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Fold (higher-order function) Evaluation order considerations Fold_(higher-order_function) > On lists > Evaluation order considerations In the presence of lazy, or non-strict evaluation, foldr will immediately return the application of f to the head of the list and the recursive case of folding over the rest of the list... |
Diabetes type I Hypoglycemic glucagon impairment Type-1_diabetes > Pathogenesis > Alpha cell dysfunction > Hypoglycemic glucagon impairment Subsequent hypoglycemia is met with impairment in sending of counter regulatory signals to the islets and adrenal cortex. This accounts for the lack of glucagon stimulation and epi... |
Stokes' wave theory Governing equations for a potential flow Stokes'_wave_theory > Stokes expansion > Governing equations for a potential flow The free-surface boundary conditions for surface gravity waves – using a potential flow description – consist of a kinematic and a dynamic boundary condition. The kinematic boun... |
Parikh's theorem Proof Parikh's_theorem > Proof The second part is easy to prove. The first part is less easy. The following proof is credited to Goldstine.First we need a small strengthening of the pumping lemma for context-free languages: The proof is essentially the same as the standard pumping lemma: use the pigeon... |
Model Predictive Control Nonlinear MPC Model_Predictive_Control > Nonlinear MPC Optimum solutions are found by generating random samples that satisfy the constraints in the solution space and finding the optimum one based on cost function. While NMPC applications have in the past been mostly used in the process and che... |
Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour Summary Society_for_the_Study_of_Artificial_Intelligence_and_the_Simulation_of_Behaviour The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour or SSAISB or AISB is a nonprofit, scientific society devoted to advan... |
Transient synovitis Diagnosis Transient_synovitis > Diagnosis In transient synovitis, the joint fluid will be clear. In septic arthritis, there will be pus in the joint, which can be sent for bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing. More advanced imaging techniques can be used if the clinical picture is un... |
Momentum diffusion Summary Momentum_diffusion Momentum diffusion most commonly refers to the diffusion, or spread of momentum between particles (atoms or molecules) of matter, often in the fluid state. This transport of momentum can occur in any direction of the fluid flow. Momentum diffusion can be attributed to eithe... |
Data, context and interaction Summary Data,_context_and_interaction Data, context, and interaction (DCI) is a paradigm used in computer software to program systems of communicating objects. Its goals are: To improve the readability of object-oriented code by giving system behavior first-class status; To cleanly separat... |
Customer segmentation History Market_segmentation > History The business historian Richard S. Tedlow identifies four stages in the evolution of market segmentation: Fragmentation (pre-1880s): The economy was characterized by small regional suppliers who sold goods on a local or regional basis Unification or mass market... |
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons Cardiovascular disease Polyaromatic_hydrocarbons > Human health > Cardiovascular disease This enzyme then metabolically processes the PAHs to quinone metabolites that bind to DNA in reactive adducts that remove purine bases. The resulting mutations may contribute to unregulated growth ... |
Order (exchange) Stop-limit order Limit_order > Conditional orders > Stop orders > Stop-limit order A stop-limit order is an order to buy or sell a stock that combines the features of a stop order and a limit order. Once the stop price is reached, a stop-limit order becomes a limit order that will be executed at a spec... |
Gravit Description Gravit > Description Gravit is a gravity simulator which runs under Linux, Windows and Mac OS X. It is released under the GNU General Public License which makes it free. It uses Newtonian physics using the Barnes-Hut N-body algorithm. Although the main goal of Gravit is to be as accurate as possible,... |
Genetic memory (computer science) Summary Genetic_memory_(computer_science) In computer science, genetic memory refers to an artificial neural network combination of genetic algorithm and the mathematical model of sparse distributed memory. It can be used to predict weather patterns. Genetic memory and genetic algorith... |
Computer Program Programming paradigms and languages Computer_programs > Programming paradigms and languages express simple ideas simply.The programming style of a programming language to provide these building blocks may be categorized into programming paradigms. For example, different paradigms may differentiate: pro... |
RNA Structure RNA > Structure All chirality centers are located in the D-ribose. By the use of L-ribose or rather L-ribonucleotides, L-RNA can be synthesized. L-RNA is much more stable against degradation by RNase.Like other structured biopolymers such as proteins, one can define topology of a folded RNA molecule. This... |
