Split (1)

train · 253k rows

page_content stringlengths 51 3.15k
Fold (higher-order function) Evaluation order considerations Fold_(higher-order_function) > On lists > Evaluation order considerations In the presence of lazy, or non-strict evaluation, foldr will immediately return the application of f to the head of the list and the recursive case of folding over the rest of the list. Thus, if f is able to produce some part of its result without reference to the recursive case on its "right" i.e., in its second argument, and the rest of the result is never demanded, then the recursion will stop (e.g., head == foldr (\a b->a) (error "empty list")). This allows right folds to operate on infinite lists. By contrast, foldl will immediately call itself with new parameters until it reaches the end of the list.
Diabetes type I Hypoglycemic glucagon impairment Type-1_diabetes > Pathogenesis > Alpha cell dysfunction > Hypoglycemic glucagon impairment Subsequent hypoglycemia is met with impairment in sending of counter regulatory signals to the islets and adrenal cortex. This accounts for the lack of glucagon stimulation and epinephrine release that would normally stimulate and enhance glucose release and production from the liver, rescuing the diabetic from severe hypoglycemia, coma, and death. Numerous hypotheses have been produced in the search for a cellular mechanism of hypoglycemic unawareness, and a consensus has yet to be reached.
Stokes' wave theory Governing equations for a potential flow Stokes'_wave_theory > Stokes expansion > Governing equations for a potential flow The free-surface boundary conditions for surface gravity waves – using a potential flow description – consist of a kinematic and a dynamic boundary condition. The kinematic boundary condition ensures that the normal component of the fluid's flow velocity, u = T {\displaystyle \mathbf {u} =^{\mathrm {T} }} in matrix notation, at the free surface equals the normal velocity component of the free-surface motion z = η(x,y,t): The dynamic boundary condition states that, without surface tension effects, the atmospheric pressure just above the free surface equals the fluid pressure just below the surface. For an unsteady potential flow this means that the Bernoulli equation is to be applied at the free surface.
Parikh's theorem Proof Parikh's_theorem > Proof The second part is easy to prove. The first part is less easy. The following proof is credited to Goldstine.First we need a small strengthening of the pumping lemma for context-free languages: The proof is essentially the same as the standard pumping lemma: use the pigeonhole principle to find k {\displaystyle k} copies of some nonterminal symbol A {\displaystyle A} in the longest path in the shortest derivation tree.
Model Predictive Control Nonlinear MPC Model_Predictive_Control > Nonlinear MPC Optimum solutions are found by generating random samples that satisfy the constraints in the solution space and finding the optimum one based on cost function. While NMPC applications have in the past been mostly used in the process and chemical industries with comparatively slow sampling rates, NMPC is being increasingly applied, with advancements in controller hardware and computational algorithms, e.g., preconditioning, to applications with high sampling rates, e.g., in the automotive industry, or even when the states are distributed in space (Distributed parameter systems). As an application in aerospace, recently, NMPC has been used to track optimal terrain-following/avoidance trajectories in real-time.
Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour Summary Society_for_the_Study_of_Artificial_Intelligence_and_the_Simulation_of_Behaviour The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour or SSAISB or AISB is a nonprofit, scientific society devoted to advancing the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behaviour and their simulation and embodiment in machines. AISB also aims to facilitate co-operation and communication among those interested in the study of artificial intelligence, simulation of behaviour and the design of intelligent systems.
Transient synovitis Diagnosis Transient_synovitis > Diagnosis In transient synovitis, the joint fluid will be clear. In septic arthritis, there will be pus in the joint, which can be sent for bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing. More advanced imaging techniques can be used if the clinical picture is unclear; the exact role of different imaging modalities remains uncertain.
Momentum diffusion Summary Momentum_diffusion Momentum diffusion most commonly refers to the diffusion, or spread of momentum between particles (atoms or molecules) of matter, often in the fluid state. This transport of momentum can occur in any direction of the fluid flow. Momentum diffusion can be attributed to either external pressure or shear stress or both.
Data, context and interaction Summary Data,_context_and_interaction Data, context, and interaction (DCI) is a paradigm used in computer software to program systems of communicating objects. Its goals are: To improve the readability of object-oriented code by giving system behavior first-class status; To cleanly separate code for rapidly changing system behavior (what a system does) versus slowly changing domain knowledge (what a system is), instead of combining both in one class interface; To help software developers reason about system-level state and behavior instead of only object state and behavior; To support an object style of thinking that is close to programmers' mental models, rather than the class style of thinking that overshadowed object thinking early in the history of object-oriented programming languages.The paradigm separates the domain model (data) from use cases (context) and Roles that objects play (interaction). DCI is complementary to model–view–controller (MVC). MVC as a pattern language is still used to separate the data and its processing from presentation.
Customer segmentation History Market_segmentation > History The business historian Richard S. Tedlow identifies four stages in the evolution of market segmentation: Fragmentation (pre-1880s): The economy was characterized by small regional suppliers who sold goods on a local or regional basis Unification or mass marketing (1880s–1920s): As transportation systems improved, the economy became unified. Standardized, branded goods were distributed at a national level. Manufacturers tended to insist on strict standardization to achieve scale economies to penetrate markets in the early stages of a product's lifecycle. e.g. the Model T Ford Segmentation (the 1920s–1980s): As market size increased, manufacturers were able to produce different models pitched at different quality points to meet the needs of various demographic and psychographic market segments.
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons Cardiovascular disease Polyaromatic_hydrocarbons > Human health > Cardiovascular disease This enzyme then metabolically processes the PAHs to quinone metabolites that bind to DNA in reactive adducts that remove purine bases. The resulting mutations may contribute to unregulated growth of vascular smooth muscle cells or to their migration to the inside of the artery, which are steps in plaque formation. These quinone metabolites also generate reactive oxygen species that may alter the activity of genes that affect plaque formation.Oxidative stress following PAH exposure could also result in cardiovascular disease by causing inflammation, which has been recognized as an important factor in the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Biomarkers of exposure to PAHs in humans have been associated with inflammatory biomarkers that are recognized as important predictors of cardiovascular disease, suggesting that oxidative stress resulting from exposure to PAHs may be a mechanism of cardiovascular disease in humans.
