id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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572a496c7a1753140016ae78 | Which sultan distrusted his admirals during the Russo-Turkish war? | Sultan Abdülhamid II | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nHowever, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He l... |
572a496c7a1753140016ae79 | Who was the reformist that had the backing of Ottoman admirals during the Russo-Turkish war? | Midhat Pasha | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nHowever, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He l... |
572a496c7a1753140016ae7a | Where was the Ottoman fleet left to decay? | the Golden Horn | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nHowever, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He l... |
572a496c7a1753140016ae7b | When was the Young Turk Revolution? | 1908 | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nHowever, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He l... |
572a496c7a1753140016ae7c | What Ottoman group wanted to form a stronger navy in the early 20th century? | the Committee of Union and Progress | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nHowever, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He l... |
572a4a80fed8de19000d5b75 | What was the first date that the Ottoman empire had an air-based military unit? | June 1909 | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight offic... |
572a4a80fed8de19000d5b76 | Where was the first Ottoman Aviation school? | Yeşilköy | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight offic... |
572a4a80fed8de19000d5b77 | On what date was the Aviation School founded? | 3 July 1912 | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight offic... |
572a4a80fed8de19000d5b78 | What happened at the aviation school in May 1913? | the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight offic... |
572a4a80fed8de19000d5b79 | What new military academy was formed in June 1914? | the Naval Aviation School (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi) | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight offic... |
572a4c00fed8de19000d5b7f | The goal of developing Bursa and Istanbul was an intentional act to create what? | commercial and industrial centres | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his succ... |
572a4c00fed8de19000d5b80 | Who was Mehmed's successor? | Bayezid | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his succ... |
572a4c00fed8de19000d5b81 | Who did Mehmed and Bayezid encourage to come to Istanbul? | the Jews from different parts of Europe | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his succ... |
572a4c00fed8de19000d5b82 | What group were Jews being persecuted by in Europe? | their Christian counterparts | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his succ... |
572a4c00fed8de19000d5b83 | Persecution of Jews in Spain occurred after what event concluded? | the conclusion of Reconquista | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his succ... |
572a4d053f37b31900478871 | The economic goal of the state was to serve as what for the ruler? | consolidation and extension of the ruler's power | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes pr... |
572a4d053f37b31900478872 | In what regions concepts was the Ottoman economic system based on? | the Middle East | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes pr... |
572a4d053f37b31900478873 | What was a way to reach the economic goals of the Ottoman economic system? | making the productive classes prosperous | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes pr... |
572a4d053f37b31900478874 | What was the final goal of the state economic system? | to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes pr... |
572a4d053f37b31900478875 | What did the state economic system hope to avoid? | the emergence of social disorder | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes pr... |
572a4e8e7a1753140016ae88 | Two of the most developed economic organizations under the Ottoman Empire were what? | the treasury and chancery | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as \"men of the pen... |
572a4e8e7a1753140016ae89 | What were the scribes of the chancery known as? | men of the pen | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as \"men of the pen... |
572a4e8e7a1753140016ae8a | Part of the scribal bureaucracy were trained what? | ulama | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as \"men of the pen... |
572a4e8e7a1753140016ae8b | What did the scribal bureaucracy become? | a professional body | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as \"men of the pen... |
572a4e8e7a1753140016ae8c | The Ottoman Empire had the most developed economic organizations among Islamic Governments until which century? | the 17th century | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as \"men of the pen... |
572a4f691d046914007798f1 | What serviced as the foundation for the structure of the economy of the Ottoman empire? | its geopolitical structure | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the... |
572a4f691d046914007798f2 | The Ottoman Empire caused navigators from which two nations to find another route to the Orient? | Spanish and Portuguese | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the... |
572a4f691d046914007798f3 | Who once used the spice route that the Ottoman Empire controlled? | Marco Polo | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the... |
572a4f691d046914007798f4 | When were direct trade links established with India? | 1498 | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the... |
572a4f691d046914007798f5 | When did Christopher Columbus sail to the Bahamas? | 1492 | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the... |
572a5088fed8de19000d5b8f | What is believed to have caused the opening of new sea routes during the Ottoman Empire? | change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nModern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the ... |
572a5088fed8de19000d5b90 | The formation of sea routes bypassing the Middle East may have led to the decline of what? | the Ottoman Empire itself | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nModern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the ... |
572a5088fed8de19000d5b91 | What is another name for the Treaty of Balta Liman? | The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nModern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the ... |
572a5088fed8de19000d5b92 | What did the Treaty of Balta Liman do for Ottoman markets? | opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nModern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the ... |
572a5088fed8de19000d5b93 | In what direction did land routes lose their importance? | East | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nModern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the ... |
572a518ab8ce0319002e2a93 | The development of what caused people to expand areas of cultivation in the Ottoman Empire? | commercial centres and routes | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nBy developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were d... |
572a518ab8ce0319002e2a94 | What dominated all economic and political interests? | interests of the state | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nBy developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were d... |
572a518ab8ce0319002e2a95 | What were the types of economies that were being developed in western Europe? | capitalist and mercantile economies | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nBy developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were d... |
572a518ab8ce0319002e2a96 | The expansion of international trade through the Empire was the result of what? | developing commercial centres and routes | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nBy developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were d... |
572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa3 | The rise of ports caused what in populations? | the clustering of populations | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica,... |
572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa4 | Steamships and railroads rose with what else? | The rise of port cities | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica,... |
