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Political knowledge Benjamin Constant Political_knowledge > History > European Enlightenment > Benjamin Constant Moreover, Constant believed that, in the modern world, commerce was superior to war. He attacked Napoleon's martial appetite, on the grounds that it was illiberal and no longer suited to modern commercial so... |
Alternative splicing Adaptive significance Alternatively_spliced > Adaptive significance A single point mutation may cause a given exon to be occasionally excluded or included from a transcript during splicing, allowing production of a new protein isoform without loss of the original protein. Studies have identified in... |
Circular arc Radius Circular_path > Radius Using the intersecting chords theorem (also known as power of a point or secant tangent theorem) it is possible to calculate the radius r of a circle given the height H and the width W of an arc: Consider the chord with the same endpoints as the arc. Its perpendicular bisector... |
Algebras over a field Associative algebra Unital_algebra > Kinds of algebras and examples > Associative algebra Examples of associative algebras include the algebra of all n-by-n matrices over a field (or commutative ring) K. Here the multiplication is ordinary matrix multiplication. group algebras, where a group serve... |
Nerve tract Projection fibers Nerve_tract > Types > Projection fibers Projection tracts connect the cerebral cortex with the corpus striatum, diencephalon, brainstem and the spinal cord. The corticospinal tract for example, carries motor signals from the cerebrum to the spinal cord. Other projection tracts carry signal... |
Phloretin hydrolase Summary Phloretin_hydrolase In enzymology, a phloretin hydrolase (EC 3.7.1.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction phloretin + H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } phloretate + phloroglucinolThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are phloretin and H2O, whereas its two products are... |
Crash simulation Analysis Crash_simulation > Analysis The Visual Crash Studio uses Macro Element Methodology. In comparison with FEM it has some modeling and boundary condition limitations but its application does not require advanced computers and the calculation time is incomparably smaller. Two presented methods com... |
Least squares fitting Summary Least-squares_analysis The following discussion is mostly presented in terms of linear functions but the use of least squares is valid and practical for more general families of functions. Also, by iteratively applying local quadratic approximation to the likelihood (through the Fisher inf... |
Georg Nees Modern generative graphic design Georg_Nees > Reception > Modern generative graphic design The current generation of designers uses as professional title for example "generative design" and operates under the concept of generative Design, data driven art or computational design. Nees also makes it one of the... |
Genetic exchange Summary Genetic_exchange Gene flow is an important mechanism for transferring genetic diversity among populations. Migrants change the distribution of genetic diversity among populations, by modifying allele frequencies (the proportion of members carrying a particular variant of a gene). High rates of ... |
Metre per second squared Example Metre_per_second_squared > Example An object experiences a constant acceleration of one metre per second squared (1 m/s2) from a state of rest, then it achieves the speed of 5 m/s after 5 seconds and 10 m/s after 10 seconds. The average acceleration a can be calculated by dividing the s... |
Lagrangian relaxation Summary Lagrangian_relaxation In the field of mathematical optimization, Lagrangian relaxation is a relaxation method which approximates a difficult problem of constrained optimization by a simpler problem. A solution to the relaxed problem is an approximate solution to the original problem, and p... |
COVID-19 misinformation Cruise ships as safe havens CPC_virus > Disease spread > Cruise ships as safe havens In March 2020, the Miami New Times reported that managers at Norwegian Cruise Line had prepared a set of responses intended to convince wary customers to book cruises, including "blatantly false" claims that COV... |
Species selection Species and higher levels Unit_of_selection > Selection at each level > Species and higher levels For evolution to be driven by species selection, differential success must be the result of selection upon species-intrinsic properties, rather than for properties of genes, cells, individuals, or populat... |
String substitution Summary String_operation In computer science, in the area of formal language theory, frequent use is made of a variety of string functions; however, the notation used is different from that used for computer programming, and some commonly used functions in the theoretical realm are rarely used when ... |
Kappa effect Constant velocity expectation Kappa_effect > Theories based in velocity expectation > Constant velocity expectation According to the constant velocity hypothesis proposed by Jones and Huang (1982), the brain incorporates a prior expectation of speed when judging spatiotemporal intervals. Specifically, the ... |