APL programming language Pick 6 lottery numbers Dyalog_APL > Language characteristics > Examples > Pick 6 lottery numbers This vector is then sorted in ascending order by a monadic ⍋ function, which has as its right argument everything to the right of it up to the next unbalanced close-bracket or close-parenthesis. The... |
Technicolor (physics) Summary Technicolor_(physics) Technicolor theories are models of physics beyond the Standard Model that address electroweak gauge symmetry breaking, the mechanism through which W and Z bosons acquire masses. Early technicolor theories were modelled on quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the "color" theo... |
Model Engineer Model Engineer today Model_Engineer > Model Engineer today Over the years the magazine has waxed and waned, but is currently enjoying the increased popularity of the hobby engendered by the availability of comparatively cheap machine tools from China and Taiwan. In 1990 it spun off a companion title Mode... |
Transition metal sulfur dioxide complex Insertion of SO2 into metal-ligand bonds Metal_sulfur_dioxide_complex > Reactions > Insertion of SO2 into metal-ligand bonds Alternatively an O-sulphinate can arise. Both of these intermediates commonly convert to an S-sulphinate. S-sulphinate has sulfur–oxygen stretching frequen... |
Coronary artery ectasia Diagnosis Coronary_artery_ectasia > Diagnosis To discover the extent and severity of coronary artery ectasia there are a variety of diagnostic tools used. The most common method for discovering the disease is through angiography. Angiography is the procedure where a contrast dye is entered into ... |
Mezlocillin Further reading Mezlocillin > Further reading S2CID 45046625. Rohde B, Werner U, Hickstein H, Ehmcke H, Drewelow B (1997). "Pharmacokinetics of mezlocillin and sulbactam under continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD) in intensive care patients with acute renal failure". |
History of the International System of Units History History_of_the_International_System_of_Units > History The metre and kilogram system served as the basis for the development of the International System of Units (abbreviated SI), which now serves as the international standard. Because of this, the standards of the C... |
Favard constant Summary Favard_constant In mathematics, the Favard constant, also called the Akhiezer–Krein–Favard constant, of order r is defined as K r = 4 π ∑ k = 0 ∞ r + 1 . {\displaystyle K_{r}={\frac {4}{\pi }}\sum \limits _{k=0}^{\infty }\left^{r+1}.} This constant is named after the French mathematician Jean F... |
HTTP Cookie Summary Web_cookie HTTP cookies (also called web cookies, Internet cookies, browser cookies, or simply cookies) are small blocks of data created by a web server while a user is browsing a website and placed on the user's computer or other device by the user's web browser. Cookies are placed on the device us... |
Moment-area theorem Procedure for analysis Moment-area_theorem > Procedure for analysis The following procedure provides a method that may be used to determine the displacement and slope at a point on the elastic curve of a beam using the moment-area theorem. Determine the reaction forces of a structure and draw the M/... |
149 (number) In mathematics 149_(number) > In mathematics 149 is a prime number, the first prime whose difference from the previous prime is exactly 10, an emirp, and an irregular prime. After 1 and 127, it is the third smallest de Polignac number, an odd number that cannot be represented as a prime plus a power of two... |
Momentum (technical analysis) Summary Momentum_(technical_analysis) In financial technical analysis, momentum (MTM) and rate of change (ROC) are simple indicators showing the difference between today's closing price and the close N days ago. Momentum is the absolute difference in stock, commodity: m o m e n t u m = c l... |
Maximum power principle Philosophy and theory Maximum_power_principle > Philosophy and theory Gilliland noted that these difficulties in analysis in turn required some new theory to adequately explain the interactions and transactions of these different energies (different concentrations of fuels, labour and environmen... |
Sensory integration therapy Theoretical concept Sensory_integration_therapy > Theoretical concept A. Jean Ayres' sensory integration theory describes the following: How the neurological process of processing and integrating sensory information from the body and the environment contribute to emotional regulation, learni... |
Chemiosmotic potential Proton gradients Electrochemical_gradient > Proton gradients Proton gradients in particular are important in many types of cells as a form of energy storage. The gradient is usually used to drive ATP synthase, flagellar rotation, or metabolite transport. This section will focus on three processes... |
Numerical algorithm Discretization and numerical integration Numerical_analyst > General introduction > Direct and iterative methods > Discretization and numerical integration In practice, finite precision is used and the result is an approximation of the true solution (assuming stability). In contrast to direct method... |