Order (exchange) Stop-limit order Limit_order > Conditional orders > Stop orders > Stop-limit order A stop-limit order is an order to buy or sell a stock that combines the features of a stop order and a limit order. Once the stop price is reached, a stop-limit order becomes a limit order that will be executed at a specified price (or better). As with all limit orders, a stop-limit order doesn't get filled if the security's price never reaches the specified limit price.
Gravit Description Gravit > Description Gravit is a gravity simulator which runs under Linux, Windows and Mac OS X. It is released under the GNU General Public License which makes it free. It uses Newtonian physics using the Barnes-Hut N-body algorithm. Although the main goal of Gravit is to be as accurate as possible, it also creates beautiful looking gravity patterns.
Genetic memory (computer science) Summary Genetic_memory_(computer_science) In computer science, genetic memory refers to an artificial neural network combination of genetic algorithm and the mathematical model of sparse distributed memory. It can be used to predict weather patterns. Genetic memory and genetic algorithms have also gained an interest in the creation of artificial life. == References ==
Computer Program Programming paradigms and languages Computer_programs > Programming paradigms and languages express simple ideas simply.The programming style of a programming language to provide these building blocks may be categorized into programming paradigms. For example, different paradigms may differentiate: procedural languages, functional languages, and logical languages. different levels of data abstraction.
RNA Structure RNA > Structure All chirality centers are located in the D-ribose. By the use of L-ribose or rather L-ribonucleotides, L-RNA can be synthesized. L-RNA is much more stable against degradation by RNase.Like other structured biopolymers such as proteins, one can define topology of a folded RNA molecule. This is often done based on arrangement of intra-chain contacts within a folded RNA, termed as circuit topology.
APL programming language Pick 6 lottery numbers Dyalog_APL > Language characteristics > Examples > Pick 6 lottery numbers This vector is then sorted in ascending order by a monadic ⍋ function, which has as its right argument everything to the right of it up to the next unbalanced close-bracket or close-parenthesis. The result of ⍋ is the indices that will put its argument into ascending order. Then the output of ⍋ is used to index the variable x, which we saved earlier for this purpose, thereby selecting its items in ascending sequence.Since there is no function to the left of the left-most x to tell APL what to do with the result, it simply outputs it to the display (on a single line, separated by spaces) without needing any explicit instruction to do that.
Technicolor (physics) Summary Technicolor_(physics) Technicolor theories are models of physics beyond the Standard Model that address electroweak gauge symmetry breaking, the mechanism through which W and Z bosons acquire masses. Early technicolor theories were modelled on quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the "color" theory of the strong nuclear force, which inspired their name. Instead of introducing elementary Higgs bosons to explain observed phenomena, technicolor models were introduced to dynamically generate masses for the W and Z bosons through new gauge interactions. Although asymptotically free at very high energies, these interactions must become strong and confining (and hence unobservable) at lower energies that have been experimentally probed.
Model Engineer Model Engineer today Model_Engineer > Model Engineer today Over the years the magazine has waxed and waned, but is currently enjoying the increased popularity of the hobby engendered by the availability of comparatively cheap machine tools from China and Taiwan. In 1990 it spun off a companion title Model Engineers' Workshop which enjoys similar success but focuses more on workshop techniques and tooling.
Transition metal sulfur dioxide complex Insertion of SO2 into metal-ligand bonds Metal_sulfur_dioxide_complex > Reactions > Insertion of SO2 into metal-ligand bonds Alternatively an O-sulphinate can arise. Both of these intermediates commonly convert to an S-sulphinate. S-sulphinate has sulfur–oxygen stretching frequencies from 1250–1000 cm−1 and 1100–1000 cm−1.
Coronary artery ectasia Diagnosis Coronary_artery_ectasia > Diagnosis To discover the extent and severity of coronary artery ectasia there are a variety of diagnostic tools used. The most common method for discovering the disease is through angiography. Angiography is the procedure where a contrast dye is entered into the vessels and an x-ray is taken, which will allow the vessels to be seen on the x-ray. Using angiography clinicians are able to display the size, location and number of vessels affected by the disease.
Mezlocillin Further reading Mezlocillin > Further reading S2CID 45046625. Rohde B, Werner U, Hickstein H, Ehmcke H, Drewelow B (1997). "Pharmacokinetics of mezlocillin and sulbactam under continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD) in intensive care patients with acute renal failure".
History of the International System of Units History History_of_the_International_System_of_Units > History The metre and kilogram system served as the basis for the development of the International System of Units (abbreviated SI), which now serves as the international standard. Because of this, the standards of the CGS system were gradually replaced with metric standards incorporated from the MKS system.In 1901, Giovanni Giorgi proposed to the Associazione elettrotecnica italiana (AEI) that this system, extended with a fourth unit to be taken from the units of electromagnetism, be used as an international system. This system was strongly promoted by electrical engineer George A. Campbell.The International System was published in 1960, based on the MKS units, as a result of an initiative that began in 1948.
Favard constant Summary Favard_constant In mathematics, the Favard constant, also called the Akhiezer–Krein–Favard constant, of order r is defined as K r = 4 π ∑ k = 0 ∞ r + 1 . {\displaystyle K_{r}={\frac {4}{\pi }}\sum \limits _{k=0}^{\infty }\left^{r+1}.} This constant is named after the French mathematician Jean Favard, and after the Soviet mathematicians Naum Akhiezer and Mark Krein.
HTTP Cookie Summary Web_cookie HTTP cookies (also called web cookies, Internet cookies, browser cookies, or simply cookies) are small blocks of data created by a web server while a user is browsing a website and placed on the user's computer or other device by the user's web browser. Cookies are placed on the device used to access a website, and more than one cookie may be placed on a user's device during a session. Cookies serve useful and sometimes essential functions on the web. They enable web servers to store stateful information (such as items added in the shopping cart in an online store) on the user's device or to track the user's browsing activity (including clicking particular buttons, logging in, or recording which pages were visited in the past).
Moment-area theorem Procedure for analysis Moment-area_theorem > Procedure for analysis The following procedure provides a method that may be used to determine the displacement and slope at a point on the elastic curve of a beam using the moment-area theorem. Determine the reaction forces of a structure and draw the M/EI diagram of the structure. If there are only concentrated loads on the structure, the problem will be easy to draw M/EI diagram which will results a series of triangular shapes. If there are mixed with distributed loads and concentrated, the moment diagram (M/EI) will results parabolic curves, cubic, etc. Then, assume and draw the deflection shape of the structure by looking at M/EI diagram. Find the rotations, change of slopes and deflections of the structure by using the geometric mathematics.
