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Entner–Doudoroff pathway Organisms that use the Entner–Doudoroff pathway Entner–Doudoroff_pathway > Organisms that use the Entner–Doudoroff pathway Thus, the ED pathway is favored due to the lesser amounts of proteins required. While anaerobic bacteria must rely on the glycolysis pathway to create a greater percentage ... |
Glial cell Neurotransmission Glial_cell > Functions > Neurotransmission Astrocytes are crucial participants in the tripartite synapse. They have several crucial functions, including clearance of neurotransmitters from within the synaptic cleft, which aids in distinguishing between separate action potentials and prevent... |
Wireless transaction protocol Summary Wireless_transaction_protocol Wireless transaction protocol (WTP) is a standard used in mobile telephony. It is a layer of the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) that is intended to bring Internet access to mobile phones. WTP provides functions similar to TCP, except that WTP has ... |
Data management plan Information about data & data format Data_management_plan > Major components > Information about data & data format Include information about Software used Algorithms Scientific workflows File formats that will be used, justify those formats, and describe the naming conventions used. Quality assura... |
CRISPR gene editing CRISPR screening CRISPR_gene_editing > CRISPR screening CRISPR screening helps scientist to create a systematic and high-throughput genetic perturbation within live model organisms. This genetic perturbation is necessary for fully understanding gene function and epigenetic regulation. The advantage ... |
Specific heat capacity Monatomic gases Specific_heat_capacity > Physical basis > Monatomic gases Quantum mechanics predicts that, at room temperature and ordinary pressures, an isolated atom in a gas cannot store any significant amount of energy except in the form of kinetic energy. Thus, heat capacity per mole is the ... |
International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior Summary International_Association_of_Seismology_and_Physics_of_the_Earth's_Interior International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI) is an international organization promoting the study of earthquakes and oth... |
Chicken as biological research model Summary Chicken_as_biological_research_model Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and their eggs have been used extensively as research models throughout the history of biology. Today they continue to serve as an important model for normal human biology as well as pathological diseas... |
Force dynamics Context Force_dynamics > Context Introduced by cognitive linguist Leonard Talmy in 1981, force dynamics started out as a generalization of the traditional notion of the causative, dividing causation into finer primitives and considering the notions of letting, hindering, and helping. Talmy further develo... |
HIV Structure and genome AIDS_virus > Virology > Structure and genome As the sole viral protein on the surface of the virus, the envelope protein is a major target for HIV vaccine efforts. Over half of the mass of the trimeric envelope spike is N-linked glycans. The density is high as the glycans shield the underlying ... |
Binary priority list Summary Binary_priority_list Binary priority lists are a method of prioritization of software requirements. The objectives (or tasks) to be prioritised are successively added to a binary search tree, which defines a total order on the objectives. That is, it is a tree sort applied to software requi... |
Biomass fuel Summary Biomass_fuels : 173 Biofuels (and bioenergy in general) are regarded as a renewable energy source. : 11 The two most common types of biofuel are bioethanol and biodiesel. The U.S. |
Log–log plot Finding the function from the log–log plot Log–log_plot > Equations > Finding the function from the log–log plot The above procedure now is reversed to find the form of the function F(x) using its (assumed) known log–log plot. To find the function F, pick some fixed point (x0, F0), where F0 is shorthand fo... |
Drug-induced nonautoimmune hemolytic anemia Summary Drug-induced_nonautoimmune_hemolytic_anemia These include dapsone and sulfasalazine. Non-immune drug-induced hemolysis can also arise from drug-induced damage to cell volume control mechanisms; for example drugs can directly or indirectly impair regulatory volume decr... |
Theory of Probability Continuous probability distributions Mathematical_probability > Treatment > Continuous probability distributions {\displaystyle f(x)={\frac {dF(x)}{dx}}\,.} For a set E ⊆ R {\displaystyle E\subseteq \mathbb {R} } , the probability of the random variable X being in E {\displaystyle E\,} is P ( X ∈ ... |
Lightweight cipher Symmetric-key cryptography Lightweight_cipher > Modern cryptography > Symmetric-key cryptography That internal state is initially set up using the secret key material. RC4 is a widely used stream cipher. |
Classifier (linguistics) Noun classifiers versus noun classes Classifier_(linguistics) > Noun classifiers versus noun classes Often, the more formal the style, the richer the variety of classifiers used, and the higher the frequency of their use. Noun class markers are mandatory under all circumstances. Noun classifier... |