Communication Accommodation Theory Assumptions Communication_Accommodation_Theory > Assumptions An example would be walking into the break room at work where two other coworkers are discussing a birthday celebration for the boss, the person who walked in would evaluate what they are talking about and determine how to p... |
Earthquake prediction Machine learning Earthquake_prediction > Prediction methods > Trends > Machine learning For validation testing, DeVries et al. (2018) reserved 10% of positive training earthquake data samples and an equal quantity of randomly chosen negative samples.Arnaud Mignan and Marco Broccardo have similarly... |
Flight Management System VNAV Flight_Management_System > VNAV The aircraft varies the pitch in order to maintain the path. Since the throttles are at idle this will modulate the speed. Normally the FMS allows the speed to vary within a small band. |
Fréchet derivative Relation to the Gateaux derivative Fréchet_differentiable > Relation to the Gateaux derivative However, not every Gateaux differentiable function is Fréchet differentiable. This is analogous to the fact that the existence of all directional derivatives at a point does not guarantee total differentiab... |
Slicing the Truth Topics Slicing_the_Truth > Topics The book begins with five chapters that discuss the field of reverse mathematics, which has the goal of classifying mathematical theorems by the axiom schemes needed to prove them, and the big five subsystems of second-order arithmetic into which many theorems of math... |
Breast milk-mediated drug delivery Problems Breast_milk-mediated_drug_delivery > Problems Improper administration of antibiotics into an infant’s gastrointestinal system can increase the susceptibility of infants to gut infections. This is due to the lowered diversity and viability of organisms found within the gut, al... |
Photoassimilate Summary Photoassimilate The term "light" reaction can be confusing as some "dark" reactions require light to be active.Photoassimilate movement through plants from "source to sink" using xylem and phloem is of biological significance. This movement is mimicked by many infectious particles - namely viroi... |
Cross product matrix The paradox of the orthonormal basis Cross_product_matrix > Handedness > The paradox of the orthonormal basis But if i and j are polar vectors then k is an axial vector for i × j = k or j × i = k. This is a paradox. "Axial" and "polar" are physical qualifiers for physical vectors; that is, vectors ... |
Electrical engineering Signal processing Electrical_engineering > Subfields > Signal processing Signal processing deals with the analysis and manipulation of signals. Signals can be either analog, in which case the signal varies continuously according to the information, or digital, in which case the signal varies acco... |
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma Treatment Embryonal_rhabdomyosarcoma > Treatment Treatment for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma involves the use of combination therapy consisting of chemotherapy, surgery, and/or radiation therapy. In order to create an optimal treatment plan for the individual, therapy is often based upon risk st... |
97.5th percentile point Summary 97.5th_percentile_point In probability and statistics, the 97.5th percentile point of the standard normal distribution is a number commonly used for statistical calculations. The approximate value of this number is 1.96, meaning that 95% of the area under a normal curve lies within appro... |
Underfitting Consequences Overfitting > Machine learning > Consequences The most obvious consequence of overfitting is poor performance on the validation dataset. Other negative consequences include: A function that is overfitted is likely to request more information about each item in the validation dataset than does ... |
Interior reconstruction Local inverse method Interior_reconstruction > Methods > Local inverse method The local inverse method extends the concept of local tomography. The response in the outside region can be calculated as follows: f = A x + B y {\displaystyle f=Ax+By} Consider the generalized inverse B + {\displaysty... |
History of electromagnetic theory Maxwell History_of_electromagnetic_theory > 19th century > Maxwell Faraday in his mind's eye saw lines of force traversing all space where the mathematicians saw centres of force attracting at a distance. Faraday sought the seat of the phenomena in real actions going on in the medium; ... |
Power of 10 Summary Power_of_10 A power of 10 is any of the integer powers of the number ten; in other words, ten multiplied by itself a certain number of times (when the power is a positive integer). By definition, the number one is a power (the zeroth power) of ten. The first few non-negative powers of ten are: 1, 10... |
Factorial design Main effects and interactions Factorial_design > Main effects and interactions For each I {\displaystyle I} , dim U I = ∏ i ∈ I ( s i − 1 ) {\displaystyle U_{I}=\prod _{i\in I}(s_{i}-1)} . (The empty product is defined to be 1. )These results underpin the usual analysis of variance or ANOVA (see below)... |
Index of structural engineering articles E Index_of_structural_engineering_articles > E Earthquake-- Earthquake engineering – Earthquake engineering research – Earthquake engineering structures – Earthquake loss – Earthquake performance evaluation – Earthquake simulation – Elasticity theory – Elasticity – Energy princi... |