149 (number) In mathematics 149_(number) > In mathematics 149 is a prime number, the first prime whose difference from the previous prime is exactly 10, an emirp, and an irregular prime. After 1 and 127, it is the third smallest de Polignac number, an odd number that cannot be represented as a prime plus a power of two. More strongly, after 1, it is the second smallest number that is not a sum of two prime powers.It is a tribonacci number, being the sum of the three preceding terms, 24, 44, 81.There are exactly 149 integer points in a closed circular disk of radius 7, and exactly 149 ways of placing six queens (the maximum possible) on a 5 × 5 chess board so that each queen attacks exactly one other. The barycentric subdivision of a tetrahedron produces an abstract simplicial complex with exactly 149 simplices.
Momentum (technical analysis) Summary Momentum_(technical_analysis) In financial technical analysis, momentum (MTM) and rate of change (ROC) are simple indicators showing the difference between today's closing price and the close N days ago. Momentum is the absolute difference in stock, commodity: m o m e n t u m = c l o s e t o d a y − c l o s e N d a y s a g o {\displaystyle {\mathit {momentum}}={\mathit {close}}_{\mathit {today}}-{\mathit {close}}_{N\,{\mathit {days\,ago}}}} Rate of change scales by the old close, so as to represent the increase as a fraction, r a t e o f c h a n g e = c l o s e t o d a y − c l o s e N d a y s a g o c l o s e N d a y s a g o {\displaystyle {\mathit {rate\,of\,change}}={{\mathit {close}}_{\mathit {today}}-{\mathit {close}}_{N\,{\mathit {days\,ago}}} \over {\mathit {close}}_{N\,{\mathit {days\,ago}}}}} "Momentum" in general refers to prices continuing to trend. The momentum and ROC indicators show trend by remaining positive while an uptrend is sustained, or negative while a downtrend is sustained. A crossing up through zero may be used as a signal to buy, or a crossing down through zero as a signal to sell.
Maximum power principle Philosophy and theory Maximum_power_principle > Philosophy and theory Gilliland noted that these difficulties in analysis in turn required some new theory to adequately explain the interactions and transactions of these different energies (different concentrations of fuels, labour and environmental forces). Gilliland (Gilliland 1978, p. 101) suggested that Odum's statement of the maximum power principle (H.T.Odum 1978, pp.
Sensory integration therapy Theoretical concept Sensory_integration_therapy > Theoretical concept A. Jean Ayres' sensory integration theory describes the following: How the neurological process of processing and integrating sensory information from the body and the environment contribute to emotional regulation, learning, behavior, and participation in daily life. Empirically derived disorders of sensory integration. Intervention approaches and strategies for sensory input. Sensory integration theory is used to explain why individuals behave in particular ways, plan intervention to ameliorate particular difficulties, and predict how behavior will change as a result of intervention.
Chemiosmotic potential Proton gradients Electrochemical_gradient > Proton gradients Proton gradients in particular are important in many types of cells as a form of energy storage. The gradient is usually used to drive ATP synthase, flagellar rotation, or metabolite transport. This section will focus on three processes that help establish proton gradients in their respective cells: bacteriorhodopsin and noncyclic photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
Numerical algorithm Discretization and numerical integration Numerical_analyst > General introduction > Direct and iterative methods > Discretization and numerical integration In practice, finite precision is used and the result is an approximation of the true solution (assuming stability). In contrast to direct methods, iterative methods are not expected to terminate in a finite number of steps. Starting from an initial guess, iterative methods form successive approximations that converge to the exact solution only in the limit.
Communication Accommodation Theory Assumptions Communication_Accommodation_Theory > Assumptions An example would be walking into the break room at work where two other coworkers are discussing a birthday celebration for the boss, the person who walked in would evaluate what they are talking about and determine how to proceed. They would decide if they should join the conversation or acknowledge the two coworkers and leave. If they decided to join the conversation, they would determine how they should communicate based on the people they are talking to and the situation.
Earthquake prediction Machine learning Earthquake_prediction > Prediction methods > Trends > Machine learning For validation testing, DeVries et al. (2018) reserved 10% of positive training earthquake data samples and an equal quantity of randomly chosen negative samples.Arnaud Mignan and Marco Broccardo have similarly analyzed the application of artificial neural networks to earthquake prediction. They found in a review of literature that earthquake prediction research utilizing artificial neural networks has gravitated towards more sophisticated models amidst increased interest in the area. They also found that neural networks utilized in earthquake prediction with notable success rates were matched in performance by simpler models. They further addressed the issues of acquiring appropriate data for training neural networks to predict earthquakes, writing that the "structured, tabulated nature of earthquake catalogues" makes transparent machine learning models more desirable than artificial neural networks.
Flight Management System VNAV Flight_Management_System > VNAV The aircraft varies the pitch in order to maintain the path. Since the throttles are at idle this will modulate the speed. Normally the FMS allows the speed to vary within a small band.
Fréchet derivative Relation to the Gateaux derivative Fréchet_differentiable > Relation to the Gateaux derivative However, not every Gateaux differentiable function is Fréchet differentiable. This is analogous to the fact that the existence of all directional derivatives at a point does not guarantee total differentiability (or even continuity) at that point. For example, the real-valued function f {\displaystyle f} of two real variables defined by is continuous and Gateaux differentiable at the origin ( 0 , 0 ) {\displaystyle (0,0)} , with its derivative at the origin being The function g {\displaystyle g} is not a linear operator, so this function is not Fréchet differentiable.
Slicing the Truth Topics Slicing_the_Truth > Topics The book begins with five chapters that discuss the field of reverse mathematics, which has the goal of classifying mathematical theorems by the axiom schemes needed to prove them, and the big five subsystems of second-order arithmetic into which many theorems of mathematics have been classified. These chapters also review some of the tools needed in this study, including computability theory, forcing, and the low basis theorem.Chapter six, "the real heart of the book", applies this method to an infinitary form of Ramsey's theorem: every edge coloring of a countably infinite complete graph or complete uniform hypergraph, using finitely many colors, contains a monochromatic infinite induced subgraph. The standard proof of this theorem uses the arithmetical comprehension axiom, falling into one of the big five subsystems, ACA0. However, as David Seetapun originally proved, the version of the theorem for graphs is weaker than ACA0, and it turns out to be inequivalent to any one of the big five subsystems.
