Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
572a5f33b8ce0319002e2ae7	Why did the art of the Ottoman empire develop the way it did?	the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nExamples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences du...
572a5f33b8ce0319002e2ae8	Beside Edirne, Istanbul, and Egypt what other locations can one find the influence of the Ottoman classical period?	Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nExamples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences du...
572a600cfed8de19000d5bb9	Were would one find the sheets where Ottoman's created illuminated decorations?	muraqqa	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature (taswir), calligraphy (hat), Islamic call...
572a600cfed8de19000d5bba	What is another name for an Ottoman miniature?	taswir	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature (taswir), calligraphy (hat), Islamic call...
572a600cfed8de19000d5bbb	Ottoman calligraphy can also be referred to as what?	hat	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature (taswir), calligraphy (hat), Islamic call...
572a600cfed8de19000d5bbc	Who commissioned illustrated manuscripts in the Ottoman empire?	the Sultan or the administrators of the court	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature (taswir), calligraphy (hat), Islamic call...
572a600cfed8de19000d5bbd	What palace was the place of creation for illustrated manuscripts?	Topkapi Palace	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature (taswir), calligraphy (hat), Islamic call...
572a60d8d562191400bc86a1	Which art was important in religious symbolism and as a decoration in the Ottoman empire?	carpet weaving	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of ...
572a60d8d562191400bc86a2	What was the custom for those wearing shoes indoors in the Ottoman empire?	it was customary to remove one's shoes	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of ...
572a60d8d562191400bc86a3	Where did carpet weaving in the Empire originate?	the nomadic cultures of central Asia	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of ...
572a60d8d562191400bc86a4	Where did carpet weaving initially spread to inside of the Empire?	Anatolia	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of ...
572a60d8d562191400bc86a5	Kilims were used by Turks to provide insulation where?	walls and doorways	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe art of carpet weaving was particularly significant in the Ottoman Empire, carpets having an immense importance both as decorative furnishings, rich in religious and other symbolism, and as a practical consideration, as it was customary to remove one's shoes in living quarters. The weaving of ...
572a61a9fed8de19000d5bd7	The elites of the Ottoman empire found what type of music important?	Ottoman classical music	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman classical music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite, a number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves, such as Selim III, whose compositions are often still performed today. Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence...
572a61a9fed8de19000d5bd8	Many of the Sultans of the Ottoman empire were accomplished at being what?	musicians and composers	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman classical music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite, a number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves, such as Selim III, whose compositions are often still performed today. Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence...
572a61a9fed8de19000d5bd9	The sultan known by what name has compositions which are still performed today?	Selim III	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman classical music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite, a number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves, such as Selim III, whose compositions are often still performed today. Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence...
572a61a9fed8de19000d5bda	What rhythmic units does Ottoman classical music use?	units called usul	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman classical music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite, a number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves, such as Selim III, whose compositions are often still performed today. Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence...
572a61a9fed8de19000d5bdb	What are the melodic units used by Ottoman classical music?	makam	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman classical music was an important part of the education of the Ottoman elite, a number of the Ottoman sultans were accomplished musicians and composers themselves, such as Selim III, whose compositions are often still performed today. Ottoman classical music arose largely from a confluence...
572a6269b8ce0319002e2b01	What are the three most used Anatolian and central asian instruments in Ottoman Classical music?	the saz, the bağlama, the kemence	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the saz, the bağlama, the kemence), other Middle Eastern instruments (the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney), and—later in the tradition—Western instruments (the violin and the piano). Because of a geographic and cult...
572a6269b8ce0319002e2b02	Which Middle Eastern instruments can be heard in Ottoman classical music?	the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the saz, the bağlama, the kemence), other Middle Eastern instruments (the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney), and—later in the tradition—Western instruments (the violin and the piano). Because of a geographic and cult...
572a6269b8ce0319002e2b03	In late Ottoman classical music one can find Western instruments, what were they?	the violin and the piano	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the saz, the bağlama, the kemence), other Middle Eastern instruments (the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney), and—later in the tradition—Western instruments (the violin and the piano). Because of a geographic and cult...
572a6269b8ce0319002e2b04	There were two main style of music in the Ottoman empire, what were they?	classical music, and folk music	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the saz, the bağlama, the kemence), other Middle Eastern instruments (the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney), and—later in the tradition—Western instruments (the violin and the piano). Because of a geographic and cult...