Salt water chlorination Operation Salt_water_chlorination > Operation 4NaCl + 3H2O → 4Na+ + HClO + ClO− + OH− + 2Cl− + 2H2 Net of all the above. Addition of Hydrochloric Acid to restore the pH to 7.5 HCl + 4Na+ + HClO + ClO− + OH− + 2Cl− +2H2 → HClO + OCl− + H2O + 4Na+ + 3Cl− + 2H2. 4NaCl + HCl + 2H2O → HClO + OCl− + 4... |
Garbage (computer science) Eliminating garbage Garbage_(computer_science) > Eliminating garbage However, it is not a recent development, as it has also been used in older languages such as LISP. There is ongoing research to type-theoretic approaches (such as region inference) to identification and removal of garbage fr... |
History of special relativity Minkowski's spacetime History_of_special_relativity > Special relativity > Spacetime physics > Minkowski's spacetime But it was Minkowski's geometric model that (a) showed that the special relativity is a complete and internally self-consistent theory, (b) added the Lorentz invariant prope... |
Loop integral φ4 theory Loop_integral > One-loop integral > Examples > Scalar field theory > φ4 theory This is typical of the puzzle of divergences which plagued quantum field theory historically. To obtain finite results, we choose a regularization scheme. For illustration, we give two schemes. |
Social Network History Social_graphs > History A group of social anthropologists associated with Max Gluckman and the Manchester School, including John A. Barnes, J. Clyde Mitchell and Elizabeth Bott Spillius, often are credited with performing some of the first fieldwork from which network analyses were performed, inv... |
Equilibrium chemistry Equilibrium constant Equilibrium_chemistry > Equilibrium constant Chemical potential is the partial molar free energy. The potential, μi, of the ith species in a chemical reaction is the partial derivative of the free energy with respect to the number of moles of that species, Ni: μ i = ( ∂ G ∂ N ... |
Memory errors Schizophrenia Memory_errors > Memory errors in abnormal psychology > Schizophrenia Self-reflectivity has been shown to be one of the biggest deficits faced by schizophrenics and data suggests that verbal memory intrusions are linked to deficits in the ability to identify, organize, and reason about one's ... |
Discovery learning Assisted vs. unassisted discovery Discovery_learning > Assisted vs. unassisted discovery Bruner also cautioned that such discovery could not be made prior to or without at least some base of knowledge in the topic. Students who are presented with problems without foundational knowledge may not have t... |
Implicit differentiation Caveats Implicit_function > Caveats For example, the equation x = 0 does not imply a function f(x) giving solutions for y at all; it is a vertical line. In order to avoid a problem like this, various constraints are frequently imposed on the allowable sorts of equations or on the domain. The im... |
Memory errors Intrusion errors Memory_errors > Types of memory errors > Intrusion errors Another pattern for extra-list intrusions would be an acoustic similarity pattern, this pattern states that targets that have a similar sound to non-targets may be replaced with those non-targets in recall. One major type of extra-... |
Interleukin 15 Vaccines Adjuvants Interleukin_15 > Immunotherapy > Vaccines Adjuvants Vector-based therapy – Nonlytic Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) was engineered to express recombinant IL-15 protein to generate an NDV-modified tumor vaccine. Preclinical results of NDV-modified tumor vaccine showed promise by controlli... |
Line noise Coupled noise Noise_(electronics) > Coupled noise While noise may be generated in the electronic circuit itself, additional noise energy can be coupled into a circuit from the external environment, by inductive coupling or capacitive coupling, or through the antenna of a radio receiver. |
Hopfield neural network Dense associative memory or modern Hopfield network Hopfield_neural_network > Dense associative memory or modern Hopfield network Hopfield networks are recurrent neural networks with dynamical trajectories converging to fixed point attractor states and described by an energy function. The state ... |
Biochemical analysis Proteins Physiological_chemistry > Biomolecules > Proteins Antibodies are an example of proteins that attach to one specific type of molecule. Antibodies are composed of heavy and light chains. Two heavy chains would be linked to two light chains through disulfide linkages between their amino acids... |
Modular construction systems Advantages Modular_construction > Advantages In a 2018 Practice Note, the NEC states that the benefits obtained from offsite construction mainly relate to the creation of components in a factory setting, protected from the weather and using manufacturing techniques such as assembly lines wi... |
Entropy production Short history Entropy_production > Short history Entropy is produced in irreversible processes. The importance of avoiding irreversible processes (hence reducing the entropy production) was recognized as early as 1824 by Carnot. In 1865 Rudolf Clausius expanded his previous work from 1854 on the conc... |
