Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
572a2cfc1d0469140077981a	Who was the Ottoaman Grand Vizier in 1726?	Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nEducational and technological reforms came about, including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University. In 1734 an artillery school was established to impart Western-style artillery methods, but the Islamic clergy successfully objected under the g...
572a2cfc1d0469140077981b	In what year did an Ottoman press produce its first book?	1729	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nEducational and technological reforms came about, including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University. In 1734 an artillery school was established to impart Western-style artillery methods, but the Islamic clergy successfully objected under the g...
572a2f0e3f37b3190047877d	Which group supported by Russia entered Balta in 1768?	Ukrainian Haidamaks	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nIn 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774...
572a2f0e3f37b3190047877e	Near what region was Balta bording?	Bessarabia	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nIn 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774...
572a2f0e3f37b3190047877f	During what years was the Russo-Turkish war?	1768–1774	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nIn 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774...
572a2f0e3f37b31900478780	The Russo-Turkish War resulted in what treaty?	Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nIn 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774...
572a2f0e3f37b31900478781	The culmination of the Russo-Turkish war granted what to the citizens of Ottoman controlled Provinces in Moldavia?	freedom to worship	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nIn 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774...
572a301c3f37b3190047878d	During what years did the Serbian Revolution occur?	1804–1815	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Serbian revolution (1804–1815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. A rebellion tha...
572a301c3f37b3190047878e	What Serbian monarchy was acknowledged in 1830?	Suzerainty of Serbia	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Serbian revolution (1804–1815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. A rebellion tha...
572a301c3f37b3190047878f	There was a war proclaimed against the Ottoman Sultan in 1821, who declared it?	the Greeks	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Serbian revolution (1804–1815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. A rebellion tha...
572a301c3f37b31900478790	Some parts of the Ottoman Empire gained independence in what year?	1829	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Serbian revolution (1804–1815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. A rebellion tha...
572a301c3f37b31900478791	What did Europeans refer to the Ottoman empire as in the 19th century?	the "sick man"	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Serbian revolution (1804–1815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. A rebellion tha...
572a31636aef051400155354	How many primary schools existed for Christians in the Ottoman empire in 1861?	571	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a fig...
572a31636aef051400155355	How many Christian pupils were in ottoman schools in 1861?	140,000	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a fig...
572a31636aef051400155356	Greeks in Istanbul owned how many wholesale companies in 1911?	528	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a fig...
572a31636aef051400155357	Jews and Christians were offered protection in the form of what assistance by Europe?	consuls and citizenship	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a fig...
572a31636aef051400155358	There were how many wholesale companies in Istanbul in 1911?	654	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a fig...
572a332b1d0469140077983b	During what years did the Crimean War take place?	1853–1856	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. Th...
572a332b1d0469140077983c	On what date did the Ottoman empire issue foreign loans to deal with the cost of the war?	4 August 1854	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. Th...
572a332b1d0469140077983d	Roughly 200,000 individuals of what group left Crimea during the war?	Crimean Tatars	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. Th...
572a332b1d0469140077983e	Roughly 90% of what group were pushed from their homes or ethnically cleansed during the Caucasian Wars?	Circassians	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. Th...
572a332b1d0469140077983f	Where did Circassians settle to when leaving their homes in the Caucasus?	Turkey	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. Th...
572a35beaf94a219006aa8a1	What historian wrote that banks were the single greatest threat to mid-east independence?	Eugene Rogan	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nAs the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, \"the single greatest threat to the independence of the Mi...
572a35beaf94a219006aa8a2	In what year did the Ottoman Empire declare bankruptcy?	1875	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nAs the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, \"the single greatest threat to the independence of the Mi...
572a35beaf94a219006aa8a3	What was the administration that the empire used to control its debt called?	Ottoman Public Debt Administration	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nAs the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, \"the single greatest threat to the independence of the Mi...
572a35beaf94a219006aa8a4	Who served on the debt controlling administration of the Ottoman Empire?	European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain.	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nAs the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, \"the single greatest threat to the independence of the Mi...
572a35beaf94a219006aa8a5	European capital in the Ottoman empire resulted in what?	the detriment of local Ottoman interests	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nAs the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, \"the single greatest threat to the independence of the Mi...
572a36fe3f37b319004787c5	Who held back the Bulgarian uprising in 1876?	Ottoman bashi-bazouks	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independ...
572a36fe3f37b319004787c6	What war occurred from 1877 to 1878?	Russo-Turkish War	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independ...
