id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
56f9ee81f34c681400b0befb | The direction of grain in a knot can differ by as much as how many degrees from the regular wood? | 90 | [
"Wood\n\nA knot is a particular type of imperfection in a piece of wood; it will affect the technical properties of the wood, usually reducing the local strength and increasing the tendency for splitting along the wood grain, but may be exploited for visual effect. In a longitudinally sawn plank, a knot will appear... |
56f9efa98f12f31900630003 | Other than the base of a side branch, what tree feature causes a knot? | a dormant bud | [
"Wood\n\nIn the tree a knot is either the base of a side branch or a dormant bud. A knot (when the base of a side branch) is conical in shape (hence the roughly circular cross-section) with the inner tip at the point in stem diameter at which the plant's vascular cambium was located when the branch formed as a bud.... |
56f9efa98f12f31900630004 | What shape is the knot formed by a side branch's base? | conical | [
"Wood\n\nIn the tree a knot is either the base of a side branch or a dormant bud. A knot (when the base of a side branch) is conical in shape (hence the roughly circular cross-section) with the inner tip at the point in stem diameter at which the plant's vascular cambium was located when the branch formed as a bud.... |
56f9efa98f12f31900630005 | What measurement of a stem determines a knot's inner tip placement? | diameter | [
"Wood\n\nIn the tree a knot is either the base of a side branch or a dormant bud. A knot (when the base of a side branch) is conical in shape (hence the roughly circular cross-section) with the inner tip at the point in stem diameter at which the plant's vascular cambium was located when the branch formed as a bud.... |
56f9efa98f12f31900630006 | Because a knot's shape is conical, what shape does a cross-section of it have? | circular | [
"Wood\n\nIn the tree a knot is either the base of a side branch or a dormant bud. A knot (when the base of a side branch) is conical in shape (hence the roughly circular cross-section) with the inner tip at the point in stem diameter at which the plant's vascular cambium was located when the branch formed as a bud.... |
56f9f187f34c681400b0bf01 | What will the lower limbs of a tree usually do during development? | die | [
"Wood\n\nDuring the development of a tree, the lower limbs often die, but may remain attached for a time, sometimes years. Subsequent layers of growth of the attaching stem are no longer intimately joined with the dead limb, but are grown around it. Hence, dead branches produce knots which are not attached, and lik... |
56f9f187f34c681400b0bf02 | For what length of time can a dead lower limb stay attached to a tree? | years | [
"Wood\n\nDuring the development of a tree, the lower limbs often die, but may remain attached for a time, sometimes years. Subsequent layers of growth of the attaching stem are no longer intimately joined with the dead limb, but are grown around it. Hence, dead branches produce knots which are not attached, and lik... |
56f9f187f34c681400b0bf03 | Rather than being joined to the limb that died, where do subsequent layers grow? | around it | [
"Wood\n\nDuring the development of a tree, the lower limbs often die, but may remain attached for a time, sometimes years. Subsequent layers of growth of the attaching stem are no longer intimately joined with the dead limb, but are grown around it. Hence, dead branches produce knots which are not attached, and lik... |
56f9f187f34c681400b0bf04 | Are the knots that dead tree limbs form attached or not attached? | not attached | [
"Wood\n\nDuring the development of a tree, the lower limbs often die, but may remain attached for a time, sometimes years. Subsequent layers of growth of the attaching stem are no longer intimately joined with the dead limb, but are grown around it. Hence, dead branches produce knots which are not attached, and lik... |
56f9f187f34c681400b0bf05 | A detached knot will probably drop out of the wood when someone saws it into what? | boards | [
"Wood\n\nDuring the development of a tree, the lower limbs often die, but may remain attached for a time, sometimes years. Subsequent layers of growth of the attaching stem are no longer intimately joined with the dead limb, but are grown around it. Hence, dead branches produce knots which are not attached, and lik... |
56f9f2568f12f3190063000b | What's the process in which knots are classified called? | grading | [
"Wood\n\nIn grading lumber and structural timber, knots are classified according to their form, size, soundness, and the firmness with which they are held in place. This firmness is affected by, among other factors, the length of time for which the branch was dead while the attaching stem continued to grow."