572a6269b8ce0319002e2b05	What were the most distinctive style of music in the Ottoman provinces?	Janissary Music, Roma music, Belly dance, Turkish folk music	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the saz, the bağlama, the kemence), other Middle Eastern instruments (the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney), and—later in the tradition—Western instruments (the violin and the piano). Because of a geographic and cult...
572a6389d562191400bc86ab	The cuisine known as Ottoman cuisine is in reference to the food eaten where?	the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman cuisine refers to the cuisine of the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities, where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared. This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought...
572a6389d562191400bc86ac	In what kitchen's was Ottoman cuisine perfected?	the Imperial Palace's kitchens	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman cuisine refers to the cuisine of the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities, where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared. This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought...
572a6389d562191400bc86ad	What is one type of religious event that the general public may come to experience the creations of the Imperial Palace?	Ramadan	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman cuisine refers to the cuisine of the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities, where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared. This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought...
572a6389d562191400bc86ae	Preparing food at the Yalıs of the Pashas was one way Ottoman Cuisine might spread to whom?	the population	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman cuisine refers to the cuisine of the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities, where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared. This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought...
572a6389d562191400bc86af	What did the chefs ingredients in the Imperial Palace's kitchens?	create and experiment	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman cuisine refers to the cuisine of the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities, where the melting pot of cultures created a common cuisine that most of the population regardless of ethnicity shared. This diverse cuisine was honed in the Imperial Palace's kitchens by chefs brought...
572a6495fed8de19000d5be1	Turkish cuisine originates from what source?	a shared Ottoman cuisine	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nMuch of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine, especially Turkish cuisine, and including Greek cuisine, Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine. Many common dishes in the region, descendants of the once-common Ottoman cuisi...
572a6495fed8de19000d5be2	The cuisine of what territories are descended from Ottoman cuisine?	former Ottoman territories	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nMuch of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine, especially Turkish cuisine, and including Greek cuisine, Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine. Many common dishes in the region, descendants of the once-common Ottoman cuisi...
572a6495fed8de19000d5be3	Turkish and Greek cuisine are descended from Ottoman Cuisine, along with the food of what other regions?	Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nMuch of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine, especially Turkish cuisine, and including Greek cuisine, Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine. Many common dishes in the region, descendants of the once-common Ottoman cuisi...
572a6495fed8de19000d5be4	Turkish coffee is descended from what?	Ottoman cuisine	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nMuch of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine, especially Turkish cuisine, and including Greek cuisine, Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine. Many common dishes in the region, descendants of the once-common Ottoman cuisi...
572a6495fed8de19000d5be5	Pita bread descends from what type of cuisine?	Ottoman cuisine	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nMuch of the cuisine of former Ottoman territories today is descended from a shared Ottoman cuisine, especially Turkish cuisine, and including Greek cuisine, Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine. Many common dishes in the region, descendants of the once-common Ottoman cuisi...
572a6560b8ce0319002e2b1d	In what century did the Ottoman's start to desire foreign manuscripts?	15th Century	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOver the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ord...
572a6560b8ce0319002e2b1e	Which sultan ordered a Greek scholar to do translations of work by Ptolemy?	Sultan Mehmet II	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOver the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ord...
572a6560b8ce0319002e2b1f	Who did an Ottoman sultan order to translate work by Ptolemy?	Georgios Amiroutzes	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOver the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ord...
572a6560b8ce0319002e2b20	How many years did Ali Qushji spend in Istanbul?	two or three years	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOver the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ord...
572a6560b8ce0319002e2b21	Where was Ali Qushji from?	originally from Samarkand	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nOver the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ord...
572a660cd562191400bc86b5	When did European sport clubs begin to form in the Ottoman empire?	19th century	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe main sports Ottomans were engaged in were Turkish Wrestling, hunting, Turkish archery, horseback riding, Equestrian javelin throw, arm wrestling, and swimming. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople. The leading...
572a660cd562191400bc86b6	Where did football matches become to be popular in the Ottoman empire?	Constantinople	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe main sports Ottomans were engaged in were Turkish Wrestling, hunting, Turkish archery, horseback riding, Equestrian javelin throw, arm wrestling, and swimming. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople. The leading...
572a660cd562191400bc86b7	What was the leading sport club in 1905?	Galatasaray Sports Club	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe main sports Ottomans were engaged in were Turkish Wrestling, hunting, Turkish archery, horseback riding, Equestrian javelin throw, arm wrestling, and swimming. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople. The leading...
