id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
56fc3e072603e7140040a03d | When did Prince and Smolensky develop their theory? | 1991 | [
"Phonology\n\nIn a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can... |
56fc3e072603e7140040a03e | Where was optimality theory created? | LSA summer institute | [
"Phonology\n\nIn a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can... |
56fc3e072603e7140040a03f | Aside from Alan Prince who brought optimality theory to morphology? | John McCarthy | [
"Phonology\n\nIn a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can... |
56fc3e072603e7140040a040 | Who were prominent critics of optimality theory? | Mark Hale and Charles Reiss | [
"Phonology\n\nIn a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can... |
56fc3e7800a8df1900403824 | What followed government phonology? | strict-CV phonology | [
"Phonology\n\nBroadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed]"
] |
56fc3e7800a8df1900403825 | Where is government phonology popular? | the United Kingdom, | [
"Phonology\n\nBroadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed]"
] |
56fc3e7800a8df1900403826 | What theory is seen more in the US? | optimality theory | [
"Phonology\n\nBroadly speaking, government phonology (or its descendant, strict-CV phonology) has a greater following in the United Kingdom, whereas optimality theory is predominant in the United States.[citation needed]"
] |
56fc3f0e00a8df190040382a | What is Evolutionary Phonology an integrated approach to? | phonological theory | [
"Phonology\n\nAn integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years."
] |
56fc3f0e00a8df190040382b | What is combined to sound patterns by Evolutionary Phonology? | synchronic and diachronic accounts | [
"Phonology\n\nAn integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years."
] |
56fc3f0e00a8df190040382c | When did Evolutionary Phonology come into being? | recent years. | [
"Phonology\n\nAn integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years."
] |
56fc3f0e00a8df190040382d | What sort of approach did Evolutionary Phonology take? | integrated | [
"Phonology\n\nAn integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with Evolutionary Phonology in recent years."
] |
56fc43d900a8df1900403832 | What are the units called that traditional phonology studies? | phonemes | [
"Phonology\n\nAn important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the \"p\" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated ... |
56fc43d900a8df1900403833 | What is another word for variations? | allophones | [
"Phonology\n\nAn important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the \"p\" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated ... |
56fc43d900a8df1900403834 | What is the opposite of aspirated? | unaspirated | [
"Phonology\n\nAn important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the \"p\" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated ... |
56fc44bb2603e7140040a04b | What type of language study involves trying to deduce underlying phonomes? | phonological | [
"Phonology\n\nPart of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above... |
56fc44bb2603e7140040a04c | Aside from finding out what underlying phonemes are there what does the phonological study of a language try to find out about the language? | sound inventory | [
"Phonology\n\nPart of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above... |
56fc44bb2603e7140040a04d | What kind of speaker data does studying a language phonologically involve examining? | native | [
"Phonology\n\nPart of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic transcriptions of the speech of native speakers) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above... |
56fc86e1b53dbe190075511d | What kind of linguistics describes how factors of languages change in history? | historical | [
"Phonology\n\nThe particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is on... |
56fc86e1b53dbe190075511e | With the passage of time what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change? | contrasts | [
"Phonology\n\nThe particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is on... |
56fc86e1b53dbe190075511f | In the past sounds that now belong to separate phonemes were allophones of what kind of phoneme in English? | the same phoneme | [
"Phonology\n\nThe particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is on... |
56fc87acb53dbe1900755123 | How do speech perception and articulation findings and insights affect previous and more traditional ideas? | complicate | [
"Phonology\n\nThe findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speec... |
56fc87acb53dbe1900755124 | How does interchanging allophones of the same pheneme render words? | unrecognizable | [
"Phonology\n\nThe findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speec... |
56fc87acb53dbe1900755125 | What does splicing words affect? | speech perception | [
"Phonology\n\nThe findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual speec... |
56fc88d898e8fc14001ea7d1 | What are assigned to phonemes by different linguists? | sounds | [
"Phonology\n\nDifferent linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguist... |
56fc88d898e8fc14001ea7d2 | What part of a human does language processing? | brain | [
"Phonology\n\nDifferent linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguist... |
56fc88d898e8fc14001ea7d3 | The phonetical similarity of what thing causes disagreements between linguists? | allophones | [
"Phonology\n\nDifferent linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguist... |
56fc89bbb53dbe1900755129 | When did theoretical linguists turn away traditional phoneme concepts? | early 1960s | [
"Phonology\n\nSince the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology."
