id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56fb9117b28b3419009f1e38 | What was the Malleus Maleficarum? | handbook for witch-hunters | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief... |
56fb91df8ddada1400cd64f7 | What school of thought was Duns Scotus opposed to? | scholasticism | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of \"universals\". Ockham's insistence tha... |
56fb91df8ddada1400cd64f8 | Before Roman law, what were areas of jurisprudence traditionally decided by? | customary law | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of \"universals\". Ockham's insistence tha... |
56fb91df8ddada1400cd64f9 | What country did not see the increasing influence of Roman law? | England | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of \"universals\". Ockham's insistence tha... |
56fb91df8ddada1400cd64fa | Along with Castile and Poland, what country developed a law code in the Later Middle Ages? | Lithuania | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of \"universals\". Ockham's insistence tha... |
56fb91df8ddada1400cd64fb | What Platonic idea lost influence as a result of the work of Ockham and Duns Scotus? | universals | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of \"universals\". Ockham's insistence tha... |
56fb92688ddada1400cd6501 | What was the main purpose of education in this period? | training of future clergy | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nEducation remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium—grammar, rhetoric, logic—were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by ci... |
56fb92688ddada1400cd6502 | Along with rhetoric and logic, what constituted the trivium? | grammar | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nEducation remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium—grammar, rhetoric, logic—were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by ci... |
56fb92688ddada1400cd6503 | About what percentage of European men were literate in 1500? | ten | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nEducation remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium—grammar, rhetoric, logic—were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by ci... |
56fb92688ddada1400cd6504 | In 1500, approximately what percent of European women could read? | one | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nEducation remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium—grammar, rhetoric, logic—were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by ci... |
56fb92688ddada1400cd6505 | Along with their family, who typically taught a child letters and numbers? | a village priest | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nEducation remained mostly focused on the training of future clergy. The basic learning of the letters and numbers remained the province of the family or a village priest, but the secondary subjects of the trivium—grammar, rhetoric, logic—were studied in cathedral schools or in schools provided by ci... |
56fb92c78ddada1400cd650b | Along with Dante and Boccaccio, who was a notable Italian author of the 14th century? | Petrarch | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe publication of vernacular literature increased, with Dante (d. 1321), Petrarch (d. 1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (d. 1375) in 14th-century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) and William Langland (d. c. 1386) in England, and François Villon (d. 1464) and Christine de Pizan (d. c. 1430) in France. M... |
56fb92c78ddada1400cd650c | When did Chaucer die? | 1400 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe publication of vernacular literature increased, with Dante (d. 1321), Petrarch (d. 1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (d. 1375) in 14th-century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) and William Langland (d. c. 1386) in England, and François Villon (d. 1464) and Christine de Pizan (d. c. 1430) in France. M... |
56fb92c78ddada1400cd650d | Who was a notable female French author of this period? | Christine de Pizan | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe publication of vernacular literature increased, with Dante (d. 1321), Petrarch (d. 1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (d. 1375) in 14th-century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) and William Langland (d. c. 1386) in England, and François Villon (d. 1464) and Christine de Pizan (d. c. 1430) in France. M... |
56fb92c78ddada1400cd650e | In what language was most religious literature of this period written? | Latin | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe publication of vernacular literature increased, with Dante (d. 1321), Petrarch (d. 1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (d. 1375) in 14th-century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) and William Langland (d. c. 1386) in England, and François Villon (d. 1464) and Christine de Pizan (d. c. 1430) in France. M... |
56fb92c78ddada1400cd650f | Along with Johannes Tauler, who was a prominent German mystic of this period? | Meister Eckhart | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe publication of vernacular literature increased, with Dante (d. 1321), Petrarch (d. 1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (d. 1375) in 14th-century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) and William Langland (d. c. 1386) in England, and François Villon (d. 1464) and Christine de Pizan (d. c. 1430) in France. M... |
56fb9339b28b3419009f1e3e | Explorers in the employ of what nation discovered the Azores? | Portugal | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nIn the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, explo... |
56fb9339b28b3419009f1e3f | What leader sponsored the expedition that discovered Cape Verde? | Prince Henry the Navigator | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nIn the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, explo... |
56fb9339b28b3419009f1e40 | What Portuguese explorer visited India in 1498? | Vasco da Gama | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nIn the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, explo... |