Breast milk-mediated drug delivery Problems Breast_milk-mediated_drug_delivery > Problems Improper administration of antibiotics into an infant’s gastrointestinal system can increase the susceptibility of infants to gut infections. This is due to the lowered diversity and viability of organisms found within the gut, also known as the microbiome. Especially prevalent in preterm infants, this deviation from a healthy microbiome can lead to adverse effects during the beginning of an infant’s life. These infants may be predisposed to conditions such as Necrotizing Enterocolitis due to higher growth of pathogenic bacteria within the gut, as well as a lower count of commensal bacteria growth.
Photoassimilate Summary Photoassimilate The term "light" reaction can be confusing as some "dark" reactions require light to be active.Photoassimilate movement through plants from "source to sink" using xylem and phloem is of biological significance. This movement is mimicked by many infectious particles - namely viroids - to accomplish long ranged movement and consequently infection of an entire plant. == References ==
Cross product matrix The paradox of the orthonormal basis Cross_product_matrix > Handedness > The paradox of the orthonormal basis But if i and j are polar vectors then k is an axial vector for i × j = k or j × i = k. This is a paradox. "Axial" and "polar" are physical qualifiers for physical vectors; that is, vectors which represent physical quantities such as the velocity or the magnetic field. The vectors i, j and k are mathematical vectors, neither axial nor polar. In mathematics, the cross-product of two vectors is a vector. There is no contradiction.
Electrical engineering Signal processing Electrical_engineering > Subfields > Signal processing Signal processing deals with the analysis and manipulation of signals. Signals can be either analog, in which case the signal varies continuously according to the information, or digital, in which case the signal varies according to a series of discrete values representing the information. For analog signals, signal processing may involve the amplification and filtering of audio signals for audio equipment or the modulation and demodulation of signals for telecommunications.
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma Treatment Embryonal_rhabdomyosarcoma > Treatment Treatment for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma involves the use of combination therapy consisting of chemotherapy, surgery, and/or radiation therapy. In order to create an optimal treatment plan for the individual, therapy is often based upon risk stratification (low, intermediate, or high risk) based on an individual's disease stage, size of tumor, progression of disease, surgery resection, age at diagnosis, and site of tumor. In the US, a combination of Vincristine, Actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide are often the chemotherapeutics used to treat rhabdomyosarcoma. In contrast, the regimen in Europe utilizes Vincristine, Actinomycin D, and ifosfamide.
97.5th percentile point Summary 97.5th_percentile_point In probability and statistics, the 97.5th percentile point of the standard normal distribution is a number commonly used for statistical calculations. The approximate value of this number is 1.96, meaning that 95% of the area under a normal curve lies within approximately 1.96 standard deviations of the mean. Because of the central limit theorem, this number is used in the construction of approximate 95% confidence intervals. Its ubiquity is due to the arbitrary but common convention of using confidence intervals with 95% probability in science and frequentist statistics, though other probabilities (90%, 99%, etc.) are sometimes used.
Underfitting Consequences Overfitting > Machine learning > Consequences The most obvious consequence of overfitting is poor performance on the validation dataset. Other negative consequences include: A function that is overfitted is likely to request more information about each item in the validation dataset than does the optimal function; gathering this additional unneeded data can be expensive or error-prone, especially if each individual piece of information must be gathered by human observation and manual data-entry. A more complex, overfitted function is likely to be less portable than a simple one. At one extreme, a one-variable linear regression is so portable that, if necessary, it could even be done by hand.
Interior reconstruction Local inverse method Interior_reconstruction > Methods > Local inverse method The local inverse method extends the concept of local tomography. The response in the outside region can be calculated as follows: f = A x + B y {\displaystyle f=Ax+By} Consider the generalized inverse B + {\displaystyle B^{+}} satisfying B B + B = B {\displaystyle BB^{+}B=B} Define Q = {\displaystyle Q=} so that Q B = 0 {\displaystyle QB=0} Hence, Q f = Q A x {\displaystyle Qf=QAx} The above equation can be solved as x 1 = A + Q + Q f {\displaystyle x_{1}=A^{+}Q^{+}Qf} ,considering that Q Q = Q {\displaystyle QQ=Q} Q Q Q = Q {\displaystyle QQQ=Q} Q {\displaystyle Q} is the generalized inverse of Q {\displaystyle Q} , i.e. Q + = Q {\displaystyle Q^{+}=Q} The solution can be simplified as x 1 = A + Q f {\displaystyle x_{1}=A^{+}Qf} .The matrix A + Q = A + {\displaystyle A^{+}Q=A^{+}} is known as the local inverse of matrix {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}A&B\\C&D\\\end{bmatrix}}} , corresponding to A {\displaystyle A} . This is known as the local inverse method.
History of electromagnetic theory Maxwell History_of_electromagnetic_theory > 19th century > Maxwell Faraday in his mind's eye saw lines of force traversing all space where the mathematicians saw centres of force attracting at a distance. Faraday sought the seat of the phenomena in real actions going on in the medium; they were satisfied that they had found it in a power of action at a distance on the electric fluids.Both of these methods, as Maxwell points out, had succeeded in explaining the propagation of light as an electromagnetic phenomenon while at the same time the fundamental conceptions of what the quantities concerned are, radically differed. The mathematicians assumed that insulators were barriers to electric currents; that, for instance, in a Leyden jar or electric condenser the electricity was accumulated at one plate and that by some occult action at a distance electricity of an opposite kind was attracted to the other plate.
Power of 10 Summary Power_of_10 A power of 10 is any of the integer powers of the number ten; in other words, ten multiplied by itself a certain number of times (when the power is a positive integer). By definition, the number one is a power (the zeroth power) of ten. The first few non-negative powers of ten are: 1, 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000, 10,000,000. ... (sequence A011557 in the OEIS)
Factorial design Main effects and interactions Factorial_design > Main effects and interactions For each I {\displaystyle I} , dim U I = ∏ i ∈ I ( s i − 1 ) {\displaystyle U_{I}=\prod _{i\in I}(s_{i}-1)} . (The empty product is defined to be 1. )These results underpin the usual analysis of variance or ANOVA (see below), in which a total sum of squares is partitioned into the sums of squares for each effect (main effect or interaction), as introduced by Fisher. The dimension of U I {\displaystyle U_{I}} is the degrees of freedom for the corresponding effect. Example: In a two-factor or a × b {\displaystyle a\times b} experiment the orthogonal sum reads R a b = U ∅ ⊕ U 1 ⊕ U 2 ⊕ U 12 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{ab}=U_{\emptyset }\oplus U_{1}\oplus U_{2}\oplus U_{12}} ,and the corresponding dimensions are a b = 1 + ( a − 1 ) + ( b − 1 ) + ( a − 1 ) ( b − 1 ) {\displaystyle ab=1+(a-1)+(b-1)+(a-1)(b-1)} ,giving the usual formulas for degrees of freedom for main effects and interaction (the total degrees of freedom is a b − 1 {\displaystyle ab-1} ).The next section illustrates these ideas in a 3 × 3 {\displaystyle 3\times 3} experiment.