] |
56f9f2568f12f3190063000c | Along with firmness, soundness, and form, what property of a knot is classified? | size | [
"Wood\n\nIn grading lumber and structural timber, knots are classified according to their form, size, soundness, and the firmness with which they are held in place. This firmness is affected by, among other factors, the length of time for which the branch was dead while the attaching stem continued to grow."
] |
56f9f2568f12f3190063000d | What property of knots does the amount of time a branch stayed on a tree while the stem kept growing affect? | firmness | [
"Wood\n\nIn grading lumber and structural timber, knots are classified according to their form, size, soundness, and the firmness with which they are held in place. This firmness is affected by, among other factors, the length of time for which the branch was dead while the attaching stem continued to grow."
] |
56f9f63b8f12f31900630011 | What is wood's breaking strength susceptible to? | defects | [
"Wood\n\nKnots do not necessarily influence the stiffness of structural timber, this will depend on the size and location. Stiffness and elastic strength are more dependent upon the sound wood than upon localized defects. The breaking strength is very susceptible to defects. Sound knots do not weaken wood when subj... |
56f9f63b8f12f31900630012 | Depending on the placement and size of a knot, what property of structural timber can be affected? | stiffness | [
"Wood\n\nKnots do not necessarily influence the stiffness of structural timber, this will depend on the size and location. Stiffness and elastic strength are more dependent upon the sound wood than upon localized defects. The breaking strength is very susceptible to defects. Sound knots do not weaken wood when subj... |
56f9f63b8f12f31900630013 | What do stiffness and elastic strength depend on more than defects? | sound wood | [
"Wood\n\nKnots do not necessarily influence the stiffness of structural timber, this will depend on the size and location. Stiffness and elastic strength are more dependent upon the sound wood than upon localized defects. The breaking strength is very susceptible to defects. Sound knots do not weaken wood when subj... |
56f9f63b8f12f31900630014 | What direction of compression in relation to its grain won't weaken wood with sound knots in it? | parallel | [
"Wood\n\nKnots do not necessarily influence the stiffness of structural timber, this will depend on the size and location. Stiffness and elastic strength are more dependent upon the sound wood than upon localized defects. The breaking strength is very susceptible to defects. Sound knots do not weaken wood when subj... |
56f9f78c8f12f31900630019 | What positive visual component can knots sometimes add to decorative pieces? | interest | [
"Wood\n\nIn some decorative applications, wood with knots may be desirable to add visual interest. In applications where wood is painted, such as skirting boards, fascia boards, door frames and furniture, resins present in the timber may continue to 'bleed' through to the surface of a knot for months or even years ... |
56f9f78c8f12f3190063001a | What term is used to describe what knots can do to affect the finish of things made from wood even when they've been painted? | bleed | [
"Wood\n\nIn some decorative applications, wood with knots may be desirable to add visual interest. In applications where wood is painted, such as skirting boards, fascia boards, door frames and furniture, resins present in the timber may continue to 'bleed' through to the surface of a knot for months or even years ... |
56f9f78c8f12f3190063001b | Is bleed easy or difficult to control? | difficult | [
"Wood\n\nIn some decorative applications, wood with knots may be desirable to add visual interest. In applications where wood is painted, such as skirting boards, fascia boards, door frames and furniture, resins present in the timber may continue to 'bleed' through to the surface of a knot for months or even years ... |
56f9f78c8f12f3190063001c | The stain from a knot bleeding is usually brownish or what other color? | yellow | [
"Wood\n\nIn some decorative applications, wood with knots may be desirable to add visual interest. In applications where wood is painted, such as skirting boards, fascia boards, door frames and furniture, resins present in the timber may continue to 'bleed' through to the surface of a knot for months or even years ... |
56f9f78c8f12f3190063001d | In what stage of processing does knot primer need to be applied for maximum effectiveness? | preparation | [
"Wood\n\nIn some decorative applications, wood with knots may be desirable to add visual interest. In applications where wood is painted, such as skirting boards, fascia boards, door frames and furniture, resins present in the timber may continue to 'bleed' through to the surface of a knot for months or even years ... |
56f9f869f34c681400b0bf15 | What's another word for "duramen"? | Heartwood | [