Mode (user interface) Assessment Mode_(user_interface) > Assessment Modes are intended to grab the user's full attention and to cause them to acknowledge the content present in them, in particular when critical confirmation from the user is required. This latter use is criticised as ineffective for its intended use (pr... |
Best fit line Simple and multiple linear regression Linear_trend > Extensions > Simple and multiple linear regression The very simplest case of a single scalar predictor variable x and a single scalar response variable y is known as simple linear regression. The extension to multiple and/or vector-valued predictor vari... |
Test theories of special relativity Summary Test_theories_of_special_relativity Test theories of special relativity give a mathematical framework for analyzing results of experiments to verify special relativity. An experiment to test the theory of relativity cannot assume the theory is true, and therefore needs some o... |
Barrelled space Characterizations of barreled spaces Barrelled_space > Characterizations of barreled spaces For any F-space Y . {\displaystyle Y.} every pointwise bounded subset of L ( X ; Y ) {\displaystyle L(X;Y)} is equicontinuous.An F-space is a complete metrizable TVS.Every closed linear operator from X {\displays... |
Triple resonance experiments Background Triple_resonance_experiments > Background This limitation is due to the need to assign NMR signals from the large number of nuclei in the protein – in larger protein, the greater number of nuclei results in overcrowding of resonances, and the increasing size of the protein also b... |
Induction coils Interrupter Ruhmkorff_coil > Construction and function > Interrupter Also, the collapsed field no longer attracts the armature, so the spring force accelerates the armature toward its initial position. A short time later the contacts reconnect, and the current starts building the magnetic field again. |
Determination of equilibrium constants Chemical constraints Determination_of_equilibrium_constants > Computational methods > Model selection > Chemical constraints When determining the stability constants of metal-ligand complexes, it is common practice to fix ligand protonation constants at values that have been deter... |
DNA molecule History Phosphodiester_backbone > History In 1933, while studying virgin sea urchin eggs, Jean Brachet suggested that DNA is found in the cell nucleus and that RNA is present exclusively in the cytoplasm. At the time, "yeast nucleic acid" (RNA) was thought to occur only in plants, while "thymus nucleic aci... |
Convolution kernel Fast convolution algorithms Convolution_operation > Discrete convolution > Fast convolution algorithms Convolutions of the type defined above are then efficiently implemented using that technique in conjunction with zero-extension and/or discarding portions of the output. Other fast convolution algor... |
Foreach loop R Foreach_loop > Language support > R As for ... in is the only kind of for loop in R, the equivalent to the "counter" loop found in other languages is... |
Quartic interaction The Lagrangian for a complex scalar field Quartic_interaction > The Lagrangian for a complex scalar field In all of the models above, the coupling constant λ {\displaystyle \lambda } must be positive, since otherwise the potential would be unbounded below, and there would be no stable vacuum. Also, ... |
Cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis Imaging Cryptogenic_organizing_pneumonia > Diagnosis > Imaging The chest x-ray is distinctive with features that appear similar to an extensive pneumonia, with both lungs showing widespread white patches. The white patches may seem to migrate from one area of the lung to another as th... |
Max Planck Black-body radiation Max_Planck > Life and career > Black-body radiation In November 1900 Planck revised this first version, now relying on Boltzmann's statistical interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics as a way of gaining a more fundamental understanding of the principles behind his radiation la... |
Magic acid Reactions with alkanes Magic_acid > Uses > Reactions with alkanes This is evidence to suggest that in these reactions, methane is indeed a base, and can accept a proton from the acid medium to form CH+5. This ion is then deprotonated, explaining the hydrogen exchange, or loses a hydrogen molecule to form CH+... |
Point groups in four dimensions Duoprismatic symmetry Point_groups_in_four_dimensions > Notation for groups > Duoprismatic symmetry It is isomorphic to the abstract group (4,4|2,4). Other extended ,2,4], ], order 128, and are isomorphic to and . The 4–8 duoprism has this symmetry, as or . |
Web proxies Web proxy servers Transparent_proxy > Implementations of proxies > Web proxy servers Web proxies forward HTTP requests. The request from the client is the same as a regular HTTP request except the full URL is passed, instead of just the path. This request is sent to the proxy server, the proxy makes the req... |