Programming library Linking Library_linking > Linking Some programming languages use a feature called smart linking whereby the linker is aware of or integrated with the compiler, such that the linker knows how external references are used, and code in a library that is never actually used, even though internally refer... |
K-independent hashing Polynomials with random coefficients K-independent_hashing > Techniques > Polynomials with random coefficients The original technique for constructing k-independent hash functions, given by Carter and Wegman, was to select a large prime number p, choose k random numbers modulo p, and use these num... |
Bernoulli process The 2x mod 1 map Bernoulli_sequence > Dynamical systems > The 2x mod 1 map The above can be made more precise. Given an infinite string of binary digits b 0 , b 1 , ⋯ {\displaystyle b_{0},b_{1},\cdots } write y = ∑ n = 0 ∞ b n 2 n + 1 . {\displaystyle y=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {b_{n}}{2^{n+1}}}.} ... |
Intuitionistic set theory Constructive set theory Intuitionistic_set_theory > Sorted theories > Constructive set theory Axioms asserting that the domain and range of a function are both sets. Additionally, an Axiom of non-choice asserts the existence of a choice function in cases where the choice is already made. Toget... |
Reinforced solid Utilization Reinforced_solid > Utilization The utilization is 1.32. This shows that the bars are overloaded and 32% more reinforcement is required. Combined compression and shear failure of the concrete can be checked with the Mohr-Coulomb criterion applied to the eigenvalues of the stress tensor of th... |
Jacobi iteration Description Jacobi_method > Description . , n {\displaystyle i=1,2,...,n} ). We denote x ( k ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} ^{(k)}} as the k-th approximation or iteration of x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} } , and x ( k + 1 ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} ^{(k+1)}} is the next (or k+1) iteration of x {\display... |
Taylor polynomial Third example Maclaurin_series > Calculation of Taylor series > Third example Here we employ a method called "indirect expansion" to expand the given function. This method uses the known Taylor expansion of the exponential function. In order to expand (1 + x)ex as a Taylor series in x, we use the know... |
Laws of science Properties Physical_laws > Properties Scientific laws are typically conclusions based on repeated scientific experiments and observations over many years and which have become accepted universally within the scientific community. A scientific law is "inferred from particular facts, applicable to a defin... |
Fibonacci heap Implementation of operations Fibonacci_heap > Implementation of operations To allow fast deletion and concatenation, the roots of all trees are linked using a circular doubly linked list. The children of each node are also linked using such a list. For each node, we maintain its number of children and wh... |
Pneumatic medicine Aristotle Pneumatic_medicine > Aristotle Each of these implies not only a movement but also a change in the degree of power and strength of the animal. "when it contracts it is without force, and one and the same cause gives it force and enables it to thrust." (703a23). |
Distributed Replicated Block Device Applications Distributed_Replicated_Block_Device > Applications Operating within the Linux kernel's block layer, DRBD is essentially workload agnostic. A DRBD can be used as the basis of: A conventional file system (this is the canonical example), a shared disk file system such as GF... |
Uranium Processing Summary Uranium_metal Uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons; uranium-235, and to a lesser degree uranium-233, have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained n... |
Autophagy Type 2 diabetes Autophagy > Type 2 diabetes Excessive activity of the crinophagy form of autophagy in the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas could reduce the quantity of insulin available for secretion, leading to type 2 diabetes. |
Necroptosis Targeting of organelles Necroptosis > Process > Targeting of organelles Cells can undergo necroptosis in response to perturbed homeostasis in specific circumstances. In response to DNA damage, the RIPK1 and RIPK3 are phosphorylated and lead to deterioration of the cell in the absence of caspase activation. ... |
Clostridium septicum Association with malignancy Clostridium_septicum > Pathogenesis > Association with malignancy Clostridium septicum derived gas gangrene has shown strong correlations with increased levels of malignancy. Generally, patients with C. septicum infections present colonic carcinoma or a tumor that has me... |
MySQL Federated Summary MySQL_Federated Federated is a storage engine for the MySQL MariaDB relational database management system that allows creation of a table that is a local representation of a foreign (remote) table. It uses the MySQL client library API as a data transport, treating remote tables as if they were l... |
Signs and symptoms of Graves' disease Neuropsychological manifestations Signs_and_symptoms_of_Graves'_disease > Neuropsychological manifestations However, a controlled study on 31 Graves' disease patients found that while patients had subjective reports of cognitive deficits in the toxic phase of Graves' thyrotoxicosis... |
