; trajectories are but one example. Consider... |
Mathematical recursion In computer science Recursive_step > In computer science The solution to the problem is then devised by combining the solutions obtained from the simpler versions of the problem. One example application of recursion is in parsers for programming languages. The great advantage of recursion is that... |
Cubic equation In mathematics Cardano's_formula > Applications > In mathematics Given the cosine (or other trigonometric function) of an arbitrary angle, the cosine of one-third of that angle is one of the roots of a cubic. The solution of the general quartic equation relies on the solution of its resolvent cubic. The ... |
Acceleration (special relativity) History Acceleration_(special_relativity) > History But if r , y , z {\displaystyle r,y,z} are constant and φ {\displaystyle \varphi } is variable, they denote the transformation into its rest frame. 1911: Sommerfeld explicitly used the expression "proper acceleration" (German: Eigenbe... |
Glossary of genetics (0–L) H Glossary_of_gene_expression_terms > H A statistic used in quantitative genetics that estimates the proportion of variation within a given phenotypic trait that is due to genetic variation between individuals in a particular population. Heritability is estimated by comparing the individual p... |
Introduction to electromagnetism Electric and magnetic fields Introduction_to_electromagnetism > Electric and magnetic fields Classical electromagnetism is fully described by the Lorentz force alongside a set of equations called Maxwell's equations. The first of these equations is known as Gauss's law. It describes the... |
Euler–Bernoulli beam equation Static beam equation Euler–Bernoulli_beam_theory > Static beam equation Explicitly, for a beam whose axis is oriented along x {\displaystyle x} with a loading along z {\displaystyle z} , the beam's cross section is in the y z {\displaystyle yz} plane, and the relevant second moment of area... |
Virtual Storage Access Method VSAM files Virtual_Storage_Access_Method > VSAM files The physical organization of VSAM data sets differs considerably from the organizations used by other access methods, as follows. A VSAM file is defined as a cluster of VSAM components, e.g., for KSDS a DATA component and an INDEX compo... |
Speed of light (cellular automaton) Faster than light propagation Speed_of_light_(cellular_automaton) > Faster than light propagation Certain patterns can appear to move at a speed greater than one cell per generation, but like faster than light phenomena in physics this is illusory. An example is the "Star Gate", an a... |
Heat of dilution Definition Heat_of_dilution > Definition Mathematically, the molar differential heat of dilution is denoted as: where ∂∆ni is the infinitesimal change or differential of mole number of the dilution. The integral heat of dilution, however, is viewed on a macro scale. With respect to the integral heat, c... |
Completing the square Complex numbers Complete_the_square > Other applications > Complex numbers Consider the expression where z and b are complex numbers, z* and b* are the complex conjugates of z and b, respectively, and c is a real number. Using the identity |u|2 = uu* we can rewrite this as which is clearly a real ... |
Motor function Direct perception Motor_control > Perception in motor control > Information based control > Direct perception The role of perception is to provide information that specifies how actions should be organized and controlled, and the motor system is "tuned" to respond to specific type of information in parti... |
Ten-dimensional space Dualities String_Theory > Fundamentals > Dualities For example, Montonen–Olive duality is an example of an S-duality relationship between quantum field theories. The AdS/CFT correspondence is an example of a duality that relates string theory to a quantum field theory. If two theories are related ... |
Micrometer (device) Testing Micrometer_screw_gauge > Calibration: testing and adjusting > Testing The solution is simply conscientiousness—cleaning, patience, due care and attention, and repeated measurements (good repeatability assures the calibrator that their technique is working correctly). Calibration typically ch... |
Parallel programming model Implicit interaction Parallel_programming_model > Classification of parallel programming models > Process interaction > Implicit interaction In an implicit model, no process interaction is visible to the programmer and instead the compiler and/or runtime is responsible for performing it. Two ... |
Polychromatic symmetry Group theory Polychromatic_symmetry > Group theory Initial research by Wittke and Garrido (1959) and by Niggli and Wondratschek (1960) identified the relation between the colour groups of an object and the subgroups of the object's geometric symmetry group. In 1961 van der Waerden and Burckhardt ... |
Homology theory Singular homology Homology_theory > Types of homology > Singular homology Using simplicial homology example as a model, one can define a singular homology for any topological space X. A chain complex for X is defined by taking Cn to be the free abelian group (or free module) whose generators are all con... |