Collections Framework TreeMap Java_collections_framework > Map interfaces > Map interface implementations > AbstractMap class > TreeMap TreeMap, in contrast to HashMap and LinkedHashMap, uses a red–black tree. The keys are used as the values for the nodes in the tree, and the nodes point to the elements in the Map. |
C2H3ClF2 Environmental effects 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane > Environmental effects The concentration of HCFC-142b in the atmosphere grew to over 20 parts per trillion by year 2010. It has an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0.07. This is low compared to the ODP=1 of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11, R-11), which also g... |
Schwarzschild's equation for radiative transfer Background Schwarzschild's_equation_for_radiative_transfer > Background A medium is in LTE when the fraction of molecules in an excited state is determined by the Boltzmann distribution. LTE exists when collisional excitation and collisional relaxation of any excited stat... |
Cours d'Analyse Preliminaries Cours_d'Analyse > Preliminaries Cauchy originally defined the sinus versus (versine) as siv(θ) = 1 − cos(θ) and the cosinus versus (what is now also known as coversine) as cosiv(θ) = 1 − sin(θ). In the translation, however, the cosinus versus (and cosiv) are incorrectly associated with the... |
Lempel-Ziv-Markov algorithm Hash chains Lempel-Ziv-Markov_algorithm > Compression algorithm details > Dictionary search data structures > Hash chains The simplest approach, called "hash chains", is parameterized by a constant N which can be either 2, 3 or 4, which is typically chosen so that 28×N is greater than or equ... |
Handshake By geographic location Handshake > Modern customs > By geographic location The handshake may be followed by lightly touching one's heart with one's right hand. In Armenia, handshakes are the most common greetings between men, optionally followed by a kiss on the cheek if the two parties have a close relations... |
6-string guitar Bridge Six-string_guitar > Construction > Components > Body > Bridge The main purpose of the bridge on an acoustic guitar is to transfer the vibration from the strings to the soundboard, which vibrates the air inside of the guitar, thereby amplifying the sound produced by the strings. On all electric, a... |
Summability method Analytic continuation Abel_summation > Analytic continuation Several summation methods involve taking the value of an analytic continuation of a function. |
Half-exponential function Summary Half-exponential_function In mathematics, a half-exponential function is a functional square root of an exponential function. That is, a function f {\displaystyle f} such that f {\displaystyle f} composed with itself results in an exponential function: for some constants a {\displaysty... |
Average-case complexity Other results Average_case_complexity > Other results In 1990, Impagliazzo and Levin showed that if there is an efficient average-case algorithm for a distNP-complete problem under the uniform distribution, then there is an average-case algorithm for every problem in NP under any polynomial-time... |
Hydrodynamica Summary Hydrodynamica In doing so, Bernoulli explained the nature of hydrodynamic pressure and discovered the role of loss of vis viva in fluid flow, which would later be known as the Bernoulli principle. The book also discusses hydraulic machines and introduces the notion of work and efficiency of a mach... |
Gastric lipase Function Gastric_lipase > Function Acidic lipases make up 30% of lipid hydrolysis occurring during digestion in the human adult, with gastric lipase contributing the most of the two acidic lipases. In neonates, acidic lipases are much more important, providing up to 50% of total lipolytic activity. Gastr... |
Epidemiology of tuberculosis History Giant_multinucleated_cell > History Both strains of the tuberculosis bacteria share a common ancestor, which could have infected humans even before the Neolithic Revolution. Skeletal remains show some prehistoric humans (4000 BC) had TB, and researchers have found tubercular decay i... |
Electronic feedback loop Positive and negative feedback Feedback_loop > Types > Positive and negative feedback The resulting change in engine torque, the feedback, combines with the torque exerted by the change of road grade to reduce the error in speed, minimising the changing slope. The terms "positive" and "negative... |
Neural computing Organization Neural_network_models > Models > Organization They can be 'fully connected', with every neuron in one layer connecting to every neuron in the next layer. They can be pooling, where a group of neurons in one layer connects to a single neuron in the next layer, thereby reducing the number of... |
Timeline of special relativity and the speed of light 1900s Timeline_of_special_relativity_and_the_speed_of_light > 20th century > 1900s Also, Poincaré is the first to describe the relativistic velocity-addition formula – implicitly in his publication and explicitly in his letter to Lorentz. 1905 – Albert Einstein publ... |
Directive (programming) PL/SQL Directive_(programming) > Other languages > PL/SQL Oracle Corporation's PL/SQL procedural language includes a set of compiler directives, known as "pragmas". |