Fish-eye lens Mapping function Fisheye_lens > Mapping function This is particularly useful for creating panoramic images. All types of fisheye lenses bend straight lines. Aperture angles of 180° or more are possible only with large amounts of barrel distortion. |
Asymptotology Perturbation theory, small and large parameters Asymptotology > Perturbation theory, small and large parameters The invention of a new word will often be sufficient to bring out the relation, and the word will be creative.... It is hardly possible to believe what economy of thought, as Mach used to say, c... |
Stable isotope composition of amino acids Example Stable_isotope_composition_of_amino_acids > Isotopic fractionation in reaction networks > Example It is difficult to explain these trends because of limited data on the kinetic isotope effects associated with reactions that synthesize amino acid carbon skeletons. Nevert... |
Forwarding plane Cache miss issues Data_plane > Forwarding information base design > Cache miss issues This approach is similar to an operating system with virtual memory, which keeps the most recently used information in physical memory. As memory costs went down and performance needs went up, FIBs emerged that had th... |
SolaRoad Technology SolaRoad > Technology The road surface consisted of prefabricated panels with a surface of 1 centimetre (0.39 in) thick hardened glass. Beneath the glass solar cells were installed. TNO stated that this energy can be used for lighting of the road, traffic lights and road signs. |
Von Mises yield criterion Uniaxial (1D) stress Von_Mises_yield_criterion > Reduced von Mises equation for different stress conditions > Uniaxial (1D) stress In the case of uniaxial stress or simple tension, σ 1 ≠ 0 , σ 3 = σ 2 = 0 {\displaystyle \sigma _{1}\neq 0,\sigma _{3}=\sigma _{2}=0} , the von Mises criterion sim... |
Conceptual model Conceptual model vs. semantics model Conceptual_model > Models in philosophy and science > Conceptual model vs. semantics model Semantic models are more flexible and open, and therefore more difficult to model. Potentially any semantic concept can be defined, hence the modelling support is very generic... |
Thyroid hormone replacement Related diseases Thyroid_hormones > Related diseases Prolonged hypo- and hyperthyroid myopathy leads to atrophy of type II (fast-twitch/glycolytic) muscle fibres, and a predominance of type I (slow-twitch/oxidative) muscle fibres. Muscle biopsy shows abnormal muscle glycogen: high accumulati... |
Constant capital Measurement Variable_capital > Measurement The flow value divided by the stock value provides a measure of the number of rotations of the stock (the speed of turnover or turnover time) in an accounting period. It is strongly related to the actual depreciation rate of fixed capital. Alternatively, the s... |
Puiseux series Summary Puiseux_series In other words, every branch of an algebraic curve may be locally described by a Puiseux series in x (or in x − x0 when considering branches above a neighborhood of x0 ≠ 0). Using modern terminology, Puiseux's theorem asserts that the set of Puiseux series over an algebraically clo... |
Genome-wide association studies Limitations Genome_wide_association_study > Limitations This is why all modern GWAS use a very low p-value threshold. In addition to easily correctible problems such as these, some more subtle but important issues have surfaced. A high-profile GWA study that investigated individuals with... |
Formability Fracture strain Formability > Fracture strain A general parameter that indicates the formability and ductility of a material is the fracture strain which is determined by a uniaxial tensile test (see also fracture toughness). The strain identified by this test is defined by elongation with respect to a refe... |
Genetic entropy Deleterious mutation Genetic_entropy > Causes > Deleterious mutation Deleterious mutation load is the main contributing factor to genetic load overall. The Haldane-Muller theorem of mutation–selection balance says that the load depends only on the deleterious mutation rate and not on the selection coeff... |
Tuberculosis Other animals Epidemiology_of_tuberculosis > Other animals Mycobacteria infect many different animals, including birds, fish, rodents, and reptiles. The subspecies Mycobacterium tuberculosis, though, is rarely present in wild animals. An effort to eradicate bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis... |
TMS 1000 Description TMS_1000 > Description On-chip RAM was addressed by X and Y registers, where Y had 4 bits and X had either 2 or 3 bits depending on the size of RAM on the part. The program counter was 6 bits wide, with "page" and "chapter" registers to address up to 2 KB of ROM program memory. No stack was provide... |
Kynurenine pathway Neurodegenerative diseases and mental disorders Kynurenine_pathway > Research > Neurodegenerative diseases and mental disorders Scientists are investigating the role of dysregulation of this pathway in aging, neurodegenerative diseases, mental disorders, somatic symptom disorders, and chronic fatigue... |
Dmitri Mendeleev Periodic table Dmitri_Mendeleev > Periodic table Prior to his work, uranium was supposed to have valence 3 and atomic weight about 120. Mendeleev realized that these values did not fit in his periodic table, and doubled both to valence 6 and atomic weight 240 (close to the modern value of 238).For his ... |