56fb9339b28b3419009f1e41 | What did Christopher Columbus discover in 1492? | the Americas | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nIn the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, explo... |
56fb9339b28b3419009f1e42 | What English monarch financed John Cabot? | Henry VII | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nIn the early 15th century, the countries of the Iberian peninsula began to sponsor exploration beyond the boundaries of Europe. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (d. 1460) sent expeditions that discovered the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Cape Verde during his lifetime. After his death, explo... |
56fb93b3b28b3419009f1e48 | Along with light cavalry, what military arm was used with increasing frequency in the Late Middle Ages? | infantry | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nOne of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success. Armour continued to advance, spurred by the incr... |
56fb93b3b28b3419009f1e49 | What troops were uniquely successful in English service? | longbowmen | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nOne of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success. Armour continued to advance, spurred by the incr... |
56fb93b3b28b3419009f1e4a | What influenced the increasing development of armor? | the increasing power of crossbows | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nOne of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success. Armour continued to advance, spurred by the incr... |
56fb93b3b28b3419009f1e4b | What weapons were notably employed by the Swiss infantry? | pikes | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nOne of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success. Armour continued to advance, spurred by the incr... |
56fb93b3b28b3419009f1e4c | Along with crossbows, what was plate armor designed to defend against? | hand-held guns | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nOne of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success. Armour continued to advance, spurred by the incr... |
56fb942cb28b3419009f1e52 | What was replaced by the spinning wheel? | the traditional distaff | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nIn agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of ... |
56fb942cb28b3419009f1e53 | What invention replaced laces on clothing? | buttons | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nIn agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of ... |
56fb942cb28b3419009f1e54 | What new type of windmill was invented in this period? | the tower mill | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nIn agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of ... |
56fb942cb28b3419009f1e55 | In what country did the blast furnace first appear? | Sweden | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nIn agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of ... |
56fb942cb28b3419009f1e56 | Where did patent law originate? | Venice | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nIn agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of ... |
56fb94f4b28b3419009f1e5c | Around what year did the International Gothic style flourish? | 1400 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy. Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a cour... |
56fb94f4b28b3419009f1e5d | What is a notable masterpiece of the International Gothic style? | the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy. Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a cour... |
56fb94f4b28b3419009f1e5e | Along with the Trecento, what period occurred in Italy during the Late Middle Ages? | Early Renaissance | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy. Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a cour... |
56fb94f4b28b3419009f1e5f | Who produced most of the Hispano-Moresque pottery? | Mudéjar potters | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy. Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a cour... |
56fb94f4b28b3419009f1e60 | What is a notable piece of surviving Late Middle Age royal plate? | the Royal Gold Cup | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Late Middle Ages in Europe as a whole correspond to the Trecento and Early Renaissance cultural periods in Italy. Northern Europe and Spain continued to use Gothic styles, which became increasingly elaborate in the 15th century, until almost the end of the period. International Gothic was a cour... |
56fb955db28b3419009f1e66 | Who carved the Pulpit in Sant'Andrea? | Giovanni Pisano | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpi... |
56fb955db28b3419009f1e67 | Along with being carved, how were altarpieces often decorated in this period? | Painted | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpi... |
56fb955db28b3419009f1e68 | When did Rogier van der Weyden die? | 1464 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpi... |
56fb955db28b3419009f1e69 | Of what nationality was Jan van Eyck? | Netherlandish | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpi... |
56fb955db28b3419009f1e6a | What does incunabula refer to? | works printed before 1500 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpi... |
56fb95f0b28b3419009f1e70 | Along with the Renaissance, during what period were the Middle Ages disparaged? | Enlightenment | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe medieval period is frequently caricatured as a \"time of ignorance and superstition\" that placed \"the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity.\" This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultur... |
56fb95f0b28b3419009f1e71 | What era did Renaissance scholars negatively compare the Middle Ages to? | the Classical world | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe medieval period is frequently caricatured as a \"time of ignorance and superstition\" that placed \"the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity.\" This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultur... |
56fb95f0b28b3419009f1e72 | How did scholars of the Enlightenment see the Middle Ages? | as a time of ignorance and superstition | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe medieval period is frequently caricatured as a \"time of ignorance and superstition\" that placed \"the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity.\" This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultur... |
