id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56fdcd2e761e401900d28c12 | The differential analyzer by H.L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush was first being built in what year? | 1927 | [
"Computer\n\nThe art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer, built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W. Nieman. A dozen of these devices were built bef... |
56fdcd2e761e401900d28c13 | The torque amplifiers of the differential analyzer were created by whom? | H. W. Nieman | [
"Computer\n\nThe art of mechanical analog computing reached its zenith with the differential analyzer, built by H. L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush at MIT starting in 1927. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H. W. Nieman. A dozen of these devices were built bef... |
56fdcd6019033b140034cd8b | By what decade were analog computing devices rendered obsolete? | 50s | [
"Computer\n\nBy the 1950s the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines, but analog computers remain in use in some specialized applications such as education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule)."
] |
56fdcd6019033b140034cd8c | Analog computers remain in use in what industries? | education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule). | [
"Computer\n\nBy the 1950s the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines, but analog computers remain in use in some specialized applications such as education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule)."
] |
56fdda6219033b140034cd8f | Who wrote the paper "On Computable Numbers"? | Alan Turing | [
"Computer\n\nThe principle of the modern computer was first described by mathematician and pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, who set out the idea in his seminal 1936 paper, On Computable Numbers. Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing Gödel's univers... |
56fdda6219033b140034cd90 | When did Alan Turing write the paper, "On Computable Numbers"? | 1936 | [
"Computer\n\nThe principle of the modern computer was first described by mathematician and pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, who set out the idea in his seminal 1936 paper, On Computable Numbers. Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing Gödel's univers... |
56fdda6219033b140034cd91 | Who did Turing revise the results on the limits of proof and computation in 1931? | Kurt Gödel | [
"Computer\n\nThe principle of the modern computer was first described by mathematician and pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, who set out the idea in his seminal 1936 paper, On Computable Numbers. Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel's 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing Gödel's univers... |
56fddf1719033b140034cd95 | A Universal Machine is known as what today? | Universal Turing machine | [
"Computer\n\nHe also introduced the notion of a 'Universal Machine' (now known as a Universal Turing machine), with the idea that such a machine could perform the tasks of any other machine, or in other words, it is provably capable of computing anything that is computable by executing a program stored on tape, all... |
56fddf75761e401900d28c17 | What part of the US military developed an electromechanical analog computer to use on a submarine? | the United States Navy | [
"Computer\n\nBy 1938 the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data Computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other ... |
56fddf75761e401900d28c18 | When did the US Navy invent an electromechanical computer to use on a submarine? | 1938 | [
"Computer\n\nBy 1938 the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data Computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other ... |
56fddf75761e401900d28c19 | What type of math did the Torpedo Data computer use to fire a torpedo at a moving target? | trigonometry | [
"Computer\n\nBy 1938 the United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data Computer, which used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other ... |
56fde0be761e401900d28c1d | Who created the relay computer, the Z2? | Konrad Zuse | [
"Computer\n\nEarly digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zu... |
56fde0be761e401900d28c1e | When did Konrad Zuse invent the Z2? | 1939 | [
"Computer\n\nEarly digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zu... |
56fde0be761e401900d28c1f | What is one of the first electromechanical relay computers? | The Z2 | [
"Computer\n\nEarly digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zu... |
56fde0be761e401900d28c20 | Konrad Zuse was an engineer with what nationality? | German | [
"Computer\n\nEarly digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zu... |
56fde15e761e401900d28c25 | When did Konrad Zuse create the Z3 computer? | 1941 | [
"Computer\n\nIn 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on p... |
56fde15e761e401900d28c26 | What was the first automatic, digital, programmable computer created by Konrad Zuse? | the Z3 | [
"Computer\n\nIn 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on p... |
56fde15e761e401900d28c27 | How many relays did the Z3 contain? | 2000 | [
"Computer\n\nIn 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on p... |
56fde15e761e401900d28c28 | What did the Z3 operate for a clock frequency? | about 5–10 Hz | [
"Computer\n\nIn 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on p... |
56fde15e761e401900d28c29 | How many words of memory could be stored with the Z3? | 64 | [
"Computer\n\nIn 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on p... |
56fde2cb761e401900d28c2f | Where did the engineer Tommy Flowers work at during the 1930s? | Post Office Research Station | [
"Computer\n\nPurely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronic... |
56fde2cb761e401900d28c30 | In what city did Tommy Flowers work in the 1930s? | London | [
"Computer\n\nPurely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronic... |
56fde2cb761e401900d28c31 | The Atanasoff-Berry computer was invented in what year? | 1942 | [
"Computer\n\nPurely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronic... |