Exact division Two subsets (consensus halving) Near-exact_division > Computation of near-exact divisions with bounded number of cuts > Two subsets (consensus halving) If we are interested in finding an exact solution, then consensus halving is much harder: finding a solution with n cuts is FIXP-hard, and deciding wheth... |
Crack propagation Limitations Fracture_Mechanics > Linear elastic fracture mechanics > Limitations But a problem arose for the NRL researchers because naval materials, e.g., ship-plate steel, are not perfectly elastic but undergo significant plastic deformation at the tip of a crack. One basic assumption in Irwin's lin... |
Membrane lipids Sterols Membrane_lipids > Major classes > Sterols Cell membranes require high levels of cholesterol – typically an average of 20% cholesterol in the whole membrane, increasing locally in raft areas up to 50% cholesterol (- % is molecular ratio). It associates preferentially with sphingolipids (see diagr... |
Point-to-point encryption The standard Point-to-point_encryption > The standard The determination of whether or not a solution meets the P2PE standard is the responsibility of a P2PE Qualified Security Assessor (P2PE-QSA). P2PE-QSA companies are independent third-party companies who employ assessors that have met the P... |
Homogeneous differential equation Homogeneous linear differential equations Homogeneous_differential_equation > Homogeneous linear differential equations A linear differential equation is homogeneous if it is a homogeneous linear equation in the unknown function and its derivatives. It follows that, if φ(x) is a soluti... |
Loopless algorithm Summary Loopless_algorithm In computational combinatorics, a loopless algorithm or loopless imperative algorithm is an imperative algorithm that generates successive combinatorial objects, such as partitions, permutations, and combinations, in constant time and the first object in linear time. The ob... |
Decision trees Optimizing a decision tree Decision_trees > Optimizing a decision tree For example, if the classes in the data set are Cancer and Non-Cancer a leaf node would be considered pure when all the sample data in a leaf node is part of only one class, either cancer or non-cancer. It is important to note that a ... |
Opioid analgesic Rare side effects Opioid_agonist > Adverse effects > Other adverse effects > Rare side effects Infrequent adverse reactions in patients taking opioids for pain relief include: dose-related respiratory depression (especially with more potent opioids), confusion, hallucinations, delirium, urticaria, hypo... |
DNS zone Domains and zones DNS_zone > Domains and zones As each domain is further divided into sub-domains, each becoming a DNS zone with its own set of administrators and DNS servers, the tree grows with the largest number of leaf nodes at the bottom. At this lowest level, in the end-nodes or leaves of the tree, the t... |
Hydronic Balancing Summary Hydronic_Balancing Hydronic balancing, also called hydraulic balancing, is the process of optimising the distribution of water in a building's hydronic heating or cooling system by equalising the system pressure to provide the intended indoor climate at optimum energy efficiency and minimal o... |
Relativistic quantum mechanics Densities and currents Relativistic_quantum_mechanics > Combining special relativity and quantum mechanics > Densities and currents In non-relativistic quantum mechanics, the square modulus of the wavefunction ψ gives the probability density function ρ = |ψ|2. This is the Copenhagen inter... |
Oblivious RAM History of ORAMs Oblivious_RAM > History of ORAMs Another important attribute of an ORAM construction is whether the access overhead is amortized or worst-case. Several of the earlier ORAM constructions have good amortized access overhead guarantees but have Ω ( N ) {\displaystyle \Omega (N)} worst-case a... |
Symbolic power Summary Symbolic_power The concept of symbolic power, also known as symbolic domination (domination symbolique in French language) or symbolic violence, was first introduced by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu to account for the tacit, almost unconscious modes of cultural/social domination occurring wi... |
Functional form Macros Higher-order_function > Support in programming languages > Alternatives > Macros Macros can also be used to achieve some of the effects of higher-order functions. However, macros cannot easily avoid the problem of variable capture; they may also result in large amounts of duplicated code, which c... |
Rate of reaction Influencing factors Reaction_rate > Influencing factors However, the main reason that temperature increases the rate of reaction is that more of the colliding particles will have the necessary activation energy resulting in more successful collisions (when bonds are formed between reactants). The influ... |
Situated cognition Affordances/effectivities Situated_cognition > Key principles > Affordances/effectivities James J. Gibson introduced the idea of affordances as part of a relational account of perception. Perception should not be considered solely as the encoding of environmental features into the perceiver's mind, b... |