] |
56fc89bbb53dbe190075512a | On what level do theoretical linguists consider basic units? | abstract | [
"Phonology\n\nSince the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology."
] |
56fc89bbb53dbe190075512b | What is a name for the basic morpheme unit? | morphophonemes | [
"Phonology\n\nSince the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology."
] |
56fc89bbb53dbe190075512c | What is the act of analyzing morphophones called? | morphophonology | [
"Phonology\n\nSince the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology."
] |
56fc89bbb53dbe190075512d | What kind of linguists are leaving the old methods behind? | theoretical | [
"Phonology\n\nSince the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of morphemes; these units can be called morphophonemes, and analysis using this approach is called morphophonology."
] |
56fc965c98e8fc14001ea7d7 | What do phonemes differentiate? | meaning | [
"Phonology\n\nIn addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, a... |
56fc965c98e8fc14001ea7d8 | Aside from phonemes what is studied by phonology? | how sounds alternate | [
"Phonology\n\nIn addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, a... |
56fc965c98e8fc14001ea7d9 | The study of syllable structure is part of what discipline? | phonology | [
"Phonology\n\nIn addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, a... |
56fc975cb53dbe1900755133 | Under what topic is suprasegmentals studied? | prosody | [
"Phonology\n\nPhonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can ... |
56fc975cb53dbe1900755134 | Aside from bleeding what is an order of rules that define how pronunciation of a sound changes? | feeding | [
"Phonology\n\nPhonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can ... |
56fc975cb53dbe1900755135 | Phonotactics, phonological alternation and prosody are topics contained in what discipline? | Phonology | [
"Phonology\n\nPhonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can ... |
56fc975cb53dbe1900755136 | Stress and intonation are studied under what topic? | prosody | [
"Phonology\n\nPhonology also includes topics such as phonotactics (the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and phonological alternation (how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of phonological rules, sometimes in a given order which can ... |
56fc989fb53dbe190075513b | Instead of being language-specific what kind of tools are the principles of phonological analysis designed to be? | general analytical tools | [
"Phonology\n\nThe principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lex... |
56fc989fb53dbe190075513c | What other types of language have the phonological analysis principles been applied to? | sign languages | [
"Phonology\n\nThe principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lex... |
56fc989fb53dbe190075513d | What are the principles of phonological analysis able to be applied separately from? | modality | [
"Phonology\n\nThe principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lex... |
56fc989fb53dbe190075513e | In sign languages what are not represented as instances of speech sounds? | sub-lexical units | [
"Phonology\n\nThe principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of modality because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see Phonemes in sign languages), even though the sub-lex... |
56fdc40c19033b140034cd4d | In computer terms, what does CPU stand for? | central processing unit | [
"Computer\n\nConventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored info... |
56fdc40c19033b140034cd4e | What are the devices called that are from an external source? | Peripheral devices | [
"Computer\n\nConventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored info... |
56fdc40c19033b140034cd4f | What are two things that a computer always has? | (CPU), and some form of memory | [
"Computer\n\nConventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored info... |
56fdc48f19033b140034cd53 | What were analog computers originally used for? | astronomical calculations | [
"Computer\n\nMechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electroni... |
56fdc48f19033b140034cd54 | During what war were computers first used for military applications? | World War II, | [
"Computer\n\nMechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electroni... |
56fdc48f19033b140034cd55 | In computer terms, what does PC stand for? | personal computers | [
"Computer\n\nMechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electroni... |
56fdc48f19033b140034cd56 | During what war were the first digital computers invented? | World War II | [
"Computer\n\nMechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electroni... |
56fdc4f319033b140034cd5b | Computers in today's age are based on what that make them much faster than earlier computers? | integrated circuits | [
"Computer\n\nModern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various fo... |
56fdc4f319033b140034cd5c | How much more powerful are modern computers versus early computers? | millions to billions of times | [
"Computer\n\nModern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various fo... |
56fdc5b519033b140034cd5f | When was the first known use of the word "computer"? | 1613 | [