"Wood\n\nHeartwood (or duramen) is wood that as a result of a naturally occurring chemical transformation has become more resistant to decay. Heartwood formation occurs spontaneously (it is a genetically programmed process). Once heartwood formation is complete, the heartwood is dead. Some uncertainty still exists ... |
56f9f869f34c681400b0bf16 | What is heartwood naturally resistant to? | decay | [
"Wood\n\nHeartwood (or duramen) is wood that as a result of a naturally occurring chemical transformation has become more resistant to decay. Heartwood formation occurs spontaneously (it is a genetically programmed process). Once heartwood formation is complete, the heartwood is dead. Some uncertainty still exists ... |
56f9f869f34c681400b0bf17 | How does heartwood formation occur due to its being genetically programmed? | spontaneously | [
"Wood\n\nHeartwood (or duramen) is wood that as a result of a naturally occurring chemical transformation has become more resistant to decay. Heartwood formation occurs spontaneously (it is a genetically programmed process). Once heartwood formation is complete, the heartwood is dead. Some uncertainty still exists ... |
56f9f869f34c681400b0bf18 | What adjective describes fully formed heartwood? | dead | [
"Wood\n\nHeartwood (or duramen) is wood that as a result of a naturally occurring chemical transformation has become more resistant to decay. Heartwood formation occurs spontaneously (it is a genetically programmed process). Once heartwood formation is complete, the heartwood is dead. Some uncertainty still exists ... |
56f9f869f34c681400b0bf19 | Despite being considered dead, what can heartwood have one chemical reaction to? | decay organisms | [
"Wood\n\nHeartwood (or duramen) is wood that as a result of a naturally occurring chemical transformation has become more resistant to decay. Heartwood formation occurs spontaneously (it is a genetically programmed process). Once heartwood formation is complete, the heartwood is dead. Some uncertainty still exists ... |
56f9f994f34c681400b0bf1f | In what part of a tree's cross-section is heartwood visible? | growth rings | [
"Wood\n\nHeartwood is often visually distinct from the living sapwood, and can be distinguished in a cross-section where the boundary will tend to follow the growth rings. For example, it is sometimes much darker. However, other processes such as decay or insect invasion can also discolor wood, even in woody plants... |
56f9f994f34c681400b0bf20 | What simple color distinction can heartwood have that makes it stand out from living wood in a tree? | darker | [
"Wood\n\nHeartwood is often visually distinct from the living sapwood, and can be distinguished in a cross-section where the boundary will tend to follow the growth rings. For example, it is sometimes much darker. However, other processes such as decay or insect invasion can also discolor wood, even in woody plants... |
56f9f994f34c681400b0bf21 | Along with insect infestation, what process can discolor wood and make it look like heartwood? | decay | [
"Wood\n\nHeartwood is often visually distinct from the living sapwood, and can be distinguished in a cross-section where the boundary will tend to follow the growth rings. For example, it is sometimes much darker. However, other processes such as decay or insect invasion can also discolor wood, even in woody plants... |
56f9f994f34c681400b0bf22 | What kind of plants never form heartwood? | woody | [
"Wood\n\nHeartwood is often visually distinct from the living sapwood, and can be distinguished in a cross-section where the boundary will tend to follow the growth rings. For example, it is sometimes much darker. However, other processes such as decay or insect invasion can also discolor wood, even in woody plants... |
56f9f994f34c681400b0bf23 | What is the living wood in a tree called? | sapwood | [
"Wood\n\nHeartwood is often visually distinct from the living sapwood, and can be distinguished in a cross-section where the boundary will tend to follow the growth rings. For example, it is sometimes much darker. However, other processes such as decay or insect invasion can also discolor wood, even in woody plants... |
56f9fb8df34c681400b0bf29 | What term is interchangeable with "sapwood"? | alburnum | [
"Wood\n\nSapwood (or alburnum) is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves. However, by the time they become competent to... |
56f9fb8df34c681400b0bf2a | Is sapwood the younger or older wood in a tree? | younger | [
"Wood\n\nSapwood (or alburnum) is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves. However, by the time they become competent to... |
56f9fb8df34c681400b0bf2b | What essential liquid is the sapwood tasked with carrying around a tree? | water | [
"Wood\n\nSapwood (or alburnum) is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves. However, by the time they become competent to... |