56fde2cb761e401900d28c32 | How many vacuum tubes did the Atanasoff-Berry computer use? | about 300 | [
"Computer\n\nPurely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronic... |
56fde2cb761e401900d28c33 | At what school did John Vincent Atansoff and Clifford E. Berry work? | Iowa State University | [
"Computer\n\nPurely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronic... |
56fde387761e401900d28c39 | Who built the first Colossus in 1943? | Flowers | [
"Computer\n\nDuring World War II, the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes. To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40/42 machin... |
56fde387761e401900d28c3a | When was the Colossus sent to Bletchley Park? | 18 January 1944 | [
"Computer\n\nDuring World War II, the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes. To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40/42 machin... |
56fde387761e401900d28c3b | Who achieved success at cracking secret German military communications during World War II? | , the British | [
"Computer\n\nDuring World War II, the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes. To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40/42 machin... |
56fde387761e401900d28c3c | Where did the British crack secret German military communications during World War II? | Bletchley Park | [
"Computer\n\nDuring World War II, the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes. To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40/42 machin... |
56fde3d4761e401900d28c41 | What was the first electronic digital programmable computer in the world? | Colossus | [
"Computer\n\nColossus was the world's first electronic digital programmable computer. It used a large number of valves (vacuum tubes). It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete. Nine Mk II Colossi were b... |
56fde3d4761e401900d28c42 | How many vacuum tubes did the Colossus Mark I contain? | 1500 thermionic valves (tubes) | [
"Computer\n\nColossus was the world's first electronic digital programmable computer. It used a large number of valves (vacuum tubes). It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete. Nine Mk II Colossi were b... |
56fde3d4761e401900d28c43 | How many tubes did Colossus Mark II contain? | 2400 | [
"Computer\n\nColossus was the world's first electronic digital programmable computer. It used a large number of valves (vacuum tubes). It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete. Nine Mk II Colossi were b... |
56fde41819033b140034cd97 | The US-buils ENIAC stands for what? | Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) | [
"Computer\n\nThe US-built ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic programmable computer built in the US. Although the ENIAC was similar to the Colossus it was much faster and more flexible. It was unambiguously a Turing-complete device and could compute any problem that would f... |
56fde41819033b140034cd98 | What was the first electronic programmable computer built in the United States? | ENIAC | [
"Computer\n\nThe US-built ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic programmable computer built in the US. Although the ENIAC was similar to the Colossus it was much faster and more flexible. It was unambiguously a Turing-complete device and could compute any problem that would f... |
56fde79819033b140034cd9b | How many times could it add or subtract a second? | 5000 | [
"Computer\n\nIt combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about... |
56fde79819033b140034cd9c | What was the limit of its high speed memory? | ENIAC | [
"Computer\n\nIt combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about... |
56fde79819033b140034cd9d | ENIAC was constructed by whom? | John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert | [
"Computer\n\nIt combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about... |
56fde79819033b140034cd9e | Where did John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert build the ENIAC? | University of Pennsylvania | [
"Computer\n\nIt combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about... |
56fde79819033b140034cd9f | When was ENIAC fully operational? | 1945 | [
"Computer\n\nIt combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine. It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words (about... |
56fde82419033b140034cda5 | The basis for the stored-program computer was written by whom? | Alan Turing | [
"Computer\n\nEarly computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a pr... |
56fde82419033b140034cda6 | When did Alan Turing write his paper about the basis for the stored-program computer? | 1936 | [
"Computer\n\nEarly computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a pr... |
56fde82419033b140034cda7 | When did Alan Turing join the National Physical Laboratory? | 1945 | [
"Computer\n\nEarly computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a pr... |
56fde82419033b140034cda8 | The first outline for the report on the EDVAC was released by John von Neumann when? | 1945. | [
"Computer\n\nEarly computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a pr... |
56fde82419033b140034cda9 | Where did John von Neumann circulate the first draft of a report on the EDVAC? | University of Pennsylvania | [
"Computer\n\nEarly computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a pr... |
56fde89119033b140034cdaf | What was the nickname of the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine? | Baby | [
"Computer\n\nThe Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the W... |
56fde89119033b140034cdb0 | What was the first stored-program computer in the world? | The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine | [
"Computer\n\nThe Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the W... |
56fde89119033b140034cdb1 | Where was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine built? | Victoria University of Manchester | [
"Computer\n\nThe Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the W... |
56fde89119033b140034cdb2 | Who built the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine? | Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill | [
"Computer\n\nThe Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the W... |
56fde89119033b140034cdb3 | When did the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine run its first program? | 21 June 1948 | [
"Computer\n\nThe Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the W... |
56fde8fe19033b140034cdb9 | What was the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1? | The Mark 1 | [
"Computer\n\nThe Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, ... |
56fde8fe19033b140034cdba | What was the first available computer for the public? | Ferranti Mark 1 | [
"Computer\n\nThe Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, ... |
56fde8fe19033b140034cdbb | When was the Ferranti Mark 1 built? | 1951 | [
"Computer\n\nThe Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, ... |
56fde8fe19033b140034cdbc | Where was the Ferranti Mark 1 sent to after it was developed? | University of Manchester | [
"Computer\n\nThe Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, ... |
56fde8fe19033b140034cdbd | When was the LEO 1 computer first operational? | April 1951 | [
"Computer\n\nThe Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, ... |
56fde92d761e401900d28c47 | When was the bipolar transistor created? | 1947. | [
"Computer\n\nThe bipolar transistor was invented in 1947. From 1955 onwards transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs, giving rise to the \"second generation\" of computers. Compared to vacuum tubes, transistors have many advantages: they are smaller, and require less power than vacuum tubes, so give of... |
56fde92d761e401900d28c48 | When did transistors start replacing vacuum tubes in computers? | 1955 | [
"Computer\n\nThe bipolar transistor was invented in 1947. From 1955 onwards transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs, giving rise to the \"second generation\" of computers. Compared to vacuum tubes, transistors have many advantages: they are smaller, and require less power than vacuum tubes, so give of... |
56fdea0919033b140034cdc3 | At the University of Manchester, who oversaw the building of a computer using transistors instead of valves? | Tom Kilburn | [
"Computer\n\nAt the University of Manchester, a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves. Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world, was operational by 1953, and a second version was completed there in April 19... |
56fdea0919033b140034cdc4 | The first transistorised computer was operational in what year? | 1953 | [
"Computer\n\nAt the University of Manchester, a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves. Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world, was operational by 1953, and a second version was completed there in April 19... |
56fdea0919033b140034cdc5 | What did the machine use to generate its clock waveforms? | valves | [
"Computer\n\nAt the University of Manchester, a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves. Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world, was operational by 1953, and a second version was completed there in April 19... |
56fdea0919033b140034cdc6 | Who built the Harwell CADET? | electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell | [
"Computer\n\nAt the University of Manchester, a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves. Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world, was operational by 1953, and a second version was completed there in April 19... |
56fdea0919033b140034cdc7 | In what year was the Harwell CADET built? | 1955 | [
"Computer\n\nAt the University of Manchester, a team under the leadership of Tom Kilburn designed and built a machine using the newly developed transistors instead of valves. Their first transistorised computer and the first in the world, was operational by 1953, and a second version was completed there in April 19... |
56fdea41761e401900d28c4b | The integrated circuit of a computer was the idea of whom? | Geoffrey W.A. Dummer | [
"Computer\n\nThe next great advance in computing power came with the advent of the integrated circuit. The idea of the integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer. Dummer presented the first public description... |
56fdea41761e401900d28c4c | Where did Geoffrey W.A. Dummer work at? | Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence | [
"Computer\n\nThe next great advance in computing power came with the advent of the integrated circuit. The idea of the integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer. Dummer presented the first public description... |
56fdeafd19033b140034cdcd | Where created the first practical integrated circuits? | Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. | [
"Computer\n\nThe first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958. In his patent appl... |
56fdeafd19033b140034cdce | Where did Jack Kilby work at when he created the first IC? | Texas Instruments | [
"Computer\n\nThe first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958. In his patent appl... |
56fdeafd19033b140034cdcf | When was the first functional IC demonstrated? | 12 September 1958. | [
"Computer\n\nThe first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958. In his patent appl... |
56fdeafd19033b140034cdd0 | What was Kilby's IC made of? | germanium | [
"Computer\n\nThe first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958. In his patent appl... |
56fdeafd19033b140034cdd1 | Noyce's IC was made up of what material? | silicon | [
"Computer\n\nThe first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958. In his patent appl... |
56fdeb6419033b140034cdd7 | What was the name of the first single-chip microprocessor? | Intel 4004 | [
"Computer\n\nThis new development heralded an explosion in the commercial and personal use of computers and led to the invention of the microprocessor. While the subject of exactly which device was the first microprocessor is contentious, partly due to lack of agreement on the exact definition of the term \"micropr... |
56fdeb6419033b140034cdd8 | Who created the Intel 4004 microprocessor? | Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor | [
"Computer\n\nThis new development heralded an explosion in the commercial and personal use of computers and led to the invention of the microprocessor. While the subject of exactly which device was the first microprocessor is contentious, partly due to lack of agreement on the exact definition of the term \"micropr... |
56fdeb6419033b140034cdd9 | Where did Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor work at? | Intel. | [
"Computer\n\nThis new development heralded an explosion in the commercial and personal use of computers and led to the invention of the microprocessor. While the subject of exactly which device was the first microprocessor is contentious, partly due to lack of agreement on the exact definition of the term \"micropr... |
56fdebbf761e401900d28c4f | Computing resources that are created in cell phones are called what? | smartphones | [
"Computer\n\nWith the continued miniaturization of computing resources, and advancements in portable battery life, portable computers grew in popularity in the 2000s. The same developments that spurred the growth of laptop computers and other portable computers allowed manufacturers to integrate computing resources... |
56fdebbf761e401900d28c50 | How many tablets were sold in 2Q 2013? | 237 million devices | [
"Computer\n\nWith the continued miniaturization of computing resources, and advancements in portable battery life, portable computers grew in popularity in the 2000s. The same developments that spurred the growth of laptop computers and other portable computers allowed manufacturers to integrate computing resources... |
56fdec0119033b140034cddd | Billions of instructions per second are called what in computer terms? | (gigaflops) | [
"Computer\n\nIn practical terms, a computer program may be just a few instructions or extend to many millions of instructions, as do the programs for word processors and web browsers for example. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second (gigaflops) and rarely makes a mistake over ma... |
56fdecd819033b140034cddf | When a computer goes back and repeats instructions of a program over until an internal condition is met is called what? | the flow of control | [
"Computer\n\nProgram execution might be likened to reading a book. While a person will normally read each word and line in sequence, they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest. Similarly, a computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some ... |
56fdecd819033b140034cde0 | What allows a computer to perform repetitive tasks without human intervening? | the flow of control | [
"Computer\n\nProgram execution might be likened to reading a book. While a person will normally read each word and line in sequence, they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest. Similarly, a computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some ... |
56fdedfb761e401900d28c53 | Which computer is the Harvard architecture modeled after? | Harvard Mark I computer | [
"Computer\n\nIn most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or opcode for short). The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode, and so on. The sim... |
56fdedfb761e401900d28c54 | A computer that stores its program in memory and kept separate from the data is called what? | the Harvard architecture | [
"Computer\n\nIn most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or opcode for short). The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode, and so on. The sim... |
56fdee67761e401900d28c57 | A computer's assembly language is known as what? | basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function | [
"Computer\n\nWhile it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers (machine language) and while this technique was used with many early computers, it is extremely tedious and potentially error-prone to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be ... |
56fdee67761e401900d28c58 | Programs that convert assembly language into machine language are called what? | an assembler. | [
"Computer\n\nWhile it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers (machine language) and while this technique was used with many early computers, it is extremely tedious and potentially error-prone to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be ... |
56fdee67761e401900d28c59 | Computer programs that are long lists of numbers are called what? | machine language | [
"Computer\n\nWhile it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers (machine language) and while this technique was used with many early computers, it is extremely tedious and potentially error-prone to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be ... |
56fdeebd19033b140034cde3 | Programming languages are translated into machine code by what? | a compiler or an assembler | [
"Computer\n\nProgramming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated in... |
56fdeebd19033b140034cde4 | Programming languages are translated at run time by what? | an interpreter | [
"Computer\n\nProgramming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated in... |
56fdeee819033b140034cde7 | An ARM architecture computer can be found in what? | a PDA or a hand-held videogame | [
"Computer\n\nMachine languages and the assembly languages that represent them (collectively termed low-level programming languages) tend to be unique to a particular type of computer. For instance, an ARM architecture computer (such as may be found in a PDA or a hand-held videogame) cannot understand the machine la... |
56fdefbe19033b140034cde9 | Assembly language that is translated into machine language is done by what type of computer? | a compiler | [
"Computer\n\nThough considerably easier than in machine language, writing long programs in assembly language is often difficult and is also error prone. Therefore, most practical programs are written in more abstract high-level programming languages that are able to express the needs of the programmer more convenie... |
56fdf01419033b140034cdeb | An example of a 4GL is what? | SQL | [
"Computer\n\nThese 4G languages are less procedural than 3G languages. The benefit of 4GL is that it provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer. Example of 4GL is SQL."