572a660cd562191400bc86b8	In what year did the Altay Sports Club form?	1914	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe main sports Ottomans were engaged in were Turkish Wrestling, hunting, Turkish archery, horseback riding, Equestrian javelin throw, arm wrestling, and swimming. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople. The leading...
572a660cd562191400bc86b9	What was the football club known as Ülküspor formerly known as?	Turkish Fatherland Football Club	[ "Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe main sports Ottomans were engaged in were Turkish Wrestling, hunting, Turkish archery, horseback riding, Equestrian javelin throw, arm wrestling, and swimming. European model sports clubs were formed with the spreading popularity of football matches in 19th century Constantinople. The leading...
572a12a83f37b3190047869d	Which philosophy branch is concerned with issues surrounding ontology?	Philosophy of space and time	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nPhilosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration f...
572a12a83f37b3190047869e	The philosophy of space and time was inspired by what kind of philosophy?	early analytic philosophy	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nPhilosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration f...
572a12a83f37b3190047869f	The philosophy of space and time focuses on whether or not time and space exist independently of what?	the mind	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nPhilosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration f...
572a12a83f37b319004786a0	The philosophy of space and time focuses what kind of flow within time?	unidirectional	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nPhilosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration f...
572a13263f37b319004786a5	Who expounded the earliest recorded Western philosophy of time?	Ptahhotep	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nThe earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, \"Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit.\" The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian phil...
572a13263f37b319004786a6	When do the Vedas date back to?	late 2nd millennium BC	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nThe earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, \"Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit.\" The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian phil...
572a13263f37b319004786a7	Which philosophies are the Vedas oriented with?	Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nThe earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, \"Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit.\" The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian phil...
572a13263f37b319004786a8	What do the Vedas describe?	ancient Hindu cosmology	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nThe earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, \"Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit.\" The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian phil...
572a13263f37b319004786a9	How long is the cycle of rebirth discussed in the Vedas?	4,320,000 years	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nThe earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, \"Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit.\" The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian phil...
572a13e71d04691400779745	Which christian philosopher ruminated on time?	St. Augustine	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nIn Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, \"What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not.\" He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccurac...
572a13e71d04691400779746	What did St. Augustine comment on in Book 11, regarding thinking about time?	the difficulty	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nIn Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, \"What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not.\" He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccurac...
572a13e71d04691400779747	Who presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation?	Augustine	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nIn Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, \"What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not.\" He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccurac...
572a13e71d04691400779748	What did Augustine say that the knowledge of time depended on?	the knowledge of the movement of things	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nIn Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, \"What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not.\" He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccurac...
572a13e71d04691400779749	Where did Augustine say time could not appear?	where there are no creatures to measure its passing	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nIn Book 11 of St. Augustine's Confessions, he ruminates on the nature of time, asking, \"What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not.\" He goes on to comment on the difficulty of thinking about time, pointing out the inaccurac...
572a14abaf94a219006aa7bb	Which 11th century Muslim physicist discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?	al-Haytham	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nIn the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defi...
572a14abaf94a219006aa7bc	Which 11th century book discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?	Book of Optics	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nIn the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defi...
572a14abaf94a219006aa7bd	Whose definition of topos did Alhazen reject?	Aristotle's	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nIn the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defi...
572a14abaf94a219006aa7be	Alhazen's experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to the change of understanding of what?	Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nIn the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defi...
572a14abaf94a219006aa7bf	Alhazen stated that without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us what about spatial perception?	next to nothing	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nIn the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen or Alhazen) discussed space perception and its epistemological implications in his Book of Optics (1021), he also rejected Aristotle's definition of topos (Physics IV) by way of geometric demonstrations and defi...
572a15386aef05140015524c	When did Kant publish one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time.	1781	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nIn 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experie...
572a15386aef05140015524d	What was Kant's influential work on the history of the philosophy of space and time titled?	Critique of Pure Reason	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nIn 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experie...
572a15386aef05140015524e	What did Kant describe time as?	a priori notion	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nIn 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experie...
572a15386aef05140015524f	What did Kant say was similar notion to time?	space	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nIn 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experie...
572a15386aef051400155250	What did Kant say time and space allow one to do?	sense experience	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nIn 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experie...
572a166d1d04691400779757	What did Leibniz argue against?	the absolutist position	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nArguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his p...
572a166d1d04691400779758	Which principles did Leibniz's arguments trade heavily upon?	the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nArguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his p...