Index of structural engineering articles E Index_of_structural_engineering_articles > E Earthquake-- Earthquake engineering – Earthquake engineering research – Earthquake engineering structures – Earthquake loss – Earthquake performance evaluation – Earthquake simulation – Elasticity theory – Elasticity – Energy principles in structural mechanics – Engineering mechanics – Euler method – Euler–Bernoulli beam equation
Salt water chlorination Operation Salt_water_chlorination > Operation 4NaCl + 3H2O → 4Na+ + HClO + ClO− + OH− + 2Cl− + 2H2 Net of all the above. Addition of Hydrochloric Acid to restore the pH to 7.5 HCl + 4Na+ + HClO + ClO− + OH− + 2Cl− +2H2 → HClO + OCl− + H2O + 4Na+ + 3Cl− + 2H2. 4NaCl + HCl + 2H2O → HClO + OCl− + 4Na+ + 3Cl− + 2H2 Net of the last two.
Garbage (computer science) Eliminating garbage Garbage_(computer_science) > Eliminating garbage However, it is not a recent development, as it has also been used in older languages such as LISP. There is ongoing research to type-theoretic approaches (such as region inference) to identification and removal of garbage from a program. No general type-theoretic solution to the problem has been developed.
History of special relativity Minkowski's spacetime History_of_special_relativity > Special relativity > Spacetime physics > Minkowski's spacetime But it was Minkowski's geometric model that (a) showed that the special relativity is a complete and internally self-consistent theory, (b) added the Lorentz invariant proper time interval (which accounts for the actual readings shown by moving clocks), and (c) served as a basis for further development of relativity. Eventually, Einstein (1912) recognized the importance of Minkowski's geometric spacetime model and used it as the basis for his work on the foundations of general relativity. Today special relativity is seen as an application of linear algebra, but at the time special relativity was being developed the field of linear algebra was still in its infancy.
Loop integral φ4 theory Loop_integral > One-loop integral > Examples > Scalar field theory > φ4 theory This is typical of the puzzle of divergences which plagued quantum field theory historically. To obtain finite results, we choose a regularization scheme. For illustration, we give two schemes.
Social Network History Social_graphs > History A group of social anthropologists associated with Max Gluckman and the Manchester School, including John A. Barnes, J. Clyde Mitchell and Elizabeth Bott Spillius, often are credited with performing some of the first fieldwork from which network analyses were performed, investigating community networks in southern Africa, India and the United Kingdom. Concomitantly, British anthropologist S. F. Nadel codified a theory of social structure that was influential in later network analysis. In sociology, the early (1930s) work of Talcott Parsons set the stage for taking a relational approach to understanding social structure.
Equilibrium chemistry Equilibrium constant Equilibrium_chemistry > Equilibrium constant Chemical potential is the partial molar free energy. The potential, μi, of the ith species in a chemical reaction is the partial derivative of the free energy with respect to the number of moles of that species, Ni: μ i = ( ∂ G ∂ N i ) T , P {\displaystyle \mu _{i}=\left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial N_{i}}}\right)_{T,P}} A general chemical equilibrium can be written as ∑ j n j R e a c t a n t j ⇌ ∑ k m k P r o d u c t k {\displaystyle \sum _{j}n_{j}\mathrm {Reactant} _{j}\rightleftharpoons \sum _{k}m_{k}\mathrm {Product} _{k}} nj are the stoichiometric coefficients of the reactants in the equilibrium equation, and mj are the coefficients of the products. The value of δGr for these reactions is a function of the chemical potentials of all the species. δ G r = ∑ k m k μ k − ∑ j n j μ j {\displaystyle \delta G_{\mathrm {r} }=\sum _{k}m_{k}\mu _{k}\,-\sum _{j}n_{j}\mu _{j}} The chemical potential, μi, of the ith species can be calculated in terms of its activity, ai.
Memory errors Schizophrenia Memory_errors > Memory errors in abnormal psychology > Schizophrenia Self-reflectivity has been shown to be one of the biggest deficits faced by schizophrenics and data suggests that verbal memory intrusions are linked to deficits in the ability to identify, organize, and reason about one's own thoughts in patients with schizophrenia.Imagination inflation effects were also common memory errors in patients with schizophrenia. This effect refers to events that individuals have imagined so vividly in their minds that this adds belief to the fact that the event truly occurred, although it did not. Possible reasons for this are increased source confusion and/or decreased source recollection of an event, which shows poor use of source-monitoring processes.
Discovery learning Assisted vs. unassisted discovery Discovery_learning > Assisted vs. unassisted discovery Bruner also cautioned that such discovery could not be made prior to or without at least some base of knowledge in the topic. Students who are presented with problems without foundational knowledge may not have the ability to work though solutions. The meta-analyses conducted by Alfieri and colleagues reconfirmed such findings.
Implicit differentiation Caveats Implicit_function > Caveats For example, the equation x = 0 does not imply a function f(x) giving solutions for y at all; it is a vertical line. In order to avoid a problem like this, various constraints are frequently imposed on the allowable sorts of equations or on the domain. The implicit function theorem provides a uniform way of handling these sorts of pathologies.
Memory errors Intrusion errors Memory_errors > Types of memory errors > Intrusion errors Another pattern for extra-list intrusions would be an acoustic similarity pattern, this pattern states that targets that have a similar sound to non-targets may be replaced with those non-targets in recall. One major type of extra-list intrusions is called the "Prior-List Intrusion" (PLI), a PLI occurs when targets from previously studied lists are recalled instead of the targets in the current list. PLIs often follow under the temporal aspect of intrusions in that since they were recalled recently they have a high chance of being recalled now.