56fb95f0b28b3419009f1e73 | What did Enlightenment scholars consider to be inferior to reason? | faith | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe medieval period is frequently caricatured as a \"time of ignorance and superstition\" that placed \"the word of religious authorities over personal experience and rational activity.\" This is a legacy from both the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when scholars contrasted their intellectual cultur... |
56fb966eb28b3419009f1e78 | What is Edward Grant a historian of? | Science | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nOthers argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages. Science historian Edward Grant writes, \"If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed [in the 18th century], they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason ... |
56fb966eb28b3419009f1e79 | Who argued that scholars in the Middle Ages were rarely coerced by the Church? | David Lindberg | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nOthers argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages. Science historian Edward Grant writes, \"If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed [in the 18th century], they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason ... |
56fb966eb28b3419009f1e7a | According to Grant, the medieval use of reason was the forerunner the revolutionary rationalism of what century? | 18th | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nOthers argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages. Science historian Edward Grant writes, \"If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed [in the 18th century], they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason ... |
56fb971fb28b3419009f1e7e | During what century was it first proposed that people in the Middle Ages thought the Earth was flat? | 19th | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions. One misconception, first propagated in the 19th century and still very common, is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat. This is untrue, as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argu... |
56fb971fb28b3419009f1e7f | Along with autopsies, what is it erroneously believed that the medieval Church forbade? | dissections | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions. One misconception, first propagated in the 19th century and still very common, is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat. This is untrue, as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argu... |
56fb971fb28b3419009f1e80 | According to a misconception, what did the rise of Christianity destroy? | ancient science | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions. One misconception, first propagated in the 19th century and still very common, is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat. This is untrue, as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argu... |
56fb971fb28b3419009f1e81 | According to another misconception, what field of study was the medieval Church opposed to? | natural philosophy | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions. One misconception, first propagated in the 19th century and still very common, is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat. This is untrue, as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argu... |
56fb971fb28b3419009f1e82 | Along with Lindberg, who is a notable scholar of the Middle Ages? | Ronald Numbers | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe caricature of the period is also reflected in some more specific notions. One misconception, first propagated in the 19th century and still very common, is that all people in the Middle Ages believed that the Earth was flat. This is untrue, as lecturers in the medieval universities commonly argu... |
56fc2c4e00a8df19004037be | What is phonology a branch of? | linguistics | [
"Phonology\n\nPhonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages (and therefore used to be also called phonemics, or phonematics), but it may also cover any lingu... |
56fc2c4e00a8df19004037bf | What kind of systems are the traditional focus of phonology? | phonemes | [
"Phonology\n\nPhonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages (and therefore used to be also called phonemics, or phonematics), but it may also cover any lingu... |
56fc2c4e00a8df19004037c0 | The study of sign language is a part of what? | Phonology | [
"Phonology\n\nPhonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused largely on the study of the systems of phonemes in particular languages (and therefore used to be also called phonemics, or phonematics), but it may also cover any lingu... |
56fc2e0800a8df19004037c4 | What part of a language can phonology as a word also refer to? | the phonological system | [
"Phonology\n\nThe word phonology (as in the phonology of English) can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given language. This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to comprise, like its syntax and its vocabulary."
] |
56fc2e0800a8df19004037c5 | What is another term for phonological system? | sound system | [
"Phonology\n\nThe word phonology (as in the phonology of English) can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given language. This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to comprise, like its syntax and its vocabulary."
] |
56fc2e0800a8df19004037c6 | Aside from syntax and the phonological system, what else comprises a language? | vocabulary | [
"Phonology\n\nThe word phonology (as in the phonology of English) can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given language. This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to comprise, like its syntax and its vocabulary."
] |
56fc2e0800a8df19004037c7 | What sort of language system is phonology? | fundamental | [
"Phonology\n\nThe word phonology (as in the phonology of English) can also refer to the phonological system (sound system) of a given language. This is one of the fundamental systems which a language is considered to comprise, like its syntax and its vocabulary."