56f9fb8df34c681400b0bf2c | How much of the wood in a tree is sapwood at some point in its life? | All | [
"Wood\n\nSapwood (or alburnum) is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves. However, by the time they become competent to... |
56f9fb8df34c681400b0bf2d | Does a tree growing quickly out in the open have thinner or thicker sapwood for its size than the same kind of tree in a dense forest? | thicker | [
"Wood\n\nSapwood (or alburnum) is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves. However, by the time they become competent to... |
56f9fcfbf34c681400b0bf33 | If a tree starts forming heartwood right away, will its sapwood layer be thin or thick? | thin | [
"Wood\n\nThe term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree. This is evidenced by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed. Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life, so having only a thin layer of live sapwood, while in others th... |
56f9fcfbf34c681400b0bf34 | What property of heartwood that has nothing to do with how important it is to trees got it its name? | position | [
"Wood\n\nThe term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree. This is evidenced by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed. Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life, so having only a thin layer of live sapwood, while in others th... |
56f9fcfbf34c681400b0bf35 | Does a beech tree usually have thin or thick sapwood? | thick | [
"Wood\n\nThe term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree. This is evidenced by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed. Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life, so having only a thin layer of live sapwood, while in others th... |
56f9fcfbf34c681400b0bf36 | Does a sassafras tree typically have a thin or thick sapwood layer? | Thin | [
"Wood\n\nThe term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree. This is evidenced by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed. Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life, so having only a thin layer of live sapwood, while in others th... |
56f9fcfbf34c681400b0bf37 | Would a thin or a thick sapwood layer be found in a pine tree? | thick | [
"Wood\n\nThe term heartwood derives solely from its position and not from any vital importance to the tree. This is evidenced by the fact that a tree can thrive with its heart completely decayed. Some species begin to form heartwood very early in life, so having only a thin layer of live sapwood, while in others th... |
56f9fe9b8f12f31900630047 | What part of a tree is the cross-sectional area of the sapwood approximately proportional to? | crown | [
"Wood\n\nNo definite relation exists between the annual rings of growth and the amount of sapwood. Within the same species the cross-sectional area of the sapwood is very roughly proportional to the size of the crown of the tree. If the rings are narrow, more of them are required than where they are wide. As the tr... |
56f9fe9b8f12f31900630048 | Are more rings necessary if they're narrow or wide? | narrow | [
"Wood\n\nNo definite relation exists between the annual rings of growth and the amount of sapwood. Within the same species the cross-sectional area of the sapwood is very roughly proportional to the size of the crown of the tree. If the rings are narrow, more of them are required than where they are wide. As the tr... |
56f9fe9b8f12f31900630049 | As a tree grows bigger, if the sapwood layer doesn't increase in volume, what will it become? | thinner | [
"Wood\n\nNo definite relation exists between the annual rings of growth and the amount of sapwood. Within the same species the cross-sectional area of the sapwood is very roughly proportional to the size of the crown of the tree. If the rings are narrow, more of them are required than where they are wide. As the tr... |
56f9fe9b8f12f3190063004a | In what part of the tree trunk is the sapwood layer thinnest? | near the base | [
"Wood\n\nNo definite relation exists between the annual rings of growth and the amount of sapwood. Within the same species the cross-sectional area of the sapwood is very roughly proportional to the size of the crown of the tree. If the rings are narrow, more of them are required than where they are wide. As the tr... |
56f9fe9b8f12f3190063004b | Along with the smaller diameter of the upper trunk, what factor leads to thinner sapwood higher up a tree? | age | [
"Wood\n\nNo definite relation exists between the annual rings of growth and the amount of sapwood. Within the same species the cross-sectional area of the sapwood is very roughly proportional to the size of the crown of the tree. If the rings are narrow, more of them are required than where they are wide. As the tr... |
56fa00f28f12f31900630051 | What usually covers the whole trunk of a very young tree? | limbs | [