"Computer\n\nThe first known use of the word \"computer\" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: \"I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number.\" It referred to a person who... |
56fdc5b519033b140034cd60 | In which book, was the term "computer" first used? | The Yong Mans Gleanings | [
"Computer\n\nThe first known use of the word \"computer\" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: \"I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number.\" It referred to a person who... |
56fdc5b519033b140034cd61 | Who was the author of the book, The Yong Mans Gleanings? | Richard Braithwait | [
"Computer\n\nThe first known use of the word \"computer\" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: \"I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number.\" It referred to a person who... |
56fdc5b519033b140034cd62 | From the end of what century, did the word "computer" take its well known meaning of today? | 19th century | [
"Computer\n\nThe first known use of the word \"computer\" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: \"I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number.\" It referred to a person who... |
56fdc60e19033b140034cd67 | The earliest device to help count was what? | a form of tally stick | [
"Computer\n\nDevices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represente... |
56fdc60e19033b140034cd68 | Calculi during the Fertile Crescent refers to what? | (clay spheres, cones, etc.) | [
"Computer\n\nDevices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represente... |
56fdc67a19033b140034cd6b | What was the abacus first used for? | arithmetic tasks | [
"Computer\n\nThe abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on... |
56fdc67a19033b140034cd6c | When was the Roman abacus first used? | 2400 BC | [
"Computer\n\nThe abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on... |
56fdc67a19033b140034cd6d | Where was the Roman abacus first used? | Babylonia | [
"Computer\n\nThe abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on... |
56fdc67a19033b140034cd6e | In medieval Europe was was placed on a table to help count money? | a checkered cloth | [
"Computer\n\nThe abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on... |
56fdc67a19033b140034cd6f | A checkered cloth on a table was used in medieval Europe to help count what? | sums of money | [
"Computer\n\nThe abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on... |
56fdc6e7761e401900d28bdd | What is thought to be the first mechanical analog computer? | The Antikythera mechanism | [
"Computer\n\nThe Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog \"computer\", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has ... |
56fdc6e7761e401900d28bde | The Antikythera mechanism was thought to be the first computer according to whom? | Derek J. de Solla Price. | [
"Computer\n\nThe Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog \"computer\", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has ... |
56fdc6e7761e401900d28bdf | When was the Antikythera mechanism discovered? | 1901 | [
"Computer\n\nThe Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog \"computer\", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has ... |
56fdc6e7761e401900d28be0 | Where was the Antikythera mechanism found in 1901? | Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera | [
"Computer\n\nThe Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog \"computer\", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has ... |
56fdc6e7761e401900d28be1 | Where is the Greek Island of Antikythera located between? | Kythera and Crete | [
"Computer\n\nThe Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog \"computer\", according to Derek J. de Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has ... |
56fdc764761e401900d28be7 | Who invented the planisphere? | Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī | [
"Computer\n\nMany mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often a... |
56fdc764761e401900d28be8 | Who is thought to have invented the astrolabe in history? | Hipparchus | [
"Computer\n\nMany mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often a... |
56fdc764761e401900d28be9 | The astrolabe was a combination of what two devices in history? | the planisphere and dioptra | [
"Computer\n\nMany mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often a... |
56fdc764761e401900d28bea | The first astrolabe with gear-wheels was invented when? | 1235 | [
"Computer\n\nMany mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often a... |
56fdc764761e401900d28beb | The first astrolabe with a mechanical calendar was invented where? | Persia | [
"Computer\n\nMany mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often a... |
56fdc789761e401900d28bf1 | The sector, a calculating instrument, was invented during what century? | 16th century | [
"Computer\n\nThe sector, a calculating instrument used for solving problems in proportion, trigonometry, multiplication and division, and for various functions, such as squares and cube roots, was developed in the late 16th century and found application in gunnery, surveying and navigation."