] |
56fc2f352603e71400409ff3 | What branch of linguistics is phonology distinguished from? | phonetics | [
"Phonology\n\nPhonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belo... |
56fc2f352603e71400409ff4 | What kind of linguistics is phonetics considered to be a part of? | descriptive | [
"Phonology\n\nPhonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belo... |
56fc2f352603e71400409ff5 | Phonology is generally considered a part of the theoretical side of what discipline? | linguistics | [
"Phonology\n\nPhonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belo... |
56fc2f352603e71400409ff6 | When was the phonome's modern concept developed? | mid 20th century | [
"Phonology\n\nPhonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belo... |
56fc2f352603e71400409ff7 | What subfield of modern phonology other than phsycholinguistics crosses over with phonetics? | speech perception | [
"Phonology\n\nPhonology is often distinguished from phonetics. While phonetics concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and perception of the sounds of speech, phonology describes the way sounds function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belo... |
56fc2fec2603e71400409ffd | What language does phonology as a word come from? | Greek | [
"Phonology\n\nThe word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, \"voice, sound,\" and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, \"word, speech, subject of discussion\"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as \"the study of sound pertain... |
56fc2fec2603e71400409ffe | What Greek word is -logy derived from? | lógos | [
"Phonology\n\nThe word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, \"voice, sound,\" and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, \"word, speech, subject of discussion\"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as \"the study of sound pertain... |
56fc2fec2603e71400409fff | Who in 1939 defined phonology? | Nikolai Trubetzkoy | [
"Phonology\n\nThe word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, \"voice, sound,\" and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, \"word, speech, subject of discussion\"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as \"the study of sound pertain... |
56fc2fec2603e7140040a000 | A distinction was drawn between language and what? | speech | [
"Phonology\n\nThe word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, \"voice, sound,\" and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, \"word, speech, subject of discussion\"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as \"the study of sound pertain... |
56fc2fec2603e7140040a001 | When did Lass write about phonology? | 1998 | [
"Phonology\n\nThe word phonology comes from the Greek φωνή, phōnḗ, \"voice, sound,\" and the suffix -logy (which is from Greek λόγος, lógos, \"word, speech, subject of discussion\"). Definitions of the term vary. Nikolai Trubetzkoy in Grundzüge der Phonologie (1939) defines phonology as \"the study of sound pertain... |
56fc30d800a8df19004037e0 | What type of grammar was phonology first a part of? | Sanskrit | [
"Phonology\n\nThe history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi, the Sanskrit grammar composed by Pāṇini in the 4th century BC. In particular the Shiva Sutras, an auxiliary text to the Ashtadhyayi, introduces what can be considered a list of the phonemes of the Sanskrit language, with a notational syst... |
56fc30d800a8df19004037e1 | What is the name of ancient Sanskrit grammar? | Ashtadhyayi | [
"Phonology\n\nThe history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi, the Sanskrit grammar composed by Pāṇini in the 4th century BC. In particular the Shiva Sutras, an auxiliary text to the Ashtadhyayi, introduces what can be considered a list of the phonemes of the Sanskrit language, with a notational syst... |
56fc30d800a8df19004037e2 | Who first composed the Ashtadhyayi? | Pāṇini | [
"Phonology\n\nThe history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi, the Sanskrit grammar composed by Pāṇini in the 4th century BC. In particular the Shiva Sutras, an auxiliary text to the Ashtadhyayi, introduces what can be considered a list of the phonemes of the Sanskrit language, with a notational syst... |
56fc30d800a8df19004037e3 | During what time period did Panini do his work? | 4th century BC | [
"Phonology\n\nThe history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi, the Sanskrit grammar composed by Pāṇini in the 4th century BC. In particular the Shiva Sutras, an auxiliary text to the Ashtadhyayi, introduces what can be considered a list of the phonemes of the Sanskrit language, with a notational syst... |
56fc30d800a8df19004037e4 | What other text was related to the Ashtadhyayi? | the Shiva Sutras | [
"Phonology\n\nThe history of phonology may be traced back to the Ashtadhyayi, the Sanskrit grammar composed by Pāṇini in the 4th century BC. In particular the Shiva Sutras, an auxiliary text to the Ashtadhyayi, introduces what can be considered a list of the phonemes of the Sanskrit language, with a notational syst... |
56fc316300a8df19004037ea | When was the phoneme as a concept introduced? | 1876 | [
"Phonology\n\nThe Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He also worked on the theory of phonetic alternations... |
56fc316300a8df19004037eb | Who was Jan Baudouin de Courtenay's student? | Mikołaj Kruszewski | [
"Phonology\n\nThe Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He also worked on the theory of phonetic alternations... |
56fc316300a8df19004037ec | What nationality was de Courtenay? | Polish | [
"Phonology\n\nThe Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He also worked on the theory of phonetic alternations... |
56fc316300a8df19004037ed | What was de Courtenay's profession? | scholar | [
"Phonology\n\nThe Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He also worked on the theory of phonetic alternations... |
56fc316300a8df19004037ee | Who was influenced by Jan Baudouin de Courtenay? | Ferdinand de Saussure | [
"Phonology\n\nThe Polish scholar Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (together with his former student Mikołaj Kruszewski) introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1876, and his work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He also worked on the theory of phonetic alternations... |
56fc36ad2603e7140040a01b | What was Nikolai Trubetzkoy's publication? | Principles of Phonology | [