Orbit of the Moon Path of Earth and Moon around Sun Moon_orbit > Path of Earth and Moon around Sun The path of the Earth–Moon system in its solar orbit is defined as the movement of this mutual centre of gravity around the Sun. Consequently, Earth's centre veers inside and outside the solar orbital path during each syn... |
Lists of mathematics topics Integrals Lists_of_mathematics_topics > Reference tables > Integrals In calculus, the integral of a function is a generalization of area, mass, volume, sum, and total. The following pages list the integrals of many different functions. Lists of integrals List of integrals of exponential func... |
Phall-O-Meter Summary Phall-O-Meter The Phall-O-meter is a satirical measure that critiques medical standards for normal male and female phalluses. The tool was developed by Kiira Triea (Denise Tree) based on a concept by Suzanne Kessler and is used to demonstrate concerns with the medical treatment of intersex bodies. |
Monoculture (computer science) Individual level concerns Monoculture_(computer_science) > Individual level concerns Another main concern is increased spread of algorithmic bias. In the light of increased usage of machine learning there is a growing awareness of the biases introduced by algorithms. The nature of monocul... |
Artificial lifeform Protocell synthetic biology Artificial_lifeform > Categories of synthetic biology > Protocell synthetic biology In order to carry out a specific function, these lipid vesicles contain cell extracts or more specific sets of biological macromolecules and complex structures, such as enzymes, nucleic ac... |
Mitochondrial toxicity Causes Mitochondrial_toxicity > Causes While the exact causes of mitochondrial toxicity are unknown, research has shown that a certain group of anti-viral drugs used to treat HIV, specifically nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), interfere with an enzyme needed in the produ... |
Persi Diaconis Recognition Persi_Diaconis > Recognition 1982 – Awarded a MacArthur Fellowship 1982 – Awarded the Rollo Davidson Prize 1990 – Invited Speaker of the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) 1995 – Elected to the National Academy of Sciences 1997 – Gibbs Lecturer, American Mathematical Society 1998 ... |
Deep neural network Deep neural networks Deep_Learning > Neural networks > Deep neural networks Recurrent neural networks (RNNs), in which data can flow in any direction, are used for applications such as language modeling. Long short-term memory is particularly effective for this use.Convolutional deep neural networks... |
Solar module quality assurance Summary Solar_module_quality_assurance Solar panels are usually arranged in groups called arrays or systems. A photovoltaic system consists of one or more solar panels, an inverter that converts DC electricity to alternating current (AC) electricity, and sometimes other components such as... |
High-performance sailing Apparent wind High-performance_sailing > Apparent wind sailing > Apparent wind Apparent wind is the wind velocity (direction and speed), VA, measured aboard a moving sailing craft; it is the net effect (vector sum) of the boat wind, VB—the air flow over the craft induced by its speed over the e... |
Simple function Summary Simple_function In the mathematical field of real analysis, a simple function is a real (or complex)-valued function over a subset of the real line, similar to a step function. Simple functions are sufficiently "nice" that using them makes mathematical reasoning, theory, and proof easier. For ex... |
Level of analysis Algorithmic/representational Level_of_analysis > Level of analysis in cognitive science > Marr's tri-level hypothesis > Algorithmic/representational The algorithmic/representational level of analysis identifies how the information processing system performs its computations, specifically, what represe... |
Xenon chloride laser NMR spectroscopy Xenon_monofluoride > Applications > NMR spectroscopy Because of the xenon atom's large, flexible outer electron shell, the NMR spectrum changes in response to surrounding conditions and can be used to monitor the surrounding chemical circumstances. For instance, xenon dissolved in ... |
Stack canary Exploiting stack buffer overflows Stack_based_buffer_overflow > Exploiting stack buffer overflows The canonical method for exploiting a stack-based buffer overflow is to overwrite the function return address with a pointer to attacker-controlled data (usually on the stack itself). This is illustrated with ... |
Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface Protocols Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface > Protocols CIMI currently supports the REST architectural style using HTTP for all interactions between the Consumer and the Providers. Mappings to SOAP and WS-MAN are also considered.This protocol binding follows REST princi... |
Total reflection Applications Frustrated_total_internal_reflection > Applications The Dove prism gives an inline view with mirror-reversal.Polarizing prisms: Although the Fresnel rhomb, which converts between linear and elliptical polarization, is not birefringent (doubly refractive), there are other kinds of prisms th... |
Biological network inference Centrality Analysis Biological_network_inference > Topology analysis > Centrality Analysis Centrality can be measured in different ways depending on the graph and the question that needs answering, they include the degree of nodes or the number of connected edges to a node, global centralit... |