Endemic pemphigus foliaceus Cause Endemic_pemphigus_foliaceus > Cause The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases describes it like this: Normally, our immune system produces antibodies that attack viruses and harmful bacteria to keep us healthy. In people with pemphigus, however, the immu... |
C2H5N3O2 Summary C2H5N3O2 The molecular formula C2H5N3O2 (molar mass: 103.08 g/mol, exact mass: 103.0382 u) may refer to: Biuret N-Nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) |
Venti Details Venti > Details The data structure used for the index is a hash table with fixed-sized buckets. Venti relies on the scores to be randomly distributed so buckets do not fill up. Since each lookup costs one disk seek time, an index usually consists of multiple hard drives with low access time. |
Operant conditioning Schedules of reinforcement Operant_conditioning > Concepts and procedures > Modifying operant behavior: reinforcement and punishment > Schedules of reinforcement This schedule typically yields a very high, persistent rate of response. Continuous reinforcement: Reinforcement occurs after each respon... |
Lorentz boosts Coordinate transformation Lorentz_transformation > Physical formulation of Lorentz boosts > Coordinate transformation A "stationary" observer in frame F defines events with coordinates t, x, y, z. Another frame F′ moves with velocity v relative to F, and an observer in this "moving" frame F′ defines even... |
Antigenic mimicry Autoimmunity Molecular_mimicry > Autoimmunity Autoimmunity can thus be defined simply as exceptions to the tolerance "rules." By doing this, an immune response is generated against self-tissue and cells. These mechanisms are known by many to be intrinsic. However, there are pathogenic mechanisms for t... |
Virtual workplaces Summary Virtual_workplaces A virtual workplace is a work environment where employees can perform their duties remotely, using technology such as laptops, smartphones, and video conferencing tools. A virtual workplace is not located in any one physical space. It is usually a network of several workpla... |
Queuing delay Router processing Queuing_delay > Router processing This term is most often used in reference to routers. When packets arrive at a router, they have to be processed and transmitted. A router can only process one packet at a time. If packets arrive faster than the router can process them (such as in a burs... |
Thermal image Thermal energy Thermal_image > Thermal energy So if there is a cool area in the thermogram, that object will be absorbing the radiation emitted by the warm object. The ability of objects to emit is called emissivity, to absorb radiation is called absorptivity. |
Dalton (unit) Summary Atomic_mass_constant The dalton or unified atomic mass unit (symbols: Da or u) is a non-SI unit of mass defined as 1/12 of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state and at rest. The atomic mass constant, denoted mu, is defined identically, giving m... |
Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry Plant leaf waxes Hydrogen_isotope_biogeochemistry > Applications > Paleo-reconstruction > Biomolecules > Plant leaf waxes Δ D e = ϵ e q + ϵ k + ( Δ D v − ϵ k ) ( e a e i ) {\displaystyle \Delta D_{e}=\epsilon _{eq}+\epsilon _{k}+(\Delta D_{v}-\epsilon _{k})({\frac {e_{a}}{e_{i}}})} The ... |
Domain theory Generalizations Domain_theory > Generalizations "Synthetic domain theory". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.55.903. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Topological domain theory A continuity space is a generalization of metric spaces and posets that can be used to unify the notions of metric spaces a... |
Progressive wave Differential wave equations Signal_propagation > Mathematical description > Differential wave equations (The symbol " ∂ {\displaystyle \partial } " is meant to signify that, in the derivative with respect to some variable, all other variables must be considered fixed.) This equation can be derived from... |
Translational kinetic energy Kinetic energy of systems Translational_kinetic_energy > Kinetic energy for non-relativistic velocity > Kinetic energy of systems The kinetic energy of the system is the sum of the kinetic energies of the bodies it contains. A macroscopic body that is stationary (i.e. a reference frame has ... |
Distributed ledger technology law Issue of automation of smart contracts and 'Oracles' Distributed_ledger_technology_law > DLT and law issues > Issue of automation of smart contracts and 'Oracles' To facilitate the self-execution, a smart contract needs access to sources of event information through which the execution... |
Electrolysis Decomposition potential Electrolysis > Overview > Decomposition potential Decomposition potential or decomposition voltage refers to the minimum voltage (difference in electrode potential) between anode and cathode of an electrolytic cell that is needed for electrolysis to occur.The voltage at which electr... |
Unitary theories of memory Overview Unitary_theories_of_memory > Background > Overview Working memory is the system that is responsible for the transient holding and processing of new and already stored information, an important process for reasoning, comprehension, learning and memory updating. Working memory is gener... |