Class system Class conflict Social_division > Class conflict Class conflict, frequently referred to as "class warfare" or "class struggle", is the tension or antagonism which exists in society due to competing socioeconomic interests and desires between people of different classes. For Marx, the history of class societ... |
Converting (metallurgy) Summary Converting_(metallurgy) Converting is a type of metallurgical smelting that includes several processes; the most commercially important form is the treatment of molten metal sulfides to produce crude metal and slag, as in the case of copper and nickel converting. A now-uncommon form is b... |
Polarizing organic photovoltaics Disadvantages Polarizing_organic_photovoltaics > Disadvantages This simply incorporates additional conversion efficiency losses. These devices harvest their own light. The article cited above, "Photovoltaics Could Charge A Phone Using Its Own Backlight" is bogus and makes claims that wo... |
Phenylbutazone Side effects and disadvantages Phenylbutazone > Side effects and disadvantages Phenylbutazone amplifies the anticoagulant effect of vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin or phenprocoumon. Phenylbutazone displaces warfarin from plasma binding sites, and toxic blood levels leading to haemorrhage can occur... |
Morpheus (The Matrix) The Matrix Revolutions Morpheus_(The_Matrix) > Character history > The Matrix Revolutions When the Sentinels suddenly stop a second wave of attacks, Morpheus realizes that Neo is somehow fighting for them. When the Sentinels retreat after Neo defeats the former Agent Smith, now a virus that has th... |
Robot Literature Robot > Robots in popular culture > Literature Later, Asimov added the Zeroth Law: "A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm"; the rest of the laws are modified sequentially to acknowledge this. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first passage in Asimo... |
Classical capacity HSW theorem with the non-commutative union bound Classical_capacity > HSW theorem with the non-commutative union bound We now prove the HSW theorem with Sen's non-commutative union bound. We divide up the proof into a few parts: codebook generation, POVM construction, and error analysis. Codebook Gen... |
Degree of reaction Further reading and works referred to Degree_of_reaction > Further reading and works referred to J. Mech. Sci., Kim, T. H., Takao, M., Setoguchi, T., Kaneko, K. and Inoue, M. (2001). |
Miniaturized Satellites Technical challenges Small_satellite > Technical challenges Tiny satellites such as nanosats and small microsats may lack the power supply or mass for large conventional radio transponders, and various miniaturized or innovative communications systems have been proposed, such as laser receivers,... |
Causes of cancer pain Chemotherapy Causes_of_cancer_pain > Treatment-related > Chemotherapy Pain can often be helped with drug or other treatment but the numbness is usually resistant to treatment. A 2007 American study found that most patients did not recall being told to expect CIPN, and doctors monitoring the condit... |
Matrix product Dot product, bilinear form and sesquilinear form Matrix–vector_product > Fundamental applications > Dot product, bilinear form and sesquilinear form The dot product of two column vectors is the unique entry of the matrix product x T y , {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} ^{\mathsf {T}}\mathbf {y} ,} where x T {\... |
Parallel resistors Electronic symbols and notation Resistors_in_parallel > Electronic symbols and notation Additional zeros imply a tighter tolerance, for example 15M0 for three significant digits. When the value can be expressed without the need for a prefix (that is, multiplicator 1), an "R" is used instead of the de... |
Paranoid schizophrenic Differential diagnosis Paranoid_schizophrenic > Diagnosis > Differential diagnosis Schizophrenia occurs along with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) considerably more often than could be explained by chance, although it can be difficult to distinguish obsessions that occur in OCD from the delus... |
Helix Bridge Permanent works Helix_Bridge > Construction > Permanent works A mobile gantry crane was positioned on the temporary bridge to lift elements into place. Erection started from the North Abutment starting with the horizontal prefabricated segments (av. 11m long). Then the horizontal deck components were bolte... |
Critical angle (optics) Fresnel and the phase shift Frustrated_total_internal_reflection > History > Fresnel and the phase shift (19) and (20), above) by modeling light waves as transverse elastic waves with vibrations perpendicular to what had previously been called the plane of polarization. Using old experimental da... |
Extensible Embeddable Language Example code Extensible_Embeddable_Language > Example code The classic hello world program can be written as follows: export function main { print("Hello, world!\n"); return 0; } The following is an example of a recursive function: export function main { print("Recursion test 1:\n"); proc... |
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy The measurement volume Fluorescence_correlation_spectroscopy > The measurement volume The measurement volume is a convolution of illumination (excitation) and detection geometries, which result from the optical elements involved. The resulting volume is described mathematically by ... |