572a36fe3f37b319004787c7	Bulgaria became independent within the Empire as the result of what war?	The Russo-Turkish War	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independ...
572a36fe3f37b319004787c8	What nation attained full independence as a result of the Russo-Turkish war?	Romania	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independ...
572a37f06aef051400155398	Millions of Muslims left the empire and migrated to what places?	Anatolia and Eastern Thrace	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nAs the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories...
572a37f06aef051400155399	When did the Balkan Wars take place?	1912–13	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nAs the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories...
572a37f06aef05140015539a	What was the sole territory that the empire kept in the Balkans after 1913?	East Thrace (European Turkey)	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nAs the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories...
572a37f06aef05140015539b	How many Muslims fled the Balkans with the Ottoman armies?	400,000	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nAs the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories...
572a37f06aef05140015539c	Which individual estimated millions of Muslim deaths in the Balkans in the late 19th and early 20th century?	Justin McCarthy	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nAs the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories...
572a392aaf94a219006aa8c7	What era kicked off the end of the Ottoman empire?	Second Constitutional Era	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (elect...
572a392aaf94a219006aa8c8	What was the revolution that sparked the end of the Ottoman Empire?	the Young Turk Revolution	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (elect...
572a392aaf94a219006aa8c9	The restoration of what happened in 1876?	the Ottoman constitution	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (elect...
572a392aaf94a219006aa8ca	What were two major parties established by Young Turk members?	Committee of Union and Progress,” and “Freedom and Accord Party”	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (elect...
572a392aaf94a219006aa8cb	What territories were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908?	Bosnia and Herzegovina	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (elect...
572a3a453f37b319004787e5	Where did the Ottoman empire begin its part in the first world war?	Middle Eastern theatre	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the ...
572a3a453f37b319004787e6	The Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut resulted in what?	Ottoman victories	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the ...
572a3a453f37b319004787e7	The Arab Revolt began in what year?	1916	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the ...
572a3a453f37b319004787e8	What was the date that the Armistice of Mudros came to be signed?	30 October 1918	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the ...
572a3a453f37b319004787e9	When did the Turkish War of Independence take place?	1919–22	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the ...
572a3b61af94a219006aa8e3	When did the Russian Caucasus Army advance into eastern Anatolia?	In 1915	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nIn 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried...
572a3b61af94a219006aa8e4	What ethnic group was deported by the Ottoman Government from eastern Anatolia?	ethnic Armenian	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nIn 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried...
572a3b61af94a219006aa8e5	How many ethnic Armenians are believed to have died in the Armenian Genocide?	1.5 million	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nIn 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried...
572a3b61af94a219006aa8e6	Armenian women and children were deported on death marches through what desert?	the Syrian desert	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nIn 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried...
572a3b61af94a219006aa8e7	Two other ethnic minorities were massacred during Ottoman ethnic cleansing, what were they?	Greek and Assyrian minorities	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nIn 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried...
572a3c5c3f37b31900478801	What was the highest ranked person in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century?	Sultan was the highest position	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nBefore the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on l...
572a3c5c3f37b31900478802	On type of system were the civil administrations of the empire based on?	local administrative units based on the region's characteristics	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nBefore the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on l...
572a3c5c3f37b31900478803	Who had control over the clergy in the Ottoman empire?	the state	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nBefore the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on l...
572a3c5c3f37b31900478804	What was the main responsibility of the Ottoman state as it relates to lands?	to defend and extend the land of the Muslims	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nBefore the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on l...
572a3c5c3f37b31900478805	What type of practice guided the Ottoman state in its responsibilities?	orthodox Islamic practice	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nBefore the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on l...
572a3f281d0469140077987d	What was another name for the Ottoman Empire?	House of Osman	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and d...
572a3f281d0469140077987e	What was the other longest ruling House in Europe known as?	House of Habsburg	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and d...
572a3f281d0469140077987f	From what origin did the Ottoman empire come to be?	Turkish	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and d...
572a3f281d04691400779880	How many times was the the sitting sultan in the House of Osman removed?	eleven occasions	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and d...
572a3f281d04691400779881	When was the reign of sultan Mehmed VI?	1918–1922	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and d...
572a40941d0469140077988f	The Ottoman Caliphate claimed by Murad Ir epresented what in Islam?	The highest position	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or \"lord of kings\", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did no...
572a40941d04691400779890	The person with this what title was believed to be the embodiment of the Ottoman government?	pâdişâh or "lord of kings"	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or \"lord of kings\", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did no...