572a166d1d04691400779759	Leibnitz held that there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise for every what?	fact	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nArguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his p...
572a166d1d0469140077975a	What states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing?	identity of indiscernibles	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nArguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his p...
572a18491d04691400779769	Leibniz's example involves how many universes?	two	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nThe example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situat...
572a18491d0469140077976a	Where are Leibniz's universes situated?	absolute space	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nThe example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situat...
572a18491d0469140077976b	How far are Leibniz's universes situated apart?	five feet	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nThe example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situat...
572a18491d0469140077976c	What is the only way Leibniz's example would be possible?	absolute space exists	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nThe example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situat...
572a1a6b1d04691400779789	What stood out in Clark's response to Leibniz?	the bucket argument	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nStanding out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket...
572a1a6b1d0469140077978a	According to Clark's argument, water in a bucket, hung from a rope and spun, will begin with kind of surface?	flat	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nStanding out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket...
572a1a6b1d0469140077978b	As the buck spins, what happens to the water?	the water will become concave	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nStanding out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket...
572a1a6b1d0469140077978c	If the buck stops, the water will do what?	continue to spin	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nStanding out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket...
572a1a6b1d0469140077978d	What is the surface of the water apparently not caused by?	the interaction of the bucket and the water	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nStanding out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket...
572a1b551d04691400779793	Leibniz describes space as existing only as a relation between what?	objects	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nLeibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can h...
572a1b551d04691400779794	According to Leibniz, what has no existence apart from the existence of objections?	space	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nLeibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can h...
572a1b551d04691400779795	What provides the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion?	Newtonian space	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nLeibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can h...
572a1b551d04691400779796	In Newton's system, how does the frame of reference exist between objects within it?	independently	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nLeibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can h...
572a1b551d04691400779797	For how long did the evidence of a concave water surface hold authority in reference to space?	many centuries	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nLeibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can h...
572a1c096aef051400155298	How did Mach describe thought experiments like the bucket argument?	problematic	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nMach suggested that thought experiments like the bucket argument are problematic. If we were to imagine a universe that only contains a bucket, on Newton's account, this bucket could be set to spin relative to absolute space, and the water it contained would form the characteristic ...
572a1c096aef051400155299	What is difficult to confirm about the bucket in the absence of anything else in the universe?	that the bucket was indeed spinning	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nMach suggested that thought experiments like the bucket argument are problematic. If we were to imagine a universe that only contains a bucket, on Newton's account, this bucket could be set to spin relative to absolute space, and the water it contained would form the characteristic ...
572a1c096aef05140015529a	What was equally possible about the surface of the water in the bucket?	would remain flat.	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nMach suggested that thought experiments like the bucket argument are problematic. If we were to imagine a universe that only contains a bucket, on Newton's account, this bucket could be set to spin relative to absolute space, and the water it contained would form the characteristic ...
572a1ef81d046914007797a5	What did Mach argue about the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe?	would remain flat	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nMach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside...
572a1ef81d046914007797a6	What did Mach argue would happen if another object were introduce in the bucket's universe?	the bucket could be seen as rotating	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nMach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside...
572a1ef81d046914007797a7	What does the increase in the number of objects in the universe do to the curvature of the water?	increases the curvature	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nMach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside...
572a1ef81d046914007797a8	The Mach argument is called what?	Mach's Principle	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nMach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside...
572a1ef81d046914007797a9	Mach argued that the momentum of an object exists as a result of the sum of the effects of what?	effects of other objects in the universe	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nMach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside...
572a203b6aef0514001552da	lbert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on what principle?	relativity	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nAlbert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all ...
572a203b6aef0514001552db	The principle of relativity holds that the rules of physics must be the same for who?	all observers	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nAlbert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all ...
572a203b6aef0514001552dc	In all reference frames, how is the the speed of light?	the same	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nAlbert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all ...
572a203b6aef0514001552dd	Einstein's theory was motivated by who?	Maxwell	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nAlbert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all ...
572a203b6aef0514001552de	Before Einstein, speed was though to be relative to what?	the luminiferous ether	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nAlbert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all ...
572a211b3f37b31900478717	In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object without force does what?	does not accelerate	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nIn classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a ...
572a211b3f37b31900478718	What follows a geodesic of space-time?	an inertial frame of reference	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nIn classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a ...
572a211b3f37b31900478719	An object in free fall does not experience what?	force	[ "Philosophy_of_space_and_time\n\nIn classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a ...

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