Singular simplicial complex C Normalized_chain_complex > C Explicitly, to each vector bundle E we assign a cohomology class, say, c(E). The assignment is natural in the sense that ƒ*c(E) = c(ƒ*E). chromatic homotopy theory chromatic homotopy theory. |
Signature Record Type Definition Summary Signature_Record_Type_Definition Without some level of integrity protection an adversary could launch a phishing attack. Signing the NDEF record protects the integrity of the contents and allows the user to identify the signer if they wish. Signing certificates are obtained from... |
Distributed Computing Applications Distributed_processing > Applications Reasons for using distributed systems and distributed computing may include: The very nature of an application may require the use of a communication network that connects several computers: for example, data produced in one physical location and ... |
Plandemic Fact-checking responses Plandemic > Plandemic: The Hidden Agenda Behind Covid-19 > Summary > Fact-checking responses This statement originates in work by Didier Raoult that subsequently received a "statement of concern" from the editors of the scientific journal in which it was published. The first randomized... |
Diabetic hypoglycemia Brain desensitization to hypoglycemia Diabetic_hypoglycemia > Unawareness > Brain desensitization to hypoglycemia If a person has frequent episodes of hypoglycemia (even mild ones), the brain becomes "used to" the low glucose and no longer signals for epinephrine to be released during such times. ... |
Life-time of correlation Summary Life-time_of_correlation In probability theory and related fields, the life-time of correlation measures the timespan over which there is appreciable autocorrelation or cross-correlation in stochastic processes. |
Hib vaccine Conjugate vaccine Hib_vaccine > Mechanisms of action > Conjugate vaccine PRP covalently linked to a protein carrier was found to elicit a greater immune response than the polysaccharide form of the vaccine. This is due to the protein carrier being highly immunogenic in nature. The conjugate formulations sho... |
Coupling capacitor potential device Types of Voltage Transformers Capacitor_voltage_transformer > Types of Voltage Transformers There are three primary types of potential transformers (PT): electromagnetic, capacitor, and optical. The electromagnetic potential transformer is a wire-wound transformer. The capacitor volt... |
Thyroid binding globulin Role in diagnosis Thyroxine_binding_globulin > Role in diagnosis However, if total thyroid hormone levels point to hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism in the absence of accompanying symptoms, the utility of TBG testing becomes more evident, since TBG production can be modified by other factors su... |
Hydrogen acetate Organic chemistry Ethanoic_acid > Reactions > Organic chemistry Reduction of acetic acid gives ethanol. The OH group is the main site of reaction, as illustrated by the conversion of acetic acid to acetyl chloride. Other substitution derivatives include acetic anhydride; this anhydride is produced by l... |
Scale free network Overview Scale_free_network > Overview There are two major components that explain the emergence of the scale-free property in complex networks: the growth and the preferential attachment. By "growth" is meant a growth process where, over an extended period of time, new nodes join an already existing... |
Conversion of units of energy Radiation – exposure List_of_conversion_factors > Radiation > Radiation – exposure The roentgen is not an SI unit and the NIST strongly discourages its continued use. |
Network formation game Agent-based models Network_formation > Agent-based models The method tests the hypothesis that, given some initial setting and parameter values, a certain network structure will emerge as an equilibrium of this game. Since the number of nodes usually fixed, they can very rarely explain the proper... |
Hammerhead ribozyme Summary Hammerhead_ribozyme The hammerhead ribozyme is an RNA motif that catalyzes reversible cleavage and ligation reactions at a specific site within an RNA molecule. It is one of several catalytic RNAs (ribozymes) known to occur in nature. It serves as a model system for research on the structure... |
Glossary of environmental science R Glossary_of_environmental_science > R According to the language of the Kyoto Protocol, for the first commitment period (2008–2012), reforestation activities are limited to reforestation occurring on lands that did not contain forest at the start of 1990; replanting of forests on land... |
Copiotroph Lifestyle Copiotroph > Lifestyle However, if it senses that the concentration gradient is decreasing they stop and choose another random direction to travel in.Another strategy includes the “run and reverse” in which the organism runs towards a nutrient. If it notices the gradient decreasing, it moves back t... |
Bijection Definition Partial_bijection > Definition For a pairing between X and Y (where Y need not be different from X) to be a bijection, four properties must hold: each element of X must be paired with at least one element of Y, no element of X may be paired with more than one element of Y, each element of Y must be... |
Decidable problem Decidability Decision_problems > Decidability A decision problem is decidable or effectively solvable if the set of inputs (or natural numbers) for which the answer is yes is a recursive set. A problem is partially decidable, semidecidable, solvable, or provable if the set of inputs (or natural number... |