572a40941d04691400779891	What was the importantance of the imperial Harem?	one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or \"lord of kings\", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did no...
572a40941d04691400779892	What was the purpose of the palace educational system?	eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or \"lord of kings\", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did no...
572a40941d04691400779893	What was the name of the boarding school for Christians during the Ottoman Caliphate?	Enderûn	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or \"lord of kings\", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did no...
572a41783f37b31900478831	The sultan of the ottoman empire had what honorific?	the supreme monarch	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThough the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the \"Porte\"). The Divan, in the years when th...
572a41783f37b31900478832	What was the council that handled state politics named?	Divan	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThough the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the \"Porte\"). The Divan, in the years when th...
572a41783f37b31900478833	What type of people were initially in the Divan?	elders of the tribe	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThough the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the \"Porte\"). The Divan, in the years when th...
572a41783f37b31900478834	At a later point other groups were admitted into the Divan, what groups?	military officers and local elites	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThough the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the \"Porte\"). The Divan, in the years when th...
572a41783f37b31900478835	A Grand Vizar began to be appointed in what year?	1320	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThough the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the \"Porte\"). The Divan, in the years when th...
572a42436aef0514001553d8	What was the name of the secular legal system under the Ottoman Caliphate?	Qanun (or Kanun)	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire...
572a42436aef0514001553d9	What was religious law known as?	Sharia	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire...
572a42436aef0514001553da	What did the Ottoman Empire attempt to balance in its legal policies?	central and local authority	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire...
572a42436aef0514001553db	How many court systems did the Ottoman empire have?	three court systems	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire...
572a42436aef0514001553dc	What were the laws of the court system based upon?	Turkic Yassa and Töre	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire...
572a437f1d046914007798ab	What were the primary courts of the empire?	Islamic courts	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThese court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more force...
572a437f1d046914007798ac	From what works was Sharia developed?	the Qur'an; the Hadīth	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThese court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more force...
572a437f1d046914007798ad	Whose words contributed to the Islamic Sharia law system?	the prophet Muhammad	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThese court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more force...
572a437f1d046914007798ae	Where were the empire's law schools?	in Istanbul and Bursa.	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThese court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more force...
572a437f1d046914007798af	What other religious groups went to Islamic courts?	Jews and Christians	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThese court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more force...
572a44253f37b3190047884f	Who was the one that presided over the empire's Islamic Courts?	Qadi	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local ...
572a44253f37b31900478850	At what juncture did the Qadi focus less on precedent?	closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local ...
572a44253f37b31900478851	What was one thing the Ottoman legal system lacked?	an appellate structure	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local ...
572a44253f37b31900478852	What did Qadis focus on in some areas?	local customs and traditions	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local ...
572a44253f37b31900478853	What is another word for Qadi?	judge	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local ...
572a44ec6aef0514001553f2	Reforms in the Ottoman court system were based on what model?	French models	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThese reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will,...
572a44ec6aef0514001553f3	How many tiers did the Ottoman court system adopt?	three	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThese reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will,...
572a44ec6aef0514001553f4	What was the new Ottoman court system known as?	Nizamiye	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThese reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will,...
572a44ec6aef0514001553f5	What code regulated marriage?	the Mecelle	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThese reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will,...
572a45ddaf94a219006aa91d	In what century did the first Osman I organized military unit form?	13th century	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex syst...
572a45ddaf94a219006aa91e	From where did tribesmen that formed a unit organized by Osman I originate?	the hills of western Anatolia	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex syst...
572a45ddaf94a219006aa91f	There were four corps of the Ottoman Army, what were they?	Janissary, Sipahi, Akıncı and Mehterân	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex syst...
572a45ddaf94a219006aa920	The Ottoman army was among the first to use what two pieces of weapons technology?	muskets and cannons	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex syst...
572a45ddaf94a219006aa921	In what conflict did the Ottoman Turks use falconets?	Siege of Constantinople	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex syst...
572a468aaf94a219006aa927	On what continent did the Ottoman Navy contribute most?	European continent	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval ...
572a468aaf94a219006aa928	What region did the Ottoman Navy conquer in the early 16th century?	North Africa	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval ...
572a468aaf94a219006aa929	Egypt was added to the Ottoman Empire in what year?	1517	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval ...
572a468aaf94a219006aa92a	In what year did the Ottoman empire lose Greece?	1821	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval ...
572a468aaf94a219006aa92b	The Ottoman empire lost what territory in 1830?	Algeria	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval ...

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