] |
56fdf01419033b140034cdec | What is the pro of 4GL over a 3G language? | provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer | [
"Computer\n\nThese 4G languages are less procedural than 3G languages. The benefit of 4GL is that it provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer. Example of 4GL is SQL."
] |
56fdf2d419033b140034cdef | Another name for errors in programs are called what? | "bugs | [
"Computer\n\nErrors in computer programs are called \"bugs\". They may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only subtle effects. But in some cases, they may cause the program or the entire system to \"hang\", becoming unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes, to completely... |
56fdf2d419033b140034cdf0 | Bugs are usually the fault of whom or what? | programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design | [
"Computer\n\nErrors in computer programs are called \"bugs\". They may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only subtle effects. But in some cases, they may cause the program or the entire system to \"hang\", becoming unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes, to completely... |
56fdf33b19033b140034cdf3 | Who was the developer of the first compier? | Admiral Grace Hopper | [
"Computer\n\nAdmiral Grace Hopper, an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler, is credited for having first used the term \"bugs\" in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947."
] |
56fdf33b19033b140034cdf4 | Who first coined the term "bugs"? | Admiral Grace Hopper | [
"Computer\n\nAdmiral Grace Hopper, an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler, is credited for having first used the term \"bugs\" in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947."
] |
56fdf33b19033b140034cdf5 | What type of creature shorted a relay of Grace Hopper's computer? | moth | [
"Computer\n\nAdmiral Grace Hopper, an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler, is credited for having first used the term \"bugs\" in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947."
] |
56fdf33b19033b140034cdf6 | What type of computer of Grace Hopper's was shorted by a moth? | Harvard Mark II | [
"Computer\n\nAdmiral Grace Hopper, an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler, is credited for having first used the term \"bugs\" in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947."
] |
56fdf33b19033b140034cdf7 | When was Grace Hopper's Hardvard Mark II shorted by a moth? | September 1947 | [
"Computer\n\nAdmiral Grace Hopper, an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler, is credited for having first used the term \"bugs\" in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947."
] |
56fdf3c119033b140034cdfd | The ALU of a computer stands for what? | arithmetic logic | [
"Computer\n\nA general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by buses, often made of groups of wires."
] |
56fdf3c119033b140034cdfe | Input and output devices are known as what term? | I/O | [
"Computer\n\nA general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by buses, often made of groups of wires."
] |
56fdf3c119033b140034cdff | Besides the ALU, input and output devices, what are the other two main components of a computer? | the control unit, the memory | [
"Computer\n\nA general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by buses, often made of groups of wires."
] |
56fdf4c6761e401900d28c5d | A circuit in a computer part represents what? | a bit (binary digit) of information | [
"Computer\n\nInside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a \"1\", and when off it represents a \"0\" (in pos... |
56fdf4c6761e401900d28c5e | In positive logic representation a "1" represents when a circuit is what? | on | [
"Computer\n\nInside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a \"1\", and when off it represents a \"0\" (in pos... |
56fdf4c6761e401900d28c5f | In positive logic representation a "0" represents when a circuit is what? | off | [
"Computer\n\nInside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a \"1\", and when off it represents a \"0\" (in pos... |
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