"Phonology\n\nAn influential school of phonology in the interwar period was the Prague school. One of its leading members was Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, whose Grundzüge der Phonologie (Principles of Phonology), published posthumously in 1939, is among the most important works in the field from this period. Directly... |
56fc36ad2603e7140040a01c | When was Principles of Phonology published? | 1939 | [
"Phonology\n\nAn influential school of phonology in the interwar period was the Prague school. One of its leading members was Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, whose Grundzüge der Phonologie (Principles of Phonology), published posthumously in 1939, is among the most important works in the field from this period. Directly... |
56fc36ad2603e7140040a01d | What is Trubetzkoy considered to have founded? | morphophonology | [
"Phonology\n\nAn influential school of phonology in the interwar period was the Prague school. One of its leading members was Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, whose Grundzüge der Phonologie (Principles of Phonology), published posthumously in 1939, is among the most important works in the field from this period. Directly... |
56fc36ad2603e7140040a01e | What school was Trubetzkoy a member of? | the Prague school. | [
"Phonology\n\nAn influential school of phonology in the interwar period was the Prague school. One of its leading members was Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, whose Grundzüge der Phonologie (Principles of Phonology), published posthumously in 1939, is among the most important works in the field from this period. Directly... |
56fc36ad2603e7140040a01f | What was Trubetzkoy's title? | Prince | [
"Phonology\n\nAn influential school of phonology in the interwar period was the Prague school. One of its leading members was Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, whose Grundzüge der Phonologie (Principles of Phonology), published posthumously in 1939, is among the most important works in the field from this period. Directly... |
56fc38192603e7140040a025 | When was The Sound Pattern of English published? | 1968 | [
"Phonology\n\nIn 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE), the basis for generative phonology. In this view, phonological representations are sequences of segments made up of distinctive features. These features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson, Gunnar Fant,... |
56fc38192603e7140040a026 | Other than Chomsky who else published The Sound Pattern of English? | Morris Halle | [
"Phonology\n\nIn 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE), the basis for generative phonology. In this view, phonological representations are sequences of segments made up of distinctive features. These features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson, Gunnar Fant,... |
56fc38192603e7140040a027 | Besides the syllable what was downplayed as a result of SPE's influence on phonological theory? | emphasis on segments | [
"Phonology\n\nIn 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE), the basis for generative phonology. In this view, phonological representations are sequences of segments made up of distinctive features. These features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson, Gunnar Fant,... |
56fc38192603e7140040a028 | What other discipline was combined with phonology by the generativists? | morphophonology | [
"Phonology\n\nIn 1968 Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English (SPE), the basis for generative phonology. In this view, phonological representations are sequences of segments made up of distinctive features. These features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson, Gunnar Fant,... |
56fc3a7400a8df1900403806 | Whose publications started the theory of Natural phonology? | David Stampe | [
"Phonology\n\nNatural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific... |
56fc3a7400a8df1900403807 | According to Stampe what is phonology based on? | a set of universal phonological processes | [
"Phonology\n\nNatural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific... |
56fc3a7400a8df1900403808 | Aside from being active what other condition can the universal phonological processes exist in? | suppressed | [
"Phonology\n\nNatural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific... |
56fc3a7400a8df1900403809 | Who is the number two natural phonologist? | Patricia Donegan | [
"Phonology\n\nNatural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific... |
56fc3a7400a8df190040380a | Who was the founder of natural morphology? | Wolfgang U. Dressler | [
"Phonology\n\nNatural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and (more explicitly) in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes that interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed is language-specific... |
56fc3b342603e7140040a037 | Who founded autosegmental phonology? | John Goldsmith | [
"Phonology\n\nIn 1976 John Goldsmith introduced autosegmental phonology. Phonological phenomena are no longer seen as operating on one linear sequence of segments, called phonemes or feature combinations, but rather as involving some parallel sequences of features which reside on multiple tiers. Autosegmental phono... |
56fc3b342603e7140040a038 | When did John Goldsmith share his work? | 1976 | [
"Phonology\n\nIn 1976 John Goldsmith introduced autosegmental phonology. Phonological phenomena are no longer seen as operating on one linear sequence of segments, called phonemes or feature combinations, but rather as involving some parallel sequences of features which reside on multiple tiers. Autosegmental phono... |
56fc3b342603e7140040a039 | What did Autosegmental phonology morph into? | feature geometry | [
"Phonology\n\nIn 1976 John Goldsmith introduced autosegmental phonology. Phonological phenomena are no longer seen as operating on one linear sequence of segments, called phonemes or feature combinations, but rather as involving some parallel sequences of features which reside on multiple tiers. Autosegmental phono... |
56fc3bd800a8df1900403816 | When was Government phonology first seen? | the early 1980s | [
"Phonology\n\nGovernment phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters. That... |
56fc3bd800a8df1900403817 | Jonathan Kaye is an important person in what form of phonology? | Government | [
"Phonology\n\nGovernment phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters. That... |
56fc3bd800a8df1900403818 | What is responsible for differences in surface realizations according to Government phonology? | restricted variation | [
"Phonology\n\nGovernment phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters. That... |
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