Cartesian tensor Second-order tensors in three dimensions Cartesian_tensor > Cartesian basis and related terminology > Second-order tensors in three dimensions When vectors and tensors are written without reference to components, and indices are not used, sometimes a dot ⋅ is placed where summations over indices (known... |
Intergenic spacer Summary Intergenic_spacer In animals, the mitochondrial DNA genes generally have very short spacers. In fungi, mitochondrial DNA spacers are common and variable in length, and they may also be mobile.Due to the non-coding nature of spacer DNA, its nucleotide sequence changes much more rapidly over tim... |
Mathematical models in physics Classifications Dynamic_model > Classifications Mathematical models are of different types: Linear vs. nonlinear: If all the operators in a mathematical model exhibit linearity, the resulting mathematical model is defined as linear. A model is considered to be nonlinear otherwise. The def... |
Nuisance variable Summary Nuisance_variable In the theory of stochastic processes in probability theory and statistics, a nuisance variable is a random variable that is fundamental to the probabilistic model, but that is of no particular interest in itself or is no longer of any interest: one such usage arises for the ... |
Demis Hassabis DeepMind Demis_Hassabis > Career and research > DeepMind Hassabis has predicted that Artificial Intelligence will be "one of the most beneficial technologies of mankind ever" but that significant ethical issues remain.In 2023, Hassabis signed the statement that "Mitigating the risk of extinction from AI ... |
Hard realtime Criteria for real-time computing Near_real-time > Criteria for real-time computing Even though a pacemaker's task is simple, because of the potential risk to human life, medical systems like these are typically required to undergo thorough testing and certification, which in turn requires hard real-time c... |
Kernel methods for vector output Intrinsic coregionalization model (ICM) Kernel_methods_for_vector_output > Example kernels > Separable > From Bayesian literature > Intrinsic coregionalization model (ICM) In this case, the coefficients v d , d ′ = ∑ i = 1 R 1 a d , 1 i a d ′ , 1 i = b d , d ′ 1 {\displaystyle v_{d,d'}=... |
Norepinephrine Stress Norepinephrine > Diseases and disorders > Stress Chronic stress, if continued for a long time, can damage many parts of the body. A significant part of the damage is due to the effects of sustained norepinephrine release, because of norepinephrine's general function of directing resources away fro... |
Memantine Adverse effects Memantine > Adverse effects Memantine is, in general, well tolerated. Common adverse drug reactions (≥1% of people) include confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, insomnia, agitation, and/or hallucinations. Less common adverse effects include vomiting, anxiety, hypertonia, cystitis, and i... |
Mode (user interface) Quasimodes Mode_(user_interface) > Design recommendations > Quasimodes In the book The Humane Interface, Jef Raskin championed what he termed quasimodes, which are modes that are kept in place only through some constant action on the part of the user; such modes are also called spring-loaded modes... |
Beckmann rearrangement Reaction mechanism Beckmann_rearrangement > Reaction mechanism In the transition state leading to the iminium ion (σ-complex), the methyl group migrates to the nitrogen atom in a concerted reaction as the hydroxyl group is expelled. The oxygen atom in the hydroxyl group is stabilized by three ace... |
Allergic to penicillin Broad-spectrum antibiotics Penicillin-class_antibacterial > Types > Antibiotics created from 6-APA > Broad-spectrum antibiotics This group of antibiotics is called "broad-spectrum" because they are active against a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi... |
Point and figure chart How to draw Point_and_figure_chart > How to draw The correct way to draw a point and figure chart is to plot every price change but practicality has rendered this difficult to do for a large quantity of stocks so many point and figure chartists use the summary prices at the end of each day. Some ... |
Quantum master equation Summary Quantum_master_equation A quantum master equation is a generalization of the idea of a master equation. Rather than just a system of differential equations for a set of probabilities (which only constitutes the diagonal elements of a density matrix), quantum master equations are differen... |
Chemical Communications Summary Chemical_Communications ChemComm (or Chemical Communications), formerly known as Journal of the Chemical Society D: Chemical Communications (1969–1971), Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (1972–1995), is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Royal Soci... |
Hückel molecular orbital method Mathematics behind the Hückel method Hückel_method > Mathematics behind the Hückel method Thus, by minimizing E ( c 1 , … , c n ) = E {\displaystyle E(c_{1},\ldots ,c_{n})={\mathcal {E}}} with respect to coefficients c i {\displaystyle c_{i}} for normalized trial wavefunctions ψ g ( c 1... |