CS register Registers and instruction CS_register > Details > Registers and instruction A 64 KB (one segment) stack growing towards lower addresses is supported in hardware; 16-bit words are pushed onto the stack, and the top of the stack is pointed to by SS:SP. There are 256 interrupts, which can be invoked by both ha... |
Educational programming language Smalltalk-based Educational_programming_language > Types of educational programming languages > Smalltalk-based That way, beginners can get quick results and be motivated to try further. The Scratch community has developed and uploaded over 3,000,000 projects. |
Ernst equation The Ernst equation Ernst_equation > The Ernst equation The equation reads: For its Lax pair and other features see e.g. and references therein. |
Grote–Hynes theory Summary Grote–Hynes_theory Because of inclusion of the frequency dependent friction instead of constant friction, the theory successfully predicts the rate constant including where the reaction barrier is large and of high frequency, where the diffusion over the barrier starts decoupling from viscosi... |
Curie point Particle size Curie_Temperature > Physics > Changing a material's Curie temperature > Particle size This indicates a lower coordination number at the surface of a material than the bulk which leads to the surface becoming less significant when the temperature is approaching the Curie temperature. In smaller... |
Blood poisoning Newborns Blood_poisoning > Management > Newborns Neonatal sepsis can be difficult to diagnose as newborns may be asymptomatic. If a newborn shows signs and symptoms suggestive of sepsis, antibiotics are immediately started and are either changed to target a specific organism identified by diagnostic tes... |
Chinese Train Control System Summary Chinese_Train_Control_System The Chinese Train Control System (CTCS, Chinese: 中国列车控制系统) is a train control system used on railway lines in People's Republic of China. CTCS is similar to the European Train Control System (ETCS).It has two subsystems: ground subsystem and onboard subs... |
Unemployment rate Frictional unemployment Unemployment_rate > Definitions, types, and theories > Frictional unemployment Frictional unemployment is the time period between jobs in which a worker searches for or transitions from one job to another. It is sometimes called search unemployment and can be voluntary, based o... |
Erik Verlinde Summary Erik_Verlinde He said in an interview with the newspaper de Volkskrant, "On the smallest level Newton's laws don't apply, but they do for apples and planets. You can compare this to the pressure of a gas. Molecules themselves don't have any pressure, but a barrel of gas has." It appears that Verli... |
Interior node Representations Tree_data_structure > Representations In relational databases, nodes are typically represented as table rows, with indexed row IDs facilitating pointers between parents and children. Nodes can also be stored as items in an array, with relationships between them determined by their position... |
Conversation Theory Conversation Conversation_Theory > Overview > Conversation Following Hugh Dubberly and Paul Pangaro, a conversation in the context of conversation theory involves an exchange between two participants whereby each participant is contextualised as a learning system whose internal states are changed th... |
Object-oriented user interface Summary Object-oriented_user_interface The user may explicitly select an object, alter its properties (such as size or colour), or invoke other actions upon it (such as to move, copy, or re-align it). If a business application has any OOUI, the user may be selecting and/or invoking action... |
Quantum Vacuum Summary Zero-point_field According to present-day understanding of what is called the vacuum state or the quantum vacuum, it is "by no means a simple empty space". According to quantum mechanics, the vacuum state is not truly empty but instead contains fleeting electromagnetic waves and particles that po... |
Dexamethasone Adverse effects Dexamethasone > Adverse effects The exact incidence of the adverse effects of dexamethasone is not available, hence estimates have been made as to the incidence of the adverse effects below based on the adverse effects of related corticosteroids and on available documentation on dexamethas... |
Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox Selected papers Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen_paradox > References > Selected papers doi:10.1103/physrev.47.777. ISSN 0031-899X. Fine, Arthur (1982-02-01). |
Leaky bucket As a meter Leaky_bucket > As a meter However, uncommonly in the descriptions in the literature, McDysan and Spohn also refer to the leaky bucket algorithm as a queue, going on, "Note that one implementation of traffic shaping is to actually have the cells flow through the bucket". In describing the operati... |
Shannon information Derivation Information_content > Derivation Accordingly, the amount of self-information contained in a message conveying content informing an occurrence of event, ω n {\displaystyle \omega _{n}} , depends only on the probability of that event. for some function f ( ⋅ ) {\displaystyle f(\cdot )} to b... |