572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa5 | In what year did urbanization in the Ottoman empire begin to increase? | 1700 | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica,... |
572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa6 | What were two improvements that made cities more desirable to live in? | Improvements in health and sanitation | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica,... |
572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa7 | What was the population of Salonica in 1800? | 55,000 | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica,... |
572a5371d562191400bc865f | The annexation of what two regions resulted in large groups of Muslim refugees coming into the empire? | the Crimean and Balkan regions | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nEconomic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees – 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 ... |
572a5371d562191400bc8660 | Muslims representing 200,000 of what group fled to Dobruja? | Crimean Tartars | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nEconomic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees – 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 ... |
572a5371d562191400bc8661 | How many refugees fled Russia to the Ottoman Empire from 1783 to 1913? | 3.8 million | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nEconomic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees – 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 ... |
572a5371d562191400bc8662 | What are the people from the Balkans who emigrated to Turkey called? | Muhacir | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nEconomic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees – 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 ... |
572a5371d562191400bc8663 | In what year did the Ottoman Empire end? | 1922 | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nEconomic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees – 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 ... |
572a553e7a1753140016aeb8 | What was the official language of the Ottoman Empire? | Ottoman Turkish | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Alban... |
572a553e7a1753140016aeb9 | What were the main influences of the official language of the Empire? | Persian and Arabic | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Alban... |
572a553e7a1753140016aeba | What language was spoken by most people in Anatolia? | Turkish | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Alban... |
572a553e7a1753140016aebb | Which languages influenced by the empire was spoken in Iraq? | Arabic | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Alban... |
572a553e7a1753140016aebc | What language was used for religious uses in the Empire? | Arabic | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Alban... |
572a561ad562191400bc866f | What was the public's literacy rate in leading up to the early 19th century in the empire? | about 2–3% | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nBecause of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as \"special request-writers\" (arzuhâlcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic group... |
572a561ad562191400bc8670 | At the end of the 19th century what was the literacy rate for the public in the Empire believed to be? | 15% | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nBecause of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as \"special request-writers\" (arzuhâlcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic group... |
572a561ad562191400bc8671 | What did people resort to when they needed to communicate with the government? | people had to hire scribes | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nBecause of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as \"special request-writers\" (arzuhâlcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic group... |
572a561ad562191400bc8672 | What were hired scribes known as? | "special request-writers" (arzuhâlcis) | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nBecause of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as \"special request-writers\" (arzuhâlcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic group... |
572a561ad562191400bc8673 | What was the second language of those that weren't ethnically Turkish? | Turkish | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nBecause of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as \"special request-writers\" (arzuhâlcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic group... |
572a56b9d562191400bc8679 | The Empire had a Christian majority until what time? | the second half of the 15th century | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nUntil the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of M... |
572a56b9d562191400bc867a | What group ruled the empire until the 15th century? | a Muslim minority | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nUntil the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of M... |
572a56b9d562191400bc867b | What group began to decline within the Empire in the late 19th century? | the non-Muslim population | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nUntil the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of M... |
572a56b9d562191400bc867c | Muslims accounted for what amount of the population of the Empire in the 1820s? | 60% | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nUntil the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of M... |
572a56b9d562191400bc867d | In 1914 what portion of the Empire weren't Muslims? | 19.1% | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nUntil the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of M... |
572a5776d562191400bc8683 | The Muslim sect known as the Druze is considered what? | heretical | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nMuslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed \"the Grim\" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly pro... |
572a5776d562191400bc8684 | What was Sultan Selim I's nickname? | the Grim | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nMuslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed \"the Grim\" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly pro... |
572a5776d562191400bc8685 | In what year did Sultan Selim I order the massacre of 40,000 people whom he considered heretics? | 1514 | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nMuslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed \"the Grim\" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly pro... |
572a5776d562191400bc8686 | What group did Sultan Selim I consider heretics and subsequently slaughter? | Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash) | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nMuslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed \"the Grim\" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly pro... |
572a5776d562191400bc8687 | Under Sultan Selim I the empire swallowed what sultanate in Egypt? | Mamluk Sultanate | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nMuslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed \"the Grim\" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly pro... |
572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac1 | What system deemed non-Muslims subjects of the empire but unbound by Muslim law? | the millet system | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nUnder the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. A... |
572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac2 | What code had been active for 900 years in the Byzantine empire? | Justinian's Code | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nUnder the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. A... |
572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac3 | What were non-Muslims also known as in the Islamic Ottoman State? | zimmi | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nUnder the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. A... |
572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac4 | Being a non-muslim in the Empire resulted in what as it related to taxes? | higher taxes | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nUnder the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. A... |
572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac5 | What millet was subject to Justinian's Code? | The Orthodox millet | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nUnder the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. A... |