M-tree k-NN queries M-tree > M-tree queries > k-NN queries k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) query takes the cardinality of the input set as an input parameter. For a given query object Q ∈ D and an integer k ≥ 1, the k-NN query NN(Q, k) selects the k indexed objects which have the shortest distance from Q, according to the di... |
Timeline of scientific discoveries Geometry and trigonometry Scientific_breakthrough > 500 AD – 1000 AD > Mathematics > Geometry and trigonometry 628 AD: Brahmagupta discovers Brahmagupta's formula, a generalization of Heron's formula to cyclic quadrilaterals. |
Sternothyroid muscle Clinical significance Sternothyroid_muscle > Clinical significance The upward extension of a thyroid swelling (goitre) is prevented by the attachment of the sternothyroid to the thyroid cartilage. A goitre can therefore only grow to the front, back or middle but no higher. |
Glossary of botanical terms P Dichotomous_branching > P photosynthesis Process by which energy from sunlight is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars in cells containing chloroplasts. All plants, except certain parasites, can perform photosynthesis. phyllary Individual bract within an involucre or... |
Peer production Applications Peer_production > Applications The scale and high level of reliability of the Bitcoin service suggests that peer production can lead to very high quality outcomes. The longevity of the Bitcoin network and its adoption over time also suggests that peer production can be very transformative. ... |
RegulonDB Graphic display in RegulonDB RegulonDB > Definitions > Graphic display in RegulonDB The graphic display of an operon contains all the genes of its different transcription units, as well as all the regulatory elements involved in the transcription and regulation of those TUs. An operon is here conceived as a s... |
Algorithmic cooling Reversible algorithmic cooling - basic compression subroutine Algorithmic_cooling > Reversible algorithmic cooling - basic compression subroutine The algorithm operates on an array of equally (and independently) biased qubits. After the algorithm transfers heat (and entropy) from some qubits to the ... |
Surface area Definition Surface_area > Definition More rigorously, if a surface S is a union of finitely many pieces S1, …, Sr which do not overlap except at their boundaries, then A ( S ) = A ( S 1 ) + ⋯ + A ( S r ) . {\displaystyle A(S)=A(S_{1})+\cdots +A(S_{r}).} Surface areas of flat polygonal shapes must agree wit... |
Monopoly price Dynamic Pricing for Monopolies Monopoly_pricing > Theoretical Considerations > Dynamic Pricing for Monopolies Both pricing schemes are argued to be effective under the assumptions that price adjustments are costless. Further studies by Rajan et al. (1993) have also concluded that a variable pricing schem... |
Werner Heisenberg Göttingen, Copenhagen and Leipzig Werner_Heisenberg > Academic career > Göttingen, Copenhagen and Leipzig On 1 May 1926, Heisenberg began his appointment as a university lecturer and assistant to Bohr in Copenhagen. It was in Copenhagen, in 1927, that Heisenberg developed his uncertainty principle, wh... |
Nervous System Neural circuits and systems Human_nervous_system > Function > Neural circuits and systems Neurons were found to be capable of producing regular sequences of action potentials, or sequences of bursts, even in complete isolation. When intrinsically active neurons are connected to each other in complex circ... |
Cerebellar cortex Principles Granular_layer_(cerebellum) > Function > Principles Thus, the cerebellar network receives a modest number of inputs, processes them very extensively through its rigorously structured internal network, and sends out the results via a very limited number of output cells. Modularity: The cereb... |
Public encryption key Hybrid cryptosystems Asymmetric_key > Applications > Hybrid cryptosystems Because asymmetric key algorithms are nearly always much more computationally intensive than symmetric ones, it is common to use a public/private asymmetric key-exchange algorithm to encrypt and exchange a symmetric key, whi... |
Finite model theory Querying and search Finite_model_theory > Applications > Querying and search Narrative data contains no defined relations. Thus the logical structure of text search queries can be expressed in propositional logic, like in: ("Java" AND NOT "island") OR ("C#" AND NOT "music") Note that the challenges ... |
Stacked paper capacitor Electrolytic capacitors Practical_capacitors > Types and styles > Electrolytic capacitors Three general types of electrolytes are used: non solid (wet, liquid)—conductivity approximately 10 mS/cm and are the lowest cost solid manganese oxide—conductivity approximately 100 mS/cm offer high qualit... |
Incompressibility method Turing-machine time complexity Incompressibility_method > Applications > Turing-machine time complexity The basic Turing machine, as conceived by Alan Turing in 1936, consists of a memory: a tape of potentially-infinite cells on which a symbol can be written and a finite control, with a read-wr... |
Glossary of cell biology D Glossary_of_cell_biology > D developmental biology diakinesis In meiosis, the fifth and final substage of prophase I, following diplonema and preceding metaphase I. During diakinesis, the chromosomes are further condensed, the two centrosomes reach opposite poles of the cell, and the spindle ... |
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