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Diagnosis Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis > Diagnosis The diagnosis is made through clinical judgement using a combination of findings because there does not exist a single, universal diagnostic criteria for the disease. The diagnosis is most commonly ascertained first with a detailed exposure... |
Glossary of engineering: A–L C Glossary_of_engineering:_A–L > C Chemical kineticsChemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the study of rates of chemical processes. Chemical kinetics includes investigations of how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of a chemical reaction and yield in... |
Methods of contour integration Contour integrals Calculus_of_residues > Contour integrals The contour integral of a complex function f: C → C is a generalization of the integral for real-valued functions. For continuous functions in the complex plane, the contour integral can be defined in analogy to the line integral ... |
Earthquake location Fault rupture Earthquake_location > Fault rupture The magnitude of an earthquake is related to the total area of its fault rupture. Most earthquakes are small, with rupture dimensions less than the depth of the focus so the rupture doesn't break the surface, but in high magnitude, destructive earthq... |
Fast Kalman Filter Applications Fast_Kalman_Filter > Applications The FKF method extends the very high accuracies of Satellite Geodesy to Virtual Reference Station (VRS) Real Time Kinematic (RTK) surveying, mobile positioning and ultra-reliable navigation. First important applications will be real-time optimum calibrat... |
Cache performance measurement and metric Average memory access time Cache_performance_measurement_and_metric > Average memory access time It refers to the average time it takes to perform a memory access. It is the addition of the execution time for the memory instructions and the memory stall cycles. The execution tim... |
Zone transfer Operation Zone_transfer > Operation Although DNS technically supports AXFR over User Datagram Protocol (UDP), it is considered not acceptable due to the risk of lost, or spoofed packets. The server responds with a series of response messages, comprising all of the resource records for every domain name in... |
Atomic fact Summary Atomic_proposition However, the truth or falsity of an atomic sentence is not a matter that is within the scope of logic itself, but rather whatever art or science the content of the atomic sentence happens to be talking about.Logic has developed artificial languages, for example sentential calculus... |
Sequence learning Ongoing research Sequence_learning > Ongoing research There are many other areas of application for sequence learning. How humans learn sequential procedures has been a long-standing research problem in cognitive science and currently is a major topic in neuroscience. Research work has been going on i... |
High pressure receptor zones Summary High_pressure_receptor_zones High pressure receptors are the baroreceptors found within the aortic arch and carotid sinus. They are only sensitive to blood pressures above 60 mmHg. When these receptors are activated they elicit a depressor response; which decreases the heart rate an... |
Sexual size dimorphism Immune function Sexual_dimorphism > Immune function Sexual dimorphism in immune function is a common pattern in vertebrates and also in a number of invertebrates. Most often, females are more 'immunocompetent' than males. This trait is not consistent among all animals, but differs depending on ta... |
Fixed acids Reactions Nonvolatile_acid > Reactions The following reactions result in nonvolatile acids. Such reactions do not take place in volatile acids for obvious reasons. sulfur-containing amino acid oxidations:e.g. methionine or cysteine → urea + CO2 + H2SO4 → 2H+ + SO2−4 phosphorus-containing compound metabolism... |
Adaptive dynamics Summary Evolutionary_invasion_analysis When branching occurs, the mutant establishes itself as a second resident in the environment. Central to evolutionary invasion analysis is the mutant's invasion fitness. This is a mathematical expression for the long-term exponential growth rate of the mutant sub... |
NP = co-NP problem Unsatisfiability NP_=_co-NP_problem > Complementary Problems > Unsatisfiability An example of an NP-complete problem is the Boolean satisfiability problem: given a Boolean formula, is it satisfiable (is there a possible input for which the formula outputs true)? The complementary problem asks: "given... |
Dual photon Summary Dual_photon In theoretical physics, the dual photon is a hypothetical elementary particle that is a dual of the photon under electric–magnetic duality which is predicted by some theoretical models, including M-theory.It has been shown that including magnetic monopole in Maxwell's equations introduce... |
Disease model Germ theory of disease Disease_model > Other uses > Germ theory of disease The rise of modern scientific medicine during the 19th century has a great impact on the development of the medical model. Especially important was the development of the "germ theory" of disease by European medical researchers suc... |
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