"Wood\n\nWhen a tree is very young it is covered with limbs almost, if not entirely, to the ground, but as it grows older some or all of them will eventually die and are either broken off or fall off. Subsequent growth of wood may completely conceal the stubs which will however remain as knots. No matter how smooth... |
56fa00f28f12f31900630052 | What evidence of the stubs of the limbs a tree loses can always be seen in the wood? | knots | [
"Wood\n\nWhen a tree is very young it is covered with limbs almost, if not entirely, to the ground, but as it grows older some or all of them will eventually die and are either broken off or fall off. Subsequent growth of wood may completely conceal the stubs which will however remain as knots. No matter how smooth... |
56fa00f28f12f31900630053 | In a very old tree, are you more likely to find a lot of knots in the heartwood or the sapwood? | heartwood | [
"Wood\n\nWhen a tree is very young it is covered with limbs almost, if not entirely, to the ground, but as it grows older some or all of them will eventually die and are either broken off or fall off. Subsequent growth of wood may completely conceal the stubs which will however remain as knots. No matter how smooth... |
56fa00f28f12f31900630054 | What hides the stubs of a tree's lost limbs from being visible later in its life? | Subsequent growth | [
"Wood\n\nWhen a tree is very young it is covered with limbs almost, if not entirely, to the ground, but as it grows older some or all of them will eventually die and are either broken off or fall off. Subsequent growth of wood may completely conceal the stubs which will however remain as knots. No matter how smooth... |
56fa00f28f12f31900630055 | Since knots are defects that weaken lumber, would the heartwood or the sapwood from the same tree be stronger? | sapwood | [
"Wood\n\nWhen a tree is very young it is covered with limbs almost, if not entirely, to the ground, but as it grows older some or all of them will eventually die and are either broken off or fall off. Subsequent growth of wood may completely conceal the stubs which will however remain as knots. No matter how smooth... |
56fa02638f12f3190063006d | What do broken limbs and deep wounds open a door for in a tree? | decay | [
"Wood\n\nIt is remarkable that the inner heartwood of old trees remains as sound as it usually does, since in many cases it is hundreds, and in a few instances thousands, of years old. Every broken limb or root, or deep wound from fire, insects, or falling timber, may afford an entrance for decay, which, once start... |
56fa02638f12f3190063006e | Decay can spread to all of what part of a tree? | the trunk | [
"Wood\n\nIt is remarkable that the inner heartwood of old trees remains as sound as it usually does, since in many cases it is hundreds, and in a few instances thousands, of years old. Every broken limb or root, or deep wound from fire, insects, or falling timber, may afford an entrance for decay, which, once start... |
56fa02638f12f3190063006f | What growth stage of insects bore holes into trees? | larvae | [
"Wood\n\nIt is remarkable that the inner heartwood of old trees remains as sound as it usually does, since in many cases it is hundreds, and in a few instances thousands, of years old. Every broken limb or root, or deep wound from fire, insects, or falling timber, may afford an entrance for decay, which, once start... |
56fa02638f12f31900630070 | What part of a tree often stays impressively sound even when hundreds or thousands of years old? | inner heartwood | [
"Wood\n\nIt is remarkable that the inner heartwood of old trees remains as sound as it usually does, since in many cases it is hundreds, and in a few instances thousands, of years old. Every broken limb or root, or deep wound from fire, insects, or falling timber, may afford an entrance for decay, which, once start... |
56fa02638f12f31900630071 | What evidence do some insect larvae leave in a tree forever? | tunnels | [
"Wood\n\nIt is remarkable that the inner heartwood of old trees remains as sound as it usually does, since in many cases it is hundreds, and in a few instances thousands, of years old. Every broken limb or root, or deep wound from fire, insects, or falling timber, may afford an entrance for decay, which, once start... |
56fa04db8f12f31900630095 | In what stage of its life does a tree usually grow the fastest? | youth | [
"Wood\n\nIf a tree grows all its life in the open and the conditions of soil and site remain unchanged, it will make its most rapid growth in youth, and gradually decline. The annual rings of growth are for many years quite wide, but later they become narrower and narrower. Since each succeeding ring is laid down o... |
56fa04db8f12f31900630096 | As a tree ages, do its growth rings usually get wider or narrower? | narrower | [
"Wood\n\nIf a tree grows all its life in the open and the conditions of soil and site remain unchanged, it will make its most rapid growth in youth, and gradually decline. The annual rings of growth are for many years quite wide, but later they become narrower and narrower. Since each succeeding ring is laid down o... |