Interleukin 15 Vaccines Adjuvants Interleukin_15 > Immunotherapy > Vaccines Adjuvants Vector-based therapy – Nonlytic Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) was engineered to express recombinant IL-15 protein to generate an NDV-modified tumor vaccine. Preclinical results of NDV-modified tumor vaccine showed promise by controlling melanoma tumor growth in mice. A recombinant vaccinia virus expressing influenza A proteins and IL-15 promoted cross protection by CD4+ T cells. A Brucella DNA vaccine containing IL-15 gene enhanced the CD8+ T cell immune response in mice. IL-15 was needed for CD4+ T cell heterosubtypic protection while using a multivalent influenza vaccine using vaccinia-based vector. While influenza A virus expressing IL-15 stimulates both innate and adaptive immune cells to decrease tumor growth mice.
Line noise Coupled noise Noise_(electronics) > Coupled noise While noise may be generated in the electronic circuit itself, additional noise energy can be coupled into a circuit from the external environment, by inductive coupling or capacitive coupling, or through the antenna of a radio receiver.
Hopfield neural network Dense associative memory or modern Hopfield network Hopfield_neural_network > Dense associative memory or modern Hopfield network Hopfield networks are recurrent neural networks with dynamical trajectories converging to fixed point attractor states and described by an energy function. The state of each model neuron i {\textstyle i} is defined by a time-dependent variable V i {\displaystyle V_{i}} , which can be chosen to be either discrete or continuous. A complete model describes the mathematics of how the future state of activity of each neuron depends on the known present or previous activity of all the neurons. In the original Hopfield model of associative memory, the variables were binary, and the dynamics were described by a one-at-a-time update of the state of the neurons.
Biochemical analysis Proteins Physiological_chemistry > Biomolecules > Proteins Antibodies are an example of proteins that attach to one specific type of molecule. Antibodies are composed of heavy and light chains. Two heavy chains would be linked to two light chains through disulfide linkages between their amino acids.
Modular construction systems Advantages Modular_construction > Advantages In a 2018 Practice Note, the NEC states that the benefits obtained from offsite construction mainly relate to the creation of components in a factory setting, protected from the weather and using manufacturing techniques such as assembly lines with dedicated and specialist equipment. Through the use of appropriate technology, modular construction can: increase the speed of construction by increasing the speed of manufacture of the component parts, reduce waste, increase economies of scale, improve quality leading to reduction in the whole life costs of assets reduce environmental impact such as dust and noise and reduce accidents and ill health by reducing the amount of construction work taking place at site
Entropy production Short history Entropy_production > Short history Entropy is produced in irreversible processes. The importance of avoiding irreversible processes (hence reducing the entropy production) was recognized as early as 1824 by Carnot. In 1865 Rudolf Clausius expanded his previous work from 1854 on the concept of "unkompensierte Verwandlungen" (uncompensated transformations), which, in our modern nomenclature, would be called the entropy production. In the same article in which he introduced the name entropy, Clausius gives the expression for the entropy production for a cyclical process in a closed system, which he denotes by N, in equation (71) which reads N = S − S 0 − ∫ d Q T .
CS register Registers and instruction CS_register > Details > Registers and instruction A 64 KB (one segment) stack growing towards lower addresses is supported in hardware; 16-bit words are pushed onto the stack, and the top of the stack is pointed to by SS:SP. There are 256 interrupts, which can be invoked by both hardware and software. The interrupts can cascade, using the stack to store the return addresses. The 8086 has 64 K of 8-bit (or alternatively 32 K of 16-bit word) I/O port space.
Educational programming language Smalltalk-based Educational_programming_language > Types of educational programming languages > Smalltalk-based That way, beginners can get quick results and be motivated to try further. The Scratch community has developed and uploaded over 3,000,000 projects.
Ernst equation The Ernst equation Ernst_equation > The Ernst equation The equation reads: For its Lax pair and other features see e.g. and references therein.
Grote–Hynes theory Summary Grote–Hynes_theory Because of inclusion of the frequency dependent friction instead of constant friction, the theory successfully predicts the rate constant including where the reaction barrier is large and of high frequency, where the diffusion over the barrier starts decoupling from viscosity of the medium. This was the weakness of Kramer's rate theory, which underestimated the reaction rate having large barrier with high frequency. == References ==
Curie point Particle size Curie_Temperature > Physics > Changing a material's Curie temperature > Particle size This indicates a lower coordination number at the surface of a material than the bulk which leads to the surface becoming less significant when the temperature is approaching the Curie temperature. In smaller systems the coordination number for the surface is more significant and the magnetic moments have a stronger effect on the system.Although fluctuations in particles can be minuscule, they are heavily dependent on the structure of crystal lattices as they react with their nearest neighbouring particles. Fluctuations are also affected by the exchange interaction as parallel facing magnetic moments are favoured and therefore have less disturbance and disorder, therefore a tighter structure influences a stronger magnetism and therefore a higher Curie temperature.
Blood poisoning Newborns Blood_poisoning > Management > Newborns Neonatal sepsis can be difficult to diagnose as newborns may be asymptomatic. If a newborn shows signs and symptoms suggestive of sepsis, antibiotics are immediately started and are either changed to target a specific organism identified by diagnostic testing or discontinued after an infectious cause for the symptoms has been ruled out. Despite early intervention, death occurs in 13% of children who develop septic shock, with the risk partly based on other health problems. For those without multiple organ system failures or who require only one inotropic agent, mortality is low.
Chinese Train Control System Summary Chinese_Train_Control_System The Chinese Train Control System (CTCS, Chinese: 中国列车控制系统) is a train control system used on railway lines in People's Republic of China. CTCS is similar to the European Train Control System (ETCS).It has two subsystems: ground subsystem and onboard subsystem. The ground subsystem may based on balise, track circuit, radio communication network (GSM-R), and Radio Block Center (RBC). The onboard subsystem includes onboard computer and communication module.
Unemployment rate Frictional unemployment Unemployment_rate > Definitions, types, and theories > Frictional unemployment Frictional unemployment is the time period between jobs in which a worker searches for or transitions from one job to another. It is sometimes called search unemployment and can be voluntary, based on the circumstances of the unemployed individual. Frictional unemployment exists because both jobs and workers are heterogeneous, and a mismatch can result between the characteristics of supply and demand. Such a mismatch can be related to skills, payment, work-time, location, seasonal industries, attitude, taste, and a multitude of other factors.