] |
56fdc947761e401900d28bf3 | When was the slide rule first invented? | 1620–1630 | [
"Computer\n\nThe slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roo... |
56fdc947761e401900d28bf4 | What is the slide rule used for? | doing multiplication and division. | [
"Computer\n\nThe slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roo... |
56fdc947761e401900d28bf5 | What industry are slide rules still used today? | Aviation | [
"Computer\n\nThe slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roo... |
56fdc9b8761e401900d28bf9 | What was the profession of Pierre Jaquet-Droz? | a Swiss watchmaker | [
"Computer\n\nIn the 1770s Pierre Jaquet-Droz, a Swiss watchmaker, built a mechanical doll (automata) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically \"programmed\" t... |
56fdc9b8761e401900d28bfa | When did Pierre Jaquet-Droz build a mechanical doll that could hold a pen? | In the 1770s | [
"Computer\n\nIn the 1770s Pierre Jaquet-Droz, a Swiss watchmaker, built a mechanical doll (automata) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically \"programmed\" t... |
56fdc9b8761e401900d28bfb | Where is the doll Pierre Jaquet-Droz built today? | Musée d'Art et d'Histoire | [
"Computer\n\nIn the 1770s Pierre Jaquet-Droz, a Swiss watchmaker, built a mechanical doll (automata) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically \"programmed\" t... |
56fdc9b8761e401900d28bfc | Where is the Musee d-Art et d'Histoire located? | Neuchâtel, Switzerland | [
"Computer\n\nIn the 1770s Pierre Jaquet-Droz, a Swiss watchmaker, built a mechanical doll (automata) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically \"programmed\" t... |
56fdca0319033b140034cd75 | When was the tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson invented? | 1872 | [
"Computer\n\nThe tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location."
] |
56fdca0319033b140034cd76 | Who invented the first tide-predicting machine in 1872? | Sir William Thomson | [
"Computer\n\nThe tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location."
] |
56fdca0319033b140034cd77 | What did Sir William Thomson's tide-predicting machine use to function? | system of pulleys and wires | [
"Computer\n\nThe tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872 was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location."
] |
56fdcadf761e401900d28c01 | What type of mechanisms did the differential analyzer use? | wheel-and-disc | [
"Computer\n\nThe differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited out... |
56fdcadf761e401900d28c02 | In 1876 who lobbied for the construction of the differential analyzers? | Lord Kelvin | [
"Computer\n\nThe differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited out... |
56fdcadf761e401900d28c03 | During what decade were mechanical differential analyzers developed? | 1920s | [
"Computer\n\nThe differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited out... |
56fdcadf761e401900d28c04 | In the 1920s, who was the person who developed mechanical differential analyzers? | Vannevar Bush | [
"Computer\n\nThe differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited out... |
56fdcbae19033b140034cd7b | Who invented the concept of a programmable computer? | Charles Babbage | [
"Computer\n\nCharles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the \"father of the computer\", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, desig... |
56fdcbae19033b140034cd7c | Who is considered the "father of the computer"? | Charles Babbage | [
"Computer\n\nCharles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the \"father of the computer\", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, desig... |
56fdcbae19033b140034cd7d | During what century was the first mechanical computer invented by Charles Babbage? | early 19th century | [
"Computer\n\nCharles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the \"father of the computer\", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, desig... |
56fdcbae19033b140034cd7e | What year did Charles Babbage find out that An Analytical Engine was possible? | 1833 | [
"Computer\n\nCharles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the \"father of the computer\", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, desig... |
56fdcc3b19033b140034cd83 | Who was Charles Babbage's son? | Henry Babbage | [
"Computer\n\nThe machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand — this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the ... |
56fdcc3b19033b140034cd84 | Who created a simple version of the analytical engine's computing unit? | Henry Babbage | [
"Computer\n\nThe machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand — this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the ... |
56fdcc3b19033b140034cd85 | When was the mill created by Henry Babbage? | 1888 | [
"Computer\n\nThe machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand — this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the ... |
56fdcc3b19033b140034cd86 | When was a demonstration by Henry Babbage of the mill given? | 1906 | [
"Computer\n\nThe machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand — this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts. Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage's failure to complete the ... |
56fdcccd761e401900d28c09 | Who invented the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine? | Sir William Thomson | [
"Computer\n\nThe first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brot... |
56fdcccd761e401900d28c0a | When was the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine created? | 1872 | [
"Computer\n\nThe first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brot... |
56fdcccd761e401900d28c0b | Who created the idea of the differential analyzer in 1876? | James Thomson | [
"Computer\n\nThe first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brot... |
56fdcccd761e401900d28c0c | James Thomson was the brother of what famous figure? | Lord Kelvin | [
"Computer\n\nThe first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson in 1872. The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in 1876 by James Thomson, the brot... |
56fdcd2e761e401900d28c11 | Where was the differential analyzer built by H.L. Hazen? | MIT | [
"Computer\n\nThe art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer, built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W. Nieman. A dozen of these devices were built bef... |
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