56fa04db8f12f31900630097 | What part of a tree opens and spreads out more as it matures? | crown | [
"Wood\n\nIf a tree grows all its life in the open and the conditions of soil and site remain unchanged, it will make its most rapid growth in youth, and gradually decline. The annual rings of growth are for many years quite wide, but later they become narrower and narrower. Since each succeeding ring is laid down o... |
56fa04db8f12f31900630098 | Is wood production of a tree lessened or increased as it ages? | lessened | [
"Wood\n\nIf a tree grows all its life in the open and the conditions of soil and site remain unchanged, it will make its most rapid growth in youth, and gradually decline. The annual rings of growth are for many years quite wide, but later they become narrower and narrower. Since each succeeding ring is laid down o... |
56fa04db8f12f31900630099 | Along with nutrients, what do trees growing in forests have to compete for? | light | [
"Wood\n\nIf a tree grows all its life in the open and the conditions of soil and site remain unchanged, it will make its most rapid growth in youth, and gradually decline. The annual rings of growth are for many years quite wide, but later they become narrower and narrower. Since each succeeding ring is laid down o... |
56fa0745f34c681400b0bf5d | When a big tree is cut up, will the pieces of wood differ or all be the same? | differ | [
"Wood\n\nDifferent pieces of wood cut from a large tree may differ decidedly, particularly if the tree is big and mature. In some trees, the wood laid on late in the life of a tree is softer, lighter, weaker, and more even-textured than that produced earlier, but in other trees, the reverse applies. This may or may... |
56fa0745f34c681400b0bf5e | In a large log, will the heartwood or sapwood usually be stronger and tougher? | heartwood | [
"Wood\n\nDifferent pieces of wood cut from a large tree may differ decidedly, particularly if the tree is big and mature. In some trees, the wood laid on late in the life of a tree is softer, lighter, weaker, and more even-textured than that produced earlier, but in other trees, the reverse applies. This may or may... |
56fa0745f34c681400b0bf5f | If you need really hard, strong wood from a small tree, would it likely be better to use the heartwood or sapwood? | sapwood | [
"Wood\n\nDifferent pieces of wood cut from a large tree may differ decidedly, particularly if the tree is big and mature. In some trees, the wood laid on late in the life of a tree is softer, lighter, weaker, and more even-textured than that produced earlier, but in other trees, the reverse applies. This may or may... |
56fa0745f34c681400b0bf60 | Besides big trees, what trees are more likely to have a range of different kinds of wood? | mature | [
"Wood\n\nDifferent pieces of wood cut from a large tree may differ decidedly, particularly if the tree is big and mature. In some trees, the wood laid on late in the life of a tree is softer, lighter, weaker, and more even-textured than that produced earlier, but in other trees, the reverse applies. This may or may... |
56fa09098f12f3190063009f | When trees have a visible difference in color between sapwood and heartwood, which is darker? | heartwood | [
"Wood\n\nIn species which show a distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood the natural color of heartwood is usually darker than that of the sapwood, and very frequently the contrast is conspicuous (see section of yew log above). This is produced by deposits in the heartwood of chemical substances, so that ... |
56fa09098f12f319006300a0 | What is deposited naturally in heartwood that changes its color? | chemical substances | [
"Wood\n\nIn species which show a distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood the natural color of heartwood is usually darker than that of the sapwood, and very frequently the contrast is conspicuous (see section of yew log above). This is produced by deposits in the heartwood of chemical substances, so that ... |
56fa09098f12f319006300a1 | Is the color difference between heartwood and sapwood usually very subtle or conspicuous? | conspicuous | [
"Wood\n\nIn species which show a distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood the natural color of heartwood is usually darker than that of the sapwood, and very frequently the contrast is conspicuous (see section of yew log above). This is produced by deposits in the heartwood of chemical substances, so that ... |
56fa09098f12f319006300a2 | What type of properties of heartwood and sapwood is often the same even if their colors are very different? | mechanical | [