Erik Verlinde Summary Erik_Verlinde He said in an interview with the newspaper de Volkskrant, "On the smallest level Newton's laws don't apply, but they do for apples and planets. You can compare this to the pressure of a gas. Molecules themselves don't have any pressure, but a barrel of gas has." It appears that Verlinde's approach to explaining gravity leads naturally to the correct observed strength of dark energy.
Interior node Representations Tree_data_structure > Representations In relational databases, nodes are typically represented as table rows, with indexed row IDs facilitating pointers between parents and children. Nodes can also be stored as items in an array, with relationships between them determined by their positions in the array (as in a binary heap). A binary tree can be implemented as a list of lists: the head of a list (the value of the first term) is the left child (subtree), while the tail (the list of second and subsequent terms) is the right child (subtree). This can be modified to allow values as well, as in Lisp S-expressions, where the head (value of first term) is the value of the node, the head of the tail (value of second term) is the left child, and the tail of the tail (list of third and subsequent terms) is the right child. Ordered trees can be naturally encoded by finite sequences, for example with natural numbers.
Conversation Theory Conversation Conversation_Theory > Overview > Conversation Following Hugh Dubberly and Paul Pangaro, a conversation in the context of conversation theory involves an exchange between two participants whereby each participant is contextualised as a learning system whose internal states are changed through the course of the conversation. Conversation is distinguished from the mere exchange of information as seen in information theory, by the fact that utterances are interpreted within the context of a given perspective of such a learning system. Each participant's meanings and perceptions change during the course of a conversation, and each participant can agree to commit to act in certain ways during the conversation.
Object-oriented user interface Summary Object-oriented_user_interface The user may explicitly select an object, alter its properties (such as size or colour), or invoke other actions upon it (such as to move, copy, or re-align it). If a business application has any OOUI, the user may be selecting and/or invoking actions on objects representing entities in the business domain such as customers, products or orders. Jakob Nielsen defines the OOUI in contrast to function-oriented interfaces: "Object-oriented interfaces are sometimes described as turning the application inside-out as compared to function-oriented interfaces. The main focus of the interaction changes to become the users' data and other information objects that are typically represented graphically on the screen as icons or in windows. "Dave Collins defines an OOUI as demonstrating three characteristics: Users perceive and act on objects Users can classify objects based on how they behave In the context of what users are trying to do, all the user interface objects fit together into a coherent overall representation.Jef Raskin suggests that the most important characteristic of an OOUI is that it adopts a 'noun-verb', rather than a 'verb-noun' style of interaction, and that this has several advantages in terms of usability.
Quantum Vacuum Summary Zero-point_field According to present-day understanding of what is called the vacuum state or the quantum vacuum, it is "by no means a simple empty space". According to quantum mechanics, the vacuum state is not truly empty but instead contains fleeting electromagnetic waves and particles that pop into and out of the quantum field.The QED vacuum of quantum electrodynamics (or QED) was the first vacuum of quantum field theory to be developed. QED originated in the 1930s, and in the late 1940s and early 1950s it was reformulated by Feynman, Tomonaga, and Schwinger, who jointly received the Nobel prize for this work in 1965.
Dexamethasone Adverse effects Dexamethasone > Adverse effects The exact incidence of the adverse effects of dexamethasone is not available, hence estimates have been made as to the incidence of the adverse effects below based on the adverse effects of related corticosteroids and on available documentation on dexamethasone.
Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox Selected papers Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen_paradox > References > Selected papers doi:10.1103/physrev.47.777. ISSN 0031-899X. Fine, Arthur (1982-02-01).
Leaky bucket As a meter Leaky_bucket > As a meter However, uncommonly in the descriptions in the literature, McDysan and Spohn also refer to the leaky bucket algorithm as a queue, going on, "Note that one implementation of traffic shaping is to actually have the cells flow through the bucket". In describing the operation of the ITU-T's version of the algorithm, McDysan and Spohn invoke a "notion commonly employed in queueing theory of a fictional gremlin". This gremlin inspects the level in the bucket and takes action if the level is above the limit value τ: in traffic policing, it pulls open a trap door, which causes the arriving packet to be dropped and stops its water from entering the bucket; in traffic shaping, it pushes up a flap, which delays the arriving packet and prevents it from delivering its water, until the water level in the bucket falls below τ. The difference between the descriptions given by Turner and the ITU-T/ATM Forum is that Turner's is specific to traffic policing, whereas the ITU-T/ATM Forum description is applicable to both traffic policing and traffic shaping.
Shannon information Derivation Information_content > Derivation Accordingly, the amount of self-information contained in a message conveying content informing an occurrence of event, ω n {\displaystyle \omega _{n}} , depends only on the probability of that event. for some function f ( ⋅ ) {\displaystyle f(\cdot )} to be determined below. If P ⁡ ( ω n ) = 1 {\displaystyle \operatorname {P} (\omega _{n})=1} , then I ⁡ ( ω n ) = 0 {\displaystyle \operatorname {I} (\omega _{n})=0} .
Visual attention Neural correlates Visual_attention > Other descriptors for types of attention > Neural correlates Alerting is the process involved in becoming and staying attentive toward the surroundings. It appears to exist in the frontal and parietal lobes of the right hemisphere, and is modulated by norepinephrine. Orienting is the directing of attention to a specific stimulus.
Clean Ponds Summary Clean_Ponds The ponds have since stayed clean. Nowadays the only pond remaining is home to some ducks. In the winter it is used as a skating rink. == References ==
Water Cycle Overall process Water_Cycle > Description > Overall process The water cycle is powered from the energy emitted by the sun. This energy heats water in the ocean and seas. Water evaporates as water vapor into the air. Some ice and snow sublimates directly into water vapor.
Temporary satellite Summary Temporary_satellite A temporary satellite is an object which has been captured by the gravitational field of a planet and thus has become the planet's natural satellite, but, unlike irregular moons of the larger outer planets of the Solar System, will eventually either leave its orbit around the planet or collide with the planet. The only observed examples are 2006 RH120, a temporary satellite of Earth for twelve months from July 2006 to July 2007, and 2020 CD3, which was discovered in 2020. Some defunct space probes or rockets have also been observed on temporary satellite orbits.In astrophysics, a temporary satellite is any body that enters the Hill sphere of a planet at a sufficiently low velocity such that it becomes gravitationally bound to the planet for some period of time.