Polyuronide Examples Polyuronide > Examples Glucoronic acid Galactoronic acid |
Methane functionalization Summary Methane_functionalization In a typical C-H activation mechanism, a transition metal catalyst coordinates to the C-H bond to cleave it, and convert it into a bond with a lower bond dissociation energy. By doing so, the product can be used in further downstream reactions, since it will u... |
Stream data Usage Data_stream > Usage There are various areas where data streams are used: Fraud detection & scoring – raw data is used as source data for an anti-fraud algorithm (data analysis techniques for fraud detection). For example, timestamps, cookie occurrences or analysis of data points are used within the sc... |
Geometric multiplicity Molecular orbitals Simple_eigenvalue > Applications > Molecular orbitals In quantum mechanics, and in particular in atomic and molecular physics, within the Hartree–Fock theory, the atomic and molecular orbitals can be defined by the eigenvectors of the Fock operator. The corresponding eigenvalue... |
Carbonyl α-substitution reactions Acidity of alpha-hydrogen atoms: enolate ion formation Carbonyl_Alpha-Substitution_Reactions > Acidity of alpha-hydrogen atoms: enolate ion formation Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), which is easily prepared by reaction of the strong base butyllithium with diisopropylamine, is widely us... |
L1-norm principal component analysis Code L1-norm_principal_component_analysis > Code MATLAB code for L1-PCA is available at MathWorks and other repositories. == References == |
Physics of roller coasters Energy Physics_of_roller_coasters > Energy Initially, the car is pulled to the top of the first hill and released, at which point it rolls freely along the track without any external mechanical assistance for the remainder of the ride. The purpose of the ascent of the first hill is to build u... |
Propagation constraint Summary Propagation_constraint An example of breaking referential integrity: if a table of employees includes a department number for 'Housewares' which is a foreign key to a table of departments and a user deletes that department from the department table then Housewares employees records would ... |
Power electronic DC/AC converters (inverters) Power_electronic > DC/AC converters (inverters) Similarly, current source inverters (CSIs) are distinct in that the controlled AC output is a current waveform. DC to AC power conversion is the result of power switching devices, which are commonly fully controllable semicond... |
Distributed operating system Three basic distributions Distributed_operating_system > Distributed computing models > Three basic distributions To better illustrate this point, examine three system architectures; centralized, decentralized, and distributed. In this examination, consider three structural aspects: organiz... |
Potentiometric titration Summary Potentiometric_titration Ecell depends on the concentration of the interested ions with which the indicator electrode is in contact. For example, the electrode reaction may be M n + + n e − ⟶ M {\displaystyle {\ce {M}}^{n+}+n\ {\ce {e- -> M}}} As the concentration of Mn+ changes, the Ec... |
Evolutionary divergence Summary Divergent_evolution Divergent evolution or divergent selection is the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, sometimes leading to speciation. Divergent evolution is typically exhibited when two populations become separated by a geographic barrie... |
Meta-circular evaluator From self-interpreter to abstract machine Meta-circular_evaluator > Self-interpreters > From self-interpreter to abstract machine The core evaluator has three clauses: It maps a variable (represented with a de Bruijn index) into the value in the current environment at this index. It maps a synta... |
Computer-supported cooperative work Affordance Computer_Supported_Cooperative_Work > Central concerns and concepts > Considerations for interaction design > Affordance As media platforms proliferate, so do the affordances offered that directly influence how users manage their self-presentation. According to researchers... |
Self-driving vehicles Societal challenges Automated_Driving > Challenges > Societal challenges While the notion that consumers care more about ease to use than safety has been challenged, it still remains an important factor that has indirect effects on the public's intention to use autonomous vehicles. The trust facto... |
Turingery Summary Turingery The logical structure of Tunny had been worked out by William Tutte and colleagues over several months ending in January 1942. Deriving the message key was called "setting" at Bletchley Park, but it was the derivation of the cam patterns—which was known as "wheel breaking"—that was the targe... |
Internal symmetries Summary Global_symmetry These two concepts, Lie and finite groups, are the foundation for the fundamental theories of modern physics. Symmetries are frequently amenable to mathematical formulations such as group representations and can, in addition, be exploited to simplify many problems. Arguably t... |