"Wood\n\nIn species which show a distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood the natural color of heartwood is usually darker than that of the sapwood, and very frequently the contrast is conspicuous (see section of yew log above). This is produced by deposits in the heartwood of chemical substances, so that ... |
56fa09098f12f319006300a3 | Although heartwood and sapwood might be similar mechanically, if their colors are very different, what other type of difference would they have? | chemical | [
"Wood\n\nIn species which show a distinct difference between heartwood and sapwood the natural color of heartwood is usually darker than that of the sapwood, and very frequently the contrast is conspicuous (see section of yew log above). This is produced by deposits in the heartwood of chemical substances, so that ... |
56fa0bfa8f12f319006300b3 | What type of tree has resin that makes it stronger when it dries? | Longleaf Pine | [
"Wood\n\nSome experiments on very resinous Longleaf Pine specimens indicate an increase in strength, due to the resin which increases the strength when dry. Such resin-saturated heartwood is called \"fat lighter\". Structures built of fat lighter are almost impervious to rot and termites; however they are very flam... |
56fa0bfa8f12f319006300b4 | What's the funny name for resin-saturated heartwood? | fat lighter | [
"Wood\n\nSome experiments on very resinous Longleaf Pine specimens indicate an increase in strength, due to the resin which increases the strength when dry. Such resin-saturated heartwood is called \"fat lighter\". Structures built of fat lighter are almost impervious to rot and termites; however they are very flam... |
56fa0bfa8f12f319006300b5 | What is fat lighter practically impervious to in addition to termites? | rot | [
"Wood\n\nSome experiments on very resinous Longleaf Pine specimens indicate an increase in strength, due to the resin which increases the strength when dry. Such resin-saturated heartwood is called \"fat lighter\". Structures built of fat lighter are almost impervious to rot and termites; however they are very flam... |
56fa0bfa8f12f319006300b6 | If spruce is shot full of crude resin and dried, which of its properties is increased? | strength | [
"Wood\n\nSome experiments on very resinous Longleaf Pine specimens indicate an increase in strength, due to the resin which increases the strength when dry. Such resin-saturated heartwood is called \"fat lighter\". Structures built of fat lighter are almost impervious to rot and termites; however they are very flam... |
56fa0bfa8f12f319006300b7 | Since it's highly flammable, what do people often use little pieces of longleaf pine tree stumps for? | kindling | [
"Wood\n\nSome experiments on very resinous Longleaf Pine specimens indicate an increase in strength, due to the resin which increases the strength when dry. Such resin-saturated heartwood is called \"fat lighter\". Structures built of fat lighter are almost impervious to rot and termites; however they are very flam... |
56fa0e0df34c681400b0bf8d | Which of the wood in a growth ring is usually darker? | latewood | [
"Wood\n\nSince the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently ... |
56fa0e0df34c681400b0bf8e | Which property of a tree's wood that gives clues about its strength and hardness can be judged by it's color? | density | [
"Wood\n\nSince the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently ... |
56fa0e0df34c681400b0bf8f | What category of trees show this difference greatly? | coniferous | [
"Wood\n\nSince the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently ... |
56fa0e0df34c681400b0bf90 | What type of woods might sometimes appear to have darker earlywood on a finished surface? | ring-porous | [
"Wood\n\nSince the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently ... |
56fa0e0df34c681400b0bf91 | With the exception of earlywood/latewood difference in some types of trees, how much of an indication of strength is a wood's color? | no indication | [
"Wood\n\nSince the latewood of a growth ring is usually darker in color than the earlywood, this fact may be used in judging the density, and therefore the hardness and strength of the material. This is particularly the case with coniferous woods. In ring-porous woods the vessels of the early wood not infrequently ... |
56fa104bf34c681400b0bf97 | What condition does an abnormal color usually indicate in wood? | diseased | [
"Wood\n\nAbnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indi... |
56fa104bf34c681400b0bf98 | What other property can you assume of wood that is diseased? | unsoundness | [
"Wood\n\nAbnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indi... |
56fa104bf34c681400b0bf99 | What causes the black checked pattern in the wood of western hemlocks? | insect attacks | [
"Wood\n\nAbnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indi... |
56fa104bf34c681400b0bf9a | What animals cause the reddish-brown streaks of color in hickory wood? | birds | [
"Wood\n\nAbnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indi... |