Renormalization Mainly: statistical physics Renormalization > Further reading > Mainly: statistical physics (Ed. ); Renormalization: From Lorentz to Landau (and Beyond), Springer-Verlag (New York-1993) ISBN 0-387-97933-6. Cardy, John; Scaling and Renormalization in Statistical Physics, Cambridge University Press (1996) ISBN 0-521-49959-3.
Multiple Sclerosis Associated symptoms Primary_progressive_multiple_sclerosis > Management > Associated symptoms Multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs increase activity and participation of people with MS but do not influence impairment level. Studies investigating information provision in support of patient understanding and participation suggest that while interventions (written information, decision aids, coaching, educational programmes) may increase knowledge, the evidence of an effect on decision making and quality of life is mixed and low certainty. There is limited evidence for the overall efficacy of individual therapeutic disciplines, though there is good evidence that specific approaches, such as exercise, and psychological therapies are effective.
Ribonuclease E Summary Ribonuclease_E Ribonuclease E is a bacterial ribonuclease that participates in the processing of ribosomal RNA (9S to 5S rRNA) and the chemical degradation of bulk cellular RNA.
Electromagnetic field Summary EM_field The field can be viewed as the combination of an electric field and a magnetic field. The electric field is produced by stationary charges, and the magnetic field by moving charges (electric currents); these two are often described as the sources of the field. The way in which charges and currents interact with the electromagnetic field is described by Maxwell's equations (which also describes how time-varying field can produce other fields, and explains why electromagnetic radiation doesn't need any medium for propagation) and the Lorentz force law.From a classical perspective in the history of electromagnetism, the electromagnetic field can be regarded as a smooth, continuous field, propagated in a wavelike manner. By contrast, from the perspective of quantum field theory, this field is seen as quantized; meaning that the free quantum field (i.e. non-interacting field) can be expressed as the Fourier sum of creation and annihilation operators in energy-momentum space while the effects of the interacting quantum field may be analyzed in perturbation theory via the S-matrix with the aid of a whole host of mathematical techniques such as the Dyson series, Wick's theorem, correlation functions, time-evolution operators, Feynman diagrams etc. The quantized field is still spatially continuous, but its energy states are discrete and integer multiples of h f {\displaystyle hf} - quanta of energy called photons, created by the quantum field's creation operators. In general, the frequency f {\displaystyle f} of the quantized field can be any value above zero, and therefore the value of the energy quantum (photon) can be any value above zero, or even vary continuously in time.
Acute kidney injury Classification Acute_kidney_injury > Diagnosis > Classification Acute kidney injury is diagnosed on the basis of clinical history and laboratory data. A diagnosis is made when there is a rapid reduction in kidney function, as measured by serum creatinine, or based on a rapid reduction in urine output, termed oliguria (less than 400 mLs of urine per 24 hours). AKI can be caused by systemic disease (such as a manifestation of an autoimmune disease, e.g. lupus nephritis), crush injury, contrast agents, some antibiotics, and more. AKI often occurs due to multiple processes.
Best fit line Extensions Multi-linear_regression > Extensions Numerous extensions of linear regression have been developed, which allow some or all of the assumptions underlying the basic model to be relaxed.
Digvijai Singh Selected bibliography Digvijai_Singh > Selected bibliography (1983). "Consideration of viscosity variation in determining the performance characteristics of circular bearings in the laminar and turbulent regimes". Wear.
Total Turing machine Relationship to partial Turing machines Decider_(Turing_machine) > Relationship to partial Turing machines Informally, if such a model existed then each of its computers could be simulated by a Turing machine. Thus if this new model of computation consisted of a sequence M 1 , M 2 , … {\displaystyle M_{1},M_{2},\ldots } of machines, there would be a recursively enumerable sequence T 1 , … T 2 , … {\displaystyle T_{1},\ldots T_{2},\ldots } of Turing machines that compute total functions and so that every total computable function is computable by one of the machines Ti. This is impossible, because a machine T could be constructed such that on input i the machine T returns T i ( i ) + 1 {\displaystyle T_{i}(i)+1\,} .
Special education Canada Special_education > National approaches > North America > Canada Education in Canada is the responsibility of the individual provinces and territories. As such, rules vary somewhat from place to place. However, inclusion is the dominant model. For major exams, Canadian schools commonly use accommodations, such as specially printed examinations for visually impaired students, when assessing the achievements of students with special needs. In other instances, disabled students may receive alternative assessments or modifications that simplify tests, or they may be exempted from the tests entirely.
Fluctuation Theorem Summary Fluctuation_Theorem > Summary There are many examples known where the distribution of time averaged dissipation is non-Gaussian and yet the FT (of course) still correctly describes the probability ratios. Lastly the theoretical constructs used to prove the FT can be applied to nonequilibrium transitions between two different equilibrium states.
Quantum ensemble Von Neumann entropy Quantum_statistical_mechanics > Von Neumann entropy Theorem. Entropy is a unitary invariant. In analogy with classical entropy (notice the similarity in the definitions), H(S) measures the amount of randomness in the state S. The more dispersed the eigenvalues are, the larger the system entropy.
Economics Empirical research Economics > Methodology > Empirical research Economic theories are frequently tested empirically, largely through the use of econometrics using economic data. The controlled experiments common to the physical sciences are difficult and uncommon in economics, and instead broad data is observationally studied; this type of testing is typically regarded as less rigorous than controlled experimentation, and the conclusions typically more tentative. However, the field of experimental economics is growing, and increasing use is being made of natural experiments. Statistical methods such as regression analysis are common.
Asymmetric graph Properties Asymmetric_graph > Properties The class of asymmetric graphs is closed under complements: a graph G is asymmetric if and only if its complement is. Any n-vertex asymmetric graph can be made symmetric by adding and removing a total of at most n/2 + o(n) edges.
Social affordance The evolution of social affordances Social_affordance > The evolution of social affordances The term affordance is first used in human-computer interaction in the 1980s by Norman with the term perceived affordance. Relevant publications were: Gaver's seminal articles on technology affordance in 1991, affordances of media spaces in 1992, affordances for interaction, and then Bradner's notion of social affordance, where social affordances are action possibilities for social behavior. Social affordance is at first used in Computer Supported Collaboration Learning experiments.

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.