Visual attention Neural correlates Visual_attention > Other descriptors for types of attention > Neural correlates Alerting is the process involved in becoming and staying attentive toward the surroundings. It appears to exist in the frontal and parietal lobes of the right hemisphere, and is modulated by norepinephrine... |
Clean Ponds Summary Clean_Ponds The ponds have since stayed clean. Nowadays the only pond remaining is home to some ducks. In the winter it is used as a skating rink. == References == |
Water Cycle Overall process Water_Cycle > Description > Overall process The water cycle is powered from the energy emitted by the sun. This energy heats water in the ocean and seas. Water evaporates as water vapor into the air. Some ice and snow sublimates directly into water vapor. |
Temporary satellite Summary Temporary_satellite A temporary satellite is an object which has been captured by the gravitational field of a planet and thus has become the planet's natural satellite, but, unlike irregular moons of the larger outer planets of the Solar System, will eventually either leave its orbit around... |
Renormalization Mainly: statistical physics Renormalization > Further reading > Mainly: statistical physics (Ed. ); Renormalization: From Lorentz to Landau (and Beyond), Springer-Verlag (New York-1993) ISBN 0-387-97933-6. Cardy, John; Scaling and Renormalization in Statistical Physics, Cambridge University Press (1996)... |
Multiple Sclerosis Associated symptoms Primary_progressive_multiple_sclerosis > Management > Associated symptoms Multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs increase activity and participation of people with MS but do not influence impairment level. Studies investigating information provision in support of patient unders... |
Ribonuclease E Summary Ribonuclease_E Ribonuclease E is a bacterial ribonuclease that participates in the processing of ribosomal RNA (9S to 5S rRNA) and the chemical degradation of bulk cellular RNA. |
Electromagnetic field Summary EM_field The field can be viewed as the combination of an electric field and a magnetic field. The electric field is produced by stationary charges, and the magnetic field by moving charges (electric currents); these two are often described as the sources of the field. The way in which cha... |
Acute kidney injury Classification Acute_kidney_injury > Diagnosis > Classification Acute kidney injury is diagnosed on the basis of clinical history and laboratory data. A diagnosis is made when there is a rapid reduction in kidney function, as measured by serum creatinine, or based on a rapid reduction in urine outpu... |
Best fit line Extensions Multi-linear_regression > Extensions Numerous extensions of linear regression have been developed, which allow some or all of the assumptions underlying the basic model to be relaxed. |
Digvijai Singh Selected bibliography Digvijai_Singh > Selected bibliography (1983). "Consideration of viscosity variation in determining the performance characteristics of circular bearings in the laminar and turbulent regimes". Wear. |
Total Turing machine Relationship to partial Turing machines Decider_(Turing_machine) > Relationship to partial Turing machines Informally, if such a model existed then each of its computers could be simulated by a Turing machine. Thus if this new model of computation consisted of a sequence M 1 , M 2 , … {\displaystyl... |
Special education Canada Special_education > National approaches > North America > Canada Education in Canada is the responsibility of the individual provinces and territories. As such, rules vary somewhat from place to place. However, inclusion is the dominant model. For major exams, Canadian schools commonly use acco... |
Fluctuation Theorem Summary Fluctuation_Theorem > Summary There are many examples known where the distribution of time averaged dissipation is non-Gaussian and yet the FT (of course) still correctly describes the probability ratios. Lastly the theoretical constructs used to prove the FT can be applied to nonequilibrium... |
Quantum ensemble Von Neumann entropy Quantum_statistical_mechanics > Von Neumann entropy Theorem. Entropy is a unitary invariant. In analogy with classical entropy (notice the similarity in the definitions), H(S) measures the amount of randomness in the state S. The more dispersed the eigenvalues are, the larger the sy... |
Economics Empirical research Economics > Methodology > Empirical research Economic theories are frequently tested empirically, largely through the use of econometrics using economic data. The controlled experiments common to the physical sciences are difficult and uncommon in economics, and instead broad data is observ... |
Asymmetric graph Properties Asymmetric_graph > Properties The class of asymmetric graphs is closed under complements: a graph G is asymmetric if and only if its complement is. Any n-vertex asymmetric graph can be made symmetric by adding and removing a total of at most n/2 + o(n) edges. |
Social affordance The evolution of social affordances Social_affordance > The evolution of social affordances The term affordance is first used in human-computer interaction in the 1980s by Norman with the term perceived affordance. Relevant publications were: Gaver's seminal articles on technology affordance in 1991, ... |
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