56fa104bf34c681400b0bf9b | What's the name for the pretty coloring effect caused in some wood by rot-producing fungi? | spalting | [
"Wood\n\nAbnormal discoloration of wood often denotes a diseased condition, indicating unsoundness. The black check in western hemlock is the result of insect attacks. The reddish-brown streaks so common in hickory and certain other woods are mostly the result of injury by birds. The discoloration is merely an indi... |
56fa115c8f12f319006300bd | What does wood retain in its cell walls despite being air-dried? | water | [
"Wood\n\nIn heartwood it occurs only in the first and last forms. Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8–16% of the water in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms. Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered ab... |
56fa115c8f12f319006300be | Air-dried wood keeps up to what percentage of the water in its cell walls? | 16 | [
"Wood\n\nIn heartwood it occurs only in the first and last forms. Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8–16% of the water in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms. Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered ab... |
56fa115c8f12f319006300bf | What kind of dried wood retains a small quantity of water but is considered absolutely dry? | oven-dried | [
"Wood\n\nIn heartwood it occurs only in the first and last forms. Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8–16% of the water in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms. Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered ab... |
56fa142af34c681400b0bfa1 | Often the water in wood makes it more pliable and what else? | softer | [
"Wood\n\nThe general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect."
] |
56fa142af34c681400b0bfa2 | What material sometimes used for dog chews reacts similarly to wood because of its water content? | rawhide | [
"Wood\n\nThe general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect."
] |
56fa142af34c681400b0bfa3 | What material we use to write or print on, like wood, becomes softer and more pliable when wet? | paper | [
"Wood\n\nThe general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect."
] |
56fa142af34c681400b0bfa4 | When water content increases within certain limits in wood, does is have a less or greater softening effect? | greater | [
"Wood\n\nThe general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect."
] |
56fa142af34c681400b0bfa5 | What type of action does water create in cloth? | softening | [
"Wood\n\nThe general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to render it softer and more pliable. A similar effect of common observation is in the softening action of water on rawhide, paper, or cloth. Within certain limits, the greater the water content, the greater its softening effect."
] |
56fa160f8f12f319006300c3 | What will drying often increase in wood? | strength | [
"Wood\n\nDrying produces a decided increase in the strength of wood, particularly in small specimens. An extreme example is the case of a completely dry spruce block 5 cm in section, which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green (undried) block of the same size will."
] |
56fa160f8f12f319006300c4 | What color is also used interchangeably with "undried" for wood? | green | [
"Wood\n\nDrying produces a decided increase in the strength of wood, particularly in small specimens. An extreme example is the case of a completely dry spruce block 5 cm in section, which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green (undried) block of the same size will."
] |
56fa160f8f12f319006300c5 | What type of wood can hold four times as much of a load when dried? | spruce | [
"Wood\n\nDrying produces a decided increase in the strength of wood, particularly in small specimens. An extreme example is the case of a completely dry spruce block 5 cm in section, which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green (undried) block of the same size will."
] |
56fa184cf34c681400b0bfab | What type of "ultimate" strength is one of the two types increased the most by drying wood? | crushing | [
"Wood\n\nThe greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected."
] |
56fa184cf34c681400b0bfac | What property of wood is least affected by drying? | elasticity | [
"Wood\n\nThe greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected."
] |
56fa184cf34c681400b0bfad | Is strength at elastic limit in endwise compression or stress at elastic limit in cross-bending increased more by drying wood? | strength at elastic limit in endwise compression | [
"Wood\n\nThe greatest strength increase due to drying is in the ultimate crushing strength, and strength at elastic limit in endwise compression; these are followed by the modulus of rupture, and stress at elastic limit in cross-bending, while the modulus of elasticity is least affected."
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.