Learning theory (education) Multimedia learning Learning_theory_(education) > Multimedia learning Multimedia learning refers to the use of visual and auditory teaching materials that may include video, computer and other information technology. Multimedia learning theory focuses on the principles that determine the eff... |
Oriented cobordism Terminology Cobordism > Definition > Terminology An n-manifold M is called null-cobordant if there is a cobordism between M and the empty manifold; in other words, if M is the entire boundary of some (n + 1)-manifold. For example, the circle is null-cobordant since it bounds a disk. More generally, a... |
Attention Restoration Theory Restorative environments Attention_Restoration_Theory > Restorative environments Fascination: the ability of an environment to generate awe in people; the amount of awe can give the directed attention a rest as the involuntary attention appears in its place. Being away: a feeling that can b... |
Multiset coefficient History Multiset_coefficient > History A multiset has been also called an aggregate, heap, bunch, sample, weighted set, occurrence set, and fireset (finitely repeated element set). : 320 Although multisets were used implicitly from ancient times, their explicit exploration happened much later. The ... |
MRDP theorem Matiyasevich's theorem Matiyasevich's_theorem > Matiyasevich's theorem Matiyasevich's theorem, also called the Matiyasevich–Robinson–Davis–Putnam or MRDP theorem, says: Every computably enumerable set is Diophantine, and the converse.A set S of integers is computably enumerable if there is an algorithm suc... |
History of tuberculosis Conferences History_of_tuberculosis > References > Conferences Dang B (23–24 March 2001). "The Royal Touch". The Proceedings of the 10th Annual History of Medicine Days. |
Concrete illustration of the central limit theorem Illustration of the continuous case Illustration_of_the_central_limit_theorem > Illustration of the continuous case Although the original density is far from normal, the density of the sum of just a few variables with that density is much smoother and has some of the q... |
Central vacuum system Tools and accessories Central_vacuum > Tools and accessories Alternatively, a "DrawerVac" inlet which pulls out like a drawer from the underside of a table or counter can be used to dispose of debris from a shop or kitchen work surface. The "VacnSeal" is an accessory intended to be installed on th... |
Dox Formation Contacts Dox_Formation > Contacts Typically, the surface of this unconformity is a remarkably flat, ancient erosional surface, often argued to be a peneplain, that cuts across units such as the Bass Formation, Hatakai Shale, and Dox Sandstone. Resistant beds within the Unkar Group, such as Cardenas Basalt... |
Melphalan flufenamide Therapeutic efficacy Melphalan_flufenamide > Therapeutic efficacy In a Phase 1/2 trial, in solid tumor patients refractory to standard therapy, response evaluation showed disease stabilization in a majority of patients. In relapsed and refractory multiple-myeloma (RRMM) patients, promising activit... |
Bridge financing Usage Bridge_loan > United Kingdom > Usage In the United Kingdom, bridging loans are used in both business and real estate. In the former, they are typically used to free equity in order to boost cash flow. In the latter, they are used by home-movers to ‘break’ property chains by providing a short-term... |
Schamel equation Schamel–Korteweg de Vries equation Schamel_equation > Generalizations > Schamel–Korteweg de Vries equation For 1 ≫ Q {\displaystyle 1\gg Q} we get ϕ ( x ) = ψ sech 2 ( ψ 12 x ) {\displaystyle \phi (x)=\psi \operatorname {sech} ^{2}({\sqrt {\frac {\psi }{12}}}x)} which represents the ordinary ion acou... |
Quantum theory of fields Topological quantum field theory Relativistic_quantum_field_theories > Principles > Other theories > Topological quantum field theory Chern–Simons theory is an example of TQFT and has been used to construct models of quantum gravity. Applications of TQFT include the fractional quantum Hall effe... |
Jet (fluid) Summary Jet_(fluid) A jet is a stream of fluid that is projected into a surrounding medium, usually from some kind of a nozzle, aperture or orifice. Jets can travel long distances without dissipating. Jet fluid has higher momentum compared to the surrounding fluid medium. In the case that the surrounding me... |
Solar thermal energy Heat storage for electric base loads Solar_thermal_energy > Heat storage for electric base loads Heat storage allows a solar thermal plant to produce electricity at night and on overcast days. This allows the use of solar power for baseload generation as well as peak power generation, with the pote... |
Schotten–Baumann reaction Summary Schotten–Baumann_reaction The Schotten–Baumann reaction is a method to synthesize amides from amines and acid chlorides: Schotten–Baumann reaction also refers to the conversion of acid chloride to esters. The reaction was first described in 1883 by German chemists Carl Schotten and Eug... |
Chromatin structure Additional sources Chromatin > References > Additional sources 92 (4): 511–521. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80944-7. PMID 9491892. |
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