572a5969b8ce0319002e2ad5 | The Ottoman dynasty was preceded by what sultanate? | Sultanate of Rum | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered, and added new dimensions to them. Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires (in fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure and government) were adopted by the ... |
572a5969b8ce0319002e2ad6 | What is one way that the Empire was described as it related to culture? | Persianate empire | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered, and added new dimensions to them. Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires (in fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure and government) were adopted by the ... |
572a5969b8ce0319002e2ad7 | When the Ottoman empire conquered a region what also became a part of the empire? | some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered, and added new dimensions to them. Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires (in fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure and government) were adopted by the ... |
572a5969b8ce0319002e2ad8 | The Seljuk Empire was influenced by the cultures of others resulting in it being referred to as what? | Persianised | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nThe Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered, and added new dimensions to them. Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires (in fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure and government) were adopted by the ... |
572a5a23d562191400bc868d | What type of Ottoman poetry is ritualized? | Divan poetry | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (مراعات نظير mura'ât-i nazîr / تناسب tenâsüb) and opposition (تضاد tezâd) were more or le... |
572a5a23d562191400bc868e | What kind of poetry inspired Ottoman Divan Poetry? | Persian poetry | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (مراعات نظير mura'ât-i nazîr / تناسب tenâsüb) and opposition (تضاد tezâd) were more or le... |
572a5a23d562191400bc868f | What type of framework was Divan poetry based on? | a strict metrical framework | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (مراعات نظير mura'ât-i nazîr / تناسب tenâsüb) and opposition (تضاد tezâd) were more or le... |
572a5a23d562191400bc8690 | What was the romance genre of Divan poetry known as? | mesnevî | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (مراعات نظير mura'ât-i nazîr / تناسب tenâsüb) and opposition (تضاد tezâd) were more or le... |
572a5a23d562191400bc8691 | What make up the largest portion of Divan poetry? | gazels (which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition), or kasîdes. | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nOttoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (مراعات نظير mura'ât-i nazîr / تناسب tenâsüb) and opposition (تضاد tezâd) were more or le... |
572a5abcd562191400bc8697 | Prose in the Ottoman empire did not develop to a higher level until which century? | the 19th century | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nUntil the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from the Arab... |
572a5abcd562191400bc8698 | What rules did Ottoman prose have to follow? | the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nUntil the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from the Arab... |
572a5abcd562191400bc8699 | What did the rules of sec require? | between each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nUntil the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from the Arab... |
572a5abcd562191400bc869a | Who wrote Muhayyelât? | Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nUntil the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from the Arab... |
572a5abcd562191400bc869b | When was Muhayyelât written? | 1796 | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nUntil the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from the Arab... |
572a5b9e7a1753140016aece | What was the biggest influence from the west on Ottoman literature? | French literature | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nDue to historically close ties with France, French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century. As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents: in ... |
572a5b9e7a1753140016aecf | During what time period was Ottoman literate most influenced by the west? | the latter half of the 19th century | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nDue to historically close ties with France, French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century. As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents: in ... |
572a5b9e7a1753140016aed0 | During the Tanzimat what western influence could be seen? | the influence of Romanticism | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nDue to historically close ties with France, French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century. As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents: in ... |
572a5b9e7a1753140016aed1 | The poetic tradition had its biggest influence on what Ottoman literary movements? | the Symbolist and Parnassian movements | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nDue to historically close ties with France, French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century. As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents: in ... |
572a5b9e7a1753140016aed2 | Romanticism, and Realism were two movements from the west that influenced the Ottoman literary scene, what was the third? | Naturalist | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nDue to historically close ties with France, French literature came to constitute the major Western influence on Ottoman literature throughout the latter half of the 19th century. As a result, many of the same movements prevalent in France during this period also had their Ottoman equivalents: in ... |
572a5df77a1753140016aede | What 1876 Novel did Namik Kemal write? | İntibâh ("Awakening") | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nMany of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namik Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh (\"Awakening\"), while the journalist İbrahim Şinasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-ac... |
572a5df77a1753140016aedf | What did İbrahim Şinasi write in 1860? | the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi" ("The Poet's Marriage"). | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nMany of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namik Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh (\"Awakening\"), while the journalist İbrahim Şinasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-ac... |
572a5df77a1753140016aee0 | Who wrote Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr? | Ahmed Midhat Efendi | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nMany of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namik Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh (\"Awakening\"), while the journalist İbrahim Şinasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-ac... |
572a5df77a1753140016aee1 | What Realist novel did Ahmed Midhat Efendi write in 1881? | Henüz On Yedi Yaşında | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nMany of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namik Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh (\"Awakening\"), while the journalist İbrahim Şinasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-ac... |
572a5df77a1753140016aee2 | What did writers of the Tanzimat period hope to accomplish with their publications? | contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nMany of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namik Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh (\"Awakening\"), while the journalist İbrahim Şinasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-ac... |
572a5f33b8ce0319002e2ae5 | Ottoman artists mixed Chinese art with the art of what else? | traditional Byzantine art | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nExamples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences du... |
572a5f33b8ce0319002e2ae6 | The ottoman empire built structures in Romania that included Mosques, and Bridges, what else was built? | fountains and schools | [
"Ottoman_Empire\n\nExamples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences du... |
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